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Greenhouse Academy
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Greenhouse Academy
Genre
Teen drama
Created by
Giora Chamizer (he)
Based on
Ha-Hamama by Giora Chamizer
Starring
Ariel Mortman
Finn Roberts
Composer(s)
Tal Yardeni & Roy Shakked
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
24
Production
Executive producer(s)
Orly Atlas Katz
Udi Miron
Osnat Saraga
Tamara Rothenberg
Dominique Bazay
Producer(s)
Noam Arazi
Location(s)
Israel
Running time
21–28 minutes
Production company(s)
Nutz Productions
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
External links
Website
Greenhouse Academy is a tween drama television series released by Netflix.[1] Based on the Israeli television series The Greenhouse (Ha-Hamama), created by Giora Chamizer, the series was adapted for international audiences by Chamizer and Paula Yoo.[2] The first season of the series was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017.[3] The second season was released on Netflix on February 14, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Production
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2017)
4.2 Season 2 (2018)
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Eight months after losing their astronaut mother in a rocket explosion, brother and a sister, Alex and Hayley Woods, enroll at a private boarding school for gifted future leaders. Separately, they join two competing houses within the school and become rivals. Soon, mysterious events draw the students from both houses into a secret investigation. They uncover a deadly plot to use earthquakes for monetary gain. Only by joining forces and working together will they be able to stop this scheme.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Ariel Mortman[1] as Hayley Woods
Finn Roberts[1] as Alex Woods
Chris O'Neal[1] as Daniel Hayward
Dallas Hart[1] as Leo Cruz
Cinthya Carmona[1] as Sophie Cardona
Grace Van Dien[1] as Brooke Osmond
Benjamin Papac[1] as Max Miller
Jessica Amlee[1] as Jackie Sanders[4]
BJ Mitchell[1] as Parker Grant
Aviv Buchler as Emma Geller
Ishai Golan[1] as Carter Woods
Selina Giles as Ryan Woods
Yiftach Mizrahi as Jason Osmond
Nitsan Levartovsky as Suzanne McGill
Parker Stevenson[1] as Louis Osmond
Nadine Ellis[1] as Judy Hayward
Yuval Yanai as Eric Simmons
Reina Hardesty[1] as Aspen Fairchild
Recurring[edit]
Efrat Dor as Michelle Wallace
Natalie Berkowitz as Meredith
Dean Gerber as Owen
Jake Miller as Seth
Stephanie Troyak as Tammy
Amit Yagur[5] as Becca
Zvika Fohrman as Coach Davies
Jonathan Miller as Kyle
Maayan Bloom as Marcus
Errol Trotman Harewood as David Diggs
Iftach Ophir as Perry FBI Agent
Aaron Kaplan as Brandon Thomas
Production[edit]
Greenhouse Academy is a Netflix original series based on the Israeli tween-drama The Greenhouse (Ha-Hamama), which ran on Nickelodeon Israel.[6] Both versions were created by Giora Chamizer and produced by Nutz Productions, a subsidiary of Ananey Communications.[7] Two seasons consisting of a total of 24 episodes were produced. The series was filmed in summer 2016 in Tel Aviv and at other locations in Israel.[8] The first season was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017.[3] On January 18, 2018, the official Greenhouse Academy Instagram account announced that Season 2 would be released on Netflix on February 14, 2018.[9]
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
1 "Pilot" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Guest starring: Tamir Ginsburg as Tyler Shaw, Dan Mor as Sergeant Archer
2
2 "The Opening Challenge" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
3
3 "Breaking and Entering" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
4
4 "Private Screening" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
5
5 "Black Smoke" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Guest starring: Dor Zweigenbaum as Dr. Schwartz
6
6 "Captain Material" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
7
7 "Swimming Lessons" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
8
8 "The Outsider" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Guest starring: Omri Doron as JPL Security Guard
9
9 "Steph" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Guest starring: Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger
10
10 "Guilt-Free Cupcakes" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Guest starring: Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger
11
11 "Great Scott" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
12
12 "L.D.R." Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Season 2 (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
13
1 "Escape Mechanism" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
14
2 "The Client" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
15
3 "A Day Off" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
16
4 "Meant to Be" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
17
5 "Surfing Lessons" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
18
6 "The Workshop" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
19
7 "The Spiral" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
20
8 "More Than a Hunch" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
21
9 "A Born Leader" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
22
10 "Kyle" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
23
11 "Bad Decisions" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
24
12 "Home" Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Oriana Schwindt (July 27, 2016). "Netflix Renews Chelsea Handler's 'Chelsea,' 'Lady Dynamite' and Casts Jennifer Garner as a Llama". Variety. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (July 27, 2016). "Jennifer Garner To Voice Mama Llama In Netflix Animated Series; 'Greenhouse' Tween Series Also Sets Cast – TCA". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Netflix's New Releases Coming in Sept. 2017". The Hollywood Reporter. August 23, 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
Jump up ^ Eric Volmers (February 9, 2017). "Mallory is back: Actress Jessica Amlee reprises role on Calgary-shot Heartland in two-episode arc". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2017-09-28. Last March, she landed a lead role in the Netflix original series, Greenhouse Academy... Amlee describes it as Harry Potter meets Degrassi. Over the summer, she shot Greenhouse Academy in Tel Aviv, playing a juvenile delinquent named Jackie who is recruited after showing a talent for robbing banks.
