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Legislative Assembly (France)
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Legislative Assembly
Assemblée législative
Kingdom of France
Medal of the Legislative Assembly
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Established
1 October 1791
Disbanded
20 September 1792
Preceded by
National Constituent Assembly
Succeeded by
National Convention
Seats
745
Meeting place
Salle du Manège, Paris
The Legislative Assembly (French: Assemblée législative) was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to 20 September 1792 during the years of the French Revolution. It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
2 Elections
3 Formation
4 Reforms
5 Political groups
6 Presidents
7 Further reading
8 References
History[edit]
Background[edit]
The National Constituent Assembly dissolved itself on 28 September 1791. Upon Maximilien Robespierre's motion, it had decreed that none of its members would be eligible to the next legislature. Its successor body, the Legislative Assembly, operating over the liberal French Constitution of 1791, lasted until 20 September 1792, when the National Convention was established
Elections[edit]
The elections of 1791, held by census franchise, brought in a legislature that desired to carry the Revolution further. Prominent in the legislature were the Jacobin Club and its affiliated societies throughout France.
The Legislative Assembly first met on 1 October 1791. It consisted of 745 members, mostly from the middle class. The members were generally young and since none had sat in the previous Assembly, they largely lacked national political experience. They tended to be people who had made their name through successful political careers in local politics.
The rightists within the assembly consisted of about 260 Feuillants, whose chief leaders, Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette and Antoine Barnave, remained outside the House because of their ineligibility for re-election. They were staunch constitutional monarchists, firm in their defence of the king against the popular agitation.
The leftists were of 136 Jacobins (still including the party later known as the Girondins or Girondists) and Cordeliers. Its most famous leaders were Jacques Pierre Brissot, the philosopher Condorcet and Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud. The Left drew its inspiration from the more radical tendency of the Enlightenment, regarded the émigré nobles as traitors and espoused anticlericalism. They were suspicious of Louis XVI, some of them favoring a general European war, both to spread the new ideals of liberty and equality and to put the king's loyalty to the test.
The remainder of the House, 345 deputies, generally belonged to no definite party. They were called "the Marsh" (Le Marais) or "the Plain" (La Plaine). They were committed to the ideals of the Revolution, hence generally inclined to side with the Left, but would also occasionally back proposals from the Right.
The king's ministers, named by him and excluded from the Assembly, are described by the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as "mostly persons of little mark".
Formation[edit]
For a detailed description of the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly and related events, see The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy.
The 27 August 1791 Declaration of Pillnitz already threatened France with attack by its neighbors. King Louis XVI favored war hoping to exploit a military defeat to restore his absolute power—the Assembly was leaning toward war and to spread the ideals of the Revolution.[1] This led in April 1792 to the first of the French Revolutionary Wars.
The king vetoed many of the Assembly's bills throughout its existence such as these:
Legislation declaring the émigrés guilty of conspiracy and prosecuted as such was passed on 8 November 1791, but vetoed by Louis.
Enforcement of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy: on 29 November 1791, the Assembly decreed that every non-juring clergyman who did not take the civic oath within eight days would lose his pension and—if any troubles broke out—he would be deported. Louis vetoed the decree as a matter of conscience.
Louis XVI formed a series of cabinets, veering at times as far-left as the Girondins. However, by the summer of 1792, amid war and insurrection, it had become clear that the monarchy and the now-dominant Jacobins could not reach any accommodation. On 11 July 1792, the Assembly formally declared the nation in danger because of the dire military situation.
On 9 August 1792, a new revolutionary Commune took possession of Hôtel de Ville and early on the morning of 10 August the insurgents assailed the Tuileries, where the royal family resided. Louis and his family sought asylum with the Legislative Assembly.
The Assembly stripped Louis, suspected of intelligence with the enemy, of all his royal functions and prerogatives. The king and his family were subsequently imprisoned in the Temple. On 10 August 1792, a resolution is adopted to summon a new National Convention, to be elected by universal suffrage.
