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America the Beautiful
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For other uses, see America the Beautiful (disambiguation).
"Materna" redirects here. For other uses, see Materna (disambiguation).
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America the Beautiful
Patriotic song of the United States
Also known as
"Pikes Peak" (lyrics)
"Materna" (music)
Lyrics
Katharine Lee Bates, 1895
Music
Samuel A. Ward, 1883
Published
1910
Audio sample
"America the Beautiful", as performed by the United States Navy Band.
file
help
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Historical marker at Grace Church in Newark where Samuel Ward worked as organist, and wrote and perfected the tune "Materna" that is used for "America the Beautiful".
"America the Beautiful" is an American patriotic song. The lyrics were written by Katharine Lee Bates, and the music was composed by church organist and choirmaster Samuel A. Ward at Grace Episcopal Church in Newark, New Jersey.[1] The two never met.[2]
Bates originally wrote the words as a poem, "Pikes Peak", first published in the Fourth of July edition of the church periodical The Congregationalist in 1895. At that time, the poem was titled "America" for publication. Ward had originally written the music, "Materna", for the hymn "O Mother dear, Jerusalem" in 1882, though it was not first published until 1892.[3] Ward's music combined with the Bates poem was first published in 1910 and titled America the Beautiful. The song is one of the most popular of the many U.S. patriotic songs.[4]
Contents
1 History
2 Lyrics
3 Popular versions
4 Idioms
5 Books
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Commemoration plaque atop Pikes Peak in July 1999
In 1893, at the age of 33, Bates, an English professor at Wellesley College, had taken a train trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, to teach a short summer school session at Colorado College.[5] Several of the sights on her trip inspired her, and they found their way into her poem, including the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the "White City" with its promise of the future contained within its gleaming white buildings;[6] the wheat fields of America's heartland Kansas, through which her train was riding on July 16; and the majestic view of the Great Plains from high atop Pikes Peak.[7][8]
On the pinnacle of that mountain, the words of the poem started to come to her, and she wrote them down upon returning to her hotel room at the original Antlers Hotel. The poem was initially published two years later in The Congregationalist to commemorate the Fourth of July. It quickly caught the public's fancy. Amended versions were published in 1904 and 1911.
The first known melody written for the song was sent in by Silas Pratt when the poem was published in The Congregationalist. By 1900, at least 75 different melodies had been written.[9] A hymn tune composed in 1882 by Samuel A. Ward, the organist and choir director at Grace Church, Newark, was generally considered the best music as early as 1910 and is still the popular tune today. Just as Bates had been inspired to write her poem, Ward, too, was inspired. The tune came to him while he was on a ferryboat trip from Coney Island back to his home in New York City after a leisurely summer day and he immediately wrote it down. Supposedly, he was so anxious to capture the tune in his head, he asked fellow passenger friend Harry Martin for his shirt cuff to write the tune on. He composed the tune for the old hymn "O Mother Dear, Jerusalem", retitling the work "Materna". Ward's music combined with Bates's poem were first published together in 1910 and titled "America the Beautiful".[10]
Ward died in 1903, not knowing the national stature his music would attain since the music was only first applied to the song in 1904. Bates was more fortunate since the song's popularity was well established by the time of her death in 1929.[9]
At various times in the more than 100 years that have elapsed since the song was written, particularly during the John F. Kennedy administration, there have been efforts to give "America the Beautiful" legal status either as a national hymn or as a national anthem equal to, or in place of, "The Star-Spangled Banner", but so far this has not succeeded. Proponents prefer "America the Beautiful" for various reasons, saying it is easier to sing, more melodic, and more adaptable to new orchestrations while still remaining as easily recognizable as "The Star-Spangled Banner". Some prefer "America the Beautiful" over "The Star-Spangled Banner" due to the latter's war-oriented imagery. Others prefer "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the same reason. While that national dichotomy has stymied any effort at changing the tradition of the national anthem, "America the Beautiful" continues to be held in high esteem by a large number of Americans.[citation needed]
This song was used as the background music of the television broadcast of the Tiangong-1 launch.[11]
The song is often included in songbooks in a wide variety of religious congregations in the United States.
