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Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
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Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Sport
College basketball
Conference
Big Ten Conference
Number of teams
14
Format
Single-elimination tournament
Current stadium
Madison Square Garden
Current location
New York, NY
Played
1998–present
Last contest
2018
Current champion
Michigan
Most championships
Michigan State (5)
TV partner(s)
CBS (semifinals and championship game)
ESPN, ESPN2, Big Ten Network (other rounds)
Official website
[1]
Host stadiums
United Center (1998–2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2015, 2019, 2021)
Bankers Life Fieldhouse (2002, 2004, 2006, 2008–12, 2014, 2016, 2020, 2022)
Verizon Center (2017)
Madison Square Garden (2018)
The Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament is held annually at the end of the men's college basketball regular season. The tournament has been played each year since 1998. The winner of the tournament is designated the Big Ten Tournament Champion, and receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The Big Ten was one of the last NCAA Division I college basketball conferences to start a tournament. The finals of the tournament are typically held immediately before the field for the NCAA Tournament is announced, although in 2018 it was held the week before Selection Sunday.
On six occasions, the champion of the tournament has gone on to reach the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament (Michigan State in 1999 and 2000, Illinois in 2005, Ohio State in 2007, Wisconsin in 2015, and Michigan in 2018). In 2000, champion Michigan State won the NCAA Tournament.
The No. 1 seed has won the tournament eight times, the most of any seed. The lowest seed to win the tournament was Michigan as a No. 8 seed in 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Host
2 Vacated results
3 Results and records
3.1 Results by year
3.2 Most conference tournament championships
3.3 Most consecutive championships
3.4 Records all-time by team
3.5 Records all-time by seed
3.6 Records by coaches
3.7 Notes
4 Television coverage
5 See also
6 References
Host[edit]
The Big Ten Men's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year. The first four tournaments were held at United Center in Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 2002, the tournament alternated between United Center and Conseco Fieldhouse (later known as Bankers Life Fieldhouse) in Indianapolis, Indiana. In 2008, the tournament began a five-year residence in Indianapolis.[1]
On June 5, 2011, the Big Ten announced that the tournament would revert to alternating between Indianapolis and Chicago. The 2013 and 2015 tournaments were played at United Center in Chicago and the 2014 and 2016 tournaments were played at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.[2]
The 2017 Tournament was held at Verizon Center in Washington, D.C.[3][4] The 2018 Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York and held a week earlier than usual due to the Big East Tournament, ending on March 4, 2018, one week before Selection Sunday.[5][6][7] The 2019 through 2022 Tournaments will return to alternating between United Center in Chicago and Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.[8]
Vacated results[edit]
Due to various rulings against participating programs, some of the results of the Big Ten Tournament have been vacated or voided. Here is a compiled list of sanctions imposed that have affected the results and records of the tournament since its inception. The information in this article does not include results of the teams in which records were vacated.
Because of the Minnesota academic scandal, the NCAA has vacated the postseason tournament records for the Minnesota basketball team from the 1993–94 season through the 1998–99 season.[9] Minnesota had a record of 2–1 in the 1998 Tournament and went 0–1 in 1999.
Because of the Michigan basketball scandal, the NCAA vacated the records for the Michigan basketball team from the 1995–96 season through the 1998–99 season, including the 1998 and 1999 Big Ten Tournaments.[10] Michigan had won the Tournament championship in 1998 with a 3–0 record, and had a record of 1–1 in 1999.
The NCAA has vacated the NCAA records for the Ohio State basketball team from the 1998–99 season through the 2001–02 season.[11] Ohio State had a record of 1–1 in the 1999 Tournament, went 0–1 in 2000 and 2001, and had won the championship in 2002.