Jump up ^ "חשיפה ראשונה: מי יככבו בגרסה האמריקאית של "החממה"?". frogi.co.il. July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Foster (March 20, 2017). "Israeli kids get TeenNick channel". Kidscreen. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Home – About Ananey". Ananey Communications.
Jump up ^ Jessica Steinberg (September 6, 2017). "Netflix launches 'Greenhouse Academy,' remake of Sabra tween drama". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BeF_fC0D7MN/?taken-by=thegreenhouseacademy
External links[edit]
Greenhouse Academy on IMDb
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text:
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Blockade of engines at Martinsburg, West Virginia, 16 July 1877
Date
July 14 – September 4, 1877
Goals
Wage increases
Methods
Strikes, Protest, Demonstrations
Parties to the civil conflict
Railroad workers; Workingmen's Party
Federal troops
Lead figures
Monroe Heath
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. This strike finally ended some 45 days later, after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. In Martinsburg, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and other cities, workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities and the rolling stock of the railroads—engines and railroad cars. Local populations feared that workers were rising in revolution such as the Paris Commune of 1871.
At the time, the workers were not represented by trade unions. The city and state governments organized armed militias, aided by national guard, federal troops and private militias organized by the railroads, who fought against the workers. Disruption was widespread and at its height, the strikes were supported by about 100,000 workers. With the intervention of federal troops in several locations, most of the strikes were suppressed by early August. Labor continued to work to organize into unions to work for better wages and conditions. Fearing the social disruption, many cities built armories to support their militias; these defensive buildings still stand as symbols of the effort to suppress the labor unrest of this period.
With public attention on workers' wages and conditions, the B&O in 1880 founded an Employee Relief Association to provide death benefits and some health care. In 1884 it established a worker pension plan. Other improvements generally had to await further economic growth and associated wage increases.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Panic and Long Depression
2 Causes of the strike
3 The strike
3.1 Maryland
3.2 New York
3.3 Pennsylvania
3.3.1 Pittsburgh
3.3.2 Philadelphia
3.3.3 Reading
3.3.4 Shamokin
3.3.5 Scranton
3.4 Illinois
3.5 Missouri
4 Strike over
5 Aftermath and legacy
5.1 Economic effects
5.2 Labor relations
5.3 National Guard
5.4 Commemoration
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
8.1 Scholarly studies
8.2 Popular history
9 External links
The Panic and Long Depression[edit]
The Long Depression, beginning in the United States with the financial Panic of 1873 and lasting 65 months, became the longest economic contraction in American history, including the later more famous, 45-month-long Great Depression of the 1930s.[1][2] The failure of the Jay Cooke bank in New York, was followed quickly by that of Henry Clews, and set off a chain reaction of bank failures, temporarily closing the New York stock market.[3]:65
Unemployment rose dramatically, reaching 14 percent by 1876, many more were severely underemployed, and wages overall dropped to 45% of their previous level.[4] Thousands of American businesses failed, defaulting on more than a billion dollars of debt.[5] One in four laborers in New York were out of work in the winter of 1873-1874.[5]:167 National construction of new rail lines dropped from 7,500 miles of track in 1872 to just 1,600 miles in 1875,[6] and production in iron and steel alone dropped as much as 45%.[7][5]:167
Causes of the strike[edit]
When the Civil War ended, a boom in railroad construction ensued, with roughly 55,000 kilometers (35,000 miles) of new track being laid from coast-to-coast between 1866 and 1873. The railroads, then the second largest employer outside of agriculture, required large amounts of capital investment, and thus entailed massive financial risk. Speculators fed large amounts of money into the industry, causing abnormal growth and over-expansion. Jay Cooke's firm, like many other banking firms, invested a disproportionate share of depositors' funds in the railroads, thus paving the way for the ensuing collapse.[citation needed]