Lyrics[edit]
"America the Beautiful"
Performed by the United States Navy Band and Sea Chanters, arr. Carmen Dragon
"America the Beautiful"
United States Army Band Brass version
"America the Beautiful"
1953 performance by the United States Marine Band
"America the Beautiful"
Performed by the Second Marine Aircraft Wing Band of Cherry Point, North Carolina.
Problems playing these files? See media help.
America. A Poem for July 4.
Original poem (1893)[12]

O beautiful for halcyon skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the enameled plain!
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee,
Till souls wax fair as earth and air
And music-hearted sea!

O beautiful for pilgrim feet
Whose stern, impassioned stress
A thoroughfare for freedom beat
Across the wilderness!
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee
Till paths be wrought through wilds of thought
By pilgrim foot and knee!

O beautiful for glory-tale
Of liberating strife,
When once or twice, for man's avail,
Men lavished precious life!
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee
Till selfish gain no longer stain,
The banner of the free!

O beautiful for patriot dream
That sees beyond the years
Thine alabaster cities gleam
Undimmed by human tears!
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee
Till nobler men keep once again
Thy whiter jubilee!
1904 version[citation needed]

O beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the fruited plain!
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee,
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea!

O beautiful for pilgrim feet
Whose stern impassioned stress
A thoroughfare for freedom beat
Across the wilderness.
America! America!
God mend thine ev'ry flaw,
Confirm thy soul in self-control,
Thy liberty in law.

O beautiful for glorious tale
Of liberating strife,
When valiantly for man's avail
Men lavish precious life.
America! America!
May God thy gold refine
Till all success be nobleness,
And ev'ry gain divine.

O beautiful for patriot dream
That sees beyond the years
Thine alabaster cities gleam
Undimmed by human tears.
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee,
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea.
1911 version[13]

O beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the fruited plain!
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea!

O beautiful for pilgrim feet,
Whose stern, impassioned stress
A thoroughfare for freedom beat
Across the wilderness!
America! America!
God mend thine every flaw,
Confirm thy soul in self-control,
Thy liberty in law!

O beautiful for heroes proved
In liberating strife,
Who more than self their country loved
And mercy more than life!
America! America!
May God thy gold refine,
Till all success be nobleness,
And every gain divine!

O beautiful for patriot dream
That sees beyond the years
Thine alabaster cities gleam
Undimmed by human tears!
America! America!
God shed His grace on thee
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea!
Portrait of Katharine Lee Bates, ca. 1880-1890.
Popular versions[edit]
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).
In 1976, while the United States celebrated its bicentennial, a soulful version popularized by Ray Charles peaked at number 98 on the US R&B Charts[14] and is included on the soundtrack for the movie The Sandlot.
Three different renditions of the song have entered the Hot Country Songs charts. The first was by Charlie Rich, which went to number 22 in 1976.[15] A second, by Mickey Newbury, peaked at number 82 in 1980.[16] An all-star version of "America the Beautiful" performed by country singers Trace Adkins, Sherrié Austin, Billy Dean, Vince Gill, Carolyn Dawn Johnson, Toby Keith, Brenda Lee, Lonestar, Lyle Lovett, Lila McCann, Lorrie Morgan, Jamie O'Neal, The Oak Ridge Boys, Collin Raye, Kenny Rogers, Keith Urban and Phil Vassar reached number 58 in July 2001. The song re-entered the chart following the September 11 attacks.[17]
A punk rock adaptation of the song was recorded in 1976 by New York band The Dictators, and released on their album Every Day is Saturday.[18]
Popularity of the song increased greatly following the September 11 attacks; at some sporting events it was sung in addition to the traditional singing of the national anthem. During the first taping of the Late Show with David Letterman following the attacks, CBS newsman Dan Rather cried briefly as he quoted the fourth verse.[19]
For Super Bowl XLVIII, The Coca-Cola Company aired a multilingual version of the song, sung in several different languages. The commercial received some criticism on social media sites, such as Twitter and Facebook, and from some conservatives, such as Glenn Beck.[20][21][22] Despite the controversies, Coca-Cola later reused the Super Bowl ad during Super Bowl LI, the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics and for patriotic holidays.[23][24]
Idioms[edit]
"From sea to shining sea", originally used in the charters of some of the English Colonies in North America, is an American idiom meaning "from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean" (or vice versa). Other songs that have used this phrase include the American patriotic song "God Bless the U.S.A." and Schoolhouse Rock's "Elbow Room". The phrase and the song are also the namesake of the Shining Sea Bikeway, a bike path in Bates's hometown of Falmouth, Massachusetts. The phrase is similar to the Latin phrase "A Mari Usque Ad Mare" ("From sea to sea"), which serves as the official motto of Canada.[25]
"Purple mountain majesties" refers to the shade of the Pikes Peak in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which inspired Bates to write the poem.[26]
Books[edit]
Lynn Sherr's 2001 book America the Beautiful discusses the origins of the song and the backgrounds of its authors in depth. The book points out that the poem has the same meter as that of "Auld Lang Syne"; the songs can be sung interchangeably. Additionally, Sherr discusses the evolution of the lyrics, for instance, changes to the original third verse written by Bates.[27] The song appears in Ellen Raskin's The Westing Game.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'America the Beautiful' began in Newark | Di Ionno". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andy Pease, "America the Beautiful Archived February 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.", Wind Band Literature, July 1, 2014; accessed 2018.02.27.
