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Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
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St. Thomas
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
St. Thomas
Geography
Location
Caribbean Sea
Coordinates
18°20′N 64°55′W / 18.333°N 64.917°W / 18.333; -64.917Coordinates: 18°20′N 64°55′W / 18.333°N 64.917°W / 18.333; -64.917
Archipelago
Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands
Area
32 sq mi (83 km2)
Highest elevation
1,555 ft (474 m)
Highest point
Crown Mountain[1]
Administration
United States
Insular area
Virgin Islands
Largest settlement
Charlotte Amalie (pop. 18,481)
Demographics
Demonym
Saint Thomian
Population
51,634 (2010)
Pop. density
638.17 /km2 (1,652.85 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups
Afro-Caribbean, Hispanic, Caucasian
Map of U.S. Virgin Islands
Saint Thomas (Spanish: Santo Tomás; Dutch: Sint-Thomas; Danish: Sankt Thomas) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and, together with St. John, Water Island and St. Croix, form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States. Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie. As of the 2010 census, the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634[2] about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of 32 square miles (83 km2).[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre-colonial history
1.2 Danish and German colonial period
1.3 David Hamilton Jackson
1.4 American acquisition
2 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Transportation
5 Education
6 Notable people
7 Points of interest
8 Gallery
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Pre-colonial history[edit]
The island was originally settled around 1500 BC by the Ciboney people. They were later replaced by the Arawaks and then the Caribs. Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1493 on his second voyage to the "New World".
Danish and German colonial period[edit]
The Dutch West India Company established a post on Saint Thomas in 1657. The first congregation was the St. Thomas Reformed Church, which was established in 1660 and was associated with the Dutch Reformed Church.
Denmark-Norway conquered the island in 1666, and by 1672 had established control over the entire island through the Danish West India and Guinea Company. The land was divided into plantations and sugarcane production became the primary economic activity. As a result, the economies of Saint Thomas and the neighboring islands of Saint John and Saint Croix became highly dependent on slave labor and the slave trade. In 1685, the Brandenburgisch-Africanische Compagnie took control of the slave trade on Saint Thomas, and for some time the largest slave auctions in the world were held there.
File:DWI-15r-Danish West Indies (St Thomas)-1 Dollar (1889).jpg
Danish West Indies, Saint Thomas, 1 dollar (1889)
Saint Thomas's fine natural harbor became known as "Taphus" for the drinking establishments located nearby. ("Tap Hus" translates as "rum shop" or "tap house" referring to the drinking establishments.[4]) In 1691, the primary settlement there was renamed Charlotte Amalie in honor of the wife of Denmark's King Christian V. It was later declared a free port by Frederick V. In December 1732, the first two of many Moravian Brethren missionaries came from Herrnhut Saxony in present-day Germany to minister to them. Distrusted at first by the white masters, they lived among the slaves and soon won their confidence.[5]
From 1796 a small Jewish community developed in Charlotte Amalie. It established a historic synagogue, Beracha Veshalom Vegmiluth Hasidim, the oldest synagogue in continuous use anywhere in the United States or its external territories.[6]
The first British invasion and occupation of the Danish West Indies occurred at the end of March 1801 when a British fleet arrived at St Thomas. Denmark-Norway accepted the Articles of Capitulation the British proposed and the British occupied the islands without a shot being fired. The British occupation lasted until April 1802, when the British returned the islands to Denmark-Norway.
The second British invasion of the Danish West Indies took place in December 1807 when a British fleet captured St Thomas on 22 December and Santa Cruz on 25 December. Denmark-Norway did not resist and the invasion was bloodless. This British occupation of the Danish West Indies lasted until 20 November 1815, when Britain returned the islands to Denmark.
While the sugar trade had brought prosperity to the island's free citizens, by the early 19th century Saint Thomas was in decline. The continued export of sugar was threatened by hurricanes, drought, and American competition. Following the Danish Revolution of 1848, slavery was abolished and the resulting rise in labor costs further weakened the position of Saint Thomas's sugar producers.
Given its harbors and fortifications, Saint Thomas still retained a strategic importance, and thus, in the 1860s, during the American Civil War and its aftermath, the United States government considered buying the island and its neighbors from Denmark for $7.5 million. However, the proponents of the purchase failed to gain legislative support for the bid.
David Hamilton Jackson[edit]
As the islands were poorly managed by the Danes, a local islander, David Hamilton Jackson, was instrumental in persuading the Danish to allow the US to purchase the islands of St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix. In 1915, he traveled to Denmark and convinced the King of Denmark to allow freedom of the press in the islands.[7] He began the first newspaper in the islands, known as The Herald. After this, he organized labor unions among the islanders for better working conditions. The islands now have an annual celebration to honor the legacy of David Hamilton Jackson.[8]