In addition to Cooke's direct infusion of capital in the railroads, the firm had become a federal agent for the government in the government's direct financing of railroad construction. As building new track in areas where land had not yet been cleared or settled required land grants and loans that only the government could provide, the use of Jay Cooke's firm as a conduit for federal funding worsened the effects that Cooke's bankruptcy had on the nation's economy.[citation needed]
In the wake of the Panic of 1873, a bitter antagonism between workers and the leaders of industry developed. Immigration from Europe was underway, as was migration of rural workers into the cities, increasing competition for jobs and enabling companies to drive down wages and easily lay off workers. By 1877, 10 percent wage cuts, distrust of capitalists and poor working conditions led to workers conducting numerous railroad strikes that prevented the trains from moving, with spiraling effects in other parts of the economy. Suppressed by violence, workers continued to organize to try to improve their conditions. Management worked to break up such movements, and mainstream society and the Catholic Church feared labor organizing as signs of revolutionary socialism. Tensions lingered well after the depression ended in 1878–79.[citation needed]
Many of the new immigrant workers were Catholics, and their church had forbidden participation in secret societies since 1743, partially as a reaction against the anti-Catholicism of Freemasonry. But by the late 19th century, the Knights of Labor, a national and predominately Catholic organization, had 700,000 members seeking to represent all workers. In 1888 Archbishop James Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore sympathized with the workers and collaborated with other bishops to lift the prohibition against workers joining the KOL. Other workers also took actions, and unrest marked the following decades. In 1886 Samuel Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor for the skilled craft trades, attracting skilled workers from other groups. Other labor organizing followed.[8]
The strike[edit]
Maryland National Guard's Sixth Regiment fighting its way west along main downtown commercial thoroughfare Baltimore Street through Baltimore, Maryland, 20 July 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cutting wages of workers for the third time in a year. Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked. West Virginia Governor Henry M. Mathews sent in state militia units to restore train service but the soldiers refused to fire on the strikers. The governor in Charleston, West Virginia then appealed for federal troops.
Maryland[edit]
Main article: Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
Meanwhile, the Strike also spread into western Maryland to the major railroad hub of Cumberland, county seat of Allegany County where railway workers stopped freight and passenger traffic.
In Baltimore with the famous Fifth ("Dandy Fifth") and Sixth Regiments of the former state militia, now reorganized since the war as the Maryland National Guard were also called up by 37th Maryland Governor John Lee Carroll, (1830-1911), in Annapolis at the request of powerful B. & O. President John Work Garrett, (1820-1884). The Fifth marched down North Howard Street from their armory above the old Richmond Market (at present North Howard and West Read Streets) in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood and were generally unopposed heading south for the B. & O.'s general headquarters and main depot at the Camden Street Station to board the waiting westward trains to Hagerstown and Cumberland. But the unfortunate Sixth assembled at their armory at East Fayette and North Front Streets (by the old Phoenix Shot Tower) in the Old Town /Jonestown area and had to fight their way west through regular sympathetic Baltimore citizens, rioters and striking workers which erupted into bloodshed along main downtown commercial thoroughfare of Baltimore Street to get to Camden. It was a horrible scene reminiscent of the worst of the bloody "Pratt Street Riots" of the Civil War era disturbances of April 1861, over 15 years earlier of the "first bloodshed" of the war. When the outnumbered troops of the 6th Regiment finally fired volleys on an attacking crowd on Baltimore Street, they killed 10 civilians and wounded 25.[9] The rioters injured several members of the militia, damaged B. & O. engines and train cars, and burned portions of the train station at South Howard and West Camden Streets.[9] The militia remained trapped in the surrounding Camden Yards, besieged by armed rioters until July 21–22, when the 19th President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops and the U.S. Marines to Baltimore to restore order.
