text:
Theory of planned behavior
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The theory of planned behavior.
In psychology, the theory of planned behavior (abbreviated TPB) is a theory that links one's beliefs and behavior.
The concept was proposed by Icek Ajzen to improve on the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action by including perceived behavioural control.[1] It has been applied to studies of the relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioral intentions and behaviors in various fields such as advertising, public relations, advertising campaigns and healthcare.
The theory states that attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions and behaviors.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Extension from the theory of reasoned action
1.2 Extension of self-efficacy
2 Concepts of key variables
2.1 Normative beliefs and subjective norms
2.2 Control beliefs and perceived behavioral control
2.3 Behavioral intention and behavior
2.4 Conceptual / operational comparison
2.4.1 Perceived behavioral control vs. self-efficacy
2.4.2 Attitude toward behavior vs. outcome expectancy
2.4.3 Social influence
3 Model
4 Formula
5 Evaluation of the theory
5.1 Strengths
5.2 Limitations
6 Applications of the theory
6.1 Important steps
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Extension from the theory of reasoned action[edit]
The theory of planned behavior was proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1985 through his article "From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior."[2] The theory was developed from the theory of reasoned action, which was proposed by Martin Fishbein together with Icek Ajzen in 1980. The theory of reasoned action was in turn grounded in various theories of attitude such as learning theories, expectancy-value theories, consistency theories (such as Heider's balance theory, Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity theory, and Festinger's dissonance theory) and attribution theory.[3] According to the theory of reasoned action, if people evaluate the suggested behavior as positive (attitude), and if they think their significant others want them to perform the behavior (subjective norm), this results in a higher intention (motivations) and they are more likely to do so. A high correlation of attitudes and subjective norms to behavioral intention, and subsequently to behavior, has been confirmed in many studies.[4]
A counter-argument against the high relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior has also been proposed, as the results of some studies show that,[5] because of circumstantial limitations, behavioral intention does not always lead to actual behavior. Namely, since behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete, Ajzen introduced the theory of planned behavior by adding a new component, "perceived behavioral control". By this, he extended the theory of reasoned action to cover non-volitional behaviors for predicting behavioral intention and actual behavior.
The most recent addition of a third factor, perceived behavioral control, refers to the degree to which a person believes that they control any given behavior (class notes). The theory of planned behavior suggests that people are much more likely to intend to enact certain behaviors when they feel that they can enact them successfully. Increased perceived behavioral control is a mix of two dimensions: self-efficacy and controllability (170). Self-efficacy refers to the level of difficulty that is required to perform the behavior, or one's belief in their own ability to succeed in performing the behavior. Controllability refers to the outside factors, and one's belief that they personally have control over the performance of the behavior, or if it is controlled by externally, uncontrollable factors. If a person has high perceived behavioral control, then they have an increased confidence that they are capable of performing the specific behavior successfully.
The theory has since been improved and renamed the reasoned action approach by Azjen and his colleague Martin Fishbein.
Extension of self-efficacy[edit]
In addition to attitudes and subjective norms (which make the theory of reasoned action), the theory of planned behavior adds the concept of perceived behavioral control, which originates from self-efficacy theory (SET). Self-efficacy was proposed by Bandura in 1977,[6] which came from social cognitive theory. According to Bandura, expectations such as motivation, performance, and feelings of frustration associated with repeated failures determine effect and behavioral reactions. Bandura separated expectations into two distinct types: self-efficacy and outcome expectancy.[7] He defined self-efficacy as the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes. The outcome expectancy refers to a person's estimation that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes. He states that self-efficacy is the most important precondition for behavioral change, since it determines the initiation of coping behavior. Previous investigations have shown that peoples' behavior is strongly influenced by their confidence in their ability to perform that behavior.[8] As the self-efficacy theory contributes to explaining various relationships between beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior, the SET has been widely applied to health-related fields such as physical activity and mental health in preadolescents,[9] and exercise.[10][11][12]
Concepts of key variables[edit]
Normative beliefs and subjective norms[edit]
Normative belief: an individual's perception of social normative pressures, or relevant others' beliefs that he or she should or should not perform such behavior.
Subjective norm: an individual's perception about the particular behavior, which is influenced by the judgment of significant others (e.g., parents, spouse, friends, teachers).[13]
Control beliefs and perceived behavioral control[edit]
Control beliefs: an individual's beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or hinder performance of the behavior.[14] The concept of perceived behavioral control is conceptually related to self-efficacy.
Perceived behavioral control: an individual's perceived ease or difficulty of performing the particular behavior.[1] It is assumed that perceived behavioral control is determined by the total set of accessible control beliefs.
Behavioral intention and behavior[edit]
Behavioral intention: an indication of an individual's readiness to perform a given behavior. It is assumed to be an immediate antecedent of behavior.[15] It is based on attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, with each predictor weighted for its importance in relation to the behavior and population of interest.
Behavior: an individual's observable response in a given situation with respect to a given target. Ajzen said a behavior is a function of compatible intentions and perceptions of behavioral control in that perceived behavioral control is expected to moderate the effect of intention on behavior, such that a favorable intention produces the behavior only when perceived behavioral control is strong.
Conceptual / operational comparison[edit]
Perceived behavioral control vs. self-efficacy[edit]
As Ajzen (1991) stated in the theory of planned behavior, knowledge of the role of perceived behavioral control came from Bandura's concept of self-efficacy. More recently, Fishbein and Cappella stated[16] that self-efficacy is the same as perceived behavioral control in his integrative model, which is also measured by items of self-efficacy in a previous study.[17]
In previous studies, the construction and the number of item inventory of perceived behavioral control have depended on each particular health topic. For example, for smoking topics, it is usually measured by items such as "I don't think I am addicted because I can really just not smoke and not crave for it," and "It would be really easy for me to quit."
The concept of self-efficacy is rooted in Bandura's social cognitive theory.[18] It refers to the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome. The concept of self-efficacy is used as perceived behavioral control, which means the perception of the ease or difficulty of the particular behavior. It is linked to control beliefs, which refers to beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behavior.
It is usually measured with items which begins with the stem, "I am sure I can ... (e.g., exercise, quit smoking, etc.)" through a self-report instrument in their questionnaires. Namely, it tries to measure the confidence toward the probability, feasibility, or likelihood of executing given behavior.
Attitude toward behavior vs. outcome expectancy[edit]
The theory of planned behavior specifies the nature of relationships between beliefs and attitudes. According to these models, people's evaluations of, or attitudes toward behavior are determined by their accessible beliefs about the behavior, where a belief is defined as the subjective probability that the behavior will produce a certain outcome. Specifically, the evaluation of each outcome contributes to the attitude in direct proportion to the person's subjective possibility that the behavior produces the outcome in question.[19]
Outcome expectancy was originated from the expectancy-value model. It is a variable-linking belief, attitude, opinion and expectation. The theory of planned behavior's positive evaluation of self-performance of the particular behavior is similar to the concept to perceived benefits, which refers to beliefs regarding the effectiveness of the proposed preventive behavior in reducing the vulnerability to the negative outcomes, whereas their negative evaluation of self-performance is similar to perceived barriers, which refers to evaluation of potential negative consequences that might result from the enactment of the espoused health behavior.
Social influence[edit]
The concept of social influence has been assessed by social norm and normative belief in both the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. Individuals' elaborative thoughts on subjective norms are perceptions on whether they are expected by their friends, family and the society to perform the recommended behavior. Social influence is measured by evaluation of various social groups. For example, in the case of smoking:
Subjective norms from the peer group include thoughts such as, "Most of my friends smoke," or "I feel ashamed of smoking in front of a group of friends who don't smoke";
Subjective norms from the family include thoughts such as, "All of my family smokes, and it seems natural to start smoking," or "My parents were really mad at me when I started smoking"; and
Subjective norms from society or culture include thoughts such as, "Everyone is against smoking," and "We just assume everyone is a nonsmoker."
While most models are conceptualized within individual cognitive space, the theory of planned behavior considers social influence such as social norm and normative belief, based on collectivistic culture-related variables. Given that an individual's behavior (e.g., health-related decision-making such as diet, condom use, quitting smoking and drinking, etc.) might very well be located in and dependent on the social networks and organization (e.g., peer group, family, school and workplace), social influence has been a welcomed addition.
Model[edit]
Human behavior is guided by three kinds of consideration, "behavioral beliefs," "normative beliefs," and "control beliefs." In their respective aggregates, "behavioral beliefs" produce a favorable or unfavorable "attitude toward the behavior"; "normative beliefs" result in "subjective norm"; and "control beliefs" gives rise to "perceived behavioral control."
In combination, "attitude toward the behavior," "subjective norm," and "perceived behavioral control" lead to the formation of a "behavioral intention".[15] In particular, "perceived behavioral control" is presumed to not only affect actual behavior directly, but also affect it indirectly through behavioral intention.[20]
As a general rule, the more favorable the attitude toward behavior and subjective norm, and the greater the perceived behavioral control, the stronger the person's intention to perform the behavior in question should be. Finally, given a sufficient degree of actual control over the behavior, people are expected to carry out their intentions when the opportunity arises.[15]
Formula[edit]
In its simplest form, behavioral intention for the theory of planned behavior can be expressed as the following mathematical function:
BI = (W_1)AB[Σ(b)(e)] + (W_2)SN[Σ(n)(m)] + (W_3)PBC[Σ(c)(p)]
BI: Behavioral intention
AB: Attitude toward behavior
(b): the strength of each belief concerning an outcome or attribute
(e): the evaluation of the outcome or attribute
SN: Subjective norms
(n): the strength of each normative belief of each referent
(m): the motivation to comply with the referent
PBC: Perceived Behavioral Control
(c): the strength of each control belief
(p): the perceived power of the control factor
W' : empirically derived weight/coefficient
To the extent that it is an accurate reflection of actual behavioral control, perceived behavioral control can, together with intention, be used to predict behavior.
BC = (W_1)BI + (W_2)PBC[Σ(c)(p)]
BI: Behavioral intention
PBC: Perceived Behavioral Control
(c): the strength of each control belief
(p): the perceived power of the control factor
W' : empirically derived weight/coefficient
Evaluation of the theory[edit]
Strengths[edit]
The theory of planned behavior can cover people's non-volitional behavior which cannot be explained by the theory of reasoned action.
An individual's behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete. By adding "perceived behavioral control," the theory of planned behavior can explain the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior.
Several studies found that the TPB would help better predict health-related behavioral intention than the theory of reasoned action.[21] The TPB has improved the predictability of intention in various health-related fields such as condom use, leisure, exercise, diet, etc.
In addition, the theory of planned behavior as well as the theory of reasoned action can explain the individual's social behavior by considering "social norm" as an important variable.
Limitations[edit]
Some scholars claim that the theory of planned behavior is based on cognitive processing, and they have criticised the theory on those grounds. More recently, some scholars criticize the theory because it ignores one's needs prior to engaging in a certain action, needs that would affect behaviour regardless of expressed attitudes. For example, one might have a very positive attitude towards beefsteak and yet not order a beefsteak because he is not hungry. Or, one might have a very negative attitude towards drinking and little intention to drink and yet engage in drinking as he's seeking group membership.
Also, one's emotions at the interviewing or decision-making time are ignored despite being relevant to the model as emotions can influence beliefs and other constructs of the model. Still, poor predictability for health-related behavior in previous health research seems to be attributed to poor application of the model, associated methods and measures. Most of the research is correlational, and more evidence based on experimental studies is welcome although experiments, by nature, lack external validity because they prioritize internal validity.[22]
Applications of the theory[edit]
So far, the theory of planned behavior has more than 1200 research bibliographies in academic databases such as Communication & Mass Media Complete, Academic Search Premier, PsycARTICLES, Business Source Premier, PsycINFO, and PsycCRITIQUES.