American acquisition[edit]
Districts and subdistricts of the US Virgin Islands
In 1917, St. Thomas was purchased (along with Saint John and Saint Croix) by the United States for $25 million in gold,[9] as part of a defensive strategy to maintain control over the Caribbean and the Panama Canal during the First World War. The transfer occurred on March 31, 1917, behind Fort Christian before the barracks that now house the Legislature of the U.S Virgin Islands. The baccalaureate service for the transfer was held at the St. Thomas Reformed Church as it was identified as the American church in the Danish West Indies.
Percival Wilson Sparks, a U.S. Naval officer, designed the flag that now represents the United States Virgin Islands. Sparks married a local U.S Virgin Island woman, Grace Joseph Sparks; when Sparks' superior, Rear Adm. Summer Ely Wetmore Kitelle, commissioned the design for the flag, P. W. Sparks asked his wife and her sister, Blanche Joseph (later Sasso), to sew the first flag. That flag was used until such time as a factory-produced flag could be acquired.
The flag's inspiration came from the U.S. Presidential seal. Sparks decided to have the eagle facing the olive branches (which represented peace) rather than the arrows (which represented the three islands: St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John). (At the request of Emilie Rose Sparks Gray, a daughter of P.W. Sparks and Grace Sparks, so that the family would have clear and undeniable proof, this piece of history was entered into the Congressional Record in Washington, D.C., on April 30, 1986,[10] by the congressional delegate, Ron de Lugo.) Every year Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday, to celebrate the acquisition of the islands by the United States in 1917.
U.S. citizenship was granted to the residents in 1927. The U.S. Department of the Interior took over administrative duties in 1931. American forces were based on the island during the Second World War. In 1954, passage of the U.S. Virgin Islands Organic Act officially granted territorial status to the three islands, and allowed for the formation of a local senate with politics dominated by the American Republican and Democratic parties. Full home rule was achieved in 1970.
The post-war era also saw the rise of tourism on the island. With relatively cheap air travel and the American embargo on Cuba, the numbers of visitors greatly increased. Despite natural disasters such as Hurricane Hugo (1989) and Hurricanes Luis and Marilyn (1995), the island's infrastructure continues to improve as the flow of visitors continues. Hotels have been built from the West End to the East End.
Climate[edit]
[hide]Climate data for Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
93
(34) 93
(34) 94
(34) 96
(36) 97
(36) 99
(37) 98
(37) 99
(37) 98
(37) 97
(36) 95
(35) 92
(33) 99
(37)
Average high °F (°C)
85.1
(29.5) 85.1
(29.5) 85.7
(29.8) 86.7
(30.4) 87.6
(30.9) 89.1
(31.7) 89.9
(32.2) 90.2
(32.3) 90.0
(32.2) 88.7
(31.5) 87.1
(30.6) 85.6
(29.8) 87.6
(30.9)
Average low °F (°C)
72.4
(22.4) 72.3
(22.4) 72.9
(22.7) 74.1
(23.4) 76.2
(24.6) 77.7
(25.4) 78.0
(25.6) 78.1
(25.6) 78.0
(25.6) 76.9
(24.9) 75.2
(24) 73.7
(23.2) 75.5
(24.2)
Record low °F (°C)
63
(17) 62
(17) 56
(13) 58
(14) 66
(19) 67
(19) 57
(14) 59
(15) 64
(18) 66
(19) 52
(11) 62
(17) 52
(11)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.16
(54.9) 1.47
(37.3) 1.05
(26.7) 2.62
(66.5) 3.05
(77.5) 2.62
(66.5) 2.82
(71.6) 3.51
(89.2) 4.82
(122.4) 5.94
(150.9) 6.00
(152.4) 2.88
(73.2) 38.95
(989.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
14.3 11.8 8.1 10.7 11.9 11.1 14.8 14.2 14.6 17.7 17.8 16.7 163.6
Source #1: NOAA (normals 1981−2010)[11]
Source #2: Weather Channel [12]
Demographics[edit]
Saint Thomas is divided into the following subdistricts (with population as per the 2010 U.S. Census):
Charlotte Amalie (pop. 18,481) Charlotte Amalie town (pop. 10,354)
East End (pop. 8,403)
Northside (pop. 10,049)
Southside (pop. 5,411)
Tutu (pop. 6,867)
Water Island (pop. 182)
West End (pop. 2,241)
Transportation[edit]
See also: Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands
Cab at Red Hook
The island is serviced by the Cyril E. King International Airport.
Passenger and limited car-ferry services to neighboring islands such as Water Island, St. John, St. Croix, and the British Virgin Islands run regularly out of the Red Hook Terminal, Charlotte Amalie, and Crown Bay Marina.
The United States Virgin Islands is the only place under United States jurisdiction where the rule of the road is to drive on the left. This was inherited from what was the then-current Danish practice at the time of the American acquisition in 1917. However, because St. Thomas is a U.S. territory, most cars are imported from the mainland United States and therefore the steering column is located on the left side of the vehicle.
The island has many regular taxis from compact size to large vans, as well as open-air, covered trucks called "safaris" with bench seats. The latter usually operate only between high-traffic points, e.g., cruise-ship terminals at Havensight and Crown Bay and downtown Charlotte Amalie.
Education[edit]
St. Thomas-St. John School District operates public schools on Saint Thomas.
Private schools on St. Thomas:
Antilles School (www.antilles.vi)
Virgin Islands Montessori School & International Academy
Calvary Christian Academy
