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Fresh water
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"Freshwater" redirects here. For other uses, see Freshwater (disambiguation).
Rivers, lakes, and marshlands, such as (from top) South America's Amazon River, Russia's Lake Baikal, and the Everglades in Florida of the United States, are types of freshwater systems.
Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs.
Fresh water is not the same as potable water (or drinking water). Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is unsuitable for drinking without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion.
Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Some organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live.
The term "sweet water" is used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water.
Contents
1 Definitions
1.1 Numerical definition
1.2 Systems
2 Sources
3 Water distribution
4 Aquatic organisms
5 Problems
5.1 Limited resource
5.2 Minimum streamflow
5.3 Water pollution
6 Human uses
6.1 Agriculture
6.2 Examples
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Definitions[edit]
Numerical definition[edit]
Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[1]
Part of a series on
Water salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)
Bodies of water
Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity
v
t
e
Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[2] or 3000 ppm.[3]
Systems[edit]
Earth seen from Apollo 17. The Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61% of the fresh water, or 1.7% of the total water, on Earth.
Visualisation of the distribution (by volume) of water on Earth. Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water, with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes (200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba, arguably the heaviest man-made object). The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes.[4]
Water fountain found in a small Swiss village. They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle. Almost every Alpine village has such a water source.
Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.
The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.
Sources[edit]
The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.
In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.
In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.
Water distribution[edit]
Main article: Water distribution on Earth
Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[5][6] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[7] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.
Aquatic organisms[edit]
Further information: Aquatic animal
Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.
Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]
Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.
Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish.
Problems[edit]
Limited resource[edit]
Main article: Water scarcity
Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.
Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[11]
The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[12] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[13]
Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[14]
Minimum streamflow[edit]
An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[15] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems.
Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.
Water pollution[edit]
Main article: Water pollution
Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[16] Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.
Human uses[edit]
Agriculture[edit]
Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[17] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems.
In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[17] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[18]
Examples[edit]
One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water[19] Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water use.
Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day
Drinking Water 5 2–5
Sanitation Services 20 20–75
Bathing 15 5–70
Cooking and Kitchen 10 10–50
Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]
Animal
Average / day
Range / day
Dairy cow 76 L (20 US gal) 57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)
Cow-calf pair 57 L (15 US gal) 8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)
Yearling cattle 38 L (10 US gal) 23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)
Horse 38 L (10 US gal) 30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)
Sheep 8 L (2 US gal) 8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)
Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period
Sugar Cane 1500–2500
Banana 1200–2200
Citrus 900–1200
Potato 500–700
Tomato 400–800
Barley/Oats/Wheat 450–650
Cabbage 350–500
Onions 350–550
Pea 350–500
See also[edit]
African Great Lakes
Aral Sea
Desalination
Drought
Freshwater ecology
Limnology
List of countries by freshwater withdrawal
List of countries by total renewable water resources
Properties of water
Water cycle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Groundwater Glossary". 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Fishkeeping glossary. Practical Fishkeeping. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ USGS – Earth's water distribution Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Ga.water.usgs.gov (11 December 2012). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Where is Earth's water? Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter; et al. (1996). Stephen H. Schneider, ed. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Vertebrate Kidneys". 3 November 2002. Archived from the original on 29 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Kalujnaia, S.; et. al. (2007). "Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) using microarray technology". Gen Comp Endocrinol. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 152 (2007): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.025. PMID 17324422.
Jump up ^ Bisal, G.A.; Specker, J.L. (24 January 2006). "Cortisol stimulates hypo-osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L". Journal of Fish Biology. Wiley. 39 (3): 421–432. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04373.x.
Jump up ^ Nitti, Gianfranco (May 2011). "Water is not an infinite resource and the world is thirsty". The Italian Insider. Rome. p. 8.
Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2009 "Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions". pp. 19–22. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nutrients in fresh water"
Jump up ^ "Fresh Water in the Future" Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Un.org (17 December 2010). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter Gleick; Heather Cooley; David Katz (2006). The world's water, 2006–2007: the biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 1-59726-106-8. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Petroleomagdalena.com Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Petroleomagdalena.com (15 January 1999). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon L., D. M. (2003). "Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 358 (1440): 1973–1984. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1381. JSTOR 3558315. PMC 1693281  . PMID 14728792.
Jump up ^ Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management: Challenges and Options, The World Bank, pp. 4–5, archived from the original on 5 January 2012, retrieved 30 October 2011
Jump up ^ Water Aid. "Water". Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter. "Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Filley, S. "How much does a cow need ?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. "Crops Need Water". Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
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text:
Mary Onyali-Omagbemi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Mary Onyali-Omagbemi
Personal information
Born
February 3, 1968
Medal record[hide]
Women's Athletics
Representing Nigeria
Olympic Games
1992 Barcelona 4x100 m relay
1996 Atlanta 200 m
Mary Onyali-Omagbemi (née Onyali, born 3 February 1968) is a Nigerian former sprinter, who won the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1992 Olympic Games and in the 200 m at the 1996 Olympic Games. She also won the 1994 Commonwealth Games 100 metres title.
