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Buffalo Bills
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For the American bison hunter, see Buffalo Bill. For other uses, see Buffalo Bills (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Buffalo Bulls, the collegiate team of the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Buffalo Bills
Current season
Established October 28, 1959; 58 years ago (October 28, 1959)[1]
First season: 1960
Play in and headquartered in New Era Field
Orchard Park, New York[2]
Logo Wordmark
League/conference affiliations
American Football League (1960–1969)
Eastern Division (1960–1969)
National Football League (1970–present)
American Football Conference (1970–present)
AFC East (1970–present)
Current uniform
Team colors
Royal Blue, Red, White, Navy Blue[3][4]
Fight song
"Shout", among others
Mascot
Billy Buffalo
Personnel
Owner(s)
Terrence and Kim Pegula
CEO
Terrence Pegula
President
Russ Brandon
General manager
Brandon Beane
Head coach
Sean McDermott
Team history
Buffalo Bills (1960–present)
Championships
League championships (2)
AFL Championships (2)
1964, 1965
Conference championships (4)
AFC: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
Division championships (10)
AFL East: 1964, 1965, 1966
AFC East: 1980, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995
Playoff appearances (17)
AFL: 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966
NFL: 1974, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999
Home fields
War Memorial Stadium (1960–1972)
New Era Field (1973–present)
The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The Bills compete in the National Football League (NFL), as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team plays their home games at New Era Field in Orchard Park, New York. The Bills are the only NFL team that plays its home games in the state of New York (the New York Giants and New York Jets play at MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey). The Bills conduct summer training camp at St. John Fisher College in Pittsford, New York, an eastern suburb of Rochester, New York.[5]
The Bills began play as an original franchise of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960. The club joined the NFL as a result of the AFL–NFL merger for the 1970 season. The 1964 and 1965 Bills were the only teams representing Buffalo that won major league professional sports championships ("back-to-back" American Football League Championships). The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships and are the only NFL team to lose four consecutive Super Bowl games. The team was owned by Ralph Wilson from the team's founding in 1960, until his death in 2014 at the age of 95. After his death, Wilson's estate reached an agreement to sell the team to Terry and Kim Pegula, which was approved by the other NFL team owners on October 8, 2014.[6] The Bills have the longest active playoff drought in any major professional sport: they have not qualified to play in the NFL playoffs since 1999 and are the only team that has not appeared in the playoffs so far in the 21st century.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Logos and uniforms
3 Rivalries
3.1 Divisional Rivalries
3.1.1 Miami Dolphins
3.1.2 New England Patriots
3.1.3 New York Jets
3.2 Other rivalries
3.2.1 Kansas City Chiefs
3.2.2 Cleveland Browns
3.2.3 Dallas Cowboys
4 Playoffs
5 Players
5.1 Retired numbers
5.2 Ralph C. Wilson Jr. Distinguished Service Award Recipients
5.3 Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame
5.4 Pro Football Hall Of Fame
5.5 All-time first round draft picks
5.6 Recent Pro Bowl selections
5.7 CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers
6 Coaches of note
6.1 Head coaches
6.2 Current staff
7 Current roster
8 Radio and television
9 Training camp sites
10 Mascots, cheerleaders and marching band
11 Supporters
12 In popular culture
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History
Main articles: History of the Buffalo Bills and List of Buffalo Bills seasons
The Bills began competitive play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League led by head coach Buster Ramsey and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.[8] The Bills won two consecutive American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the club has yet to win a league championship since.
Once the AFL–NFL merger took effect, the Bills became the second NFL team to represent the city; they followed the Buffalo All-Americans, a charter member of the league. Buffalo had been left out of the league since the All-Americans (by that point renamed the Bisons) folded in 1929; the Bills were no less than the third professional non-NFL team to compete in the city before the merger, following the Indians/Tigers of the early 1940s and an earlier team named the Bills, originally the Bisons, in the late 1940s in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).
In 1947 a contest was held to rename the Bisons, which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company. The winning entry suggested Bills, reflecting on the famous western frontiersman, Buffalo Bill Cody. Carrying the "frontier" theme further, the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was "opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York." When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960, the name of the city's earlier pro football entry was adopted.[9]
After being pushed to the brink of failure in the mid-1980s, the collapse of the United States Football League and a series of high draft picks allowed the Bills to rebuild into a perennial contender in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, a period in which the team won four consecutive AFC Championships; the team nevertheless lost all four subsequent Super Bowls, records in both categories that still stand.
The rise of the division rival New England Patriots under Tom Brady, along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s, have prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs since 1999, a 17-year drought that is the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports. On October 8, 2014, Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners' meetings, becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson.[6]
Logos and uniforms
Bills logo, 1962–1973
The Bills' uniforms in its first two seasons were based on those of the Detroit Lions at the time.[10][11]
The team's original colors were Honolulu blue, silver and white, and the helmets were silver with no striping. There was no logo on the helmet, which displayed the players' numbers on each side.
In 1962, the standing red bison was designated as the logo and took its place on a white helmet.[10] In 1962, the team's colors also changed to red, white, and blue. The team switched to blue jerseys with red and white "LSU" stripes on the shoulders. the helmets were white with a red center stripe.[10] The jerseys again saw a change in 1964 when the shoulder stripes were replaced by a distinctive stripe pattern on the sleeves consisting of four stripes, two thicker inner stripes and two thinner outer stripes all bordered by red piping. By 1965, red and blue center stripes were put on the helmets.[12]
The Bills introduced blue pants worn with the white jerseys in 1973, the last year of the standing buffalo helmet. The blue pants remained through 1985.[13] The face mask on the helmet was blue from 1974 through 1986 before changing to white.
The standing bison logo was replaced by a blue charging one with a red slanting stripe streaming from its horn. The newer emblem, which is still the primary one used by the franchise, was designed by aerospace designer Stevens Wright in 1974.[14][15]
In 1984, the helmet's background color was changed from white to red, primarily to help Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson distinguish them more readily from three of their division rivals at that time, the Baltimore Colts, the Miami Dolphins, and the New England Patriots, who all also wore white helmets at that point. Ferguson said "Everyone we played had white helmets at that time. Our new head coach Kay Stephenson just wanted to get more of a contrast on the field that may help spot a receiver down the field."[16] (The Patriots now use a silver helmet, the Colts have since been realigned to the AFC South, and the New York Jets, who switched to green helmets after the 1977 season, have since switched back to white helmets.)
In 2002, under the direction of general manager Tom Donahoe, the Bills' uniforms went through radical changes. A darker shade of blue was introduced as the main jersey color, and nickel gray was introduced as an accent color. Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels. The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers. The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue, two nickel, two royal blue, two white stripes, and white face mask. A new logo, a stylized "B" consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top, was proposed and had been released (it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale), but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running bison logo. The helmet logo adopted in 1974—a charging royal blue bison, with a red streak, white horn and eyeball—remained unchanged.