New York[edit]
There were strike actions also further north in Albany, Syracuse and Buffalo, New York on other railroad lines. Workers in the cities in industries other than railroads still attacked them because of how they cut through the cities and dominated city life. Their resentment of the railroads' economic power was expressed in physical attacks against them at a time when many workers' wages were lowered. Protestors "included cross-class elements from other work sites, small businesses, and commercial establishments. Some protestors acted out of solidarity with the strikers, but many more vented militant displeasure against dangerous railroad traffic that crisscrossed urban centers in that area."[10]
Pennsylvania[edit]
Pittsburgh[edit]
Main article: Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became the site of the worst violence of related strikes. Thomas Alexander Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad, described as one of the first robber barons, suggested that the strikers should be given "a rifle diet for a few days and see how they like that kind of bread."[11] As in some other cities and towns, local law enforcement officers such as sheriffs, deputies and police refused to fire on the strikers. Several state militia units were ordered into service by Governor John Hartranft, including the 3rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel George R. Snowden.[12]
Burning of Pennsylvania Railroad and Union Depot, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 21–22 July 1877, engraving from Harper's Weekly
Burning of Union Depot, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 21–22 July 1877, engraving from Harper's Weekly
On July 21, militiamen bayoneted and fired on rock-throwing strikers, killing 20 people and wounding 29.[13] Rather than quell the uprising, these actions infuriated the strikers, who retaliated and forced the militia to take refuge in a railroad roundhouse. Strikers set fires that razed 39 buildings and destroyed rolling stock: 104 locomotives and 1,245 freight and passenger cars. On July 22, the militia mounted an assault on the strikers, shooting their way out of the roundhouse and killing 20 more people on their way out of the city. After more than a month of rioting and bloodshed in Pittsburgh, President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in federal troops as in West Virginia and Maryland to end the strikes and strife.
Philadelphia[edit]
Three hundred miles to the east, Philadelphia strikers battled local militia and set fire to much of Center City before Pennsylvania Governor John Hartranft gained assistance and federal troops from President Hayes to put down the uprising.
Reading[edit]
Main article: Reading Railroad Massacre
Workers in Reading, Pennsylvania's third-largest industrial city at the time, also broke out into a strike. This city was home of the engine works and shops of the Reading Railroad, against which engineers had struck since April 1877. State militia shot 16 citizens. Preludes to the massacre included: fresh work stoppage by all classes of the railroad's local workforce; mass marches; blocking of rail traffic; and trainyard arson. Workers burned down the only railroad bridge offering connections to the west, in order to prevent local militia from being mustered to actions in the state capital of Harrisburg or Pittsburgh. Authorities used state militia, local police and the Pennsylvania Pinkerton National Detective Agency in an attempt to break the strike.[14] Reading Railroad management mobilized a private militia, which members committed the shootings in the city. This militia was not mobilized by local public officials.[15]
Shamokin[edit]
Main article: 1877 Shamokin uprising
On July 25, 1000 men and boys, many of them coal miners, marched to the Reading Railroad Depot in Shamokin, east of Sunbury along the Susquehanna River valley. They looted the depot when the town announced it would pay them only $1/day for emergency public employment. The mayor, who owned coal mines, organized a city militia. It committed 14 civilian shooting casualties, resulting in the deaths of two persons.[citation needed]
Scranton[edit]
Main article: Scranton General Strike
On August 1, 1877, in Scranton in northeast Pennsylvania, one day after railroad workers conceded a strike, a city posse of 51 men armed with new rifles and under the command of William Walker Scranton, general manager of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company,[16] returned fire at a group of rioters, strikers, and, most likely, bystanders. The posse killed or fatally wounded four and wounded an undetermined number of others, estimated at 20 to 50, according to different sources.[17][18]
Pennsylvania Governor Hartranft declared Scranton to be under martial law; it was occupied by state and federal troops armed with Gatling guns. Later the posse leader and about 20 of his men were charged with assault and murder. They were all acquitted. Under the effects of the shootings and military occupation, the miners ended their strike without gaining any of their demands.[17][19]
Illinois[edit]
Main article: Chicago railroad strike of 1877
On July 24, rail traffic in Chicago was paralyzed when angry mobs of unemployed citizens wreaked havoc in the rail yards, shutting down both the Baltimore and Ohio and the Illinois Central railroads. Soon, other railroads throughout the state were brought to a standstill, with demonstrators shutting down railroad traffic in Bloomington, Aurora, Peoria, Decatur, Urbana and other rail centers throughout Illinois. In sympathy, coal miners in the pits at Braidwood, LaSalle, Springfield, and Carbondale went on strike as well. In Chicago, the Workingmen's Party organized demonstrations that drew crowds of 20,000 people.