Onyali-Omagbemi performed especially well in the All-Africa Games, winning a total of 7 individual medals in the short sprints. She won 100 m in 1991, 1995 and 2003 and took a bronze medal in 1987. Gold medals in 200 m were taken in 1987, 1995 and 2003. Furthermore, the Nigerian 4 × 100 m relay team won all races between 1987 and 2003, at the African Games.
Born Mary Onyali, by the time of the 2000 Olympics she was known as Mary Onyali-Omagbemi, having married fellow Nigerian sprinter Victor Omagbemi.
Her consecutive Olympic appearances from 1988 to 2004 made her the first Nigerian to compete at five Olympics. This feat was equalled by table tennis players Bose Kaffo and Segun Toriola four years later in Beijing, PR China.
Mary Onyali-Omagbemi and lawyer, Ned Nwoko, at the Ned Nwoko Golf Classic Tournament, Idumuje-Ugboko, Delta State, Nigeria. 20 May, 2017.
Mary Onyali-Omagbemi currently serves as the Special Adviser (Technical) to the Director General of the National Sports Commission in Nigeria,[1] and is a part of the consultation committee for the proposed Sports University of Nigeria, Idumuje-Ugboko.
Contents
[hide]
1 Achievements
2 Personal bests
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Achievements[edit]
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing Nigeria
1986 World Junior Championships Athens, Greece 1st (sf)[2] 100m 11.42 w (wind: +2.5 m/s)
2nd 200m 23.30 (wind: +0.6 m/s)
3rd 4 × 100 m relay 44.13
1987 World Indoor Championships Indianapolis, United States 5th 200 m 23.56
All-Africa Games Nairobi, Kenya 3rd 100 m 11.47
1st 200 m 22.66
World Championships Rome, Italy 6th 200 m 22.52
1988 Olympic Games Seoul, South Korea semi-finals 200 m 22.43
heats 4 × 400 m 3:30.21
1989 World Cup Barcelona, Spain 2nd 100 m 11.23
2nd 200 m 22.82
— 4 × 100 m DNF
1991 World Championships Tokyo, Japan 7th 100 m 11.39
4th 4 × 100 m 42.77
5th 4 × 400 m 3:24.45
All-Africa Games Cairo, Egypt 1st 100 m 11.12
1992 Olympic Games Barcelona, Spain 7th 100 m 11.15
semi-finals 200 m 22.60
3rd 4 × 100 m relay 42.81
1993 World Championships Stuttgart, Germany 5th 100 m 11.05
5th 200 m 22.32
1994 Commonwealth Games Victoria, Canada 1st 100 m 11.06
2nd 200 m 22.35
1st 4 × 100 m relay 42.99
World Cup London, United Kingdom 3rd 100 m 11.52
4th 200 m 22.82
1st 4 × 100 m 42.92
1995 World Championships Gothenburg, Sweden 7th 100 m 11.19
6th 200 m 22.71
All-Africa Games Harare, Zimbabwe 1st 100 m 11.18
1st 200 m 22.75
1996 Olympic Games Atlanta, United States 7th 100 m 11.13
3rd 200 m 22.38
5th 4 × 100 m 42.56
1998 World Cup Johannesburg, South Africa 3rd 100 m 11.05
4th 4 × 100 m 42.91
2000 Olympic Games Sydney, Australia quarter-finals 100 m 11.40
quarter-finals 200 m 23.03
7th 4 × 100 m 44.05
2003 World Championships Paris, France semi-finals 100 m 11.35
semi-finals 200 m 22.97
All-Africa Games Abuja, Nigeria 1st 100 m 11.12
1st 200 m 23.09
2004 Olympic Games Athens, Greece quarter-finals 200 m 23.75
Personal bests[edit]
100 metres - 10.97 (1993)
200 metres - 22.07 (1996)
400 metres - 54.21 (2000)
See also[edit]
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "That long chat with Mary Onyali!". Vanguard Newspapers. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Disqualified in the final.