Parochial schools on St. Thomas:
All Saints Cathedral School
Saints Peter & Paul Catholic School
Weslyan Academy Bible School
Colleges and universities on St. Thomas:
University of the Virgin Islands
Notable people[edit]
See also: Category:United States Virgin Islands people
Alton Augustus Adams − first African-American band master for the United States Navy
Jabari Blash - Major League Baseball player, outfielder for the San Diego Padres
Edward Wilmot Blyden − ambassador, an Igbo in Diaspora, is credited in some history books as having laid the foundation of West African nationalism and Pan-Africanism
Callix Crabbe − Major League Baseball player
Midre Cummings − Major League Baseball player
Vanessa Daou − Singer-Songwriter, Dancer, Writer, Poet
Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville − a French geologist
Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville − a French chemist
Jeffrey Epstein − American financier
Jeff Faulkner − National Football League player
Kelsey Grammer − actor, director, and producer born in St. Thomas
Emile Griffith − former boxer who won world championships in both the Welterweight and Middleweight divisions.
Elrod Hendricks − Major League Baseball player
Abdul Hodge − National Football League player
Daryl Homer, Olympic fencer
Roy Innis − civil rights leader
Julian Jackson − boxer born in St. Thomas
Hannah Jeter - Sports Illustrated Swimsuit cover model and wife of Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees
J. Raymond Jones − political activist
Christine Jowers − choreographer, producer, and dance critic.
Al McBean − Major League Baseball player
Ralph Moses Paiewonsky − governor
Calvin Pickering − Major League Baseball player.
Camille Pissarro − a key member of the French Impressionist group of painters
Rashawn Ross − Trumpeter who tours with Dave Matthews Band
Roy Lester Schneider − governor and physician
Karrine Steffans − former hip hop music video performer and actress and the author of Confessions of A Video Vixen.
Morris Simmonds − German physician, pathologist, described a syndrome of pituitary failure with emaciation (Simmonds syndrome)
Terence Todman − ambassador
Jean Toussaint - jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist
Peter von Scholten − governor general
Denmark Vesey − leader of planned slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina
David Levy Yulee − an American politician and the first member of the United States Senate to have been, at one time, a practicing Jew.
Points of interest[edit]
Blackbeard's Castle
Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge
Cathedral Church of All Saints
Drake's Seat
Downtown Charlotte Amalie
Fort Christian
Magens Bay Arboretum
Magens Bay
Mountain Top
Red Hook
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral
St. Thomas Synagogue
Coral World Ocean Park
Gallery[edit]
Blackbeard's Castle in Charlotte Amalie.
The port at Charlotte Amalie March 2008.
"Beautiful Harbor of St. Thomas, West Indies", stereoptical view, c. 1900.
Magen's Beach as seen from Drake's Seat, St. Thomas, USVI.
View From Bluebeard's Castle, St Thomas US Virgin Islands
View of Bluebeard's Castle, from In Town
Saint Thomas Shopping Square
Beautiful Scenery
Magens Bay
Magens Bay
Magens Bay
View of Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Island from the port.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Where is the U.S. Virgin Islands: Geography". vinow.com. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kossler, Bill (August 24, 2011). "USVI Population Down Since 2000". stthomassource.com. V.I. Source Publications. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ This is the figure given on page 1 of the United States Geologic Survey's Open-File Report 72-201. It is also the figure given in the article at the on-line edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. The Virgin Islands (United States) page at the United Nations Environmental Programme's Island Directory gives a substantially lower figure, reporting the area as 69.7 square kilometers, equivalent to 26.9 square miles. And although the U.S. Census Bureau does not report the areas of geographic entities, it does report their population densities (equal to the total population divided by the area). In the 2010 census, the population was reported as 51,634 (Table P1, "Total Population") and the population density was reported as 1,649.1 per square mile (Table P40, "Population Density"). Together, these figures imply an area of 31.3 square miles.
Jump up ^ "Charlotte Amalie St. Thomas U.S. Virgin Islands". guidetocaribbeanvacations.com.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, J. Taylor and Hamilton, Kenneth G., History of the Moravian Church, Bethlehem, PA, 1969.
Jump up ^ Arts & Culture US Virgin Island Tourism
Jump up ^ "David Hamilton Jackson - Famous Virgin Islander". here.vi.
Jump up ^ Liberty Day festivities to include parade, re-enactment about D. Hamilton Jackson, The Virgin Islands Daily News.
Jump up ^ "United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism site". Visitusvi.com. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Congressional Record, vol. 132, No. 56.
Jump up ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Average Conditions Saint Thomas, VI". weather.com. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saint Thomas.
Official sites
United States Virgin Islands – Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau
Map
St. Thomas USVI Google Map – Satellite Map of St. Thomas, USVI
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values: سانت توماس (جزر العذراء الأمريكية) – Arabic