In 2005, the Bills revived the standing bison helmet and uniform of the mid-1960s as a throwback uniform.
The Bills usually wore the all-blue combination at home and the all-white combination on the road when not wearing the throwback uniforms. They stopped wearing blue-on-white after 2006, while the white-on-blue was not worn after 2007.
For the 2011 season, the Bills unveiled a new uniform design, an updated rendition of the 1975–83 design. This change includes a return to the white helmets with "charging buffalo" logo, and a return to royal blue instead of navy.[4][17]
Buffalo sporadically wore white at home in the 1980s, but stopped doing so before their Super Bowl years. On November 6, 2011, against the New York Jets, the Bills wore white at home for the first time since 1986. Since 2011, the Bills have worn white for a home game either with their primary uniform or a throwback set.
The Bills' uniform received minor alterations as part of the league's new uniform contract with Nike. The new Nike uniform was unveiled on April 3, 2012.[18]
On November 12, 2015, the Bills and the New York Jets became the first two teams to participate in the NFL's Color Rush uniform initiative, with Buffalo wearing an all-red combination for the first time in team history.[19]
A notable use of the Bills' uniforms outside of football will be in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, when the United States men's national junior ice hockey team will use Bills uniforms in their outdoor game against Team Canada on December 29, 2017.[20]
Rivalries
The Bills have rivalries with their three AFC East opponents, and also have had occasional or historical rivalries with other teams such as the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts (a former divisional rival), Kansas City Chiefs, Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans, Cleveland Browns, and Dallas Cowboys.[21] They also play an annual preseason game against the Detroit Lions.
Divisional Rivalries
Miami Dolphins
Main article: Bills–Dolphins rivalry
This is often considered Buffalo's most famous rivalry. Though the Bills and Dolphins both originated in the American Football League, the Dolphins did not start playing until 1966 as an expansion team while the Bills were one of the original eight teams. The rivalry first gained prominence when the Dolphins won every match-up against the Bills in the 1970s for an NFL-record 20 straight wins against a single opponent. Fortunes changed in the following decades with the rise of Jim Kelly as Buffalo's franchise quarterback, and though Kelly and Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino shared a competitive rivalry in the 1980s and 1990s, the Bills became dominant in the 1990s. Things have since cooled down after the retirements of Kelly and Marino and the rise of the Belichick/Brady-led Patriots, but Miami remains a fierce rival of the Bills, coming in second place in a recent poll of Buffalo's primary rival.[22] Miami leads the overall series 60-45-1, but Buffalo has the advantage in the playoffs at 3-1.[23]
New England Patriots
Main article: Bills–Patriots rivalry
The rivalry with the New England Patriots first started when both teams were original franchises in the American Football League prior to the NFL-AFL merger. After the rise of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in New England, the Patriots have dominated the AFC East, including the Bills. The Bills-Patriots rivalry in particular has become lopsided as the Patriots are 29-5 against the Bills since Belichick became head coach. This has led many fans and players in the 2000s and beyond to replace the Dolphins with the Patriots as Buffalo's most hated rival.[22][24] Overall, the Patriots lead the series 70-43-1 as of 2016.[25]
The rivalry is also notable as numerous players, including Drew Bledsoe, Doug Flutie, Lawyer Milloy, Brandon Spikes, Scott Chandler and Stephon Gilmore have played for both teams at some point in their careers.
New York Jets
Main article: Bills–Jets rivalry
The Bills and Jets both represent the state of New York, though the Jets actually play their games in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The series started as the Bills and Jets were both original teams in the AFL. Though the rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Upstate New York, it is not as intense as the Bills' rivalries with the Dolphins and Patriots, and the teams' fanbases either have begrudging respect or low-key annoyance for each other when not playing one another. Often times the rivalry has become characterized by ugly games and shared mediocrity, but it briefly heated up when former Jets head coach Rex Ryan became head coach of the Bills for two seasons. Buffalo leads the series 61-54 as of 2017, including a playoff win in 1981.[26]
Other rivalries
Kansas City Chiefs
The Bills and Chiefs were also original teams in the AFL and have had a long history against each other, despite never being in the same division. This rivalry heated up recently as the Bills and Chiefs met in consecutive years from 2008 to 2015, and will meet again in 2017.[27] The teams have played three playoff games, including the AFL Championship game that determined the AFL's (later AFC) representative in the first Super Bowl, with Kansas City winning and going on to face the Green Bay Packers in the Super Bowl. Buffalo currently leads the series 25-21-1.[28]
Cleveland Browns
Though the two teams are in different divisions and did not start playing each other until after 1972, match-ups between the Bills and the Cleveland Browns occasionally get heated up due to the proximity and similarity between the cities of Buffalo and Cleveland. Like the Bills-Jets rivalry, the Bills and Browns often share bad luck and have had their share of ugly games. However, there have been other occasions when both teams have been competitive such as in the 1980s and most recently in 2007 and 2014.[29] The rivalry also gained heat when former Bills safety Donte Whitner was with the Browns.[30] The Browns currently lead the series 12-9, including a playoff win in 1990, though the Bills have outscored the Browns in the series.[31]
The Browns shared a rivalry with the Bills' predecessors in the All-America Football Conference, playing them twice in the AAFC playoffs before becoming one of three AAFC teams to join the NFL. The Bills were not selected to join the NFL and folded with the rest of the AAFC, leaving Buffalo without professional football until the current Bills were formed in 1959.[29]
Dallas Cowboys
The Bills briefly developed a rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys as the two teams met in consecutive years in the Super Bowl in the 1990s.