Results and records[edit]
Results by year[edit]
Year
Champion
Seed
Score
Runner-up
Seed
Most Valuable Player
Site
1998 Michigan (vacated) [note 1] 4 76–67 Purdue 3 Robert Traylor, Michigan [note 1] United Center, Chicago
1999 Michigan State 1 67–50 Illinois 11 Mateen Cleaves, Michigan State United Center, Chicago
2000 Michigan State 2 76–61 Illinois 4 Morris Peterson, Michigan State United Center, Chicago
2001 Iowa 6 63–61 Indiana 4 Reggie Evans, Iowa United Center, Chicago
2002 Ohio State (vacated) [note 2] 2 81–64 Iowa 9 Boban Savovic, Ohio State [note 2] Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2003 Illinois 2 72–59 Ohio State 8 Brian Cook, Illinois United Center, Chicago
2004 Wisconsin 2 70–53 Illinois 1 Devin Harris, Wisconsin Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2005 Illinois 1 54–43 Wisconsin 2 James Augustine, Illinois United Center, Chicago
2006 Iowa 2 67–60 Ohio State 1 Jeff Horner, Iowa Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2007 Ohio State 1 66–49 Wisconsin 2 Mike Conley Jr., Ohio State United Center, Chicago
2008 Wisconsin 1 61–48 Illinois 10 Marcus Landry, Wisconsin Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2009 Purdue 3 65–61 Ohio State 5 Robbie Hummel, Purdue Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2010 Ohio State 1 90–61 Minnesota 6 Evan Turner, Ohio State Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2011 Ohio State 1 71–60 Penn State 6 Jared Sullinger, Ohio State Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2012 Michigan State 1 68–64 Ohio State 3 Draymond Green, Michigan State Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2013 Ohio State 2 50–43 Wisconsin 4 Aaron Craft, Ohio State United Center, Chicago
2014 Michigan State 3 69–55 Michigan 1 Branden Dawson, Michigan State Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2015 Wisconsin 1 80–69OT Michigan State 3 Frank Kaminsky, Wisconsin United Center, Chicago
2016 Michigan State 2 66–62 Purdue 4 Denzel Valentine, Michigan State Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2017 Michigan 8 71–56 Wisconsin 2 Derrick Walton, Michigan Verizon Center, Washington, D.C.
2018 Michigan 5 75–66 Purdue 3 Moritz Wagner, Michigan Madison Square Garden, New York City
2019 United Center, Chicago
2020 Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
2021 United Center, Chicago
2022 Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
Most conference tournament championships[edit]
School
Titles
Years
Michigan State 5 1999, 2000, 2012, 2014, 2016
Ohio State^ 4 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013
Wisconsin 3 2004, 2008, 2015
Illinois 2 2003, 2005
Iowa 2 2001, 2006
Michigan* 2 2017, 2018
Purdue 1 2009
Minnesota 0
Indiana 0
Penn State 0
Northwestern 0
Nebraska 0
Maryland 0
Rutgers 0
* 1998 championship vacated by Michigan.
^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State.
Most consecutive championships[edit]
2 – Michigan State (1999, 2000), Ohio State (2010, 2011), Michigan (2017, 2018)
Records all-time by team[edit]
through 2018 tournament[10]
School
Record
Winning pct
Championships
Runners-up
Ohio State 26–14[note 2] .650 4 4
Michigan State 29–16 .644 5 1
Illinois 27–19 .587 2 4
Wisconsin 24–18 .571 3 3
Michigan 22–17[note 1] .564 2 1
Iowa 16–19 .457 2 1
Rutgers 3–4 .429 0 0
Minnesota 14–19[note 3] .424 0 1
Purdue 14–20 .412 1 3
Penn State 14–21 .400 0 1
Indiana 12–21 .364 0 1
Maryland 2–4 .333 0 0
Nebraska 3–7 .300 0 0
Northwestern 9–21 .300 0 0
Records all-time by seed[edit]
through 2018 tournament[10]
Seed
Record
Winning pct
Championships
Runners-up
1 34–12 .739 8 3
2 26–12[note 2] .684 5* 2
3 20–17[note 2] .541 2 4
4 14–19[note 1] .424 0* 3
5 15–19 .441 1 1
6 28–18[note 3] .609 1 2
7 15–20 .429 0 0
8 15–19[note 3] .441 1 1
9 9–20 .310 0 1
10 10–19[note 1] .345 0 1
11 7–20 .259 0 1
12 3–6 .333 0 0
13 2–3 .400 0 0
14 3–4 .429 0 0
* Does not include vacated wins by Michigan (1998) and Ohio State (2002)
Records by coaches[edit]
Through 2018 tournament
Coach
School
Record
Winning pct.