Many who had sat in the National Constituent Assembly and many more who had sat in the Legislative Assembly were re-elected. The Convention met on 20 September 1792 and became the new government of France.
Reforms[edit]
There were numerous reforms passed by the Legislative Assembly that addressed various topics including divorce, émigrés and the clergy.
The Legislative Assembly implemented new reforms to help create a society of independent individuals with equal rights.[2] These reforms included new legislation about divorce, government control over registration and inheritance rights for children. The registration of births, marriages and deaths became a function under the government instead of the Catholic Church.[3] The new laws introduced adoption and gave illegitimate children inheritance rights equal to those of legitimate children.[4][5] Before 1791, divorces could only be granted for adultery and other violations of the marriage contract,[6] but under the new reform a couple could also get divorced if they met one or more of the following:
If there was mutual consent of both spouses[7]
If there was a unilateral incompatibility of character[8]
If the couple had been formally separated before and needed a legalized divorce[9]
If there was dissolution of marriage due to "insanity, condemnation to an infamous punishment, violence or ill-treatment, notoriously dissolute morals, desertion for at least two years, absence without news for at least five years, and emigration"[10]
The new divorce laws were not sexually discriminatory as both the man and woman had the right to file for a divorce—the women petitioned for the most divorce decrees.[11]
The émigrés, mainly members of the nobility and public office who fled France after the events of the Revolution turned violent, were a major focus of the Legislative Assembly. In their decree on 9 November 1791, the Legislative Assembly established a three-class hierarchy of émigrés as well as the punishments that would correspond with each class. The first class was composed of the princes and other people of high birth who "formed [emigration’s] rallying point and controlled both its recruiting in France and its organization abroad".[12]
The second class was composed of officials in public office, soldiers and other members of society with less organizational clout than members of the nobility yet more influence than the common people. The third and final class of recognized émigrés encompassed the average French citizens who left France yet commanded little to no direct influence over emigration proceedings.[13]
In twelve articles, the decree outlined the economic and political punishments of the first and second classes—particularly assigning deadlines by which time emigration would be classified as an act of treason. Article 3 dictated that first class émigrés still abroad after 1 January would be "impeached for treason and punished with death" and articles 6 through 10 imposed a loss of position, salary, and even citizenship for second class émigrés still abroad after 14 September.[14] Along with the declaration that emigration could result in the loss of active citizenship, article 6 established the Assembly’s right to sequester first class émigrés’ revenues and article 11 classified émigré soldiers as deserters.[15]
As the Legislative Assembly considered third class émigrés to be faultless victims of trickery and seduction by the other two classes, the legislators' decree explicitly avoided issuing punitive measures against third class émigrés—whereas the other classes were to be financially and socially punished, third class émigrés were to be treated with "sympathy and understanding".[16] The émigrés decree was vetoed by the king three days later.[17]
The laws regarding the clergy were mostly made in response to a reform passed by the National Assembly in July 1790, known as the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.[18] In this decree, the National Assembly took the power to appoint bishops and curés away from the king. Many members of the Catholic clergy objected to this ruling.[19] In response, the National Assembly required a public oath of fidelity from the clergy if they wanted to retain their positions in the Catholic Church.[20]