Playoffs
1963 AFL Eastern Division Playoff: Boston Patriots 26, Buffalo Bills 8
1964 AFL Championship: Buffalo Bills 20, San Diego Chargers 7
1965 AFL Championship: Buffalo Bills 23, San Diego Chargers 0
1966 AFL Championship: Kansas City Chiefs 31, Buffalo Bills 7
1974 Divisional Playoffs: Pittsburgh Steelers 32, Buffalo Bills 14
1980 Divisional Playoffs: San Diego Chargers 20, Buffalo Bills 14
1981 Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 31, New York Jets 27
1981 Divisional Playoffs: Cincinnati Bengals 28, Buffalo Bills 21
1988 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 17, Houston Oilers 10
1988 AFC Championship: Cincinnati Bengals 21, Buffalo Bills 10
1989 Divisional Playoffs: Cleveland Browns 34, Buffalo Bills 30
1990 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 44, Miami Dolphins 34
1990 AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 51, Los Angeles Raiders 3
Super Bowl XXV: New York Giants 20, Buffalo Bills 19
1991 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 37, Kansas City Chiefs 14
AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 10, Denver Broncos 7
Super Bowl XXVI: Washington Redskins 37, Buffalo Bills 24
1992 AFC Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 41, Houston Oilers 38 OT
1992 AFC Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 24, 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers 3
1992 AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 29, Miami Dolphins 10
Super Bowl XXVII: Dallas Cowboys 52, Buffalo Bills 17
1993 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 29, Los Angeles Raiders 23
AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 30, Kansas City Chiefs 13
Super Bowl XXVIII: Dallas Cowboys 30, Buffalo Bills 13
1995 Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 37, Miami Dolphins 22
1995 Divisional Playoffs: Pittsburgh Steelers 40, Buffalo Bills 21
1996 Wild Card Game: Jacksonville Jaguars 30, Buffalo Bills 27
1998 Wild Card Game: Miami Dolphins 24, Buffalo Bills 17
1999 Wild Card Game: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16
Playoff record: 14 wins, 15 losses[32]
Players
Retired numbers
Buffalo Bills retired numbers
No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Notes
12 Jim Kelly QB 1986–96[33] Previously worn by Joe Ferguson, QB, 1973–84; and Daryle Lamonica, QB, 1963–66
78 Bruce Smith DE 1985–99[34] Previously worn by Tom Day, DE, 1961–68; Dave Foley, OT, 1972–77; Gene Grabosky, OT, 1960; and Scott Hutchinson, DE, 1978–80, 1983
The Buffalo Bills have retired two numbers in franchise history: No. 12 for Jim Kelly and No. 78 for Bruce Smith. Despite the fact that the Bills have only retired two jersey numbers in franchise history, the team has other numbers no longer issued to any player or in reduced circulation.[33][34]
Unofficially retired:
32 O. J. Simpson, RB, 1969–77
34 Thurman Thomas, RB, 1988–99; previously worn by Cookie Gilchrist, RB, 1962–64
Reduced circulation:[33]
44 Elbert Dubenion, WR, 1960–68
66 Billy Shaw, OG, 1961–69
83 Andre Reed, WR, 1985–99 (Lee Evans III wore #83 by special permission)
Since the earliest days of the team, the number 31 was not supposed to be issued to any other player. The Bills had stationery and various other team merchandise showing a running player wearing that number, and it was not supposed to represent any specific person, but the 'spirit of the team.' In the first three decades of the team's existence, the number 31 was only seen once: in 1969, when reserve running back Preston Ridlehuber damaged his number 36 jersey during a game, equipment manager Tony Marchitte gave him the number 31 jersey to wear while repairing the number 36. The number 31 was not issued again until 1990 when first round draft choice James (J.D.) Williams wore it for his first two seasons.
Number 15 was historically only issued sparingly after the retirement of Jack Kemp,[33] but is apparently now in general circulation; Brandon Tate currently wears the number.
Number 1 has also only rarely been used, for reasons never explained. Kicker Mike Hollis, who played one season for the Bills in 2002, was the most recent to wear the number.
Ralph C. Wilson Jr. Distinguished Service Award Recipients
1986 – Ben Williams
1987 – Joe DeLamielleure
1988 – Steve Freeman
1989 – Jerry Butler
1990 – Tim Vogler
1991 – Joe Ferguson
1992 – Ken Jones
1993 – Booker Edgerson
1994 – George "Butch" Byrd
1995 – Tony Greene
1996 – Frank Lewis
1997 – Steven Paganelli
1996 – Roland Hooks
1997 – Jim Ritcher
1997 – Charley Ferguson
1998 – Stew Barber
1998 – Ed Rutkowski
1999 – Fred Smerlas
1999 – Reggie McKenzie
2000 – Darryl Talley
2000 – Ernie Warlick
2001 – Steve Tasker
2001 – Kent Hull
2002 – Don Beebe
2003 – Thurman Thomas
2004 – Paul Maguire
2005 – Frank Reich
2006 – Phil Hansen
2007 – Lou Piccone
2007 – Denny Lynch
2008 – Mark Kelso
2009 – Andre Reed
2010 – Ruben Brown
2011 – Scott Norwood[35]
Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame
Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame
Inducted
No.
Name
Position
Tenure
1980 32 O. J. Simpson RB 1969–1977
1984 15 Jack Kemp QB 1962–1969
1985 — Pat McGroder Contributor
GM 1961–1983
1983
1987 70 Tom Sestak DT 1962–1968
1988 66 Billy Shaw OG 1961–1969
1989 — Ralph C. Wilson Jr. Owner 1959–2014
1992 12 The 12th Man Fans 1960–present
1993 44 Elbert Dubenion WR 1960–1968
1994 58 Mike Stratton LB 1962–1972
1995 12 Joe Ferguson QB 1973–1984
1996 — Marv Levy HC
GM 1986–1997
2006–2007
1997 68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973–1979
1985
1998 20 Robert James CB 1969–1974
1999 — Edward Abramoski Trainer 1960–1996
2000 61 Bob Kalsu G 1968
26 George Saimes S 1963–1969
2001 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986–1996
76 Fred Smerlas DT 1979–1989
2002 67 Kent Hull C 1986–1996
2003 56 Darryl Talley LB 1983–1994
2004 51 Jim Ritcher C/G 1980–1993
2005 34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988–1999
2006 83 Andre Reed WR 1985–1999
2007 89 Steve Tasker WR 1986–1997
2008 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985–1999
2010 24 Booker Edgerson DB 1962–1969
2011 90 Phil Hansen DE 1991–2001
2012 — Bill Polian GM 1984–1992
2014 — Van Miller Broadcaster 1960–1971
1977–2003
2015 — Lou Saban Coach 1962–1965
1972–1976
2017 34 Cookie Gilchrist RB 1962–1964
Pro Football Hall Of Fame
Buffalo Bills Hall of Famers
No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted
32 O. J. Simpson RB 1969–1977 1985
66 Billy Shaw OG 1961–1969 1999
— Marv Levy HC
GM 1986–1997
2006–2007 2001
12 Jim Kelly QB 1986–1996 2002
80 James Lofton WR 1989–1992 2003
68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973–1979
1985 2003
34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988–1999 2007
78 Bruce Smith DE 1985–1999 2009
— Ralph Wilson Owner 1959–2014 2009
83 Andre Reed WR 1985–1999 2014[36]
— Bill Polian GM 1984–1992 2015
All-time first round draft picks