In particular, recently, several studies found that the TPB would better help to predict health-related behavioral intention than the theory of reasoned action (TRA)[21] given that the TPB has improved the predictability of intention in various health-related fields such as condom use,[23][24] leisure,[25] exercise,[26] and diet,[27] where the attitudes and intentions to behave in a certain way are mediated by goals rather than needs. For example, the goal to lose 10 kg in weight by the end of March, therefore a positive attitude and intention towards dieting. However, if a need is taken in calculation (health related or partner finding) the TPB fails. Assuming that one's need is to find a partner, if the partner is found and she like him overweight, or does not mind one's weight, then despite his positive attitude towards losing weight, he won't engage in a such behaviour as he might lose his partner, the main reason for engaging in dieting in first place.
The theory of planned behavior has been applied to study a range of pro-social behaviors, such as charitable giving. In one study, the TPB explained nearly 70% of the variance in intentions to donate to charity.[28] The TPB also shows good applicability in regards to antisocial behaviours, such as using deception in the online environment.[29] However, as the TPB relies on self-reports, there is evidence to suggest the vulnerability of such data to self-presentational biases. To a great extent, this has been ignored in the literature pertaining to the TRA/TPB, in spite of the threat to the validity and reliability of the models. More closely related to the concerns of the present study, Hessing, ElVers, and Weigel (1988) examined the TRA in relation to tax evasion and contrasted self-reports with official documentation. Findings indicated that while attitudes and subjective norms correlate with self-reported behaviour, it does not correlate with documentary evidence, in spite of considerable effort to maintain the anonymity of respondents. The implication was that self-reports of behaviour were unreliable, compared with more objective behaviour measures (see also Armitage & Conner, 1999a, 1999b; Norwich & Rovoli, 1993; Pellino, 1997).
Another application of the theory of planned behavior is in the field of environmental psychology. Generally speaking, actions that are environmentally friendly carry a positive normative belief. That is to say, sustainable behaviors are widely promoted as positive behaviors. However, although there may be a behavioral intention to practice such behaviors, perceived behavioral control can be hindered by constraints such as a belief that one's behavior will not have any impact.[30][31] For example, if one intends to behave in an environmentally responsible way but there is a lack of accessible recycling infrastructure, perceived behavioral control is low, and constraints are high, so the behavior may not occur. Applying the theory of planned behavior in these situations helps explain contradictions between sustainable attitudes and unsustainable behavior.
The theory of planned behavior model is thus a very powerful and predictive model for explaining human behavior. That is why the health and nutrition fields have been using this model often in their research studies. In one study, utilizing the theory of planned behavior, the researchers determine obesity factors in overweight Chinese Americans.[32] Intention to prevent becoming overweight was the key construct in the research process. It is important that nutrition educators provide the proper public policies in order to provide good tasting, low-cost, healthful food.
The theory of planned behavior can also be applied in area of applied nutrition intervention. In a recent study by Sweitzer,[33] TPB (in conjunction with SCT) was utilized to encourage parents to pack more fruits, vegetables and whole grains (FVWG) in sack lunches of preschool children. Behavioral constructs of TPD were used to develop intervention strategies. Knowledge/behavioral control, Self-efficacy/perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and intentions were measured to see effects on behavior. The results found a significant increase in vegetables and whole grains packed in lunches when interventions were planned using the TPB constructs. Psychosocial variables were useful predictors of lunch packing behaviors of parents and this study provided a divergent application of model-exploration of an area of parental behavior as a role in the development of young children's dietary behaviors. In a study by McConnon,[34] the application of the TPB was used to prevent weight regain in an overweight cohort who recently experienced a significant weight loss. Using the constructs of TPB, it was found that perceived need to control weight is the most positive predictor of behavior for weight maintenance. The TPB model can be used to predict weight gain prevention expectation in an overweight cohort. The TPB can also be utilized to measure behavioral intention of practitioners in promoting specific health behaviors. In this study by Chase,[35] dietitians' intentions to promote whole grain foods was studied. It was found that the strongest indicator of intention of dietitians to promote whole grain foods was the construct of normative beliefs with 97% of dietitians indicating that health professionals should promote whole grains and 89% wanted to comply with this belief. However, knowledge and self-efficacy of instituting this belief was faulted with only 60% of dietitians being able to correctly identify a whole grain product from a food label, 21% correctly identifying current recommendations and 42% of dietitians did not know there was a recommendation for whole grain consumption. Although the response rate to complete mailed surveys for this study was low (39%), the results provided preliminary data on the strong effect of normative beliefs on dietitian intentions to promote whole grain and the need for nutrition need for additional education for practicing dietitians focusing on increase knowledge and self-efficacy for promoting whole grains.
Important steps[edit]
When applying the TPB as a theoretical framework, certain steps should be followed to promote increased validity of results. First, target behavior should be specified in terms of action, target, context, and time. For example, the goal might be to "consume at least one serving of whole grains during breakfast each day in the forthcoming month". In this statement, "consuming" is the action, "one serving of whole grains" is the target, "during breakfast each day" is the context, and "in the forthcoming month" is the time. Once a goal is specified, an elicitation phase can be used to identify salient issues. The pertinent and central beliefs for a certain behavior may be very different for different populations. Therefore, conducting open-ended elicitation interviews is one of the most crucial steps in applying the TPB. Elicitation interviews help to identify relevant behavioral outcomes, referents, cultural factors, facilitators, and barriers for each particular behavior and target population under investigation.[36] The following are sample questions that may be used during an elicitation interview:[36]
What do you like/ dislike about behavior X?
What are some disadvantages of doing behavior X?
Who would be against your doing behavior X?
Who can you think of that would do behavior X?
What things make it hard for you to do behavior X?
If you want to do behavior X, how certain are you that you can?
However, the action, target, context and time construct shoes little applicability when one engages in consuming luxury or fashion goods, especially as one's need is not present. For example, the goal might be to "buy three pairs of luxury high heels in the forthcoming month". In this statement, "buying" is the action, "three pairs of high heels" is the target, "luxury goods" is the context, and "in the forthcoming month" is the time. In normal circumstances, once the goal is specified, the elicitation phase can be used to identify salient issues but not in this case as the need behind buying the shoes (wedding, sport, to show off, to feel good, to match with an existing outfit) primes in the decision making and therefore in the resulted behaviour.
Also, while the pertinent and central beliefs for a certain behavior may be very different for different populations, the questionnaire can then be designed, based on results from the elicitation interview, to measure model constructs with attention to cultural issues. After implementation of the questionnaire, thorough analysis should be conducted to assess whether the intervention influenced model constructs associated with intention and behavior.[36] Results and findings from the analysis can be used to develop effective interventions for eliciting behavioral change, especially within nutrition and health but not for luxury or fashion goods where one's need behind his purchase intentions (behavior) are in most social context cases to associate, dissociate or show status.
See also[edit]
Behavioral change
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Ajzen, Icek (1991). "The theory of planned behavior". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 50 (2): 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
Jump up ^ Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior. Berlin, Heidelber, New York: Springer-Verlag. (pp. 11-39).
Jump up ^ Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Jump up ^ Sheppard, B.H.; Hartwick, J.; Warshaw, P.R. (1988). "The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research". Journal of Consumer Research. 15: 325–343. doi:10.1086/209170.
Jump up ^ Norberg, P. A.; Horne, D. R.; Horne, D. A. (2007). "The privacy paradox: Personal information disclosure intentions versus behaviors". Journal of Consumer Affairs. 41 (1): 100–126. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2006.00070.x.
Jump up ^ Bandura, A. (1977). "Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change". Psychological Review. 84 (2): 191. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191.
Jump up ^ Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Jump up ^ Bandura, A.; Adams, N. E.; Hardy, A. B.; Howells, G. N. (1980). "Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 4 (1): 39–66. doi:10.1007/bf01173354.
Jump up ^ Annesi, J. J. (2005). Correlations of Depression and Total Mood Disturbance with Physical Activity and Self-Concept in Preadolescents Enrolled in an After-School Exercise Program 1. Psychological reports, 96(3c), 891-898.
Jump up ^ Gyurcsik, N. C.; Brawley, L. R. (2000). "Mindful Deliberation About Exercise: Influence of Acute Positive and Negative Thinking1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 30 (12): 2513–2533. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02448.x.
Jump up ^ Rodgers, W. M.; Brawley, L. R. (1996). "The influence of outcome expectancy and self-efficacy on the behavioral intentions of novice exercisers". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 26 (7): 618–634. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb02734.x.
Jump up ^ Stanley, M. A.; Maddux, J. E. (1986). "Cognitive processes in health enhancement: Investigation of a combined protection motivation and self-efficacy model". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 7 (2): 101–113. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0702_2.
Jump up ^ Amjad, N.; Wood, A.M. (2009). "Identifying and changing the normative beliefs about aggression which lead young Muslim adults to join extremist anti-Semitic groups in Pakistan" (PDF). Aggressive Behavior. 35: 514–519. doi:10.1002/ab.20325.
Jump up ^ Ajzen, I (2001). "Nature and operation of attitudes". Annual Review of Psychology. 52 (1): 27–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ajzen, I (2002). "Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 32: 665–683. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x.
Jump up ^ Fishbein, M., & Cappella, J. N. (2006). The role of theory in developing effective health communications. Journal of Communication, 56(s1), S1-S17.
Jump up ^ Ajzen, I. (2002). Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and social psychology review, 6(2), 107-122.
Jump up ^ Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (see article). New York: Freeman.
Jump up ^ Ajzen, I.; Fishbein, M. (1975). "A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes". Psychological Bulletin. 82 (2): 261. doi:10.1037/h0076477.
Jump up ^ Noar, S. M.; Zimmerman, R. S. (2005). "Health Behavior Theory and cumulative knowledge regarding health behaviors: are we moving in the right direction?". Health education research. 20 (3): 275–290. doi:10.1093/her/cyg113.
^ Jump up to: a b Ajzen, I. (1989). Attitude structure and behavior. Attitude structure and function, 241-274.
Jump up ^ Sniehotta, F.F. (2009). "An experimental test of the Theory of Planned Behavior". Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 1 (2): 257–270. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01013.x.
Jump up ^ Albarracin, D.; Johnson, B. T.; Fishbein, M.; Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). "Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of common use: a meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 127 (1): 142. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.142.
Jump up ^ Sheeran, P.; Taylor, S. (1999). "Predicting Intentions to Use Condoms: A Meta-Analysis and Comparison of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 29 (8): 1624–1675. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02045.x.
Jump up ^ Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1992). Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice. Journal of leisure research.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, M. N.; Potvin, L.; Otis, J. (1997). "Regular exercise in 30-to 60-year-old men: Combining the stages-of-change model and the theory of planned behavior to identify determinants for targeting heart health interventions". Journal of Community Health. 22 (4): 233–246.
Jump up ^ Conner, M.; Kirk, S. F.; Cade, J. E.; Barrett, J. H. (2003). "Environmental influences: factors influencing a woman's decision to use dietary supplements". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (6): 1978S–1982S. doi:10.1093/jn/133.6.1978s.
Jump up ^ van der Linden, S. (2011). "Charitable Intent: A Moral or Social Construct? A Revised Theory of Planned Behavior Model". Current Psychology. 30 (4): 355–374. doi:10.1007/s12144-011-9122-1.
Jump up ^ Grieve, Rachel; Elliott, Jade (2013-04-10). "Cyberfaking: I Can, So I Will? Intentions to Fake in Online Psychological Testing". Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 16 (5): 364–369. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0271. ISSN 2152-2715.
Jump up ^ Koger, S. & Winter, D. N. N. (2010). The Psychology of Environmental Problems. New York: Psychology Press.
Jump up ^ Stern, P. C. (2005). "Understanding individuals' environmentally significant behavior". Environmental Law Reporter: News and Analysis. 35: 10785–10790.
Jump up ^ Liou, D.; Bauer, K. D. (2007). "Exploratory investigation of obesity risk and prevention in Chinese Americans". Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 39 (3): 134–141. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2006.07.007.
Jump up ^ Sweitzer, S.J. et al. (2011) Psychosocial Outcomes of "Lunch is in the Bag", a Parent Program for Packing Healthful Lunches for Preschool children. J Nutr Ed Behav. 43:536-542.
Jump up ^ McConnon, A.; et al. (2012). "Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to weight control in an overweight cohort. Results from a pan-European dietary intervention trial (DiOGenes)". Appetite. 58: 313–318. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.017. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Chase, K., Reicks, M., & Jones, J. (2003). Applying the theory of planned behavior to promotion of whole-grain foods by dietitians. J Am Diet Assoc. 103:1639-1642.
^ Jump up to: a b c Glanz K, Rimer BK, & Viswanath K; Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5th Edition, Jossey-Bass, 2015.