values: Saint Thomas (Islles Vírxenes) – Asturian

values: Άγιος Θωμάς (Παρθένοι Νήσοι) – Greek

values: سنت توماس، جزایر ویرجین ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

values: Saint Thomas (Îles Vierges des États-Unis) – French

values: 세인트토머스 섬 – Korean

values: Saint Thomas (Isole Vergini americane) – Italian

values: סנט תומאס (איי הבתולה) – Hebrew

values: Saint Thomas (Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani) – Swahili

values: Сент Томас – Macedonian

values: Saint Thomas (Amerikaanse Maagdeneilanden) – Dutch

values: セント・トーマス島 – Japanese

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values: São Tomás (Ilhas Virgens Americanas) – Portuguese

values: Сент-Томас – Russian

values: Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands – Scots

values: Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands – Simple English

values: Сент Томас (Девичанска острва) – Serbian

values: Saint Thomas, Amerikanska Jungfruöarna – Swedish

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Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award
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Walter Payton Man of the Year
Given for
Excellence off the field regarding an NFL player's charity work.
Location
Varies
Presented by
National Football League
History
First award
1970 to Johnny Unitas
Most recent
J.J. Watt
Website
www.nfl.com/manoftheyear/
The Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year award is presented annually by the National Football League (NFL) honoring a player's volunteer and charity work, as well as his excellence on the field. Prior to 1999, it was called simply the NFL Man of the Year Award. Shortly after Chicago Bears running back Walter Payton died (having been the 1977 recipient himself), the award was renamed to honor his legacy as a humanitarian. Each year, a winner is selected from 32 nominees from the 32 different teams. A panel of judges, which includes the Commissioner of the NFL, Connie Payton (widow of Walter Payton), the previous year's winner, and a number of former players select the winner of the award. The Man of the Year winner receives a $50,000 donation in his name to a charity of his choice. The other 31 finalists also receive donations in their name of $5,000 each to charities of their choice. The Chicago Bears and Kansas City Chiefs have had more winners of the award than any other team, with 5 winners each.
Each winner who is currently active in the league, beginning in Week 14 of the 2017 season, has a patch on their uniforms. The currently active winners are: Drew Brees, Thomas Davis, Larry Fitzgerald, Eli Manning, J.J. Watt, and Jason Witten. The nominees of each team are given a helmet decal to wear for the remainder of the season.[1]
Winners[edit]
Year
Player
Position
Team
Ref
1970 Johnny Unitas Quarterback Baltimore Colts [2]
1971 Hadl, JohnJohn Hadl Quarterback San Diego Chargers [3]
1972 Lanier, WillieWillie Lanier Linebacker Kansas City Chiefs
1973 Dawson, LenLen Dawson Quarterback Kansas City Chiefs
1974 Blanda, GeorgeGeorge Blanda Quarterback Oakland Raiders
1975 Anderson, KenKen Anderson Quarterback Cincinnati Bengals
1976 Harris, FrancoFranco Harris Running back Pittsburgh Steelers
1977 Payton, WalterWalter Payton Running back Chicago Bears
1978 Staubach, RogerRoger Staubach Quarterback Dallas Cowboys
1979 Greene, JoeJoe Greene Defensive Tackle Pittsburgh Steelers
1980 Carmichael, HaroldHarold Carmichael Wide receiver Philadelphia Eagles
1981 Swann, LynnLynn Swann Wide receiver Pittsburgh Steelers
1982 Theismann, JoeJoe Theismann Quarterback Washington Redskins
1983 Benirschke, RolfRolf Benirschke Placekicker San Diego Chargers
1984 Lyons, MartyMarty Lyons Defensive tackle New York Jets
1985 Stephenson, DwightDwight Stephenson Center Miami Dolphins
1986 Williams, ReggieReggie Williams Linebacker Cincinnati Bengals
1987 Duerson, DaveDave Duerson Safety Chicago Bears
1988 Largent, SteveSteve Largent Wide receiver Seattle Seahawks
1989 Moon, WarrenWarren Moon Quarterback Houston Oilers
1990 Singletary, MikeMike Singletary Linebacker Chicago Bears
1991 Muñoz, AnthonyAnthony Muñoz Offensive tackle Cincinnati Bengals
1992 Elway, JohnJohn Elway Quarterback Denver Broncos
1993 Thomas, DerrickDerrick Thomas Linebacker Kansas City Chiefs
1994 Seau, JuniorJunior Seau Linebacker San Diego Chargers
1995 Esiason, BoomerBoomer Esiason Quarterback New York Jets
1996 Green, DarrellDarrell Green Cornerback Washington Redskins
1997 Aikman, TroyTroy Aikman Quarterback Dallas Cowboys