This decision was not well received by a substantial portion of the clergy, which is why the Legislative Assembly felt it was necessary to address the issue. Those unwilling to take the oath were known as non-juring members.[21] On 29 November 1791, the Legislative Assembly decreed that any who refused to take the oath were committing a political crime and were liable to punishments including loss of pension and expulsion from their homes in the event of religious disturbances.[22]
Political groups[edit]
The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. The members of the first group were conservative members of the bourgeoisie (wealthy middle class in the Third Estate) that favored a constitutional monarchy, represented by the Feuillants, who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal.[23] The other group was the democratic faction, for whom the king could no longer be trusted, represented by the new members of the Jacobin Club[24] that claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary.[25][note 1]
Presidents[edit]
Political parties
Independent
Feuillants Club
Jacobin Club
N°
Portrait
Name
(birth–death)
Term of office
Political Party
Department
Legislature
(election)
1
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret
(1755–1840) 3 October 1791 30 October 1791 Feuillants Club Seine I
(1791)
2
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
(1753–1793) 30 October 1791 15 November 1791 Jacobin Club Gironde
3
Vincent-Marie Viénot
(1756–1845) 15 November 1791 28 November 1791 Feuillants Club Seine-et-Marne
4
Bernard Germain de Lacépède
(1756–1825) 28 November 1791 10 December 1791 Feuillants Club Seine
5
Pierre-Édouard Lémontey
(1762–1826) 10 December 1791 26 December 1791 Feuillants Club Rhône
6
François de Neufchâteau
(1750–1828) 26 December 1791 22 January 1792 Jacobin Club Vosges
7
Marguerite-Élie Guadet
(1758–1794) 22 January 1792 7 February 1792 Jacobin Club Gironde
8
Nicolas de Condorcet
(1743–1794) 7 February 1792 19 February 1792 Jacobin Club Seine
9
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
(1753–1837) 19 February 1792 4 March 1792 Feuillants Club Seine-et-Oise
10
Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau
(1737–1816) 4 March 1792 19 March 1792 Jacobin Club Côte-d'Or
11
Armand Gensonné
(1758–1793) 19 March 1792 15 April 1792 Jacobin Club Gironde
12
Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu
(1747–1825) 15 April 1792 29 April 1792 Feuillants Club Ille-et-Vilaine
13
Jean-Gérard Lacuée
(1752–1841) 29 April 1792 13 May 1792 Feuillants Club Lot-et-Garonne
14
Honoré Muraire
(1750–1837) 13 May 1792 27 May 1792 Feuillants Club Var
15
François-Alexandre Tardiveau
(1761–1833) 27 May 1792 10 June 1792 Feuillants Club Ille-et-Vilaine
16
François-Alexandre Tardiveau
(1756–1836) 10 June 1792 24 June 1792 Independent Loire-Atlantique
17
Louis Stanislas de Girardin
(1762–1827) 24 June 1792 8 July 1792 Jacobin Club Oise
18
Jean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet
(1759–1797) 8 July 1792 22 July 1792 Feuillants Club Isère
19
André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat
(1746–1829) 22 July 1792 7 August 1792 Feuillants Club Gironde
20
Jean-François Honoré Merlet
(1761–1830) 7 August 1792 20 August 1792 Jacobin Club Maine-et-Loire
21
Jean-François Delacroix
(1753–1794) 20 August 1792 2 September 1792 Jacobin Club Eure-et-Loir
22
Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles
(1759–1794) 2 September 1792 16 September 1792 Jacobin Club Seine
23
Pierre-Joseph Cambon
(1756–1820) 16 September 1792 16 September 1792 Jacobin Club Hérault
Further reading[edit]
Boring, Nicolas. "France: Inheritance Laws in the 19th and 20th Centuries." Library of Congress. Retrieved from Library of Congress.
MacLehose, Sophia. From the Monarchy to the Republic in France: 1788-1792. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1904. Retrieved from heinonline.org.
Mitchell, C. J. "Emigrés and the Refractory Clergy." Chap. 4, In The French Legislative Assembly of 1791, 43-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988. Retrieved from Google Books.
Pacini, Giulia. “The French Emigres in Europe and the Struggle against Revolution, 1789-1814 (review).” French Forum 26, no. 2 (2001). Retrieved from Project Muse.
Phillips, Roderick. "Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth-Century France: Rouen 1780-1800." Social History 1, no. 2 (1976): 197-218. Retrieved from JSTOR.
Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015.