Armitage, C.J.; Conner, M. (2001). "Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analytic review". British Journal of Social Psychology. 40: 471–499. doi:10.1348/014466601164939.
Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In Albarracin, D.; Johnson, B.T.; Zanna M.P. (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
External links[edit]
Information about the theory on Icek Ajzen's homepage
[hide]
v
t
e
Public health
General
Auxology
Biological hazard
Chief Medical Officer
Cultural competence
Deviance
Environmental health
Euthenics
Genomics
Globalization and disease
Health economics
Health literacy
Health policy
Health system
Health care reform
Public health law
Maternal health
Medical anthropology
Medical sociology
Mental health
Pharmaceutical policy
Public health laboratory
Reproductive health
Social psychology
Sociology of health and illness
Preventive healthcare
Behavior change
Theories
Family planning
Health promotion
Human nutrition
Preventive nutrition
Hygiene
Food safety
Hand washing
Infection control
Oral hygiene
Occupational safety and health
Human factors and ergonomics
Hygiene
Injury prevention
Medicine
Nursing
Patient safety
Organization
Pharmacovigilance
Safe sex
Sanitation
Emergency
Fecal–oral transmission
Open defecation
Sanitary sewer
Waterborne diseases
Smoking cessation
Vaccination
Vector control
Population health
Biostatistics
Child mortality
Community health
Epidemiology
Global health
Health impact assessment
Health system
Infant mortality
Open-source healthcare software
Public health informatics
Social determinants of health
Health equity
Race and health
Social medicine
Biological and
epidemiological statistics
Case-control study
Randomized controlled trial
Relative risk
Statistical hypothesis testing
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Regression analysis
ROC curve
Student's t-test
Z-test
Statistical software
Infectious and epidemic
disease prevention
Asymptomatic carrier
Epidemics
List
Notifiable diseases
List
Public health surveillance
Disease surveillance
Quarantine
Sexually transmitted infection
Tropical disease
Vaccine trial
Food hygiene and
safety management
Food
Additive
Chemistry
Engineering
Microbiology
Processing
Safety
Safety scandals
Genetically modified food
Good agricultural practice
Good manufacturing practice
HACCP
ISO 22000
Health behavioral
sciences
Diffusion of innovations
Health belief model
Health communication
Health psychology
Positive deviance
PRECEDE-PROCEED model
Social cognitive theory
Social norms approach
Theory of planned behavior
Transtheoretical model
Organizations,
education
and history
Organizations
Europe
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
India
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
City and county health departments
Council on Education for Public Health
Public Health Service
World Health Organization
World Toilet Organization
Education
Health education
Higher education
Bachelor of Science in Public Health
Doctor of Public Health
Professional degrees of public health
Schools of public health
History
Sara Josephine Baker
Samuel Jay Crumbine
Carl Rogers Darnall
Joseph Lister
Margaret Sanger
John Snow
Typhoid Mary
Germ theory of disease
Social hygiene movement
Category
Commons
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_planned_behavior&oldid=832828641"
Categories:
Behavior
Psychological theories
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
Français
Italiano
Lietuvių
Nederlands
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 06:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values: /wiki/Beliefs mw-redirect Beliefs