1998 Marino, DanDan Marino Quarterback Miami Dolphins
1999 Carter, CrisCris Carter Wide receiver Minnesota Vikings
2000 Brooks, DerrickDerrick Brooks Linebacker Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Flanigan, JimJim Flanigan Defensive tackle Chicago Bears
2001 Bettis, JeromeJerome Bettis Running back Pittsburgh Steelers
2002 Vincent, TroyTroy Vincent Cornerback Philadelphia Eagles
2003 Shields, WillWill Shields Guard Kansas City Chiefs
2004 Dunn, WarrickWarrick Dunn Running back Atlanta Falcons
2005 Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning Quarterback Indianapolis Colts
2006 Brees, DrewDrew Brees Quarterback New Orleans Saints
Tomlinson, LaDainianLaDainian Tomlinson Running back San Diego Chargers
2007 Taylor, JasonJason Taylor Defensive end Miami Dolphins
2008 Warner, KurtKurt Warner Quarterback Arizona Cardinals [4]
2009 Waters, BrianBrian Waters Guard Kansas City Chiefs [5]
2010 Williams, MadieuMadieu Williams Safety Minnesota Vikings [6]
2011 Birk, MattMatt Birk Center Baltimore Ravens
2012 Witten, JasonJason Witten Tight end Dallas Cowboys
2013 Tillman, CharlesCharles Tillman Cornerback Chicago Bears
2014 Davis, ThomasThomas Davis Linebacker Carolina Panthers
2015 Boldin, AnquanAnquan Boldin Wide receiver San Francisco 49ers [7]
2016 Fitzgerald, LarryLarry Fitzgerald Wide receiver Arizona Cardinals [8]
Manning, EliEli Manning Quarterback New York Giants [8]
2017 Watt, J. J.J. J. Watt Defensive end Houston Texans
See also[edit]
Walter Camp Man of the Year
Walter Camp Distinguished American Award
Walter Camp Alumni of the Year
Amos Alonzo Stagg Award
National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award
National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners
Theodore Roosevelt Award
"Whizzer" White NFL Man of the Year Award
Athletes in Action/Bart Starr Award
References[edit]
General
"Previous Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year winners" (PDF). National Football League. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Specific
Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/manoftheyear
Jump up ^ "Johnny Unitas NFL & AFL Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "John Hadl NFL & AFL Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Warner named Payton award winner". United Press International. February 1, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brian Waters named NFL Man of the Year". United Press International. February 7, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Tim (February 6, 2011). "Vikings' Madieu Williams named Walter Payton Man of the Year". USA Today. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hagemann, Andie (February 6, 2016). "Anquan Boldin named Walter Payton Man of the Year". NFL.com. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fitzgerald, Eli both named Walter Payton Man of Year". NFL.com. February 4, 2017.
[show]
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Madden Most Valuable Protectors Award (2011)
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text:
Conflict (narrative)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Conflict in narrative comes in many forms. "Man versus man", such as is depicted here in the battle between King Arthur and Mordred, is particularly common in traditional literature, fairy tales and myths.[1]
In works of narrative, conflict is the challenge main characters need to solve to achieve their goals.
Traditionally, conflict is a major literary element that creates challenges in a story by adding uncertainty to if the goal would be achieved. A narrative is not limited to a single conflict. While conflicts may not always resolve in narrative, the resolution of a conflict creates closure or fulfillment, which may or may not occur at a story's end.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic nature
2 Classification
2.1 Man against man
2.2 Man against nature
2.3 Man against self
2.4 Man against society
3 History
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Basic nature[edit]
Conflict in literature refers to the different drives of the characters or forces involved. Conflict may be internal or external—that is, it may occur within a character's mind or between a character and exterior forces, (or point(s) of view). Conflict is most visible between two or more characters, usually a protagonist and an antagonist/enemy/villain, but can occur in many different forms. A character may as easily find himself or herself in conflict with a natural force, such as an animal or a weather event, like a hurricane. The literary purpose of conflict is to create tension in the story, making readers more interested by leaving them uncertain which of the characters or forces will prevail.[2]