Potofsky, Allan. “The ‘Non-Aligned Status’ of French Emigres and Refugees in Philadelphia, 1793-1798.” Transatlantica American Studies Journal 2, no. 1 (2006). Retrieved from Transatlantica.
Proctor, Candice E. “Women, Equality, and the French Revolution.” Greenwood Press, 1990. Retrieved from Questia.
Schroeder, Paul. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848. 1996. Retrieved from Questia.
Thiers, Marie and Joseph Adolph. The History of the French Revolution. London: Whittaker and Co., 1845. Retrieved from Google Books.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Immediately there was a great deal of dissension between the Feuillants and the democratic faction from changes made to the Constitution and the Flight to Varennes. The democrats felt that the influence of the majority of the populace was minimised because of census suffrage.[26]
Jump up ^ Thomas Lalevée, « National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot’s New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution », French History and Civilisation (Vol. 6), 2015, pp. 66-82
Jump up ^ Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015. p.43-61
Jump up ^ Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015. p.43-61
Jump up ^ Phillips, Roderick. "Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth-Century France: Rouen 1780-1800." Social History 1, no. 2 (1976): 197-218. JSTOR
Jump up ^ Boring, Nicolas. "France: Inheritance Laws in the 19th and 20th Centuries." Library of Congress. Accessed 05/16, 2017. Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015. p.43-61
Jump up ^ Phillips, Roderick. "Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth-Century France: Rouen 1780-1800." Social History 1, no. 2 (1976): 197-218. JSTOR
Jump up ^ Phillips, Roderick. "Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth-Century France: Rouen 1780-1800." Social History 1, no. 2 (1976): 197-218. JSTOR
Jump up ^ Phillips, Roderick. "Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth-Century France: Rouen 1780-1800." Social History 1, no. 2 (1976): 197-218. JSTOR
Jump up ^ Phillips, Roderick. "Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth-Century France: Rouen 1780-1800." Social History 1, no. 2 (1976): 197-218. JSTOR
Jump up ^ Phillips, Roderick. "Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth-Century France: Rouen 1780-1800." Social History 1, no. 2 (1976): 197-218. JSTOR
Jump up ^ Mitchell, C. J. "Emigrés and the Refractory Clergy." In The French Legislative Assembly of 1791, 43-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988. Retrieved from Google Books. p.45-6
Jump up ^ Mitchell, C. J. "Emigrés and the Refractory Clergy." In The French Legislative Assembly of 1791, 43-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988. Retrieved from Google Books. p.45-6
Jump up ^ Mitchell, C. J. "Emigrés and the Refractory Clergy." In The French Legislative Assembly of 1791, 43-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988. Retrieved from Google Books. p.45-6
Jump up ^ Mitchell, C. J. "Emigrés and the Refractory Clergy." In The French Legislative Assembly of 1791, 43-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988. Retrieved from Google Books. p.45-6
Jump up ^ Mitchell, C. J. "Emigrés and the Refractory Clergy." In The French Legislative Assembly of 1791, 43-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988. Retrieved from Google Books. p.45-6
Jump up ^ Mitchell, C. J. "Emigrés and the Refractory Clergy." In The French Legislative Assembly of 1791, 43-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988. Retrieved from Google Books. p.45-6
Jump up ^ Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015. p.43-61
Jump up ^ Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015. p.43-61
Jump up ^ Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015. p.43-61
Jump up ^ Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, INC, 2015. p.43-61
Jump up ^ MacLehose, Sophia. From the Monarchy to the Republic in France: 1788-1792. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1904. Retrieved from heinonline.org. p.366
Jump up ^ Albert Mathiez, La Révolution française, Librairie Armand Colin 1922, p. 170
Jump up ^ Bernardine Melchior-Bonnet, Les Girondins, Tallandier 1989, p. 52
Jump up ^ Jean-Paul Bertaud, La Révolution française, Perrin 1989 « rééd. coll. Tempus », 2004, p. 81-133
Jump up ^ Jean-Paul Bertaud, La Révolutions française, p. 81
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Montague, Francis Charles (1911). "French Revolution, The". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[show]
v
t
e
French Revolution
Causes
Timeline
Ancien Régime
Revolution
Constitutional monarchy
Republic
Directory
Consulate
Glossary
[show]
Significant civil and political events by year
1788
Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
1789
What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
Convocation of the Estates-General (5 May 1789)
National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
Abolition of Feudalism (4-11 Aug 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 Aug 1789)
Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
1790
Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
Abolition of the Nobility (19 Jun 1790)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
1791
Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
Champ de Mars Massacre (17 Jul 1791)
Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1792
France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
September Massacres (Sep 1792)
National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)
1793
Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
Committee of Public Safety
Committee of General Security
Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
The Death of Marat (painting)
Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794
Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
White Terror (Fall 1794)
Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795
Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
Conspiracy of the Equals (Nov 1795)
Directoire (1795–99)
Council of Five Hundred
Council of Ancients
13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795
1797
Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)
1799
Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
Consulate
[show]
Revolutionary campaigns
1792
Verdun
Thionville
Valmy
Royalist Revolts
Chouannerie
Vendée
Dauphiné
Lille
Siege of Mainz
Jemappes
Namur (fr)
1793
First Coalition
Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
War in the Vendée
Battle of Neerwinden)
Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
Expédition de Sardaigne (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
Battle of Kaiserslautern
Siege of Mainz
Battle of Wattignies
Battle of Hondschoote
Siege of Bellegarde
Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)
1794
Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
Chouannerie
Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
1795
Peace of Basel
1796
Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
Battle of Theiningen
Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
The Ireland Expedition (Dec 1796)
1797
Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)
1798
French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
Quasi-War (1798–1800)
Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
1799
Second Coalition (1798–1802)
Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799)
First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799)
Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
1800
Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)
1801
Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
Algeciras Campaign (8 Jul 1801)
1802
Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
[show]
Military leaders
French Army
Eustache Charles d'Aoust
Pierre Augereau
Alexandre de Beauharnais
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune
Jean François Carteaux
Jean Étienne Championnet
Chapuis de Tourville
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis Desaix
Jacques François Dugommier
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
Charles François Dumouriez
Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
Louis-Charles de Flers
Paul Grenier
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Jacques Maurice Hatry
Lazare Hoche
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
François Christophe de Kellermann
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
Jean Lannes
Charles Leclerc
Claude Lecourbe
François Joseph Lefebvre
Jacques MacDonald
Jean-Antoine Marbot
Jean Baptiste de Marbot
François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
Auguste de Marmont
André Masséna
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise
Joachim Murat
Michel Ney
Pierre-Jacques Osten (fr)
Nicolas Oudinot
Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Józef Poniatowski
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
Joseph Souham
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Louis-Gabriel Suchet
Belgrand de Vaubois
Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
French Navy
Charles-Alexandre Linois
Opposition
Austria
József Alvinczi
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
Pál Kray (Hungarian)
Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
Karl Mack von Leiberich
Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
Dagobert von Wurmser
Britain
Sir Ralph Abercromby
Admiral Sir James Saumarez
Admiral Sir Edward Pellew
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Dutch Republic
William V, Prince of Orange
Prussia
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Russia
Alexander Korsakov
Alexander Suvorov
Spain
Luis Firmin de Carvajal
Antonio Ricardos
[show]
Other significant figures and factions
Society of 1789
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Nicolas de Condorcet
Feuillants
and monarchiens
Madame de Lamballe
Madame du Barry
Louis de Breteuil
Loménie de Brienne
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
de Chateaubriand
Jean Chouan
Grace Elliott
Arnaud de La Porte
Jean-Sifrein Maury
Jacques Necker
François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
Antoine Barnave
Lafayette
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
Charles Malo François Lameth
André Chénier
Jean-François Rewbell
Camille Jordan
Madame de Staël
Boissy d'Anglas
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
Girondists
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Roland de La Platière
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National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation
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National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jeremiah S. Chechik
Produced by
John Hughes
Tom Jacobson
Written by
John Hughes
Starring
Chevy Chase
Beverly D'Angelo
Randy Quaid
Music by
Angelo Badalamenti
Cinematography
Thomas E. Ackerman
Edited by
Jerry Greenberg
Michael A. Stevenson
Production
company
John Hughes Entertainment
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
December 1, 1989 (1989-12-01)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25 million[1]
Box office
$71.3 million
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation is a 1989 American Christmas comedy film directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik.[2] It is the third installment in National Lampoon's Vacation film series, and was written by John Hughes, based on his short story in National Lampoon magazine, "Christmas '59". The film stars Chevy Chase, Beverly D'Angelo and Randy Quaid, with Juliette Lewis and Johnny Galecki as the Griswold children Audrey and Rusty, respectively.[2]
Since its release in 1989, Christmas Vacation has often been labeled as a modern Christmas classic. It is also the only sequel in the Vacation series to have spawned its own direct sequel: a 2003 made-for-TV release entitled National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation 2: Cousin Eddie's Island Adventure.