Championships
Thad Matta Ohio State 23–9 .719 4
Bill Self Illinois 5–2 .714 1
Steve Alford Iowa 13–6 .684 2
John Beilein Michigan 19–9 .679 2
Lon Kruger Illinois 6–3 .667 0
Tom Izzo Michigan State 29–16 .644 5
Bo Ryan Wisconsin 17–11 .607 3
Bruce Weber Illinois 12–8 .600 1
Mike Davis Indiana 7–6 .538 0
Tubby Smith Minnesota 7–6 .538 0
Matt Painter Purdue 11–12 .478 1
Pat Chambers Penn State 5–7 .417 0
Ed DeChellis Penn State 5–8 .385 0
Bill Carmody Northwestern 5–13 .278 0
Note: Current coaches at school in bold. Minimum of five wins.[12]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to NCAA sanctions, Michigan has vacated the records from the 1992 Final Four, the 1992–93, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, and 1998–99 seasons. See above section Vacated results
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to NCAA sanctions, Ohio State has vacated the records of 34 games in 1998–99, 16 games in 1999–00 and the entire 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons. See above section Vacated results
^ Jump up to: a b c Due to NCAA sanctions, Minnesota has vacated the records from the 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, and 1998–99 seasons. See above section Vacated results
Television coverage[edit]
Main article: List of Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament Finals broadcasters
See also[edit]
College basketball portal
Big Ten Conference Women's Basketball Tournament
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Big Ten Announces Five-Year Extension to Host Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments in Indianapolis". June 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Big Ten Announces Future Sites for Football Championship Games and Basketball Tournaments". June 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Big Ten Men's Basketball Tournament Heads East with Verizon Center Set to Host in 2017 Big Ten Conference Official Site". www.bigten.org. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Big Ten tournament moving to D.C. in 2017". Retrieved 2016-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Madison Square Garden Partnership Big Ten Conference Official Site". www.bigten.org. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Thamel, Pete. "Madison Square Garden to host Big Ten Conference Tournament in 2018". www.si.com. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Big Ten tourney to MSG in '18, a week earlier". Retrieved 2016-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Big Ten tournament returning to United Center in 2019 and 2021". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota Stripped Of Conference Championship". CBS. Associated Press. November 11, 2000. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/big10/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/2016-17/misc_non_event/bttrecords.pdf
Jump up ^ Guerrieri, Vince (March 10, 2006). "NCAA slaps Ohio State with severe probation". USA Today.
Jump up ^ 2015 Big Ten Tournament Guide
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Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
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Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
Screen wall of the mosque
Location in Rajasthan, India
Basic information
Location
Andar Kot Rd, jharneshwar Mandir road
Geographic coordinates
26°27′18″N 74°37′31″E / 26.455071°N 74.6252024°E / 26.455071; 74.6252024Coordinates: 26°27′18″N 74°37′31″E / 26.455071°N 74.6252024°E / 26.455071; 74.6252024
Affiliation
Islam
Municipality
Ajmer
State
Rajasthan
Architectural description
Architect(s)
Abu Bakr of Herat
Architectural style
early Indo-Islamic
Founder
Qutb al-Din Aibak
Groundbreaking
1192 CE
Completed
1199 CE
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (literally "shed of 2½ days") is a mosque in the Ajmer city of Rajasthan, India. It was commissioned by Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak, on orders of Muhammad Ghori, in 1192 CE. It was completed in 1199 CE, and further beautified by Iltutmish of Delhi in 1213 CE. The mosque was constructed on the remains of a Sanskrit college, with materials from destroyed Hindu and Jain temples. It is one of the oldest mosques in India, and the oldest surviving monument in Ajmer.
An early example of the Indo-Islamic architecture, most of the building was constructed by Hindu masons, under the supervision of Afghan managers. The site is now maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Pre-Islamic structure
2.2 Conversion into a mosque
2.3 Archaeological survey and restoration
3 Architecture
4 References
5 External links
Etymology[edit]
"Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra" literally means "shed of two-and-a-half days". Alternative transliterations and names include Arhai Din ka Jhompra or Dhai Din ki Masjid. A legend states that a part of the mosque was built in two-and-a-half days (see #Conversion into a mosque below). Some Sufis claim that the name signifies a human's temporary life on the earth.[1]
According to the ASI, the name probably comes from a two-and-a-half-day-long fair that used to be held at the site.[2] Har Bilas Sarda points out that the name "Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra" is not mentioned in any historical source. Before the 18th century, the mosque was simply known as a "Masjid" ("mosque"), since it had been the only mosque in Ajmer for centuries. It came to be known as a jhonpra ("shed" or "hut") when fakirs started gathering here to celebrate urs (death anniversary fair) of their leader Panjaba Shah. This happened during the Maratha era, in the second half of the 18th century. The urs lasted for two-and-a-half days, resulting in the modern name of the mosque.[3][4]
Alexander Cunningham described the building as the "Great Mosque of Ajmer".