Jump up ^ McKim, LindaJo (1993). The Presbyterian Hymnal Companion. Louisville, Kentucky: John Knox Press. p. 379. ISBN 9780664251802. Retrieved 2012-06-22. (McKim notes that Ward mailed a friend a postcard in which he stated the hymn had been composed in 1882, however).
Jump up ^ "Materna (O Mother Dear, Jerusalem) / Samuel Augustus Ward [hymnal]:Print Material Full Description: Performing Arts Encyclopedia, Library of Congress". Lcweb2.loc.gov. October 30, 2007. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ COONEY, BETH (November 9, 2001). "A Stirring Story Behind 'America the Beautiful'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "No. 1238: 1893 Exhibition". www.uh.edu. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "America the Beautiful". The Library of Congress. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ponder, Melinda M. (2017). Katharine Lee Bates: From Sea to Shining Sea.Chicago, IL: Windy City Publishers. ISBN 9781941478479
^ Jump up to: a b Ace Collins (August 30, 2009). Stories Behind the Hymns That Inspire America: Songs That Unite Our Nation. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-86685-5. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Collins, Ace (2003). Songs Sung Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. Harper. p. 19. ISBN 0-06-051304-7.
Jump up ^ Murray, Warren (September 30, 2011). "Rocket's red glaring error: China sets space launch to America the Beautiful". the Guardian. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bates, Katherine Lee (1897). "America. A Poem for July 4". The American Kitchen Magazine. 7: 151. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
Jump up ^ Bates, Katharine Lee (1911). America the Beautiful and Other Poems. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Ray Charles discography
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 350. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, p. 297
Jump up ^ Whitburn, p. 24
Jump up ^ "The Dictators - Every Day Is Saturday". Discogs. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (September 18, 2001). "Dan Rather's tears; Journalists don't cry on camera. That was before last week". Salon.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Coca Cola's Super Bowl ad angers conservatives". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Coca-Cola Super Bowl ad: Can you believe this reaction?". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (February 2, 2014). "Coca-Cola's "It's Beautiful" Super Bowl Ad Brings Out Some Ugly Americans". Time. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "It's Beautiful" Commercial Archived November 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. by the Coca-Cola Company Press Center. February 5, 2017
Jump up ^ "Coca-Cola ran a Super Bowl commercial about diversity and inclusion and people are mad". SB Nation. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin, Gary. "From sea to shining sea". Phrases.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.americanheritage.org/Elementary_Extraction_15-America_the_Beautiful_TX.pdf Archived September 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sherr, Lynn (2001). America the Beautiful: The Stirring True Story Behind Our Nation's Favorite Song. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-58648-085-1. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003. ISBN 0060513047
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katharine Lee Bates America the Beautiful.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
America the Beautiful
MP3 and RealAudio recordings available at the United States Library of Congress
Free sheet music of America the Beautiful from Cantorion.org
Words, sheet music & MIDI file at the Cyber Hymnal
America the Beautiful Park in Colorado Springs named for Katharine Lee Bates' words.