There may be multiple points of conflict in a single story, as characters may have more than one desire or may struggle against more than one opposing force.[3] When a conflict is resolved and the reader discovers which force or character succeeds, it creates a sense of closure.[4] Conflicts may resolve at any point in a story, particularly where more than one conflict exists, but stories do not always resolve every conflict. If a story ends without resolving the main or major conflict(s), it is said to have an "open" ending.[5] Open endings, which can serve to ask the reader to consider the conflict more personally, may not satisfy them, but obvious conflict resolution may also leave readers disappointed in the story.[5][6]
Classification[edit]
The basic types of conflict in fiction have been commonly codified as "man against man", "man against nature", and "man against self."[7][8]
Although frequently cited, these three types of conflict are not universally accepted. Ayn Rand, for instance, argued that "man against nature" is not a conflict because nature has no free will and thus can make no choices.[9] Sometimes a fourth basic conflict is described, "man against society".[10][11] Some of the other types of conflict referenced include "man against machine" (The Terminator, Brave New World), "man against fate" (Slaughterhouse Five), "man against the supernatural" (The Shining) and "man against God" (A Canticle for Leibowitz).[12][13]
Man against man[edit]
"Man against man" conflict involves stories where characters are against each other.[8][10] This is an external conflict. The conflict may be direct opposition, as in a gunfight or a robbery, or it may be a more subtle conflict between the desires of two or more characters, as in a romance or a family epic. This type of conflict is very common in traditional literature, fairy tales and myths.[1] One example of the "man against man" conflict is the relationship struggles between the protagonist and the antagonist stepfather in This Boy's Life.[14] Other examples include Dorothy's struggles with the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and Tom Sawyer's confrontation with Injun Joe in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.[1]
Man against nature[edit]
"Man against nature" conflict is an external struggle positioning the hero against an animal or a force of nature, such as a storm or tornado or snow.[8][10] The "man against nature" conflict is central to Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, where the protagonist contends against a marlin.[15] It is also common in adventure stories, including Robinson Crusoe.[1] Man vs. Wild not only takes its name from this conflict, but it is also a great example, featuring Bear Grylls and his attempts to keep nature at bay.
Man against self[edit]
With "man against self" conflict, the struggle is internal.[8][10] A character must overcome her/his own nature or make a choice between two or more paths—good and evil; logic and emotion. A serious example of "man against himself" is offered by Hubert Selby Jr.'s 1978 novel Requiem for a Dream, which centers around stories of addiction.[16] In the novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, published in 1994, as well as in its 1999 film adaptation, the unnamed protagonist struggles against himself in what is revealed to be a case of dissociative identity disorder.[17] Bridget Jones's Diary also focuses on internal conflict, as the titular character deals with her own neuroses and self-doubts.[16]
Man against society[edit]
Where man stands against a man-made institution (such as slavery or bullying), "man against man" conflict may shade into "man against society".[12] In such stories, characters are forced to make moral choices or frustrated by social rules in meeting their own goals.[1] The Handmaid's Tale and Fahrenheit 451 are examples of "man against society" conflicts.[12] So is Charlotte's Web, in which the pig Wilbur fights for his survival against a society that raises pigs for food.[1]
History[edit]