values: Edit section: Extension from the theory of reasoned action

values:
/wiki/Learning_theories
mw-redirect
Learning theories

values:
/wiki/Attribution_theory
mw-redirect
Attribution theory

values: Edit section: Extension of self-efficacy

values: Edit section: Normative beliefs and subjective norms

values: Edit section: Control beliefs and perceived behavioral control

values: Edit section: Behavioral intention and behavior

values: Edit section: Conceptual / operational comparison

values: Edit section: Perceived behavioral control vs. self-efficacy

values: Edit section: Attitude toward behavior vs. outcome expectancy

values: Edit section: Applications of the theory

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F209170

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01173354

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15324834basp0702_2

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fab.20325

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0076477

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fher%2Fcyg113

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.6.1978s

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1089%2Fcyber.2012.0271

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2152-2715

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneb.2006.07.007

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.appet.2011.10.017

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen

values:
/wiki/PRECEDE-PROCEED_model
mw-redirect
PRECEDE-PROCEED model

values: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

values: European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

values: Category:City and county health departments in the United States

values:
/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)
mw-redirect
John Snow (physician)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: نظرية السلوك المخطط – Arabic

values: Teoría del comportamiento planeado – Spanish

values: Théorie du comportement planifié – French

values: Teoria del comportamento pianificato – Italian

values: Теория запланированного поведения – Russian

values: 計畫行為理論 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Theory_of_planned_behavior rootpage-Theory_of_planned_behavior skin-vector action-view