Archival collection of America the Beautiful lantern slides from the 1930s.
Another free sheet music
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Martin Cooper (inventor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Martin Cooper
Martin Cooper in 2010
Born
(1928-12-26) December 26, 1928 (age 89)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Residence
Del Mar, California, United States
Nationality
American
Education
Illinois Institute of Technology (B.S.E.E.; M.S.E.E.)
Occupation
Inventor
Entrepreneur
Executive
Employer
Motorola
Founder & CEO of ArrayComm
Co-Founder & Chairman of Dyna LLC
Known for
Inventing handheld cellular mobile phone making world's first handheld cellular mobile phone call.
Spouse(s)
Arlene Harris (m. 1991)
Awards
Marconi Prize (2013)
Website
www.dynallc.com
Martin "Marty" Cooper (born December 26, 1928) is an American engineer. He is a pioneer in the wireless communications industry, especially in radio spectrum management, with eleven patents in the field. [1][2]
While at Motorola in the 1970s, Cooper invented the first handheld cellular mobile phone (distinct from the car phone) in 1973 and led the team that developed it and brought it to market in 1983.[3][4] He is considered the "father of the (handheld) cell phone"[1][3][5][6] and is also cited as the first person in history to make a handheld cellular phone call in public.[7]
Cooper is co-founder of numerous communications companies with his wife and business partner Arlene Harris;[8] He is co-founder and current Chairman of Dyna LLC, in Del Mar, California. Cooper also sits on committees supporting the U.S. Federal Communications Commission[9] and the United States Department of Commerce.
Contents
1 Education
2 Career
2.1 Motorola
2.2 Cellular Business Systems
2.3 Dyna LLC
2.4 GreatCall, Inc
2.5 Arraycomm
3 Cooper's law
4 Publications
4.1 Latest publications
5 Awards and affiliations
6 References
7 External links
Education[edit]
Martin was born in Hernando to Ukrainian Jewish Immigrants.[10][11][12] He graduated from Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 1950. After graduating he served as a submarine officer during the Korean War.[1] In 1957, he earned his master's degree from IIT in electrical engineering and in 2004 received an honorary doctorate degree from IIT. He serves on the university's board of trustees.
Career[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Motorola[edit]
Cooper left his first job at Teletype Corporation in Chicago in 1954 and joined Motorola, Inc. (Schaumburg, Illinois) as a senior development engineer in the mobile equipment group. He developed products including the first cellular-like portable handheld police radio system, produced for the Chicago police department in 1967. [13][14]
By the early 1970s, Cooper headed up Motorola's communications systems division.[7] Here he conceived of the first portable cellular phone in 1973 and led the 10-year process of bringing it to market.[5] Car phones had been in limited use in large U.S. cities since the 1930s but Cooper championed cellular telephony for more general personal, portable communications.[15] . He saw the cellular phone should be a "personal telephone – something that would represent an individual so you could assign a number; not to a place, not to a desk, not to a home, but to a person." [7] While it has been stated Cooper's vision for the device was inspired by Captain James T. Kirk using his Communicator on the television show Star Trek,[16] Cooper himself later said that his actual inspiration was Dick Tracy's wrist radio.[17]
Top management at Motorola supported Cooper's mobile phone concept, investing $100 million between 1973 and 1993 before any revenues were realized.[18] Cooper assembled a team that designed and assembled a product in less than 90 days. That original handset, called the DynaTAC 8000x (DYNamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage) weighed 2.5 pounds (1.1 kg), measured 10 inches (25 cm) long and was dubbed "the brick" or "the shoe" phone.[19] A very substantial part of the DynaTAC was the battery which weighed four to five times more than a modern cell phone.[4] The phone had only 20 minutes of talk time before requiring a 10-hour recharge but according to Cooper, "The battery lifetime wasn't really a problem because you couldn't hold that phone up for that long!" By 1983 and after four iterations, the handset was reduced to half its original weight.
Cooper is the lead inventor named on "radio telephone system" filed on October 17, 1973, with the U.S. Patent Office and later issued as U.S. Patent 3,906,166.[20] John Francis Mitchell, Motorola's Chief of Portable Communication Products (and Cooper's Manager and Mentor) and the engineers who worked for Cooper and Mitchell are also named on the patent.