External links[edit]
Mary Onyali-Omagbemi profile at IAAF
Sporting positions
Preceded by
Gwen Torrence Women's 200 m Best Year Performance
alongside Marie-José Pérec
1996 Succeeded by
Marion Jones
show
v
t
e
African Champions in women's 100 metres
1979: Oguzoeme Nsenu (NGR)
1982: Alice Adala (KEN)
1984: Doris Wiredu (GHA)
1985: Rufina Ubah (NGR)
1988: Mary Onyali (NGR)
1989: Mary Onyali (NGR)
1990: Onyinye Chikezie (NGR)
1992: Elinda Vorster (RSA)
1993: Beatrice Utondu (NGR)
1996: Georgette Nkoma (CMR)
1998: Mary Onyali (NGR)
2000: Myriam Léonie Mani (CMR)
2002: Endurance Ojokolo (NGR)
2004: Endurance Ojokolo (NGR)
2006: Vida Anim (GHA)
2008: Damola Osayomi (NGR)
2010: Blessing Okagbare (NGR)
2012: Ruddy Zang Milama (GAB)
2014: Blessing Okagbare (NGR)
2016: Murielle Ahouré (CIV)
show
v
t
e
African Champions in women's 200 metres
1979: Hannah Afriyie (GHA)
1982: Nzaeli Kyomo (TAN)
1984: Nawal El Moutawakel (MAR)
1985: Rufina Ubah (NGR)
1988: Falilat Ogunkoya (NGR)
1989: Mary Onyali (NGR)
1990: Fatima Yusuf (NGR)
1992: Elinda Vorster (RSA)
1993: Mary Onyali (NGR)
1996: Georgette Nkoma (CMR)
1998: Falilat Ogunkoya (NGR)
2000: Myriam Léonie Mani (CMR)
2002: Kaltouma Nadjina (CHA)
2004: Geraldine Pillay (RSA)
2006: Vida Anim (GHA)
2008: Isabel Le Roux (RSA)
2010: Oludamola Osayomi (NGR)
2012: Gloria Asumnu (NGR)
2014: Murielle Ahouré (CIV)
2016: Marie-Josée Ta Lou (CIV)
show
v
t
e
All-Africa Games champions in Women's 100 metres
1965: Olajumoke Bodunrin (NGR)
1973: Alice Anum (GHA)
1978: Hannah Afriyie (GHA)
1987: Tina Iheagwam (NGR)
1991–1995: Mary Onyali-Omagbemi (NGR)
1999: Mercy Nku (NGR)
2003: Mary Onyali-Omagbemi (NGR)
2007–2011: Oludamola Osayomi (NGR)
2015: Marie Josée Ta Lou (CIV)
show
v
t
e
All-Africa Games champions in women's 200 metres
1973: Alice Anum (GHA)
1978: Hannah Afriyie (GHA)
1987: Mary Onyali-Omagbemi (NGR)
1991: Tina Iheagwam (NGR)
1995: Mary Onyali-Omagbemi (NGR)
1999: Fatima Yusuf (NGR)
2003: Mary Onyali-Omagbemi (NGR)
2007–2011: Oludamola Osayomi (NGR)
2015: Marie Josée Ta Lou (CIV)
show
v
t
e
Commonwealth Games champions in women's 100 metres
1934–1966: 100 yards
1970–present: 100 metres
1934: Eileen Hiscock (ENG)
1938: Decima Norman (AUS)
1950–1954: Marjorie Nelson (AUS)
1958: Marlene Mathews-Willard (AUS)
1962: Dorothy Hyman (ENG)
1966: Dianne Burge (AUS)
1970–1974: Raelene Boyle (AUS)
1978: Sonia Lannaman (ENG)
1982: Angella Issajenko (CAN)
1986: Heather Oakes (ENG)
1990: Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1994: Mary Onyali (NGR)
1998: Chandra Sturrup (BAH)
2002: Debbie Ferguson (BAH)
2006: Sheri-Ann Brooks (JAM)
2010: Natasha Mayers (VIN)
2014: Blessing Okagbare (NGR)
2018: Michelle-Lee Ahye (TTO)
show
v
t
e
IAAF World / Continental Cup Champions in Women's 4 x 100 m relay
1977: Europe (Possekel, Lynch, Richter, Lannaman)
1979: Europe (Haglund, Réga, Richter, Hunte)
1981: East Germany (Siemon, Wöckel, Walther, Göhr)
1985: East Germany (Gladisch, Rieger, Auerswald, Göhr)
1989: East Germany (Behrendt, Günther, Möller, Oschkenat)
1992: Asia (Gao, Tian, Chen, Xiao)
1994: Africa (Idehen, Tombiri, Opara-Thompson, Onyali)
1998: United States (Taplin, Gaines, Miller, Guidry)
2002: Americas (Lawrence, Campbell, McDonald, Ferguson)
2006: Americas (Bailey, Ferguson-McKenzie, Mothersille, Simpson)
2010: Americas (Mothersille, Ferguson-McKenzie, Solomon, Baptiste)
2014: Americas (Bartoletta, Ahye, Henry-Robinson, Campbell-Brown)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Onyali-Omagbemi&oldid=838141944"
Categories:
1968 births
Living people
Doping cases in athletics
Nigerian female sprinters
Nigerian sportspeople in doping cases
Olympic athletes of Nigeria
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Nigeria
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Nigeria
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Nigeria
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
African Games gold medalists for Nigeria
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
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text:
Brugge railway station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Brig railway station or Brugg railway station.