Judge Thomas Drummond of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, who was overseeing numerous railroads that had declared bankruptcy in the wake of the earlier financial Panic of 1873, ruled that "A strike or other unlawful interference with the trains will be a violation of the United States law, and the court will be bound to take notice of it and enforce the penalty."[20] Drummond told the U.S. Marshals to protect the railroads, and asked for federal troops to enforce his decision: he subsequently had strikers arrested and tried them for contempt of court.[20]
The Mayor of Chicago, Monroe Heath, recruited 5,000 men as volunteer militia, asking for help in restoring order. They were partially successful, and shortly thereafter were reinforced by the arrival of the Illinois National Guard and U.S. Army troops, mobilized by the governor. On July 25, violence between police and the mob erupted, with events reaching a peak the following day. These blood-soaked confrontations between police and enraged mobs are known as the Battle of the Viaduct as they took place near the Halsted Street viaduct, although confrontations also took place at nearby 16th Street, on 12th, and on Canal Street. The headline of the Chicago Times screamed, "Terrors Reign, The Streets of Chicago Given Over to Howling Mobs of Thieves and Cutthroats."[13] Order was finally restored. An estimated 20 men and boys died, none of whom were law enforcement or troops; scores more were wounded; and the loss of property was valued in the millions of dollars.
Missouri[edit]
Main article: 1877 St. Louis general strike
On July 21, disgruntled workers in the industrial rail hub of East St. Louis, Illinois, halted all freight traffic, with the city remaining in the control of the strikers for almost a week. The St. Louis Workingman's Party led a group of approximately 500 men across the Missouri River in an act of solidarity with the nearly 1,000 workers on strike. It was a catalyst for labor unrest spreading, with thousands of workers in several industries striking for the eight-hour day and a ban on child labor. This was the first such general strike in the United States.[21]
The strike on both sides of the river was ended after the governor appealed for help and gained the intervention of some 3,000 federal troops and 5,000 deputized special police. These armed forces killed at least eighteen people in skirmishes around the city. On July 28, 1877, they took control of the Relay Depot, the Commune's command center, and arrested some seventy strikers.
Strike over[edit]
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began to lose momentum when President Hayes sent federal troops from city to city. These troops suppressed strike after strike, until at last, approximately 45 days after it had started, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was over.[citation needed]
Aftermath and legacy[edit]
Economic effects[edit]
Strikers in Pittsburgh burned in total 39 buildings, 104 engines, 46–66 passenger cars, and 1,200–1,383 freight cars.[22][23] Damage estimates ranged from five to 10 million dollars.[24][25]:118
Labor relations[edit]
After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, union organizers planned for their next battles while politicians and business leaders took steps to prevent a repetition of this chaos. Many states enacted conspiracy statutes. States formed new militia units and constructed National Guard armories in numerous industrial cities. For workers and employers alike, the strikes had shown the power of workers in combination to challenge the status quo. A state militiaman in Pittsburgh, ordered to break the 1877 strike, pointed out that the workers were driven by "one spirit and one purpose among them -– that they were justified in resorting to any means to break down the power of the corporations."[citation needed]
Unions became better organized as well as more competent, and the number of strikes increased. The Knights of Labor grew to be a national organization of predominately Catholic workers, numbering 700,000 by the early 1880s. In the 1880s nearly 10,000 strike actions and lockouts took place. In 1886 nearly 700,000 workers went on strike. Business leaders strengthened their opposition to the unions, often firing men who tried to organize or join them. Nonetheless, the labor movement continued to grow.