On April 3, 1973, Cooper and Mitchell demonstrated two working phones to the media and to passers-by prior to walking into a scheduled press conference at the New York Hilton in midtown Manhattan. Standing on Sixth avenue near the Hilton, Cooper made the first handheld cellular phone call in public from the prototype DynaTAC. The call connected him to a base station Motorola had installed on the roof of the Burlington House (now the AllianceBernstein Building) and into the AT&T land-line telephone system.[13] Reporters and onlookers watched as Cooper dialed the number of his chief competitor Dr. Joel S. Engel at ATT.[21] "Joel, this is Marty. I'm calling you from a cell phone, a real handheld portable cell phone." [22] That public demonstration landed the DynaTAC on the July 1973 cover of Popular Science Magazine.[13] As Cooper recalls from the experience: "I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the most dangerous things I have ever done in my life."
Cooper holding a DynaTAC cellphone in 2007
That first cell phone began a fundamental technology and communications market shift to making phone calls to a person instead of to a place.[3][19] Bell Labs had introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947, but their first systems were limited to car phones which required roughly 30 pounds (12 kg) of equipment in the trunk.[21] Motorola gained Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval for cellular licenses to be assigned to competing entities and prevented an AT&T monopoly on cellular service.[13]
Cooper worked at Motorola for 29 years; building and managing both its paging and cellular businesses. He also led the creation of trunked mobile radio, quartz crystals, oscillators, liquid crystal displays, piezo-electric components, Motorola A. M. stereo technology and various mobile and portable two-way radio product lines.
Cooper rose to Vice-President and Corporate Director of Research and Development at Motorola.[1] In addition to his work on the mobile cellular phone, he was instrumental in expanding the technology of pagers from use within a single building to use across multiple cities.[5] Cooper also worked with inventor Clifford L. Rose to fix a flaw in quartz crystals used in Motorola's radios which encouraged the Company to mass-produce the first crystals used in wrist watches.[5]
Cellular Business Systems[edit]
In 1983, the first commercial cellular phone service began operation in the United States and the DynaTAC phone became available to consumers at a list price of around $4,000 ($9,000 in 2011 dollars) but Cooper left Motorola before the launch. That year, he co-founded Cellular Business Systems, Inc. (CBSI), which came to dominate the cellular billing industry with 75 percent market share. In 1986, Cooper sold CBSI to Cincinnati Bell (now Convergys) for $23 million.
Dyna LLC[edit]
Cooper and his wife Arlene Harris founded Dyna LLC in 1986 as a home base for their developmental and support activities for the new companies, Subscriber Computing Inc., Cellular Pay Phone, Inc. (CPPI), SOS Wireless Communications and Accessible Wireless; the later two of which together created the underpinning for the creation of GreatCall, were all launched from Dyna LLC.
From his Dyna headquarters Cooper continues to write and lecture about wireless communications, technological innovation, the Internet and R&D management. He serves on industry, civic and national governmental groups including the U.S. Department of Commerce Spectrum Advisory Committee that advises the Secretary of Commerce of the United States on spectrum policy and the Federal Communication Commission's (FCC) Technological Advisory Council.
GreatCall, Inc[edit]
In 1986 Cooper co-founded Cellular Payphone Inc. (CPPI), the parent company of GreatCall, Inc., Innovator of the Jitterbug cell phone (in partnership with Samsung).[23] GreatCall is the first complete end-to-end value-added service provider in the cellular industry to focus on simplicity with primary emphasis on boomers and senior citizens.
Arraycomm[edit]
In 1992 Cooper co-founded Arraycomm a developer of software for mobile antenna technologies. Under his leadership, the Company grew from a seed-funded startup in San Jose, California, into the world leader in smart antenna technology with 400 patents issued or pending, worldwide.[24]
Cooper's law[edit]
Cooper found that the ability to transmit different radio communications simultaneously and in the same place has grown at the same pace since Guglielmo Marconi's first transmissions in 1895. This led Cooper to formulate the Law of Spectral Efficiency, otherwise known as Cooper's Law. The Law states that the maximum number of voice conversations or equivalent data transactions that can be conducted in all of the useful radio spectrum over a given area doubles every 30 months.[5][24]
Publications[edit]
Latest publications[edit]
“The Myth of Spectrum Scarcity” Position Paper, March 2010.