Main article: List of Buffalo Bills first-round draft picks
Recent Pro Bowl selections
Main article: List of Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl selections
CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers
Main article: Collegiate Sports Video Association
Henry Kunttu (2013)[37]
Coaches of note
Head coaches
Main article: List of Buffalo Bills head coaches
Current staff
Buffalo Bills staff
v
t
e
Front Office
Owner/CEO – Terry Pegula
Owner – Kim Pegula
President – Russ Brandon
General Manager – Brandon Beane
Assistant General Manager – Joe Schoen
Vice President of Player Peronnel – Brian Gaine
College Scouting Director – Terrance Gray
Senior VP of Football Administration – Jim Overdorf
Assistant Director of College Scouting – Lake Dawson
Director of Pro Personnel - Malik Boyd
Head Coaches
Head Coach – Sean McDermott
Offensive Coaches
Offensive Coordinator – Rick Dennison
Run Game Coordinator/Offensive Line – Juan Castillo
Quarterbacks – David Culley
Running Backs – Kelly Skipper
Wide Receivers – Phil McGeoghan
Tight Ends – Rob Boras
Offensive Quality Control/Assistant Quarterbacks – Marc Lubick
Assistant Offensive Line – Andrew Dees
Offensive Assistant - Chad Hall
Defensive Coaches
Defensive Coordinator – Leslie Frazier
Defensive Line – Mike Waufle
Assistant Defensive Line - Bill Teerlinck
Linebackers – Bob Babich
Defensive Backs – Gill Byrd
Assistant Defensive Backs - Bobby Babich
Defensive Quality Control - John Egorugwu
Defensive Assistant - Jim Salgado
Special Teams Coaches
Special Teams – Danny Crossman
Assistant Special Teams – Matt Smiley
Strength and Conditioning
Head Strength and Conditioning – Eric Ciano
Assistant Head Strength and Conditioning – Hal Luther
Strength and Conditioning Assistant – Jason Oszvart
Strength and Conditioning Assistant - Mark Loecher
→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs
AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK
NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA
Current roster
Buffalo Bills roster
view
talk
edit
Quarterbacks
2 Nathan Peterman
5 Tyrod Taylor
14 Joe Webb
Running backs
39 Travaris Cadet
42 Patrick DiMarco FB
25 LeSean McCoy
35 Mike Tolbert FB
Wide receivers
13 Kelvin Benjamin
18 Andre Holmes
11 Zay Jones
89 Brandon Reilly
15 Brandon Tate
10 Deonte Thompson
Tight ends
85 Charles Clay
84 Nick O'Leary
88 Khari Lee
82 Logan Thomas
Offensive linemen
73 Dion Dawkins T
62 Vladimir Ducasse G
66 Seantrel Henderson T
64 Richie Incognito G
72 Ryan Groy G
68 Conor McDermott T
76 John Miller G
79 Jordan Mills T
70 Eric Wood C
Defensive linemen
75 Cap Capi DE
56 Ryan Davis DE
98 Deandre Coleman DT
55 Jerry Hughes DE
91 Cedric Thornton DT
92 Adolphus Washington DT
95 Kyle Williams DT
54 Eddie Yarbrough DE
Linebackers
57 Lorenzo Alexander OLB
52 Preston Brown MLB
50 Ramon Humber OLB
44 Deon Lacey OLB
58 Matt Milano OLB
40 Tanner Vallejo MLB
Defensive backs
31 Breon Borders CB
36 Trae Elston FS
28 E. J. Gaines CB
23 Micah Hyde SS
24 Leonard Johnson CB
30 Lafayette Pitts CB
21 Jordan Poyer FS
29 Shamarko Thomas SS
27 Tre'Davious White CB
20 Shareece Wright CB
Special teams
69 Reid Ferguson LS
4 Steven Hauschka K
6 Colton Schmidt P
Reserve lists
33 Colt Anderson FS (IR)
17 Jeremy Butler WR (IR)
77 Cordy Glenn T (IR)
26 Taiwan Jones RB (IR)
90 Shaq Lawson DE (IR)
87 Jordan Matthews WR (IR)
89 Keith Towbridge TE (IR)
Practice squad
7 Cory Carter P
80 Jason Croom TE
37 Lorenzo Doss CB
16 Malachi Dupre WR
97 Marquavius Lewis DT
31 Dean Marlowe FS
38 L. J. McCray FS
45 Marcus Murphy RB
60 Adam Redmond C
74 De'Ondre Wesley OT
Rookies in italics
Roster updated December 16, 2017
Depth chart • Transactions
53 Active, 7 Inactive, 10 Practice squad
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters
AFC East
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NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
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NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
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ARI
LAR
SF
SEA
Radio and television
Main article: List of Buffalo Bills broadcasters
See also: Buffalo Bills Radio Network
The Buffalo Bills Radio Network is flagshipped at WGR, AM 550 in Buffalo. John Murphy is the team's current play-by-play announcer; he was a color commentator alongside, and eventually succeeded, longtime voice Van Miller after Miller's retirement at the end of the 2003 NFL season. Mark Kelso serves as the color analyst. The Bills radio network has approximately seventeen affiliates in upstate New York and one affiliate, CJCL 590AM (The Fan) in Toronto. As of early 2012, it is composed mostly of WGR, Entercom's sister stations WCMF (96.5 FM) and WROC-AM 950 in Rochester, and a fleet of independent AM and FM stations across upstate New York from Jamestown east to Albany. Previous flagship Citadel Broadcasting was purchased by Cumulus Media, who in turn ceased carrying Bills games at the end of the 2011 season, leaving the network without affiliates in Syracuse, Binghamton, and Erie. (The Syracuse affiliations were later picked up by Galaxy Communications.) Buffalo is one of ten teams contracted with Compass Media Networks to syndicate selected games nationwide.
During the preseason, most games are televised on Buffalo's ABC affiliate, WKBW-TV channel 7, with several other affiliates in western New York. These games are simulcast on sister stations WTVH in Syracuse, WICU in Erie, WHAM-TV in Rochester, and for a period, CITY-TV in Toronto. CBS analyst and former Bills special teams player Steve Tasker does color commentary on these games; the play-by-play position is rotated between his CBS partner Andrew Catalon and Rob Stone. WHAM-TV sports anchor Mike Catalana is the sideline reporter. Since 2008, preseason games have been broadcast in high definition.
Beginning in the 2016 season, as per a new rights deal which covers rights to the team as well as its sister NHL franchise, the Buffalo Sabres, most team-related programming, including studio programming and the coach's show, was re-located to MSG Western New York—a joint venture of MSG and the team ownership. Preseason games will continue to air in simulcast on WKBW.[38]
In the event regular season games are broadcast by ESPN, WKBW-TV will also hold the broadcast rights to that contest, with the station having won back the rights to cable games after WBBZ-TV held the rights for 2012 and 2013.[39]
Training camp sites
1960–1962 Roycroft Inn, East Aurora, New York
1963–1967 Camelot Hotel, Blasdell, New York
1968–1980 Niagara University, Lewiston, New York
1981–1999 State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, New York
2000–present, St. John Fisher College, Pittsford, New York
[40]
Mascots, cheerleaders and marching band
The Bills' official mascot is Billy Buffalo, an eight-foot tall, anthropomorphic blue American bison who wears the jersey "number" BB.