text:
Mickey Horton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mickey Horton
John Clarke as Mickey Horton, with wife, Maggie Horton.
Days of our Lives character
Portrayed by
John Clarke (1965–2004)
Richard Voigts (2004)
John Ingle (2004–06)
Kevin Dobson (2008)
Duration
1965–2006
2008
First appearance
November 8, 1965
Last appearance
October 2, 2008
Created by
Peggy Phillips and Kenneth Rosen
Introduced by
Ted Corday
Classification
Former, regular
Profile
Occupation
Lawyer
Owner and Senior Attorney at Mickey Horton's Law Firm
Serves on the Board of Directors at Salem University Hospital
[show]Family
Family
Horton
Parents
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Siblings
Tommy Horton Jr.
Addie Williams
Bill Horton
Marie Horton
Spouse
Laura Spencer (1967–74)
Maggie Horton (1974–84, 1986–2010)[a]
Bonnie Lockhart (2004)
Children
Melissa Horton (adoptive)
Sarah Horton (legal)
Janice Barnes (foster)
Grandchildren
Nathan Horton (adoptive)
Grandparents
Sid Grayson
Abigail Grayson
William Horton
Adelaide Horton
Nieces and nephews
Sandy Horton
Steven Olson
Julie Williams
Hope Williams Brady
Mike Horton
Jennifer Horton
Jessica Blake
Lucas Roberts
Mickey Horton is a fictional character from the soap opera Days of Our Lives, played from the show's debut episode in 1965 until January 2004 by actor John Clarke. The role was briefly played in 2004 by actor Richard Voigts, and later played by actor John Ingle from 2004 through 2006. Actor Kevin Dobson appeared as Mickey in the character's final appearances in 2008.
Clarke is the longest-tenured original Days of our Lives actor after onscreen mother Frances Reid (Alice Horton), appearing in the role for 39 years. He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1979 for Lead Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Mickey.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fictional character history
2 Recent years
3 Death
3.1 Mickey's cases
4 Notes
5 External links
Fictional character history[edit]
Mickey is the middle son of Tom and Alice Horton, he has other siblings: Tommy, Addie, Marie and, possibly his biggest rival, Bill Horton. In the first episode in 1965, Mickey was a lawyer in Salem, his father, Tom Horton found out that his granddaughter, Julie Olson (Mickey's niece) has stolen some fur from a clothes shop. Tom had to go to the police station and asked Mickey to go down with him to help with the legal side of things. Tom and Mickey did not inform Alice of where they were going. The women were busy discussing the wedding arrangements with Marie and Tony Meritt as they did not want to worry her. After a discussion at the police station with the police chief and Julie, they finally returned home.
In 1965, Mickey started a relationship with Diane Hunter, whose divorce case Mickey was dealing with, and helped her to deal with her daughter Susan. Diane and her husband later got back together, mainly because of Susan, but in 1966, Laura Spencer arrived in Salem. Bill later set the two up and after the David Martin murder case they grew closer and became engaged. They married the next year. Mickey later tested to see if he was unable to have children but the results were forgotten about when he discovered that Laura was pregnant, however the father of this unborn child was not Mickey. Little did he know that his brother, Bill Horton had raped Laura in a drunken rage. When Tom saw the results of Mickey's test, he confronted Laura who lied and said that she had given in and slept with Bill. They agreed to keep quiet to protect the family. In November 1968, Michael William Horton was born and Mickey still had no clue.
Mickey later had an affair with his secretary, Linda Patterson, in 1970. After Mickey refused to leave Laura for her, Linda attempted suicide and broadcast her affair to the whole of Salem. However, Mickey and Laura stayed together for the sake of young Michael. When Michael learned of the affair, in 1973, he confronted Mickey, who suffered a heart attack. His brother, Dr. Bill Horton, performed a life saving operation which pulled Mickey through. However shortly after, Mickey suffered a stroke but managed to walk out of the hospital. However, he was left with amnesia and had forgotten a lot, including his name. Mickey invented a new name for himself: Marty Hanson, he walked out of Salem and was taken in by a crippled farm girl called Maggie Simmons they soon fell in love and married in January 1974. Mickey later saw operations being offered at Salem University Hospital for Maggie's disabilities. Later, after his picture appeared in the paper, Mickey was reunited with the Hortons, though he had no memory of them. Bill offered to operate on Mickey in hopes of returning his memory, but Mickey refused.
After Bill's operation on Maggie fails, Mickey pointed the finger at Bill for her inability to walk, although Laura told Mickey and Maggie the paralysis was mental now. Mickey promised Maggie she would walk again and her took her back home to her farm. Mickey then divorced Laura who had been having an affair with his brother, Bill. Then he and Maggie married in October 1974.
In 1976, Mickey learned that he was not Mike's biological father. After Mike suffered an accident on Maggie's farm, Mickey and Laura donated blood. When neither matched, Mickey realized he could not be Mike's father. Mickey looked through medical records, and when he found out his brother Bill was a match, all of Mickey's memory came back to him. Mickey then went to Linda Patterson and asked if Melissa could possibly be his child, and she told him no because he was unable to have children, according to Laura Horton. Angry at being lied to for years Mickey bought a gun and plotted to kill Bill, and when the two fought over the gun it went off, shooting Bill in the arm. After the fight, Mickey suffered a mental breakdown and was admitted to Bayview Sanitarium for a year. After Mickey was released, he and Maggie adopted Janice Barnes. In 1978, Janice was taken from Mickey and Maggie by her mother Joanna Barnes. Janice was found and went back to Mickey and Maggie, but Joanna accepted a job in Salem and stayed near her daughter. This relationship took its toll on Maggie, who began to drink heavily. Eventually Mickey and Maggie lost custody of Janice to her mother in 1979.
In 1981, Maggie agreed to be a surrogate mother for an anonymous donor. Maggie approached Neil, who performed the procedure which inseminated Maggie. Shortly after, Maggie tested as pregnant.
Mickey found out that the baby she was carrying was Evan Whyland's, and even when he confronted Maggie with the facts, Maggie stated that she still wanted to keep the baby no matter who the father was, so Mickey agreed to love it as it were his own child. In late 1981, baby Sarah Horton was born, and following a custody battle with Evan Whyland, Mickey and Maggie finally won custody of Sarah. Later Mickey and Maggie also got custody of Melissa Anderson who had run away from boarding school after the death of her adoptive sister, Mary. Linda had come back for the funeral, and attempted to remove Melissa from the Horton household, which made Mickey and Maggie decide to fight for custody of Melissa. Linda did not show up for the custody hearing, and the judge granted them permanent custody.
Mickey was kidnapped by Stefano DiMera after Mickey discovered that Stefano was blackmailing Evan and that Stefano was the mastermind behind Maggie's car accident. In 1983, Mickey escaped the DiMera island and arrived back in Salem to find that Maggie, believing Mickey was dead, was now having a relationship with Don Craig. The revelation gave Mickey a second heart attack, from which he eventually recovered. Maggie and Mickey divorced that year but Maggie soon realized that she was still in love with Mickey. Maggie left Salem for New York in the fall of 1984 after Linda Anderson had returned to make amends to her daughter, Melissa, but was really after Melissa's shares of Anderson. Her scheme failed, and Linda left Salem for good in late 1985, right after Maggie had returned from her year's sabbatical. Mickey was shot in a gang rumble and recovered at Maggie's house. Mickey and Maggie remarried in 1986.
Recent years[edit]
In 1988 Mickey ran for a seat in the Senate, and his rival was none other than Jack Deveraux. Jack was going out with Mickey's adoptive daughter Melissa, and even proposed to her. However, Melissa learned Jack was using her, and got rid of him.
Maggie and Mickey's marriage had hit rock bottom by 1990. Mickey was always at work and always disappointed Maggie and missed romantic meals with her. Maggie ended up in the arms of Neil Curtis. Maggie's daughter, Sarah, caught Maggie and Neil in the act and took photos of them together in bed for evidence. Sarah was ready to tell Mickey and reveal their secret, when Maggie and Neil revealed that Neil was Sarah's true father. Sarah still exposed them and the news destroyed Mickey. Though Mickey was frustrated and greatly hurt, he felt he was the reason for Maggie's affair. Mickey and Maggie repaired their marriage and Neil left Salem.
Mickey was usually seen whenever a Salem character had legal problems and needed an attorney. In 2003, Mickey was absolutely heart broken when he and Maggie were attacked in their home by the Salem Stalker; Mickey got stabbed with a scalpel but unfortunately Maggie was killed due to a blow to the head from a wine bottle. A few months onward, a confused Mickey was eventually released from his sorrow by Bonnie Lockhart, whom he married soon after, not before learning Maggie had not really died but her death had been faked and she had been kidnapped and trapped by the DiMeras, like the other Salem Stalker victims, in a plot to get rid of Salem's best-loved residents. Mickey was torn, because although Maggie was back, he was legally married to Bonnie since his marriage to Maggie was deemed invalid by her apparent death. After months of going back and forth between the two women, Mickey finally picked his original love, Maggie.
Over the past years, Mickey has been in Chicago covering several trials and has been rarely seen in Salem. On December 23, 2008 Mickey spent time with his mother Alice watching classic Christmas films at the Horton house. Mickey returns to Salem again on December 24, 2009, for the Horton Family Christmas sitting in the kitchen with Alice. On December 31, 2009, Mickey is unable to return to spend New Year's Eve in Salem and calls Maggie to let her know. During their conversation, Maggie and Mickey decided to spend more time in the new year. They plan to go on a cruise because Doug and Julie always tell them how beautiful they are. Maggie reflects on the great times she has shared with Mickey over the years. On January 5, 2010 Maggie tells Bo that Mickey will be returning home so they can go on a New Year's cruise.
Death[edit]