“Mobile WiMax – Fourth-Generation Wireless,” Bechtel Communications Technical Journal, September 2007.
“The Need for Simplicity,” in the anthology “Mobile Persuasion: 20 Perspectives on the Future of Behavior Change,” published by Stanford University in 2007.
“Antennas Get Smart” in Scientific American, July 2003.
“Personal Communications in 2025” for Eta Kappa Nu Electrical and Computer Engineering Honor Society, Autumn 2005.
“Everyone is Wrong” in Technology Review, June 2001.[25]
Awards and affiliations[edit]
Mensa.[26]
1984 – IEEE Centennial Medal and Fellow
1995 – Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award
1996 – Radio Club of America Fred Link Award and Life Fellow with the International Engineering Consortium
2000 – "Red Herring" Magazine Top Ten Entrepreneurs of 2000
2000 – RCR Wireless News Hall of Fame Inaugural Member
2002 – American Computer Museum George Stibitz Computer and Communications Pioneer Award
2002 – Wireless Systems Design Industry Leader Award
2006 – CITA Emerging Technologies Award
2007 – Wireless World Research Forum Fellow
2007 – Global Spec Great Moments Engineering Award
2008 – CE Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame Award
October 2008 – Wireless History Foundation, Top U.S. Wireless Innovators of All Time.
2009 – Prince of Asturias Award for scientific and technical research.[27]
2009 – Life Trustee, Illinois Institute of Technology
2010 – Radio Club of America, Lifetime Achievement Award
October 2010 – Member, National Academy of Engineering
2011 – Inaugural Mikhail Gorbachev: The Man Who Changed the World Awards Nominee
2011 – Webby Award for Lifetime Achievement
2012 – Washington Society of Engineers, Washington Award
2013 – Charles Stark Draper Prize, National Academy of Engineering
2013 – Marconi Prize[28]
2013 – Honorary doctorate awarded by the students and the rector of Hasselt University on the occasion of the university's 40th anniversary[29]
2014 IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu Eminent Member [1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2008. encyclopedia.com
Jump up ^ Companies Try to Create Room on Radio Spectrum, The New York Times, July 6, 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c A Chat With the Man Behind the Mobiles, BBC, April 21, 2003
^ Jump up to: a b Meet Marty Cooper, the Inventor of the Mobile Phone, BBC, April 23, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Father of the Cell Phone, Economist, June 4, 2009
Jump up ^ The Cell Phone: Marty Cooper's Big Idea, CBS News 60 Minutes, June 11, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c 38 years ago he made the first cell phone call, CNN. April 3, 2011
Jump up ^ Wireless Hall of Fame – Arlene Harris, RCR Wireless, May 26, 2007
Jump up ^ Carriers Warn of Crisis in Mobile Spectrum, The New York Times, April 17, 2012
Jump up ^ http://www.jewoftheweek.net/2011/12/14/jews-of-the-week-martin-cooper-joel-engel/
Jump up ^ http://jewishcurrents.org/april-3-the-first-cell-phone-call/
Jump up ^ http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/nomination/nomination2.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d Oehmke, Ted (January 6, 2000) Cell Phone Ruin the Opera? Meet the Culprit, The New York Times
Jump up ^ Reed, Brad (May 9, 2011) Meet the guy who made the first cellphone call 40 years ago today, Network World.
Jump up ^ Best Inventions of 2007, Time.
Jump up ^ "How William Shatner Changed the World—Martin Cooper, mobile phone inventor". Youtube. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Video interview with Marty Cooper". Scene World. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Inventor of the Cell Phone Says No to AT&T-Mobile, Yes to Apps, and More, PC Magazine, April 15, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Inventor of Cell Phone: We Knew Someday Everybody Would Have One, CNN Tech, July 9, 2010
Jump up ^ Cooper, Martin et al. "All Signaling" U.S. Patent 3,906,166, Issued September 1, 1975
^ Jump up to: a b April 3, 1973: Motorola Calls AT&T...by Cell, Wired, April 3, 2008
Jump up ^ Twitter, Telegram and Email: Famous First Lines, BBC News, March 21, 2011
Jump up ^ Cooper's Calling, ITP Net, April 21, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Antennas Get Smart, Scientific American, June 9, 2003
Jump up ^ "Everyone Is Wrong" | MIT Technology Review
Jump up ^ "They're Accomplished, They're Famous, and They're MENSANS". Mensa Bulletin. American Mensa (476): 25. July 2004. ISSN 0025-9543.