The Bills currently do not have cheerleaders. The Bills employed the Buffalo Jills, an independent organization, from 1967 to 2013; the Jills suspended operations prior to the 2014 season due to legal actions.[41] The Bills and Jills are currently involved in a legal battle, in which the Jills allege they were employees, not independent contractors, and are seeking back pay.[42]
The Bills are one of six teams in the NFL to designate an official marching band or drumline (the others being the Baltimore Ravens, Washington Redskins, New York Jets, Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks). Since the last game of the 2013 season, this position has been served by the Stampede Drumline, known outside of Buffalo as Downbeat Percussion.[43][44] The Bills have also used the full marching bands from Attica High School, the University of Pittsburgh and Syracuse University at home games in recent years.
The Bills have several theme songs associated with them. One is a variation of the Isley Brothers hit "Shout", recorded by Scott Kemper,[45] which served as the Bills' official promotional song from 1987 through 1990s. It was officially replaced circa 2000 with "The Power of the Bills", although "Shout" remains in use. The Bills' unofficial fight song, "Go Bills", was penned by Bills head coach Marv Levy in the mid-1990s on a friendly wager with his players that he will write the song if the team won a particular game.[46]
Supporters
The Bills Backers are the official fan organization of the Buffalo Bills. It has over 200 chapters across North America, Europe and Oceania.[47] Also notable is the Bills Mafia, a collection of Bills fans organized via Twitter beginning in 2010;[48] the phrase "Bills Mafia" had by 2017 grown to unofficially represent the broad community surrounding and encompassing the team as a whole, and players who join the Bills often speak of joining the Bills Mafia. Outsiders often treat the Bills' fan base in derogatory terms, especially since the 2010s, in part because of negative press coverage of select fans' wilder antics.[49]
The Bills are one of the favorite teams of ESPN announcer Chris Berman, who picked the Bills to reach the Super Bowl nearly every year in the 1990s. Berman often uses the catchphrase "No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills!" Berman gave the induction speech for Bills owner Ralph Wilson when Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.
The Bills were also the favorite team of late NBC political commentator Tim Russert, a South Buffalo native, who often referred to the Bills on his Sunday morning talk show, Meet the Press. (His son, Luke, is also a notable fan of the team.) CNN's Wolf Blitzer, also a Buffalo native, has proclaimed he is also a fan,[50] as has CBS Evening News lead anchor and Tonawanda native Jeff Glor.[51]
ESPN anchor Kevin Connors is also a noted Bills fan, dating to his time attending Ithaca College. Actor Nick Bakay, a Buffalo native, is also a well-known Bills fan; he has discussed the team in segments of NFL Top 10. Character actor William Fichtner, raised in Cheektowaga, is a fan,[52] and did a commercial for the team in 2014.[53] In 2015, Fichtner also narrated the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary on the Bills four Super Bowl appearances, "Four Falls of Buffalo". Former Olympic swimmer Summer Sanders has professed her fandom of the team.
Bills fans are particularly well known for their wearing of Zubaz zebra-printed sportswear; so much is the association between Bills fans and Zubaz that when a revival of the company opened their first brick-and-mortar storefront, it chose Western New York as its first location.[54]
In popular culture
Buffalo's rivalry with the Miami Dolphins is referenced on Steve Martin's 1979 album Comedy Is Not Pretty! on the track "How To Meet A Girl." On the track, Martin simulates chatter about football at a party, and one "partier" expresses disbelief that Buffalo could beat Miami – at the time of the album's release, the Dolphins had won 18 straight games over the Bills.
In the 1996 X-Files episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", the titular character, a member of a shadowy government cabal, states that the Buffalo Bills will not win a Super Bowl while he lives.
The Buffalo Bills were featured on the direct-to-TV movie Second String, and in the Vincent Gallo drama Buffalo 66.
Actor Dean Cain was briefly a member of the Bills. Because of this, references to the Bills have appeared in the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, in which Cain played the title character. In the first episode of season four, titled "Lord of the Flys", Clark picks up a blue Buffalo Bills hat with the Charging Buffalo emblem in the center and uses it to help disguise himself. In a later episode, he lets it be known the Metropolis Mammoths are playing the Bills.
In an April 2011 episode of the television series 30 Rock, titled "100", Alec Baldwin's character Jack Donaghy discovers that, in an alternate future, he would not only be wealthier and more successful, but he would also be the owner of a "New York football team." He later is disappointed to learn the team is not the New York Giants or New York Jets, but the Buffalo Bills.
The Bills are the team that eventually unseats the Orlando Breakers, the fictional NFL team that serves as the focus of the sitcom Coach in later seasons, in the playoffs.
In a March 2014 episode of the television series Family Guy entitled "3 Acts of God", Peter Griffin—along with his family and friends—attends a game between the Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which the Bills win. The episode also features Bills players Mario Williams and C. J. Spiller guest starring as themselves.[55]
Several former Buffalo Bills players have earned a name in politics after their playing careers had ended, almost always as members of the Republican Party. The most famous of these was quarterback Jack Kemp, who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Western New York in 1971—two years after his playing career ended and remained there for nearly two decades, serving as the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States under Bob Dole in 1996. Kemp's backup, Ed Rutkowski, served as county executive of Erie County from 1979 to 1987. Former tight end Jay Riemersma, defensive tackle Fred Smerlas and defensive end Phil Hansen have all run for Congress, though all three either lost or withdrew from their respective races. Quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas have also both been mentioned as potential candidates for political office, although both have declined all requests to date.
See also
New York portal
National Football League portal
List of American Football League players
Major North American professional sports teams
References
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills Team Facts". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Contact Us". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills Team Capsule" (PDF). 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book. National Football League. August 7, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Chris (June 24, 2011). "Bills put charge in new uniforms". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Training Camp". Buffalo Bills. September 1, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sessler, Marc (October 8, 2014). "Bills sale to Terry, Kim Pegula unanimously approved". National Football League. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rodak, Mike (September 26, 2015). "Bills now have longest playoff drought among major sports". ESPN. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "History: History of NFL franchises, 1920–present". Pro Football Hall of Fame. February 7, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Franchise nicknames - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site". www.profootballhof.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ferrara, Kyle (November 11, 2015). "A look back at Bills uniform changes". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Warner, Gene (April 8, 2013). "Bills logo was artist's crowning achievement". The Buffalo News. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Original AFL Decals". www.remembertheafl.com.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ Miller, Dallas (April 5, 2015). "April 5 in Bills history: Charging Buffalo introduced as Bills logo". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lukas, Paul (September 20, 2013). "Uni Watch: NFL archival treasures". ESPN. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Untold uniform stories: Fergie behind helmet color change". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fashion forward: Bills unveil brand-new uniforms for 2011". National Football League. June 24, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, Chris (April 3, 2012). "Nike unveils new NFL uniforms". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hanzus, Dan (November 6, 2015). "Jets and Bills unveil 'Color Rush' unis Thursday". National Football League. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "USA Hockey unveils Bills-themed jersey for world junior outdoor game in Buffalo". 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey". www.allcounted.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey". www.allcounted.com.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills vs. Miami Dolphins Results - The Football Database". FootballDB.com.