As with other literary terms, these have come about gradually as descriptions of common narrative structures. Conflict was first described in ancient Greek literature as the agon, or central contest in tragedy.[3] According to Aristotle, in order to hold the interest, the hero must have a single conflict. The agon, or act of conflict, involves the protagonist (the "first fighter") and the antagonist (a more recent term), corresponding to the hero and villain. The outcome of the contest cannot be known in advance, and according to later critics such as Plutarch, the hero's struggle should be ennobling.
Even in modern non-dramatic literature, critics have observed that the agon is the central unit of the plot. The easier it is for the protagonist to triumph, the less value there is in the drama. In internal and external conflict alike, the antagonist must act upon the protagonist and must seem at first to overmatch him or her. For example, in William Faulkner's The Bear, nature might be the antagonist. Even though it is an abstraction, natural creatures and the scenery oppose and resist the protagonist. In the same story, the young boy's doubts about himself provide an internal conflict, and they seem to overwhelm him.
Similarly, when godlike characters enter (e.g. Superman), correspondingly great villains have to be created, or natural weaknesses have to be invented, to allow the narrative to have drama. Alternatively, scenarios could be devised in which the character's godlike powers are constrained by some sort of code, or their respective antagonist.
See also[edit]
Theme (narrative)
Deus ex machina
Problem of evil
Misotheism
Mythos (Aristotle)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Nikolajeva, Maria (12 May 2005). Aesthetic Approaches to Children's Literature: An Introduction. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-5426-0.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Edgar V.; Henry E. Jacobs (1986). Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Prentice-Hall. p. 103. ISBN 013537572X.
^ Jump up to: a b Abbott, H. Porter (7 April 2008). The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-71515-7.
Jump up ^ Abbott (2008), 55-56.
^ Jump up to: a b Toscan, Richard. "Playwriting Seminars 2.0". Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 26 February 2013. |chapter= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ Emms, Stephen (February 10, 2010). "Some conclusions about endings". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Judith (1 August 2001). Foundations of Fiction. iUniverse. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-595-19791-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Elizabeth Irvin Ross (1993). Write Now. Barnes & Noble Publishing. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7607-4178-8.
Jump up ^ Rand, Ayn (1 January 2000). The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers. Penguin. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-452-28154-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lamb, Nancy (17 November 2008). The Art And Craft Of Storytelling: A Comprehensive Guide To Classic Writing Techniques. F+W Media, Inc. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-1-59963-444-9.
Jump up ^ Stoodt, Barbara (1996). Children's Literature. Macmillan Education AU. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-7329-4012-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Morrell, Jessica Page (20 August 2009). Thanks, But This Isn't for Us: A (Sort Of) Compassionate Guide to Why Your Writing Is Being Rejected. Penguin. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-1-58542-721-5. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Caldwell, Stacy; Catherine Littleton (March 2011). The Crucible: Study Guide and Student Workbook (Enhanced Ebook). BMI Educational Services. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-60933-893-0. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Ballon, Rachel (21 January 2011). Breathing Life Into Your Characters. Writer's Digest Books. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-59963-342-8.
Jump up ^ Ballon (2011), p. 135.
^ Jump up to: a b Ballon (2011), p. 133.
Jump up ^ Pallotta, Frank (20 May 2014). "'Fight Club' Has A Bunch Of Hidden Clues That Give Away The Film's Big Twist Ending". Business Insider. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
External links[edit]
Literary terms Dictionary Online. [1]
The "Basic" Plots In Literature. Information on the most common divisions of the basic plots from the Internet Public Library organization. [2]
[hide]
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Slaughterhouse Five

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Literary science

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