History[edit]
Pre-Islamic structure[edit]
Hindu-style pillar
The site of the mosque was originally a Sanskrit college building commissioned by Vigraharaja IV (alias Visaladeva), a king of the Shakambhari Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty. The original building was square-shaped, with a tower-chhatri (dome-shaped pavilion) at each corner.[5][6] A temple dedicated to Sarasvati was located on the western side. A tablet dated to 1153 CE was found at the site in the 19th century; based on this, it can be inferred that the original building must have been constructed sometime before 1153 CE.[3] According to the local Jain tradition, the building was originally constructed by Seth Viramdeva Kala in 660 CE as a Jain shrine to celebrate Panch Kalyanaka.[3]
The relics in the modern building show both Hindu and Jain features. According to KDL Khan, the building materials were taken from Hindu and Jain temples.[1] According to Caterina Mercone Maxwell and Marijke Rijsberman, the Sanskrit college was a Jain institution, and the building materials were taken from Hindu temples.[7] ASI Director-General Alexander Cunningham hypothesized that the pillars used in the building were probably taken from 20–30 demolished Hindu temples, which featured at least 700 pillars in total. Based on the pillar inscriptions, he concluded that these original temples dated to 11th or 12th century CE.[8]
Conversion into a mosque[edit]
The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak of Delhi in the late 12th century. According to a local legend, after defeating Vigraharaja's nephew Prithviraja III in the Second Battle of Tarain, Muhammad Ghori passed through Ajmer. There, he saw the magnificent temples, and ordered his slave general Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak to destroy them, and construct a mosque — all within 60 hours (that is, two-and-a-half-days). The artisans could not build a complete mosque in 60 hours time, but constructed a brick screen wall where Ghori could offer prayers. By the end of the century, a complete mosque was built.[1]
The central mihrab in the mosque contains an inscription indicating the completion date of the mosque. It is dated Jumada II 595 AH (April 1199 CE). This makes the mosque one of the oldest in India, and the second mosque to be built by the Mamluks of Delhi (the first being the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque). Another inscription, dated Dhu al-Hijjah 596 AH (September–October 1200 CE), names Abu Bakr ibn Ahmed Khalu Al-Hirawi as the supervisor of construction.[9] This makes Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra one of the oldest mosques in India,[10] and the oldest surviving monument in Ajmer.[11]
Iltutmish, the successor of Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak, subsequently beautified the mosque in 1213 CE, with a screen wall pierced by corbelled engrailed arches — a first in India.[2] An inscription on the central arch of the screen as well as two inscriptions of the northern minaret contain his name. The second arch from the south names one Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Arid as the construction supervisor.[9]
Archaeological survey and restoration[edit]
The mosque seems to have been ignored by the later kings. It does not find a mention in Taj-ul-Maasir, the earliest history of the Mamluk dynasty. It is not mentioned in Khalji, Lodi, Rathore, Sisodia and Mughal chronicles either. The Maratha leader Daulat Rao Sindhia (1779–1827) restored the central dome of the building, and imposed a ban of removal of stones from the structure. An inscription dated Saavan 1866 VS (1809 CE) exhorts Hindus and Muslims not to remove stones from the ancient building.[3]
In 1818, Ajmer came under the Company rule. James Tod visited the mosque in 1819, and described it in his Annals and Antiquities of Rajastʼhan as "one of the most perfect as well as the most ancient monuments of Hindu architecture." Subsequently, Alexander Cunningham, the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) inspected the building in 1864, and described it in the ASI report of that year.[3] Tod believed the earlier structure to be a Jain temple. However, Cunningham pointed out that this could not be correct, since the pillars in the building feature several four-armed figures (characteristic of Hindu gods) besides a figure of the Hindu goddess Kali.[8]
During an 1875–76 archaeological survey, inscriptions referring to a Sanskrit college were unearthed in the mosque premises.[12] Several sculptures and 6 Devanagari basalt tablets (slabs) were recovered from the site. These artifacts are now exhibited at the Ajmer Museum.[1] The tablets are as follows:[3]
Tablets 1 and 2 contain large fragments of a Sanskrit play Lalita-Vigraharaja Nataka. It was composed by Mahakavi Somadeva, in honour of the king Vigraharaja. The play, as restored by Lorenz Franz Kielhorn from the fragments, depicts the story of king Vigraharaja. It tells of his love with princess Desaldevi, and his war preparations against a Turushka (Turkic) king named Hammir.
Tablet 3 and 4 contain fragments of Harakeli Nataka, a play attributed to Vigraharaja himself. The play is written in honour of the god Hara (Shiva). It is inspired by Bharavi's Sanskrit play Kiratarjuniya. The play is dated to 22 November 1153 in an inscription.
Tablet 5 contains portions of an untitled Sanskrit poem, which praises several devas (deities). The last deity mentioned in the poem is Surya (the sun god). The poem states that the Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty descends from Surya (see Suryavanshi).