Jump up ^ "Patriots named as Bills biggest rival". 247Sports.com. July 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database". FootballDB.com.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills vs. New York Jets Results - The Football Database". FootballDB.com.
Jump up ^ Galliford, Brian (November 3, 2014). "Bills vs. Chiefs 2014: seventh straight year of Buffalo-Kansas City matchup - Buffalo Rumblings". SB Nation.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills vs. Kansas City Chiefs Results - The Football Database". FootballDB.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Warsinskey, Tim (November 30, 2014). "Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills series has seen it all: A championship, a fired coach and blizzard". The Plain Dealer. cleveland.com.
Jump up ^ "Twitter oils Rust Belt rivalry between Bills, Browns". Football Insiders. November 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills Results - The Football Database". FootballDB.com.
Jump up ^ NFL Record and fact Book ISBN 978-1-60320-833-8
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brown, Chris (June 17, 2011). "The untouchable numbers". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sambrotto, Anthony (September 15, 2016). "Bruce Smith humbled, appreciative as 78 is officially retired". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gaughan, Mark (August 6, 2010). "The billboard: A daily dose from Bills training camp". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bills Pro Football Hall of Fame Players". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ CSVA [@CSVA] (9 May 2013). "Congratulations to Chad Bunn from BYU and Henry Kunttu from the Buffalo Bills.The newest CSVA Hall of Fame inductees! #CSVATAMPA2013" (Tweet) – via Twitter. line feed character in |title= at position 119 (help)
Jump up ^ Pergament, Alan (June 21, 2016). "Wide-ranging deal will keep Sabres – and other Pegula Sports & Entertainment content – on MSG". The Buffalo News. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pergament, Alan (August 9, 2015). "Whither the weather coverage in Western New York?". The Buffalo News. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Camp History".
Jump up ^ "Associated Press News". bigstory.ap.org.
Jump up ^ Davis, Henry (May 19, 2017). "Judge Decides Jills Lawsuit Employees Not Independent Contractors". Buffalo News. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski-Radlich, Jane (September 13, 2014). "With no Jills to lead cheers, the job of drumming up fan excitement falls to the Stampede". The Buffalo News. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills drumline led by Jordan Elbridge, family, friends. Syracuse.com. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Shei, Tim (September 13, 2015). "He makes you want to 'Shout!': Meet singer of famous Bills jingle". The Buffalo News. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mooshil, Maria (December 1, 2006). "10 more things to know about Bears fight song". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bills Backers info page on BuffaloBills.com
Jump up ^ BillsMafia information page.
Jump up ^ "Brawls, Balls, and Beer: A Year at The Ralph with Bills Mafia". Sports.
Jump up ^ "Why I'm a Fan: Wolf Blitzer".
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "What It Means to Be a Bills Fan". BuffaloBills.com. September 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Buffalo Bill (11 October 2014). "Buffalo Bills This Is Our Time 2014" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Zubaz opens chain's first brick-and-mortar store at Fashion Outlets". 16 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, Dallas (March 17, 2014). "Bills make primetime appearance on Family Guy". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buffalo Bills.
Official website
Voices of Oklahoma interview with former tight end Reuben Gant, June 16, 2010
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The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume I: The Pox Party
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The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume I: The Pox Party
Front cover of first edition, later state with awards medals
Author
Matthew Tobin Anderson
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Young adult fiction
Publisher
Candlewick Press
Publication date
September 12, 2006
Media type
Print
Pages
368 pp
ISBN
978-0-7636-2402-6
OCLC
64390636
LC Class
PZ7.A54395 Ast 2006
Followed by
Vol II: The Kingdom on the Waves
The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume I: The Pox Party is an American historical novel for young adults written by M.T. Anderson and published by Candlewick Press in 2006. It won the annual U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature[1] and the American Library Association named it a Printz Honor Book, one of four runners up for the annual Michael L. Printz Award recognizing literary excellence in books for young adults.[2]
The Astonishing Life is set in 18th-century Boston during the time of the American Revolutionary War. A sequel was published two years later, The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume II: The Kingdom on the Waves (Candlewick, 2008).
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Characters
3 References
4 See also
Summary[edit]
The greater part of the story is told by a boy named Octavian, who grew up with his mother Cassiopeia, an African princess, in a house full of philosophers and scientists in colonial Boston. Under the watchful eyes of Mr. Gitney, also known as 03-01, Octavian has received a classical education as well as a musical education which has made him into an extremely skilled violinist. Octavian eventually comes to understand the price of his powdered wigs and education: he is not only the "property" of Mr. Gitney, but he is also being used as an experiment to test whether the African race is inferior to the European race.
In time, Cassiopeia angers the scientists' benefactor and the Society loses its monetary support. The two are forced to go under the new watchful eye of Richard Sharpe, who cuts Octavian off from his books. It is later revealed that Richard Sharpe works for a group of colonial businessmen, who now fund the house where Octavian is held. These businessmen own slaves, and it is strongly implied that Sharpe is attempting to bias the experiment with Octavian in order to prove that Africans are inferior. He does this by stopping most of Octavian's education and making him work in the house.
When the political unrest that would later spur the American Revolution begins to seep into the Gitney household, Gitney decides to move into the countryside outside of Boston, and then hold a Pox Party. Each attendee is infected with the pox, with the hope that under this controlled circumstance they will have only benign cases. Gitney also wants to both weaken and quarantine his slaves when he begins to hear talk of a slave revolt. Cassiopeia, however, is killed by the pox, and after her death is dissected by the scientists in the house. Octavian discovers what the scientists are doing and in his anger flees the house, and ends up in the Colonial Army.
Octavian's military adventures are narrated mostly in epistolary form by Private Evidence Goring in letters to his sister Fruition. Octavian is eventually recaptured, and back at the Gitney house he is kept chained and completely alone. When Sharpe and Gitney, as well as his former classics teacher Dr. Trefusis, eventually decide to speak with him, Octavian is furious to discover that, with many of their funds coming from plantation owners in Virginia, they are counting on Octavian to fail, and to prove the "inferiority" of the African race.