Mickey died from a heart attack while packing to go on a cruise with Maggie on January 8, 2010. Maggie found Mickey's body and came downstairs in shock. Hope came while Maggie was still in shock and noticed something was wrong, she went up stairs to check and called 911. The paramedic removed Mickey's body from the house. On January 14, 2010, the Hortons celebrated Mickey's life with a memorial service that brought together the entire family. His life and the love of his life, Maggie, were celebrated. His daughter, Melissa, returned to comfort her mother during this difficult time. In June, Mickey's mother, Alice Horton, died of natural causes. Maggie and Julie celebrated Alice's relationship with her son, Mickey.
Mickey's cases[edit]
Mickey Horton got a bad rep for never winning a case. He defended Salemnites for decades, many of his clients have ended up in jail for crimes they didn't commit. In the table, unless otherwise noted, Mickey represented the defendant. He spent a few years as assistant district attorney in the late 1980s.
Year
Defendant
Accused crime/case
Verdict
Actual culprit
End result and other details
1966 Tom Horton negligence in death of Carl Sawyer case dismissed none Marie told the court just what had made Tom "unavoidably detained." She confessed to having attempted to commit suicide, and that thanks to Tom she was still alive. Because of Marie's testimony, it became clear to everyone that it had been impossible for Tom to visit Carl because he'd had an emergency happening in his own home. As a result, the case was dismissed.
1967 Susan Martin murder of David Martin acquitted on grounds of temporary insanity Susan Martin Mickey encouraged her to plead innocent by reason of insanity, but Susan plead guilty (by reason of insanity) instead. Then Susan escaped from prison, only to face Helen Martin, who was grief-stricken that her son was taken from her. Helen shot Susan in the chest. Susan survived but had a serious heart problem that Tom took care of later on.
1969 Bill Horton causing the death of Kitty Horton guilty of involuntary manslaughter—sentenced to five years in prison Bill Horton Bill refused to say exactly why he had gone to see Kitty the night that she suffered a heart attack (she had been blackmailing him with a taped conversation where Laura admitted that Michael was Bill's son), so they lost the case.
1976 Mickey Horton attempted murder of Bill Horton (sanity hearing) insane—sent to Bayview Sanitarium Mickey defended himself at a sanity hearing following his attempt to kill Bill Horton. He pretended to be calm and rational, but he lost the case after Laura's testimony, which stated that Mickey was well enough to be treated at home rather than in a sanitarium, was thrown out because it wasn't objective. Mickey lost control at that moment and tried to strangle Bill. Thus, he was sent to Bayview Sanitarium
1978 Julie Williams murder of Larry Atwood case dismissed Arlo Roberts They entered an innocent plea but things went downhill when details of Julie's relationship with Larry and the rape came out. They would've lost the case if the real culprit, Arlo Roberts, had not confessed at the last minute.
1981 David Banning attempted murder of Alex Marshall guilty—sentenced to three years in prison Eames, a hitman who worked for Stuart Whyland David never had a chance. Not only did all the witnesses damage Mickey's case, but Alex Marshall woke up from his coma and said that David had shot him.
1987 **Kimberly Brady (represented by Chris Kositchek, prosecuted by Mickey) murder of Emma Marshall guilty Gillian Forrester Mickey and fellow DA Leslie Landman won when they sent Kim to jail. However, Shane eventually helped trap Gillian and she is still in prison for the crime
1987 **Steve Johnson murder of Duke Johnson case dismissed Adrienne Johnson Mickey was the prosecutor in this case. During the trial, Adrienne finally remembered that she had killed Duke in self-defense, after he had raped her.
1988 Melissa Anderson poisoning Kayla Deveraux charged dropped Harper Deveraux Mickey represented Melissa when she was accused of poisoning Kayla. Harper Deveraux was the one who really poisoned Kayla, because he felt Kayla had betrayed Jack by being with Steve. Kayla later had the charges dropped.
1989 **Sally Wales attempted robbery of Brady Fish Market guilty—sentenced to 10 years in prison Sally Wales Mickey was the prosecutor in this case. Sally was a homeless teen who had held people at gunpoint at the Brady Fish Market so that she could be arrested and have her child in prison. Mickey was able to get the maximum penalty of 10 years in prison.
1989 **Cal Winters attempted murder of Roman Brady case dismissed Diana Colville Mickey was the prosecutor in this case. The case was dismissed when Diana remembered that she shot Roman.
1990 Kayla Brady murder of Marina Toscano guilty—sentenced to 10 years in prison Isabella Toscano Mickey was no longer D.A. so he defended Kayla in this case. The decision was later overturned when it was discovered that the real culprit was Isabella Toscano.
1990 Isabella Toscano murder of Marina Toscano innocent (self-defense) Isabella Toscano Isabella was found INNOCENT, after it was established that Isabella had acted in self-defense.
1990 Bo Brady being the Riverfront Raider guilty Bo Brady (with help from Emmy Borden) The day after Christmas, Bo's hearing took place. Mickey Horton asked Carly to testify on behalf of Bo. Emmy, who was madly in love with Bo, was asked to testify against him. She had to tell the judge exactly what Bo had done and she felt awful about this. After her testimony things didn't look too good for Bo. According to Mickey, Bo could go to jail for a long time. But then Carly took the stand and told the judge about Bo's personal circumstances at the time of his criminal activities. She told her about Hope's death and about Shawn D's accident, which was caused by Jencon. She also told the judge that no-one believed that Bo should be punished for what he had done. They all thought he was a hero. After hearing this, the judge decided to let Bo off with a one-year probation and 1000 hours of community work.
1991 Lawrence Alamain (represented by Gregory Marchand, Jennifer represented by Mickey) rape of Jennifer Horton guilty—6 months in prison Lawrence Alamain
1992 Salem University Hospital wrongful death of Dean Lombard hospital not responsible none Mickey represented the hospital when it was sued by the Lombard family for the wrongful death of Dean Lombard. He won the case by establishing that Dean had a pre-existing medical condition that caused his death.
1994 Billie Reed murder of Curtis Brown (Reed) case dismissed Stefano DiMera Mickey almost lost the case. Just as the judge was about to pass sentence, Bo Brady decided to play attorney and helped her remember that Stefano DiMera had killed Curtis. The case against Billie was dismissed.
1995-96 John Black murder of Tony DiMera guilty Tony, self-inflicted gunshot wound John was in the gas chamber when Jack and Jennifer came in with evidence to save him. Years later it was discovered that it wasn't actually Tony who committed suicide. It was actually his cousin Andre DiMera.
1998 Jack Deveraux murder of Peter Blake guilty Peter wasn't really dead Jack went to jail, but escaped with Jennifer's help. They went on the run and Peter went after him. After staging Jennifer's "death," they were able to prove that Peter was still alive.
1998-99 Sami Brady murder of Franco Kelly guilty Lucas Roberts Sami was sentenced to death, but in reality Lucas killed Franco, who was attempting to murder his mother Kate. To protect her son, Kate framed Sami for the murder, but to save Sami she had Franco's dying friend Roberto Barelli confess to the killing on his deathbed freeing Sami and letting Lucas off the hook.
1998-99 Sami Brady custody battle over Will Roberts Lucas won custody of the boy none
Year? Mike Horton sexual harassment of Ali McIntyre the hospital board investigated this incident
2002 Bo and Hope Brady custody of JT Brady Glen Reiber won custody none
2003 Shawn Douglas Brady murder of Colin Murphy
2004 Tony DiMera murder of Roman Brady Case Dismissed Marlena Evans
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mickey and Maggie first married in January 1974; however the marriage was invalid because he was still legally married to Laura. Laura and Mickey divorced in October 1974, and Mickey and Maggie were remarried that same month. Their divorce was finalized in January 1984.
External links[edit]
Mickey at soapcentral.com
[show]
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives
Current
characters
Brady Black
John Black
Caroline Brady
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Andre DiMera
Chad DiMera
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Parker Jonas
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
Notable past
characters
Alice Horton
Tom Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Bo Brady
Carrie Brady Reed
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Dr. Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Eve Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Calliope Jones
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Ben Rogers
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston
Related information
Cast members
Producers and writers
Awards and nominations
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Will and Sonny
Shane and Kimberly
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Fictional families
DiMera family
Horton family
Brady family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
[hide]
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives characters
[show]
Present and future characters
Vivian Alamain
Brady Black
John Black
Tate Black
Belle Brady
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
André DiMera
Chad DiMera
Thomas DiMera
Eve Donovan
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Arianna Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Anne Milbauer
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
[show]
Past characters
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Hattie Adams
Lawrence Alamain
Susan Banks
Bart Beiderbecke
Peter Blake
Eugene Bradford
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Rex Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Anjelica Deveraux
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Lee DuMonde
Renée DuMonde
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Calliope Jones Bradford
Alexander Kiriakis
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Ben Weston
Clyde Weston
[show]
Character lists
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Cast members
Previous cast members
Producers and writers
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Shane and Kimberly
Will and Sonny
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Horton family
Brady family
DiMera family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Horton&oldid=804071009"
Categories:
Days of Our Lives characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1965
Fictional lawyers
Fictional American people of Irish descent
Fictional American people of English descent
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking sources from January 2010
All articles lacking sources
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 15:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 125%; background-color: #cccfff; color: black