Tablet 6 contains the fragments of a prashasti (praise) of the Chahamana kings of Ajmer. The inscription states that the king Ajaideva moved his residence to Ajmer, and defeated the king Naravarma of Malwa. After handing over the throne to his son, he took up Vanaprastha (retirement) in the forest of Pushkar. His son adorned Ajmer with the blood of the Turushkas (Turkic people), and captured the elephants of the kings of Malwa. The inscription also mentions the name "Kumar Pal", but nothing can be made out of this name because of missing portions.
The tablets containing the plays were engraved by Bhaskar, son of Mahipati and grandson of Govinda, hailing from a family of Huna chiefs.[3]
Another Devanagari inscription is located on a marble pillar in the balcony of an entrance gate. It records the visit of Dharma, a mason of Bundi in the Jyeshtha 1462 VS (1405 CE), during the reign of Rana Mokal.[3]
During the tenure of Viceroy Lord Mayo, between 1875 and 1878 CE, repairs to the structure were carried out at a cost of ₹ 23,128. Another restoration, costing ₹ 7,538 was carried out in 1900–1903, under the supervision of Ajmer-Merwara commissioner ALP Tucker.[3] ASI archaeologists Alexander Cunningham and D. R. Bhandarkar carried out a restoration of the building in the first half of the 20th century.[1] Cunningham remarked that no other building of historical or archaeological importance in India was more worthy of preservation.[5]
Architecture[edit]
Plan of the building
The mosque is among the earliest examples of the Indo-Islamic architecture. It was designed by Abu Bakr of Herat, an architect who accompanied Muhammad Ghori. The mosque was built almost entirely by Hindu masons, under the supervision of Afghan managers.[1]
The mosque is much larger than the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque of Delhi. The exterior of the building is square-shaped, with each side measuring 259 feet.[8] There are two entrances, one at the south, and another at the east. The prayer area (the actual mosque) is located in the west, while the north side faces a hill rock. The actual mosque building on the western side has 10 domes and 124 pillars; there are 92 pillars on the eastern side; and 64 pillars on each of the remaining sides. Thus, there are 344 pillars in the entire building.[8] Out of these, only 70 pillars remain standing now.[3] It has a square dimension measuring 80 m (260 ft). The tall and slender pillars are not overcrowded and the ones in the courtyard are symmetrically placed. The sanctuary measures 43 m (141 ft) by 12 m (39 ft). The mihrab is built with white marbles. It is believed that Iltumish added the seven arch screen by 1230, is considered to be an architecturally most notable feature of the mosque. The large central arch is accompanied by two small fluted minarets.[13]
Arcade pillars
Arcade ceiling
Mihrab arcade
Entrance staircase
The front facade of the structure features a huge screen with yellow limestone arches, built during the reign of Iltutmish. The main arch is nearly 60 feet high, and is flanked by six smaller arches. The arches have small rectangular panels for passage of daylight, similar to the ones found in early Arabian mosques. The archway features Kufic and Tughra inscriptions and quotations from Koran, and is reminiscent of Islamic architecture from Ghazni and Turkistan. Some of the carvings feature Arabesque floral and foliate patterns; their geometric symmetry is reminiscent of Persian tilework. Their filigree sets them apart from Hindu-style carvings in the same building. The Hindu patterns are similar to the ones seen in the 10th century structures at Nagda and the 11th century Sas-Bahu Temple at Gwalior.[1][9] The 19th century American traveler John Fletcher Hurst described the screen as "a gem of great renown throughout the Mohammedan world."[14]
Ornate carvings and Kufic inscriptions
Floral motif
Arches with inscriptions from Koran
Decorative screen wall
Inscriptions on the screen wall
The interior of the building is a quadrangle measuring 200 × 175 feet. It comprises a main hall (248 × 40 feet) supported by cloisters of pillars.[8] The pillars feature varying designs, and heavily decorated, similar to the ones in Hindu and Jain rock temples. They have large bases, and taper as they rise in height. According to K.D.L. Khan, the pillars and roofs are from the pre-Islamic structure, but the original carvings were destroyed by Muslims.[1] Michael W. Meister believes that some of the pillars were newly created by Hindu masons for their Muslim masters; these were combined with the older, plundered pillars (whose images were defaced). Similarly, he states that the ceilings combine newer and older work by Hindu workers.[9]
The muazzin's towers are located in two small minarets (10.5 in diameter). These minarets are located at the top of an 11.5 feet thick screen wall. The minarets are now ruined, but their remnants show that they were sloping hollow towers with 24 alternately angular and circular flutes, just like the ones in the Qutb Minar of Delhi.[8]
Alexander Cunningham praised the architecture of Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra and Quwwat-ul-Islam mosques in the following words:[8]
“ In boldness of design, and grandeur of conception, which are perhaps due to the genius of the Islamite architect, these two splendid mosques of the first Indian Muhammadans are only surpassed by the soaring sublimity of the Christian Cathedrals. But in gorgeous prodigality of ornament, in beautiful richness of tracery, and endless variety of detail, in delicate sharpness of finish, and laborious accuracy of workmanship, all of which are due to the Hindu masons, I think that these two grand Indian mosques may justly vie with the noblest buildings which the world has yet produced. ”
Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson similarly remarked:[5][15]
“ As examples of surface-decoration, these two mosques of Altumush at Delhi and Ajmir are probably unrivalled. Nothing in Cairo or in Persia is so exquisite in detail, and nothing in Spain or Syria can approach them for beauty of surface-decoration. ”
Gate
Window
Niche
Dome interior
Minaret
Bracket
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h K.D.L. Khan (2 September 2007). "Ajmer's Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra". The Tribune Spectrum. Chandigarh.