The film has achieved six home video releases: VHS and Laserdisc in early 1990, a bare bones DVD in 1997, and a "Special Edition" DVD in 2003. A Blu-ray edition was first released in 2006. In 2009, the film was released as an "Ultimate Collector's Edition." At the same time of this release, it was also released on a simple Blu-ray/DVD combo.[3][4][5] A steelbook Blu-ray was released in 2015.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
With Christmas only a few weeks away, Chicago resident Clark Griswold decides it is time to get a Christmas tree. He gathers his wife Ellen, daughter Audrey, and son Rusty and drives out to the country where he picks out a huge tree. Realizing too late that they didn't bring any tools to cut the tree down, they are forced to uproot it instead, before driving home with the tree strapped to the roof of their car.
Soon after, both Clark's and Ellen's parents arrive to spend Christmas, but their bickering quickly begins to annoy the family. Clark, however, maintains a positive attitude, determined to have a "fun old-fashioned family Christmas." He covers the house's entire exterior with 25,000 twinkle lights, which fail to work at first, as he has accidentally wired them through his garage's light switch. When they finally come on, they temporarily cause a citywide power shortage and create chaos for Clark's snobby neighbors, Todd and Margo. While standing on the front lawn admiring the lights, Clark is shocked to see Ellen's cousin Catherine and her husband Eddie, as they arrive unannounced with their children, Rocky and Ruby Sue, and their Rottweiler dog, Snot. Eddie later admits that they are living in the RV they drove, as he is broke and has been forced to sell his home. Clark offers to buy gifts for Eddie's kids so they can still enjoy Christmas.
Clark begins to wonder why his boss has not given him his yearly bonus, which he desperately needs to replace an advance payment he has made to install a swimming pool. After a disastrous Christmas Eve dinner, he finally receives an envelope from a company messenger, who had overlooked it the day before. Instead of the presumed bonus, the envelope contains a free year's membership for the Jelly of the Month Club. This prompts Clark to snap and go into a tirade about Frank, and out of anger, requests that he be delivered to the house so Clark can insult him to his face.
Eddie takes the request literally, drives to Frank's mansion, and kidnaps him. Clark confronts him about the cancellation of the employees' Christmas bonuses. Meanwhile, Frank's wife, Helen, calls the police, and a SWAT team storms the Griswold house and holds everyone at gunpoint. Frank decides not to press charges and explains the situation to his wife and the authorities, who scold him for his decision to scrap the bonuses, and decides to reinstate them (with Clark getting an add-on of 20% of his salary).