One result of the strike was increased public awareness of the grievances of railroad workers. On May 1, 1880, the B&O Railroad, which had the lowest wage rate of any major railroad, established the Baltimore and Ohio Employees' Relief Association, which provided coverage for sickness, injury from accidents, and a death benefit.[26][27] In 1884, the B&O became the first major employer to offer a pension plan.[26]
National Guard[edit]
Attempts to utilize local militia to quell violent outbreaks in 1877 highlighted their ineffectiveness, and in some cases their propensity to outright side with strikers and rioters. In response, as earlier riots in the mid 1800s had prompted the modernization of police forces, the violence of 1877 provided the impetus for the formation of the modern National Guard, "to aid the civil officers, to suppress or prevent riot or insurrections."[28]:118[29]:30
Commemoration[edit]
In 2003 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops, where the strike began, were declared a National Historic Landmark.[30][31]
In 2013 a historical marker commemorating the event was placed in Baltimore, MD, by the Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland State Highway Administration. Its inscription reads:
The first national strike began July 16, 1877, with Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, and Baltimore, Maryland. It spread across the nation halting rail traffic and closing factories in reaction to widespread worker discontent over wage cuts and conditions during a national depression. Broken by Federal troops in early August, the strike energized the labor movement and was precursor to labor unrest in the 1880s and 1890s.[32]
Another was placed in 1978 in Martinsburg, WV by the West Virginia Department of Culture and History.[33]
See also[edit]
Organized labour portal
Railways portal
Great Railroad Strike of 1922
History of rail transport in the United States
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Masur, Gerhard (1970). Imperial Berlin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465032095.
Jump up ^ Shelton, Josh. "Pages from US Labor History: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877". Archived from the original on November 19, 2003. Retrieved May 25, 2008. (Saved version of article available at )
^ Jump up to: a b c Philip Mark Katz (1998). Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-32348-3.
Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.), History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860–1910, The Gilded Age of Politics. New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1556.
Jump up ^ David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Depression of 1873-1879". Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4.
Jump up ^ "The Catholic Church and the Knights of Labor", American Catholic History Classroom, The Catholic University of America, accessed 20 May 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Scharf, J. Thomas (1967) [1st. Pub. 1879]. "History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day". 3. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press: 733–42.
Jump up ^ Scott Molloy, "Book Review: Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877 By David O. Stowell", Technology and Culture 41.3 (2000) 636-638, via Project MUSE, accessed 20 May 2016
Jump up ^ Ingham, John N., Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders: N-U, Greenwood Press, 1983.
Jump up ^ "The Great Strike". The National Guardsman. New York: Charles A. Coffin. I (2 (Supplement)): 37. 1877-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Great Strike of 1877: Remembering a Worker Rebellion". UE News. June 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
Jump up ^ Singer, Merrill (2007). Drugging the Poor: Legal and Illegal Drugs and Social Inequality. Waveland Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 1478610247.
Jump up ^ Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States 1492-present. New York: Harper Collins. p. 248. ISBN 0-06-052842-7. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
Jump up ^ Cutter, William, ed. (1913). New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 4. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 1841. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Hitchcock, Frederick L. (1914). History of Scranton and Its People. I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. pp. 496–516.
Jump up ^ "Hyde Park History". Retrieved 2015-09-11.
Jump up ^ Logan, Samuel C. (1887). A City's Danger and Defense. Philadelphia: J.B. Rogers.
^ Jump up to: a b Cahan, Richard (2002). A Court That Shaped America: Chicago's Federal District Court from Abe Lincoln to Abbie Hoffman. Northwestern University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-8101-1981-1. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
Jump up ^ Brecher, Jeremy (1974). "Strike!" (3rd ed.). Fawcett Publications.
Jump up ^ "The Great Railroad Strike of 1877"- Digital History ID 1097, Digital History, University of Houston (and others), accessed 27 May 2016
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Jump up ^ Report of the Committee Appointed to Investigate the Railroad Riots in July, 1877, Harrisburg: L.S. Hart, state printer, 1878, p. 19
Jump up ^ McCabe, James Dabney; Edward Winslow Martin. The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires.