^ Jump up to: a b "Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Har Bilas Sarda (1911). "Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra". Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive (PDF). Scottish Mission. pp. 68–74.
Jump up ^ J.L. Mehta. Medieval Indian Society And Culture. 3. Sterling. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-207-0432-9. ...Adhai din ko Jhompra at Ajmer were built by him out of the material of demolished Hindu temples...the masjid at Ajmer was erected on the ruins of a Sanskrit college
^ Jump up to: a b c Har Bilas Sarda (1935). Speeches And Writings Har Bilas Sarda. Ajmer: Vedic Yantralaya. pp. 256–259.
Jump up ^ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 328–334. ISBN 9788122411980.
Jump up ^ Caterina Mercone Maxwell & Marijke Rijsberman (1994). "Ajmer". In Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin & Sharon La Boda. International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781884964046.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Alexander Cunningham (1871). Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65. 2. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 258–263.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Michael W. Meister (1972). "The Two-and-a-Half-Day Mosque" (PDF). Oriental Art. 18 (1): 57–63.
Jump up ^ Betsy Ridge & Peter Eric Madsen (1973). A traveler's guide to India. Scribner. p. 90.
Jump up ^ David Abram (2003). Rough Guide to India. Rough Guides. p. 185.
Jump up ^ Finbarr Barry Flood (2008). Piety and Politics in the Early Indian Mosque. Oxford University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-19-569512-0.
Jump up ^ Desai, Ziyaud-Din (2003). Mosques of India (5th ed.). New Delhi: The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 21. ISBN 81-230-1001-X.
Jump up ^ John F. Hurst (1891). Indika. The country and the people of India and Ceylon. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 726–727.
Jump up ^ James Fergusson (1876). A History of Architecture in All Countries. 3. John Murray. p. 513.
External links[edit]
Media related to Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra at Wikimedia Commons
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Public sector undertakings in India
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A state-owned enterprise in India is called a public sector undertaking (PSU) or a public sector enterprise. These companies are owned by the union government of India, or one of the many state or territorial governments, or both. The company stock needs to be majority-owned by the government to be a PSU. PSUs may be classified as central public sector enterprises (CPSEs) or state level public enterprises (SLPEs). In 1951 there were just five enterprises in the public sector in India, but in March 1991 this had increased to 246.
CPSEs are companies in which the direct holding of the Central Government or other CPSEs is 51% or more. They are administered by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Governance
3 List of public sector undertakings
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Further information: Economic history of India
When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agricultural country with a weak industrial base. The national consensus was in favour of rapid industrialisation of the economy which was seen as the key to economic development, improving living standards and economic sovereignty.[1] Building upon the Bombay Plan, which noted the requirement of government intervention and regulation, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down broad contours of the strategy of industrial development. Subsequently, the Planning Commission was constituted in March 1950 and the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the government to take necessary steps to regulate industrial development.[2] Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru promoted an economic policy based on import substitution industrialisation and advocated a mixed economy.[3] He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. India's second five year plan (1956–60) and the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasised the development of public sector enterprises to meet Nehru's national industrialisation policy. Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was instrumental to its formulation, which was subsequently termed the Feldman–Mahalanobis model.[4][5]
The major consideration for the setting up of PSUs was to accelerate the growth of core sectors of the economy; to serve the equipment needs of strategically important sectors, and to generate employment and income. A large number of "sick units" were taken over from the private sector. Additionally, Indira Gandhi's government nationalised fourteen of India's largest private banks in 1969, and an additional six in 1980. This government-led industrial policy, with corresponding restrictions on private enterprise, was the dominant pattern of Indian economic development until the 1991 Indian economic crisis.[2] After the crisis, the government began dis-investing its ownership of several PSUs to raise capital and privatise companies facing poor financial performance and low efficiency.[6][7]
Governance[edit]
Many private have been awarded additional financial autonomy. These companies are "public sector companies that have comparative advantages", giving them greater autonomy to compete in the global market so as to "support [them] in their drive to become global giants".[8] Financial autonomy was initially awarded to nine PSUs as Navratna status in 1997.[9] Originally, the term Navaratna meant a talisman composed of nine precious gems. Later, this term was adopted in the courts of Gupta emperor Vikramaditya and Mughal emperor Akbar, as the collective name for nine extraordinary courtiers at their respective courts.