values: text-align:center;background-color: #cccfff; color: black

values: List of previous Days of Our Lives cast members

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cccfff; color: black; font-size: 100%;

values:
/wiki/Tommy_Horton_Jr.
mw-redirect
Tommy Horton Jr.

values:
/wiki/Bonnie_Lockhart
mw-redirect
Bonnie Lockhart

values:
/wiki/Janice_Barnes
mw-redirect
Janice Barnes

values:
/wiki/Nathan_Horton_(Days_of_our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Nathan Horton (Days of our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Sandy_Horton
mw-redirect
Sandy Horton

values:
/wiki/Mike_Horton_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Mike Horton (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Lucas_Roberts
mw-redirect
Lucas Roberts

values: width:22em;width:100%; font-size: 100%; line-height: 1.6em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 0; margin:0; clear:none; float:none;

values: List of longest-serving soap opera actors

values: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series

values: Edit section: Fictional character history

values:
/wiki/Tom_Horton,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Tom Horton, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Bill_Horton_(Days_of_our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Bill Horton (Days of our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Salem_(Days_of_our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Salem (Days of our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Julie_Olson
mw-redirect
Julie Olson

values:
/wiki/Maggie_Simmons
mw-redirect
Maggie Simmons

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
/wiki/Ciara_Brady
mw-redirect
Ciara Brady

values:
/wiki/Claire_Brady_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Claire Brady (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Andre_DiMera
mw-redirect
Andre DiMera

values:
/wiki/Parker_Jonas
mw-redirect
Parker Jonas

values:
/wiki/Johnny_DiMera
mw-redirect
Johnny DiMera

values:
/wiki/Sydney_DiMera
mw-redirect
Sydney DiMera

values:
/wiki/Eve_Donovan
mw-redirect
Eve Donovan

values:
/wiki/Shane_Donovan
mw-redirect
Shane Donovan

values:
/wiki/Eduardo_Hernandez
mw-redirect
Eduardo Hernandez

values:
/wiki/Allie_Horton
mw-redirect
Allie Horton

values:
/wiki/Nathan_Horton_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Nathan Horton (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Aiden_Jennings
mw-redirect
Aiden Jennings

values:
/wiki/Chase_Jennings
mw-redirect
Chase Jennings

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Jonas
mw-redirect
Daniel Jonas

values:
/wiki/Calliope_Jones
mw-redirect
Calliope Jones

values:
/wiki/Deimos_Kiriakis
mw-redirect
Deimos Kiriakis

values:
/wiki/Serena_Mason
mw-redirect
Serena Mason

values:
/wiki/Tori_Narita
mw-redirect
Tori Narita

values:
/wiki/Ben_Rogers_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Ben Rogers (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Clyde_Weston
mw-redirect
Clyde Weston

values: List of Days of Our Lives producers and writers

values: List of awards and nominations received by Days of Our Lives

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Days of Our Lives characters

values:
/wiki/Claire_Brady_(Days_of_our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Claire Brady (Days of our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Arianna_Horton
mw-redirect
Arianna Horton

values:
/wiki/Anne_Milbauer
mw-redirect
Anne Milbauer

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Anjelica_Deveraux
mw-redirect
Anjelica Deveraux

values:
/wiki/Maxine_Landis
mw-redirect
Maxine Landis

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1965

values: Category:Fictional American people of Irish descent

values: Category:Fictional American people of English descent

values: Category:Articles lacking sources from January 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mickey_Horton
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mickey_Horton rootpage-Mickey_Horton skin-vector action-view