^ Jump up to: a b Gillett, Sylvia (1991). "Camden Yards and the Strike of 1877". In Fee, Elizabeth, Shopes, Linda; and Zeidman, Linda (eds.). The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 11–14. ISBN 0-87722-823-X. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Guide to the Baltimore and Ohio Employees Relief Association, Annual Reports, 1880-1918. Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University.
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Jump up ^ Brown, Richard (1975). Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
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Jump up ^ "Great Railroad Strike of 1877". Historical Marker Project. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roundhouses and Shops / Railroad Strike of 1877". Historical Marker Project. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Further reading[edit]
"The Great Strike", Harper's Weekly, August 11, 1877. (Catskill Archive)
"The B&O Railroad Strike of 1877." The Statesman (Martinsburg, WV), July 24, 1877. (West Virginia Division of Culture and History)
"Catholics and Labor Unionization", American Catholic History Classroom, The Catholic University of America; Overview, archives and primary documents
Scholarly studies[edit]
Bruce, Robert V. (1959) [1st pub. 1957]. 1877: Year of Violence. I.R. Dee. ISBN 9780929587059.
Mofford, Juliet Haines (editor). Talkin' Union: The American Labor Movement. Carlisle, MA: Discovery Enterprises, Ltd., 1997.
Salvatore, Nick. "Railroad Workers and the Great Strike of 1877," Labor History (1980) 21#4 pp 522–45
Stowell, David O. Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877, University of Chicago Press, 1999
Stowell, David O., editor. The Great Strikes of 1877, University of Illinois Press, 2008
Yearley, Clifton K., Jr. "The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Strike of 1877," Maryland Historical Magazine (1956) 51#3 pp. 118–211.
White, Richard. "Railroaded." W.EW. Norton, 2011.
Popular history[edit]
Illinois Museum of History
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
"The Strike of 1877." Teaching Resources—Maryland State Archives
Bruce Lesh, "Using Primary Sources to Teach the Rail Strike of 1877", OAH Magazine of History Vol. 13, No. 4, The Gilded Age (Summer, 1999), pp. 38–47, via JSTOR
"The Great Railway Strike of 1877 and Newspaper Coverage". Railroads and the Making of Modern America. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
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text:
Watch Out, We're Mad!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Watch Out, We're Mad!
(...altrimenti ci arrabbiamo!)
Original DVD cover - Art by Renato Casaro
Directed by
Marcello Fondato
Produced by
Mario Cecchi Gori
Written by
Marcello Fondato
Francesco Scardamaglia
Starring
Terence Hill
Bud Spencer
Music by
Oliver Onions
Cinematography
Arturo Zavattini
Edited by
Sergio Montanari
Alfonso Santacana
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures (US)
Release date
March 29, 1974 (Italy)
May 1976 (USA)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
Italy
Spain
Language
Italian
English
Watch Out, We're Mad! (Italian: ...altrimenti ci arrabbiamo!) is a 1974 Italian-Spanish international co-production action comedy starring the comedy team of Terence Hill and Bud Spencer.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Somewhere in Spain, off-road race car driver Ben (Spencer) is anticipating the next rallycross race, because of the prize—a red Puma dune buggy with a yellow top. However, he does not count on "The Kid" (Hill) entering the competition, who also has a talent for the sport—and an eye on that same dune buggy. During the race, each man battles furiously to the finish line. But in a surprise finish, they both end up tying for first place, and dash for the buggy, reaching it at the same time. As a result, they are both awarded the dune buggy. Of course, sharing is out of the question, so they soon get into a serious discussion as who gets the buggy, at first suggesting betting it in a game of cards, and arm-wrestling. Finally they decide on a "beer and sausages" duel in the funfair's pub, in which "the first one that blows up loses the car and pays the tab".
The challenge is roughly interrupted by men working for "The Boss" (Sharp), a building profiteer that wants to demolish Luna Park so he can replace it with a skyscraper, who proceed to tear up the beerhouse and threaten the customers. Ben and Kid agree to take their contest elsewhere, but when ordered by one of them to leave the car under the threat of destroying it, Ben and Kid dismiss him and drive away, which results in the buggy being rammed by another car, wrecking it.