The family head outside, with Rocky and Ruby Sue believing they see Santa Claus in the distance. Clark tells them it's actually the Christmas Star and that he finally realizes what the holiday means to him. Uncle Lewis says the light is coming from the sewage treatment plant; reminding Clark that Eddie had been dumping his sewage into a storm drain. Before Clark can stop him, Uncle Lewis tosses a lit match, triggering an explosion. Aunt Bethany starts singing "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the whole family and the SWAT team join in, gazing at Clark's Santa Claus and reindeer set burning and flying into the distance. The entire family and the SWAT team members then celebrate inside the house, while Clark and Ellen happily share a Christmas kiss.
Cast[edit]
Chevy Chase as Clark Griswold
Beverly D'Angelo as Ellen Griswold
Juliette Lewis as Audrey Griswold
Johnny Galecki as Russ Griswold
John Randolph as Clark W. Griswold Sr.
Diane Ladd as Nora Griswold
E.G. Marshall as Art Smith
Doris Roberts as Frances Smith
Randy Quaid as Cousin Eddie
Miriam Flynn as Cousin Catherine
Cody Burger as Rocky
Ellen Hamilton Latzen as Ruby Sue
William Hickey as Uncle Lewis
Mae Questel as Aunt Bethany
Sam McMurray as Bill
Nicholas Guest as Todd Chester
Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Margo Chester
Brian Doyle-Murray as Frank Shirley
Natalia Nogulich as Helen Shirley
Production[edit]
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation originated from a short story by writer John Hughes called "Christmas '59," which was published in the December 1980 issue of National Lampoon magazine.[6] "The studio came to me and begged for another one, and I only agreed because I had a good story to base it on," said Hughes. "But those movies have become little more than Chevy Chase vehicles."[7] Director Chris Columbus initially was to direct the film, but due to a personality clash between him and Chevy Chase, Columbus left the film and was replaced by Chechik. Hughes eventually gave Columbus the script to Home Alone.[8].
Principal photography began on March 27, 1989 in Summit County, Colorado,[9] with footage shot in Silverthorne, Breckenridge, and Frisco.[10] From there the production moved to Warner Bros. Studio Facilities in Burbank, California, where the set of the Griswold family's house is located.[11]
Music[edit]
The musical score for National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation was composed by Angelo Badalamenti. It is the only installment of the Vacation film series not to include Lindsey Buckingham's "Holiday Road". In its place is a song entitled "Christmas Vacation" that was written for the movie by the husband-wife songwriting team of Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil and performed by Mavis Staples of The Staple Singers fame.[12] The song was covered in 2007 by High School Musical star Monique Coleman for the 2007 Christmas album Disney Channel Holiday.[13]
Despite several popular songs being present in the film, no official soundtrack album was released. In 1999, a bootleg copy containing music featured in the film along with select cuts of dialogue dubbed as the "10th Anniversary Limited Edition" began to appear on Internet auction sites with the claim that Warner Bros. and RedDotNet had pressed 20,000 CDs for Six Flags Magic Mountain employees to sell to customers entering the park.[14] However, while the discs were individually numbered out of 20,000, only 7,000 were sold as a part of an on demand production printed at gift shop kiosks within the park.[15] Forums on movie music sites such as SoundtrackCollector later declared the disc to be a bootleg due to its inaccuracies.[16] For instance, the cut "Christmas Vacation Medley" (claiming to be the work of composer Angelo Badalamenti) is really a track called "Christmas at Carnegie Hall" from Home Alone 2: Lost in New York by composer John Williams and does not actually contain any of Badalamenti's Christmas Vacation score.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The movie debuted at #2 at the box-office while grossing $11,750,203 during the opening weekend, behind Back to the Future Part II.[17] The movie eventually topped the box-office charts in its third week of release and remained #1 the following weekend. It went on to gross a total of $71,319,546 in the United States while showing in movie theaters.[18]
Critical response[edit]
At the time of the film's release, the film received mixed to positive reviews; however, over time, many have cited it as a Christmas classic. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 64% of 36 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.2 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "While Christmas Vacation may not be the most disciplined comedy, it's got enough laughs and good cheer to make for a solid seasonal treat."[19]
Entertainment magazine Variety responded positively to the film stating, "Solid family fare with plenty of yocks, National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation is Chevy Chase and brood doing what they do best. Despite the title, which links it to previous pics in the rambling Vacation series, this third entry is firmly rooted at the Griswold family homestead, where Clark Griswold (Chase) is engaged in a typical over-reaching attempt to give his family a perfect, old-fashioned Christmas."[20] Rita Kempley of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review explaining that "it will prove pater-familiar to fans of the 1983 original and the European Vacation sequel. Only it's a bit more whimsical."[21]
Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a mediocre review explaining that the "third look at the quintessentially middle-American Griswold family, led by Clark and the very patient Ellen is only a weary shadow of the original National Lampoon's Vacation." Maslin went on to say that "the best thing the new film does is to bring back Cousin Eddie, the wily, scene-stealing slob whose disgusting habits are a source of considerable amusement."[22] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two out of four stars saying, "The movie is curious in how close it comes to delivering on its material: Sequence after sequence seems to contain all the necessary material, to be well on the way toward a payoff, and then it somehow doesn't work."[23]
See also[edit]
List of National Lampoon films
List of theatrical Christmas films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harmetz, Ajean (December 7, 1989). "It's Fade-Out for the Cheap Film As Hollywood's Budgets Soar". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Yule Love 'Em". Entertainment Weekly. November 29, 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Durrett, Mike. "Top 10 Christmas and New Year's Comedy Movies". About.com. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Leo, Alex (December 16, 2012). "The 10 Funniest Christmas Movies Of All Time". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Quin, Eleanor. "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation". Turner Classic Movies. Turner Entertainment. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ham, William. "Straight Outta Sherman: An Interview with John Hughes". Lollipop Magazine Online. Archived from the original on August 19, 2000. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Madison, Ira III. "Chris Columbus Directed Home Alone Instead of Christmas Vacation Because He Met Chevy Chase". Vulrure. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation". afi.com. American Film Institute. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) - Locations". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blake, Lindsay (December 24, 2013). "Scene It Before: The Griswold House from National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation". Los Angeles. Emmis Communications. Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Willis, John (December 8, 1990). "Screen World: 1990 Film Annual". Screen World. Crown Publishing Group. 41: 121.
Jump up ^ Lace, Beverly (January 30, 2011). The Musical Life of Monique Coleman. p. 5. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Stitzel, Kelly (December 5, 2009). "Soundtrack Saturday: "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation"". Popdose. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation - 10th Anniversary Movie Soundtrack". mapsshops.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Christmas Vacation - Soundtrack Details". SoundtrackCollector. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for December 1-3, 1989". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Christmas Vacation (1989)". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation". Variety. 1989. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kempley, Rita (December 1, 1989). "'National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation' (PG-13)". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (December 1, 1989). "Reviews/Film; On Vacation Once Again". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (December 1, 1989). "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation
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National Lampoon's Vacation
Films
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
Vegas Vacation (1997)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation 2 (2003)
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Films directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
Arrive Alive (1990-1991, unfinished)
Benny & Joon (1993)
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Diabolique (1996)
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Meltdown (2004)
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The Right Kind of Wrong (2013)
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Sixteen Candles (1984)
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Weird Science (1985)
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She's Having a Baby (1988)
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National Lampoon's Class Reunion (1982)
Mr. Mom (1983)
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Nate and Hayes (1983)
National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985)
Pretty in Pink (1986)
Some Kind of Wonderful (1987)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
Home Alone (1990)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Dutch (1991)
Beethoven (1992)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
Baby's Day Out (1994)
Miracle on 34th Street (1994)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Flubber (1997)
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Reach the Rock (1998)
Just Visiting (2001)
Maid in Manhattan (2002, story)
Drillbit Taylor (2008, original character)
Related
Don't You Forget About Me (2009 documentary)
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