Brugge
Railway Station
Location
Stationsplein, Bruges
Coordinates
51°11′50″N 3°13′2″E / 51.19722°N 3.21722°E / 51.19722; 3.21722Coordinates: 51°11′50″N 3°13′2″E / 51.19722°N 3.21722°E / 51.19722; 3.21722
Owned by
National Railway Company of Belgium
Line(s)
50A (Brussels-Ostend)
51 (Bruges-Blankenberge)
66 (Bruges-Kortrijk)
Platforms
5 island platforms
Tracks
10
Other information
Station code
FR
History
Opened
12 August 1838; 179 years ago (1838-08-12)
Traffic
Passengers (2014)
18,122
NMBS Class 18 (Siemens) in Brugge Centraal.
Station Brugge (French: Gare de Bruges) is the main railway station in Bruges, West Flanders, Belgium. The station opened on 12 August 1838 on the Lines 50A, 51 and 66. The current building has been in use since 1939. The station is one of the busiest in Belgium. Train services are operated by NMBS/SNCB.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Modernisation
3 Train services
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The railway arrived in Bruges in 1838 when the Ghent to Bruges railway was opened, with King Leopold I and Queen Louise-Marie. A couple of weeks later the Bruges to Ostend railway was opened. In the first 6 years of its existence there was no station building, this opened in 1844, designed by Auguste Payen. The railway to Kortijk opened in 1846-1857 and lines to Eeklo and Blankenberge in 1863. The result of the success of the railways was that the station was too small. In 1879 the building was demolished and reconstructed at Ronse, where it still stands today. The new station building was completed in 1886, designed by Joseph Schadde.
The station was served by a daily Thalys high speed service to Paris between 1998 and 31 March 2015.[1]
Modernisation[edit]
In 2007 the station was the 10th busiest station in Belgium and there was a large increase in passengers expected over the coming years. In 2004 a modernisation and expansion of the station started. The tunnel under the platforms was expanded by 12 metres, allowing more space for passengers and small shops. Access to the platforms was improved with new stairs, escalators and lifts. The works were completed in May 2009. Behind the station an underground car park for 800 cars and 1000 bikes was completed in 2010.
Train services[edit]
The station is served by the following services:
Intercity services (IC-01) Ostend - Bruges - Ghent - Brussels - Leuven - Liege - Eupen
Intercity services (IC-02) Ostend - Bruges - Ghent - Sint-Niklaas - Antwerpen
Intercity services (IC-03) Knokke/Blankenberge - Bruges - Ghent - Brussels - Leuven - Genk
Intercity services (IC-23) Ostend - Bruges - Kortrijk - Zottegem - Brussels - Brussels Airport
Intercity services (IC-23A) Bruges - Ghent - Brussels - Brussels Airport (weekdays)
Intercity services (IC-32) Bruges - Roeselare - Kortrijk
Local services (L-02) Zeebrugge - Bruges – Ghent – Dendermonde – Mechelen (weekdays)
Local services (L-02) Zeebrugge - Bruges – Ghent (weekends)
Preceding station
NMBS
Following station
Oostende
Terminus
IC 01
Gent-Sint-Pieters
toward Eupen
Oostende
Terminus
IC 02
Gent-Sint-Pieters
toward Antwerpen-Centraal
Blankenberge
Terminus
IC 03
Aalter
toward Genk
Heist
toward Knokke
IC 03
Oostende
Terminus
IC 23
Zedelgem
toward Brussels National Airport
Terminus IC 23A
Aalter
toward Brussels National Airport
Terminus IC 32
Zedelgem
toward Kortrijk
Brugge-Sint-Pieters
toward Zeebrugge-Dorp
L 02
weekdays
Oostkamp
toward Mechelen
Brugge-Sint-Pieters
toward Zeebrugge-Strand
L 02
weekends
Oostkamp
toward Gent-Sint-Pieters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Article about final Thalys to Ostend
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
External links[edit]
Media related to Bruges train station at Wikimedia Commons
Belgian Railways website for Brugge
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brugge train station.

This article about a Belgian railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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