Resolute to reclaim a new buggy, the two barge into the Boss' restaurant during a dance party, and demand that he replaces the buggy, otherwise they'll "get mad". After the two leave, the boss is inclined to buy them a new buggy to compensate them, but is discouraged by the "Doctor" (Pleasence), a German-born Freudian psychologist: he believes that Ben and Kid are two "spoiled children" that think the boss is the "father figure". To give in to their demand would be a bad psychological fallout. The Doctor exalts the Boss' wickedness, goading him into dealing with the two, and the Boss sends his henchman Attila after them, spraying gasoline onto Ben's car and lighting it aflame, though they're able to put it out by driving into a nearby car wash.
Feeling that he didn't get their point, Kid moves on to persuade the Boss to give them the dune buggy, with Ben reluctantly tagging along, partially due to him wanting to study his part for the choir. The first attempt ends with an all-out brawl in the fairgrounds' gym, where the two beat up Attila and his henchmen, which in turn infuriates the Boss enough to send a motorcycle gang after them.
After a chase scene through a nearby forest area and the motorcycle gang being disposed of, the Doctor persuades the Boss to send Paganini, a highly skilled assassin from the Chicago Underworld, after them. The assassin confronts the two, although both manage to evade his attempts, with Kid luring him away from Ben's place and to the auditorium where the choir Ben is a part of is in. This culminates in a confrontation right in the middle of the repetition of the choir, which eventually results in Ben getting kicked out, despite the assassin himself being caught by Kid and forced at gunpoint to play in the Boss' restaurant. Infuriated, the Boss is about to use his trademark punishment where he stabs his fork into the hands of his henchmen on the Doctor, only for him to suggest to target Jeremiah, Ben's assistant and a former cook who worked for the Boss, instead, insisting that he is the mastermind behind their actions.
After Ben sends Kid away from having him kicked out of the choir, he finds Jeremiah beaten up and injured in his garage, who mentions he was attacked by the Boss's men. Angered, he heads directly to the boss' restaurant to confront him, where the Kid meets up with him. After being turned away by the doorman, Ben and Kid force their way into the restaurant using Ben's car and demolish it as they drive through inside, after which they have a massive brawl against Boss' henchmen.
In the end, the Boss finally has had enough and presents Ben and Kid with not one, but two of the dune buggies they had been wanting, one for each of them. But as they have fun with the buggies, the Kid gets distracted by the female employee of the funfair he had taken interest in, resulting in him crashing and destroying Ben's buggy. As Ben watches the burning wreckage, Kid sits next to him, and the pair talk over what to do to decide who gets the remaining buggy.
Cast[edit]
Terence Hill as Kid
Bud Spencer as Ben
John Sharp as the Boss
Donald Pleasence as the Doctor
Deogratias Huerta as Attila
Luis Barbero as Jeremias
Patty Shepard as Liza
Manuel de Blas as Paganini
Emilio Laguna as the conductor of the choir
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.impawards.com/1976/watch_out_were_mad.html
Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/mobile/m/watch_out_were_mad/
External links[edit]
Watch Out, We're Mad! on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Films of Terence Hill and Bud Spencer
God Forgives... I Don't! (1967)
Ace High (1968)
Boot Hill (1969)
They Call Me Trinity (1970)
Trinity Is Still My Name (1971)
...All the Way, Boys! (1972)
Watch Out, We're Mad! (1974)
Two Missionaries (1974)
Crime Busters (1977)
Odds and Evens (1978)
I'm for the Hippopotamus (1979)
Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure (1981)
Go for It (1983)
Double Trouble (1984)
Miami Supercops (1985)
Troublemakers (1994)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watch_Out,_We%27re_Mad!&oldid=812312867"
Categories:
1974 films
1970s action films
1970s comedy films
Films directed by Marcello Fondato
Italian action films
Italian comedy films
Terence Hill and Bud Spencer
Italian films
Films shot in Madrid
Films shot in Rome
Films scored by Guido & Maurizio De Angelis
Columbia Pictures films
Hidden categories:
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