Characters[edit]
Octavian: A boy of African descent, and although he is brought up in luxury for much of his childhood, he is technically a slave in the Gitney household and the subject of the great experiment. He is a very quiet person, and is very skilled in many areas including violin, and languages-he is fluent in Greek, Latin, and French.
Cassiopeia: Octavian's Mother and an "African princess" known for her superior wit and great beauty. At age 13 and pregnant, she was sold into slavery and purchased by Mr. Gitney.
Mr. Gitney (03-01): The head of the Novanglian College of Lucidity and the owner of Cassiopeia and Octavian.
Dr. Trefusis (09-01): Octavian's classics teacher.
Lord Cheldthorpe: A Lord from England who comes to the colonies to see if he wants to continue the monetary support that his deceased uncle formerly provided for the Novanglian College of Lucidity. He has an especial fondness for Cassiopeia, but she refuses to return to England with him when he says that they can not marry; he quarrels with Octavian and Cassiopeia, who are brutally punished. He then refuses to continue support the Society.
Bono: A slave in the Gitney household whose full name is "Pro Bono", because when his mother was purchased she was pregnant, so he was an added "bonus". Bono and Octavian become good friends, and when Bono is sold to a Southern owner, he leaves Octavian with a means to escape. He makes a book of torture instruments which is discovered by Sharpe and subsequently destroyed.
Mr. Sharpe: The man funds the Novanglian College of Lucidity when Lord Cheldthorpe refuses to continue his support. He strives to prove that Africans are inferior to please his plantation-owning patrons in the South.
Evidence Goring: A private in Octavian's regiment who befriends him.
Fruition Goring: Private Evidence's sister, to whom many of Evidence's letters are addressed.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Book Awards – 2006". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
(With acceptance speech by Anderson, introduction by jury chair Margaret Bechard, and some information on all five Young People's Literature authors and books.)
Jump up ^ "Michael L. Printz Winners and Honor Books". Young Adult Library Services Association. ALA. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
See also[edit]
Matthew Tobin Anderson
American Revolution
Boston, Massachusetts
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Astonishing_Life_of_Octavian_Nothing,_Traitor_to_the_Nation,_Volume_I:_The_Pox_Party&oldid=769627916"
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Spartacist uprising
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This article is about the 1919 uprising in Germany. For the slave revolt in the Roman Republic led by Spartacus, see Third Servile War.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Spartacist Uprising
Part of the German Revolution of 1918–19

Spartacist militia in Berlin
Date
4–15 January 1919
Location
Berlin, Germany
Result
Uprising crushed
Belligerents
Communist Party of Germany
Spartacus League
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
Interim government
Freikorps
Commanders and leaders
Karl Liebknecht
Rosa Luxemburg Friedrich Ebert
Waldemar Pabst
Casualties and losses
3,000~ killed
The Spartacist uprising (German: Spartakusaufstand), also known as the January uprising (Januaraufstand), was a general strike (and the armed battles accompanying it) in Germany from 4 to 15 January 1919. Germany was in the middle of a post-war revolution, and two of the perceived paths forward were either social democracy or a council/soviet republic similar to the one which had been established by the Bolshevik Party in Russia. The uprising was primarily a power struggle between the moderate Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) led by Friedrich Ebert, and the radical communists of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who had previously founded and led the Spartacist League (Spartakusbund). This power struggle was the result of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the resignation of Chancellor Max von Baden, who had passed power to Ebert, as the leader of the largest party in the German parliament.[1] Similar uprisings occurred and were suppressed in Bremen, the Ruhr, Rhineland, Saxony, Hamburg, Thuringia and Bavaria, and another round of even bloodier street battles occurred in Berlin in March, which led to popular disillusionment with the Weimar Government.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Strikes and uprising
3 Attack by the Freikorps
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Background[edit]
After their experiences with the SPD and the USPD, the Spartacists concluded that their goals could be met only in a party of their own, and they founded the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) at the end of 1918. Because of the unhappiness of many workers with the course of the revolution, they were joined by other left-socialist groups. After deliberations with the Spartacists, the Revolutionary Stewards decided to remain in the USPD.
Rosa Luxemburg drew up her founding programme and presented it on 31 December 1918. In this programme, she pointed out that the communists could never take power without the clear support of the majority of the people. On 1 January she again demanded that the KPD participate in the planned elections, but she was outvoted. The majority hoped to gain power by continued agitation in the factories and by "pressure from the streets".
Strikes and uprising[edit]
Spartacist League poster of 1919, showing a worker fighting the Hydra of capitalism, the nobility, and "new militarism"
As in November 1918, a second revolutionary wave developed on 4 January 1919 when the government dismissed the Police Chief of Berlin, Emil Eichhorn, who was a member of the USPD and who had refused to act against the demonstrating workers during the Christmas Crisis. The USPD, the Revolutionary Stewards and KPD took up Eichhorn's call for a demonstration to take place on the following day.[2] To the surprise of the organizers, the demonstration turned into a huge, mass demonstration which also attracted the support of many Socialist Party members. On Sunday 5 January, as on 9 November 1918, hundreds of thousands of people poured into the centre of Berlin, many of them armed. In the afternoon the train stations and the newspaper district with the offices of the middle-class press and the SPD's "Vorwärts", which had been printing articles hostile to the Spartacists since the beginning of September, were occupied. Some of the middle-class papers in the previous days had called not only for the raising of more Freikorps but also for the murder of the Spartacists.
The leaders of the movement assembled at Police Headquarters and elected a 53-member "Interim Revolutionary Committee" (Provisorischer Revolutionsausschuss), which failed to make use of its power and was unable to agree on any clear direction. Liebknecht demanded the overthrow of the government. Rosa Luxemburg, as well as the majority of KPD leaders, considered a revolt at this moment to be a catastrophe and explicitly spoke out against it.
Group photograph of Spartacist militia during the fighting in Berlin in January 1919
The leaders of the USPD and KPD called for a general strike in Berlin on 7 January, and the subsequent strike attracted about 500,000 participants who surged into downtown Berlin. Within the strike, some of the participants organized a plan to oust the more moderate social democrat government and launch a communist revolution. Insurgents seized key buildings, which led to a standoff with the government. During the following two days, however, the strike leadership (known as the ad-hoc "Revolution Committee") failed to resolve the classic dichotomy between militarized revolutionaries committed to a genuinely new society and reformists advocating deliberations with the government. Meanwhile, the strikers in the occupied quarter obtained weapons.
At the same time, some KPD leaders tried to persuade military regiments in Berlin, especially the People's Navy Division, the Volksmarinedivision, to join their side, however they mostly failed in this endeavour. The navy unit was not willing to support the armed revolt and declared themselves neutral, and the other regiments stationed in Berlin mostly remained loyal to the government.