Jump up ^ "The fathers of the mobile phone and email, Prince of Asturias Award Laureates for Technical and Scientific Research" (Press release). Fundación Príncipe de Asturias. June 17, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ The Marconi Society
Jump up ^ Academische Openingszitting 2013–2014. uhasselt.be. September 27, 2013
External links[edit]
Marty Cooper interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network
MartyMobile on Twitter
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text:
Indian general election, 1951–52
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Indian general election, 1951
← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 →
All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha
245 seats were needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Leader
Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange
Party
INC CPI
Leader's seat
Phulpur Bombay City North
Seats won
364 16
Popular vote
47,665,875 3,484,401
Percentage
44.99% 3.29%
Prime Minister before election
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
Subsequent Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
The Indian general election of 1951–52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947.[1][2][3] Until this point, the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature. See the 'Durations' section below to find the time-range associated with these elections.
The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country. In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million.[4] Voter turnout was 45.7%.[5] In the 1952 Indian general election, Ravi Narayana Reddy from Telangana stood for the People's Democratic Front, (a pseudonym for the banned Communist Party of India), and polled more votes than Jawaharlal Nehru and also the first one entering in the parliament in independent India.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Parties
2 Constituencies
3 Results
4 Notable losses
5 Government formation
6 Duration
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Parties[edit]
Before Independent India went to the polls, two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC's supremacy. While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951, Dalit leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation (which was later named the Republican Party). Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad, whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani; the Socialist Party, which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan's leadership to boast of; and the Communist Party of India. However, these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress.
Constituencies[edit]
The first general elections, which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies, represented 25 Indian states. At that time, there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats.[6] The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s. There were also 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members.
Results[edit]
Party
Abbr.
Votes
%
Seats
Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 4
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 3
Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 3
Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0
Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16
Forward Bloc (Marxist) FB(M) 0.91 1
Forward Bloc (Ruiker) FB(R) 0.13 0
Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364
Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 1
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore) RCPI 0.06 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 3
Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 2
Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12
All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0
All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0
All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0
All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0
All People's Party APP 0.03 0
Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 1
Cochin Party CP 0.01 0
Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 3
Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6
Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0
Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0
Historical Research HR 0.00 0
Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0
Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 3
Justice Party JP 0.06 0
Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0
Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0
Khasi-Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0
Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0
Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0
Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0
Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 2
Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 1
National Party of India NPI 0.00 0
Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 2
Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7
Praja Party PP 0.02 0
Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0
Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Uttar Pradesh) RSP(UP) 0.02 0
Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 4
S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0
Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0
Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 4
Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0
Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 1
Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0
Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0
Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37
Nominated Anglo-Indians – – 2
Total 105,944,495 100 489
Notable losses[edit]
Scheduled Caste leader B. R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) (reserved seat) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 1,38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 1,23,576 votes.[7]:156 Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member. He contested by-poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress.
Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate, but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi.[8]
Government formation[edit]
The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings (3,784 hours), the highest recorded count of the number of sittings. The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957.
Duration[edit]
While Indian Government's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls, it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February–March 1952; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967, and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March, heavy snow impending free movement.[9] The rest of the India voted only in February–March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections. Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952. The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil (district) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh.[7]
See also[edit]
Election Commission of India
Indian presidential election, 1952
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Results 1951-52". Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters: Brahma
Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 572 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
Jump up ^ "General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramachandra Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
Jump up ^ David Gilmartin (2014). "Chapter 5: The paradox of patronage and the people's sovereignty". In Anastasia Pivliavsky. Patronage as Politics in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-107-05608-4.