In 2010, the government established the higher Maharatna category, which raises a company's investment ceiling from Rs. 1,000 crore to Rs. 5,000 crore.[10] The Maharatna firms can now decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project while the Navaratna companies could invest up to Rs 1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Two categories of Miniratnas afford less extensive financial autonomy.
Guidelines for awarding Ratna[11] status are as follows:
Maharatna
Navratna
Miniratna Category-I
Miniratna Category-II
Eligibility Three years with an average annual net profit of over Rs. 5000 crore, OR
Average annual Net worth of Rs. 10,000 crore for 3 years, OR Average annual Turnover of Rs. 20,000 crore for 3 years (against Rs 25,000 crore prescribed earlier)[12]
A score of 60 (out of 100), based on six parameters which include net profit, net worth, total manpower cost, total cost of production, cost of services, PBDIT (Profit Before Depreciation, Interest and Taxes), capital employed, etc., AND
A company must first be a Miniratna and have 4 independent directors on its board before it can be made a Navratna.
Have made profits continuously for the last three years or earned a net profit of Rs. 30 crore or more in one of the three years Have made profits continuously for the last three years and should have a positive net worth.
Benefits for investment Rs. 1,000 crore - Rs. 5,000 crore, or free to decide on investments up to 15% of their net worth in a project up to Rs. 1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth on a single project or 30% of their net worth in the whole year (not exceeding Rs. 1,000 crores). up to Rs. 500 crore or equal to their net worth, whichever is lower. up to Rs. 300 crore or up to 50% of their net worth, whichever is lower.
PSUs in India are also categorised based on their special non-financial objectives and are registered under Section 8 of Companies Act, 2013 (erstwhile Section 25 of Companies Act, 1956).
List of public sector undertakings[edit]
Main article: List of public sector undertakings in India
See also: Public sector banks in India
As on 13 September 2017 there are 8 Maharatnas, 16 Navratnas and 74 Miniratnas.[13]There are nearly 300 CPSEs(central public sector enterprises) in total.[14]
List of Maharatnas
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)
Coal India Limited (CIL)
Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
List of Navratnas
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
Container Corporation of India (CONCOR)
Engineers India Limited (EIL)
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC)
National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLCIL)
Oil India Limited (OIL)
Power Finance Corporation
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
Rural Electrification Corporation
Shipping Corporation of India (SCI)
List of Miniratna-I
Airports Authority of India (AAI)
Antrix Corporation
Balmer Lawrie
Bharat Coking Coal Limited
Bharat Dynamics Limited
Bharat Earth Movers
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
Bridge and Roof
Central Warehousing Corporation
Central Coalfields Limited
Chennai Petroleum Corporation
Cochin Shipyard
Dredging Corporation of India
Educational Consultants India
Kamarajar Port
Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers
Goa Shipyard
Hindustan Copper
HLL Lifecare
Hindustan newsprint
Hindustan Paper
Housing and Urban Development Corporation
HSCC
India Tourism Development Corporation
India Trade Promotion Organisation
Indian Rare Earths
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
Ircon International
Kudremukh Iron Ore Company
Mazagaon Dock Limited
Mahanadi Coalfields
MOIL
Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited
Mishra Dhatu Nigam
MMTC Ltd.
MSTC Limited
National Fertilizers
National Small Industries Corporation Limited
National Seeds Corporation
NHPC Ltd.
Northern Coalfields
North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
Numaligarh Refinery
ONGC Videsh
Pawan Hans
Projects and Development India Limited
RailTel Corporation of India
Rail Vikas Nigam Limited
Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers
RITES
SJVN Ltd.
Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India
South Eastern Coalfields
State Trading Corporation of India
Telecommunications Consultants India
THDC Ltd.
Western Coalfields
Water and Power Consultancy Services
List of Miniratna-II
Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
Bharat Pumps & Compressors
Broadcast Engineering Consultants India
Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
Central Railside Warehouse Company
Engineering Projects
FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India) Limited
Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
HMT (International) Ltd.
Indian Medicines & Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited
MECON
Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited
National Film Development Corporation of India
PEC Ltd.
Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited
See also[edit]
Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India
Indian company law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chapter 1, Industrial Policy Handbook" (PDF). Industrial Policy Handbook. Office of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jadhav, Narendra. "Industrial Policy since 1956" (PDF). Dr. Narendra Jadhav. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Ghose, Shankar. Jawaharlal Nehru. Allied Publishers. p. 243. ISBN 978-8170233695.
Jump up ^ Ahluwalia, Isher J. (1993). Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, part of Recent Developments in Indian Economy: With Special Reference to Structural Reforms, Part 2. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. p. 25. ISBN 9788171880942.
Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001)
Jump up ^ "Disinvestments-A Historical Perspective". Bombay Stock Exchange. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Sankar, T.L., Mishra, R.K., Lateef Syed Mohammed, A. (1994). "Divestments in Public Enterprises: The Indian Experience". International Journal of Public Sector Management. 7 (2): 69–88. doi:10.1108/09513559410055242. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Original govt. announcement about the Navratnas 1997 Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rediff News 26.08.2010
Jump up ^ "Maharatna status for mega PSUs gets nod". The Times of India. 25 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "bsepsu.com". www.bsepsu.com. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
Jump up ^ http://www.archive.india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=78
Jump up ^ http://dpe.nic.in/about-us/management-division/maharatna-navratna-miniratna-cpse
Jump up ^ http://www.bsepsu.com/list-cpse.asp List of CPSEs - BSE
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Afghanistan
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Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
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hide
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Public sector undertakings in India (List)
Maharatna
Bharat Heavy Electricals
Coal India
Gas Authority of India
Indian Oil Corporation
National Thermal Power Corporation
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
Steel Authority of India
Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Navratna
Bharat Electronics
Container Corporation of India
Engineers India
Hindustan Aeronautics
Hindustan Petroleum
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
National Aluminium Company
National Buildings Construction Corporation
National Mineral Development Corporation
NLC India Limited
Oil India
Power Finance Corporation
Power Grid Corporation of India
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam
Rural Electrification Corporation
Shipping Corporation of India
Miniratna-I
Airports Authority of India
Antrix Corporation
Balmer Lawrie
Bharat Coking Coal
Bharat Dynamics
Bharat Earth Movers
Bharat Sanchar Nigam
Bridge & Roof Company (India)
Central Warehousing Corporation
Central Coalfields
Chennai Petroleum Corporation
Cochin Shipyard
Dredging Corporation of India
Kamarajar Port
Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
Goa Shipyard
Hindustan Copper
HLL Lifecare
Hindustan Newsprint
Hindustan Paper Corporation
Housing and Urban Development Corporation
Indian Rare Earths
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
India Trade Promotion Organisation
Ircon International
India Tourism Development Corporation
Kudremukh Iron Ore Company
Mazagon Dock Limited
Mahanadi Coalfields
Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemical
Mishra Dhatu Nigam
Metals and Minerals Trading Corporation of India
MOIL
MSTC
National Fertilizers
National Seeds Corporation
Nathpa Jhakri Dam
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
Northern Coalfields
North Eastern Electric Power Corporation
Numaligarh Refinery
ONGC Videsh Limited
Pawan Hans
Projects and Development India
Rail Vikas Nigam
RailTel Corporation of India
Rail Vikas Nigam Limited
Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers
RITES
SJVN Limited
Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India
South Eastern Coalfields
State Trading Corporation of India
Telecommunications Consultants India
THDC India
WAPCOS Limited
Western Coalfields
Educational Consultants India
HSCC (India)
National Small Industries Corporation
Miniratna-II
Bharat Pumps & Compressors
Broadcast Engineering Consultants India
Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
Central Railside Warehouse Company
Engineering Projects (India) Limited
FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India)
Ferro Scrap Nigam
HMT (International)
Indian Medicines and Pharmaceuticals Corporation
MECON
Mineral Exploration Corporation
National Film Development Corporation of India
PEC Limited
Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments
Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
Information updated as of 30 October, 2017 by Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises • See also Public sector banks in India
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_sector_undertakings_in_India&oldid=845965156"
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