On 8 January, the KPD resigned from the Revolutionary Committee after USPD representatives invited Ebert for talks. While these talks were taking place, the workers discovered a flyer published by Vorwärts entitled "Die Stunde der Abrechnung naht!" (The hour of reckoning is coming soon!) and about the Freikorps (anti-Republican paramilitary organizations) being hired to suppress the workers. Ebert had ordered his defense minister, Gustav Noske, to do so on 6 January. When the talks broke off, the Spartacist League then called on its members to engage in armed combat.
Attack by the Freikorps[edit]
On the same day, Ebert ordered the Freikorps to attack the workers. These former soldiers still had weapons and military equipment from World War I, which gave them a formidable advantage. They quickly re-conquered the blocked streets and buildings and many of the insurgents surrendered. 156 insurgents and 17 Freikorps soldiers died during the fighting. On the evening of 15 January, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were discovered in a Berlin-Wilmersdorf apartment, arrested and handed over to the largest Freikorps unit, the heavily armed Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division. Their commander, Captain Waldemar Pabst, had them questioned. That same night, both prisoners were beaten unconscious with rifle butts and shot in the head. Rosa Luxemburg's body was thrown into the Landwehr Canal, where it was found on 1 June. Karl Liebknecht's body was delivered anonymously to a morgue.
See also[edit]
Bavarian Council Republic
German Revolution of 1918–19
Hungarian Soviet Republic
Slovak Soviet Republic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey and Steve Thompson (2014). "The German Revolution". Alpha History.
Jump up ^ "1919: The Spartacist Uprising". Weimar and Nazi Germany. September 29, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Bassler, Gerhard P. "The Communist Movement In The German Revolution, 1918-1919: A Problem Of Historical Typology?": Central European History 1973, 6#3, p233-277.
Waldman, Eric (1958). The Spartacist Uprising of 1919 and the Crisis of the German Socialist Movement: A Study of the Relation of Political Theory and Party Practice. Milwauke: Marquette University Press.
Haffner, Sebastian (1973). Failure of a revolution: Germany, 1918-19. New York: Library Press. ISBN 9780912050232.
Harman, Chris (1997). The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918-23 (Rev. ed.). London: Bookmarks. ISBN 9781898876229.
External links[edit]
Media related to Spartakusaufstand at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spartacist_uprising&oldid=806075047"
Categories:
Protests in Germany
Rebellions in Germany
General strikes
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text:
Melting Pot (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Melting Pot"
Single by Blue Mink
from the album Melting Pot
A-side
"Melting Pot"
B-side
"Blue Mink"
Released
1969
Genre
Rock
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway
Blue Mink singles chronology
"Melting Pot"
(1969) "Good Morning Freedom"
(1970)
"Melting Pot"
(1969) "Good Morning Freedom"
(1970)
"Melting Pot" is the 1969 debut single from UK pop group Blue Mink. The song was written by Blue Mink's lead singer Roger Cook and long-time songwriter partner Roger Greenaway.[1]
The song peaked at number three in the UK Singles chart in the first week of 1970, and also reached Number 11 in Ireland.[2] It became the opening track on the group's 1969 debut album, also titled Melting Pot.[3]
While the song has assimilationist undertones, it is generally considered a plea for racial harmony.[4] However in 2015, BBC Three Counties DJ Iain Lee apologized for playing the song, which includes the lyric "yellow Chinkees".[5]
The song featured on episode 3 of I'm Alan Partridge season 1, entitled 'Watership Alan' [6], in which Alan sings the song whilst exercising in his hotel room alongside Michael, the caretaker, who is clearing out an air vent. Alan asks Michael whether the song is racist, but Michael says no on the basis that Chinese is both a race of people and a food.
Contents
1 Formats and track listings
2 When the Cat's Away version
2.1 Track listing
3 Other versions
4 References
5 External links
Formats and track listings[edit]
7" (1969)
"Melting Pot" (Roger Cook/Roger Greenaway)
"Blue Mink" (Alan Parker)
7" (1969)
"Melting Pot" (Roger Cook/Roger Greenaway)
"But Not Forever"
7" (1975)
"Melting Pot"
"Gimme Reggae"
When the Cat's Away version[edit]
"Melting Pot"
Single by When the Cat's Away
from the album When the Cat's Away
B-side
"Fire"
Released
1988
Format
7"
Recorded
1988
Genre
Pop
Length
3:56
Label
CBS
Songwriter(s)
Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway
When the Cat's Away singles chronology
"Sanctified"
(1987) "Melting Pot"
(1988) "Free Ride"
(1990)
"Sanctified"
(1987) "Melting Pot"
(1988) "Free Ride"
(1990)
In 1988 "Melting Pot" was covered by New Zealand female vocal group and covers band When the Cat's Away.
Their version peaked at number one in the New Zealand charts, and charted for 15 weeks.[7] The single was certified gold.[8] It was one of three songs by New Zealand artists to reach number one in 1988.
The group released a low-budget, self-produced music video, directed by photographer Kerry Brown. The video features the group performing with a band in a white room, footage of people of different ethnic groups around Auckland, and cats.[9]
Track listing[edit]
"Melting Pot" (Roger Cook/Roger Greenaway)
"Fire" (Bruce Springsteen)
Other versions[edit]
Mickey Murray covered the song and released it as a single on King Records in the USA in 1970.
Canadian band The Dublin Corporation recorded the song on Franklin 643 circa 1971.
Tony Kingston also covered "Melting Pot" in 1972.
The New Seekers recorded a version for their 1974 album, Together (member Eve Graham had originally been offered the song back in 1969).[10]
English pop group Culture Club played a live version of "Melting Pot" in 1983. The live song was made available on the 2003 digital remaster of their 1983 album Colour By Numbers.[11]
Boyzone recorded a version on their 1996 album A Different Beat, which also featured the vocals of Madeline Bell.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Blue Mink – Melting Pot". Discogs. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 66. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Blue Mink – Melting Pot". Discogs. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Artist Biography by Dave Thompson". All Music. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "BBC DJ Iain Lee apologises for playing 1969 Blue Mink's 'racist' song Melting Pot - Daily Mail Online". Daily Mail. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "IMDb – Watership Alan". IMDb. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "WHEN THE CAT'S AWAY - MELTING POT (SONG)". Charts.org.nz. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "When The Cat's Away". Muzic.net.nz. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Melting Pot". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Lyn Paul. "Together album details". Retrieved 16 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Colour By Numbers". iTunes. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
External links[edit]
Blue Mink television performance on YouTube
When the Cat's Away music video
Culture Club live performance on YouTube
Proposed New Zealand flag based on song
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_Pot_(song)&oldid=851562073"
Categories:
Number-one singles in New Zealand
1988 singles
1969 singles
1969 songs
Songs written by Roger Greenaway
Songs written by Roger Cook (songwriter)
Philips Records singles
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This page was last edited on 23 July 2018, at 04:04 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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