text:
U.S. Civil Service Reform
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
U.S. Civil Service Reform was a major issue in the late 19th century at the national level, and in the early 20th century at the state level. Proponents denounced the distribution of government offices—the "spoils"—by the winners of elections to their supporters as corrupt and inefficient. They demanded nonpartisan scientific methods and credential be used to select civil servants. The five important civil service reforms were the two Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867, Pendleton Act of 1883, the Hatch Acts (1939 and 1940) and the CSRA of 1978.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Spoils system
2 Reform efforts
2.1 Ulysses Grant
2.2 The Pendleton Act
2.3 Mugwumps
2.4 Progressive era
2.5 1978 Ethics in Government Act
3 Notes
4 References
5 Bibliography
Spoils system[edit]
In 1801 President Thomas Jefferson, alarmed that Federalists dominated the civil service and the army, identified the party affiliation of office holders and systematically appointed republicans. Andrew Jackson in 1829 began the systematic rotation of office-holders after four years, replacing them with his partisans in a controversial move. By the 1830s the "spoils system" meant the systematic replacement of office holders every time the government changed party hands.[2]
Reform efforts[edit]
The first code of civil service reforms, were designed to replace patronage appointees with nonpartisan employees qualified because of their skills.
Ulysses Grant[edit]
Further information: Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals and Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration reforms
President Ulysses S Grant (1869–1877) spoke out in favor of civil service reform, and rejected demands in late 1872 by Pennsylvania Senator Simon Cameron and Pennsylvania Governor John Hartranft to suspend the rules and make patronage appointments.[3]
Grant's Civil Service Commission reforms had limited success, as his cabinet implemented a merit system that increased the number of qualified candidates and relied less on Congressional patronage.[4] Interior Secretary Columbus Delano, however, exempted his department from competitive examinations, and Congress refused to enact permanent Civil Service reform. Zachariah Chandler, who succeeded Delano, made sweeping reforms in the entire Interior Department; Grant ordered Chandler to fire all corrupt clerks in the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[5] Grant appointed reformers Edwards Pierrepont and Marshall Jewell as Attorney General and Postmaster General, respectively, who supported Bristow's investigations.[6] In 1875, Pierrepont cleaned up corruption among the United States Attorneys and Marshals in the South.[7]
The Pendleton Act[edit]
The Civil Service Reform Act (called "the Pendleton Act") is an 1883 federal law that created the United States Civil Service Commission. It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President James Garfield's assassination by a disappointed office seeker. The Act was passed into law in January 1883; it was sponsored by Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio. It was drafted by Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a leading reformer who became the first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. The most famous commissioner was Theodore Roosevelt (1889–95). The new law prohibited mandatory campaign contributions, or "assessments," which amounted to 50–75% of party financing in the Gilded Age. Second, the Pendleton Act required entrance exams for aspiring bureaucrats. At first it covered very few jobs but there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs to civil service. Political reformers, typified by the Mugwumps demanded an end to the spoils system. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service. One result was more expertise and less politics. An unintended result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business, since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls. Mark Hanna found a substitute revenue stream in 1896, by assessing corporations.[8]
Mugwumps[edit]
The Mugwumps were Republicans who refused to support Republican presidential candidate James G. Blaine in 1884.
Political patronage, also known as the "spoils system," was the issue that angered many reform-minded Republicans, leading them to reject Blaine's candidacy. In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election. Although the Pendleton Act of 1883 made competency and merit the base qualifications for government positions, its effective implementation was slow. Political affiliation continued to be the basis for appointment to many positions.[9]
In the early 1880s, the issue of political patronage split the Republican Party down the middle for several consecutive sessions of Congress. The party was divided into two warring factions, each with creative names. The side that held the upper hand in numbers and popular support were the Half-Breeds, led by Senator James Blaine of Maine. The Half-Breeds supported civil service reform, and often blocked legislation and political appointments put forth by their main congressional opponents, the Stalwarts, led by Roscoe Conkling of New York.
Ironically, Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy. This division among Republicans may have contributed to the victory in 1884 of Grover Cleveland, the first president elected from the Democratic party since the Civil War. In the period from 1876 to 1892, presidential elections were closely contested at the national level, but the states themselves were mostly dominated by a single party, with Democrats prevailing in the South and the Republicans in the Northeast. Although the defection of the Mugwumps may have helped Cleveland win in New York, one of the few closely contested states, historians attribute Cleveland's victory nationwide to the rising power of urban immigrant voters.[10]
Progressive era[edit]
The 1883 law only applied to federal jobs: not to the state and local jobs that were the main basis for political machines. Ethical degeneration was halted by reform in civil service and municipal reform in the Progressive Era, which led to structural changes in administrative departments and changes in the way the government managed public affairs.[11]
1978 Ethics in Government Act[edit]
The 1978 Ethics in Government Act codified standards of government ethics for the executive branch. In 1989, the act was expanded in its applicability to the legislative and judicial branches. Throughout the American ethics reform movement, one of the most important themes has been the prevention of conflicts of interest.
Moynihan (2004) examines the Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA) that became law in 1978. Civil service laws have consistently protected federal employees from political influence. Critics of the system complained that it was impossible for managers to improve performance and implement changes recommended by political leaders. The CSRA was an attempt to reconcile the need for improved performance with the need for protection of employees. However, it was based on unproven theory, with little or no social research to support it. There have been limited changes in civil service practices as a result of the CSRA, but advocates of greater management flexibility believe it was a step in the right direction.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Scott C. James, "Patronage Regimes and American Party Development from ‘The Age of Jackson’ to the Progressive Era." British Journal of Political Science 36#1 (2006): 39–60. online
Jump up ^ Erik McKinley Eriksson, "The federal civil service under President Jackson." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 13.4 (1927): 517–40. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Robert C. (2001). "No Surrender". Harpweek.
Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith, Grant (2001) pp. 589–90.
Jump up ^ John Y. Simon, "Ulysses S. Grant". in Henry Graff, ed., The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed. 2002). pp. 245–60 p. 250.
Jump up ^ Smith, Grant (2001) pp. 584–85.
Jump up ^ William B. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant: Politician (1935) p. 374
Jump up ^ Ari Hoogenboom, "The Pendleton Act and the civil service." American Historical Review 64.2 (1959): 301–18 in JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Hoogenboom (1961)
Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers, Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000)
Jump up ^ Pamela S. Tolbert and Lynne G. Zucker. "Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880–1935." Administrative science quarterly (1983): 22–39. online
References[edit]
This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "U.S. Civil Service Reform", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.
Bibliography[edit]
Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl. The Politics of the Administrative Process, (2nd ed. 1996), textbook.
Hoogenboom, Ari. Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–1883 (1961)
Hoogenboom, Ari. "The Pendleton Act and the Civil Service Reform." American Historical Review 1959. 64: 301–18. in JSTOR.
Hoogenboom, Ari. "Thomas A. Jenckes and Civil Service Reform." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 1961. 47: 636–58. in JSTOR
Huddleston, Mark W., and William W. Boyer. The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform (1996),
Ingraham, Patricia Wallace. The Foundation of Merit: Public Service in American Democracy. 1995.
Ingraham, Patricia W., and David H. Rosenbloom, eds. The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform, (1992)
Johnson, Ronald N., and Gary D. Libecap. The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change 1994
Moynihan, Donald P. "Protection Versus Flexibility: the Civil Service Reform Act, Competing Administrative Doctrines, and the Roots of Contemporary Public Management Debate." Journal of Policy History 2004 16(1): 1–33. ISSN 0898-0306 Fulltext: [ 1. Project Muse and Ebsco
Park, Soo-Young. "Who Is Our Master? Congressional Debates during Civil Service Reforms." PhD dissertation Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State U. 2005. 218 pp. DAI 2006 67(2): 715-A. DA3208258
Shafritz, Jay M. et al. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process (2001), textbook
Skowronek, Stephen. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacity, 1877–1920 (1982).
Summers, Mark W. The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849–1861 (1987).
Van Riper, Paul P. History of the United States Civil Service (1958).
Weber J., "Leonard Dupee White and Public Administration", Journal of Management History, Volume 2, Number 2, February 1996, pp. 41–64
White, Leonard D. The Federalists: a Study in Administrative History, 1956.
White, Leonard D. The Jeffersonians: a Study in Administrative History (1952)
White, Leonard D. The Jacksonians: a Study in Administrative History online at ACLS e-books (1954)
White, Leonard D. The Republican Era, 1869–1901 a Study in Administrative History, 1958 online at ACLS e-books
White, Richard D., Jr. Roosevelt the Reformer: Theodore Roosevelt as Civil Service Commissioner, 1889–1895. (2003). 264 pp.
[hide]
v
t
e
Civil service
Concepts
Public sector
Government agency
Bureaucracy
Bureaucrat
Technocracy
Diplomat
Public administration
Public policy
Public service
By country
Australia
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada
China
European Union
France
Germany
Hong Kong
India
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Malaysia
New Zealand
Nigeria
Northern Ireland
Pakistan
Russia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
United States
Categories
National civil service commissions
Government occupations
Civil service by country
See also: Civil service reform in developing countries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Civil_Service_Reform&oldid=801788920"
Categories:
Civil service in the United States
Political history of the United States
Reform in the United States
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 21 September 2017, at 21:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Pendleton_Act_of_1883
mw-redirect
Pendleton Act of 1883

value: sup

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: li

values:
/wiki/Ulysses_S_Grant
mw-redirect
Ulysses S Grant

values:
/wiki/James_Garfield
mw-redirect
James Garfield

values:
/wiki/Patronage_in_the_Gilded_Age
mw-redirect
Patronage in the Gilded Age

values:
/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Congress of the United States

values:
/wiki/James_Blaine
mw-redirect
James Blaine

values: Edit section: 1978 Ethics in Government Act

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892462

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845445

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

values: Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License

values:
/wiki/Hoogenboom,_Ari
mw-redirect
Hoogenboom, Ari

values: International Standard Serial Number (identifier)

values: Civil Service of the People's Republic of China

values: Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland

values: Public sector organisations in New Zealand

values: Category:National civil service commissions

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Civil service in the United States

values: Category:Political history of the United States

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/U.S._Civil_Service_Reform
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-U_S_Civil_Service_Reform rootpage-U_S_Civil_Service_Reform vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view