Jump up ^ India's first voter in Himachal Pradesh, by Gautam Dhmeer, in the Deccan Herald; published 30 October 2012; retrieved 7 April 2014
Further reading[edit]
Guha, Ramachandra. "Democracy's Biggest Gamble," World Policy Journal, (Spring 2002) 19#1 pp. 95–103
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Every Which Way but Loose (film)
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Every Which Way but Loose
Promotional movie poster by Bob Peak
Directed by
James Fargo
Produced by
Robert Daley
Written by
Jeremy Joe Kronsberg
Starring
Clint Eastwood
Sondra Locke
Geoffrey Lewis
Ruth Gordon
John Quade
Music by
Steve Dorff
Cinematography
Rexford L. Metz
Edited by
Joel Cox
Ferris Webster
Production
company
The Malpaso Company
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
December 20, 1978 (1978-12-20)
Running time
114 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million[1]
Box office
$104.3 million[2]
Every Which Way but Loose is a 1978 American adventure comedy film, released by Warner Bros., produced by Robert Daley and directed by James Fargo. It stars Clint Eastwood in an uncharacteristic and offbeat comedy role, as Philo Beddoe, a trucker and brawler roaming the American West in search of a lost love while accompanied by his friend/manager, Orville, and his pet orangutan, Clyde. In the process Philo manages to cross a motley assortment of characters, including a pair of police officers and an entire motorcycle gang (the "Black Widows"), who end up pursuing him for revenge.
Eastwood's appearance in the film, after his string of spaghetti western and Dirty Harry roles, somewhat startled the film industry and he was reportedly advised against making it. Although it was panned by critics, the film went on to become an enormous success and became, along with its 1980 sequel Any Which Way You Can, two of the highest grossing Eastwood films. When adjusted for inflation, it still ranks as one of the top 200 highest-grossing films of all time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Title origin
5 Release
6 Soundtrack
7 Animal Cruelty
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Philo Beddoe is a truck driver living in the San Fernando Valley. He lives in a small house, with an orangutan named Clyde, behind that of his friend, Orville Boggs, and his mother. Philo makes money on the side as a bare-knuckle fighter; he is often compared to a legendary fighter named Tank Murdock.
One night Philo becomes smitten with Lynn Halsey-Taylor, an aspiring country music singer he meets at the Palomino Club, a local honky-tonk. His relationship with her seems to be going well until one day she and her camper disappear from the trailer park. Believing that he is falling for her, Philo decides to set off for Lynn's home in Denver, Colorado.
Along the way, he has a run-in with a motorcycle gang called "The Black Widows", who incur Philo's wrath after two gang members insult him and Clyde at a traffic light. Philo chases them down and takes their bikes (which he repaints, repairs, and resells), and every attempt they make to get even results in disaster. Philo also incurs the wrath of LAPD cop named Putnam, with whom he gets into a fight at the Palomino. Both the officer and the Widows learn of Philo's trip to Colorado and head off to find him.
Orville and Clyde accompany Philo to Denver, and on the way, they meet a woman named Echo who becomes Orville's girlfriend. They earn money along the way by booking fights for Philo. After a fight in a slaughterhouse, the man holding the money tries to stiff Philo. Echo fires two shots from a .38, and the man hands over the money.
Knowing that Philo has come to look for her, Lynn helps the Black Widows lure him into a trap. Philo sees Lynn and attempts to talk to her, but finds himself surrounded by the Widows. He manages to fight most of them until Orville intervenes. Using a garbage truck with a dumpster hoist, he dumps all the motorcycles into the back of the truck. The Widows charge the garbage truck, but Orville gets away. Philo, Echo, and Orville then escape.
Philo finally finds Lynn and she reveals her true nature to him. Hurt by her callousness, Philo says that he is the only one dumb enough to want to take her further than her bed. Lynn erupts in a fit of rage, striking him repeatedly until she collapses in tears.
Orville learns that Tank Murdock, based in the area, is ready to retire after one more fight. Orville makes the arrangements, and Philo faces his elderly nemesis. During the fight, the crowd, initially pro-Murdock, begins to insult him, with some murmurs that Philo is going to be the next Murdock. Philo lets his guard down, intentionally giving Murdock a clear shot, knocking Philo down for the count. Murdock, having regained the crowd's esteem, is allowed to retire undefeated. Clyde, Orville and Echo head home the next day.
Cast[edit]
Clint Eastwood as Philo Beddoe
Sondra Locke as Lynn Halsey-Taylor
Geoffrey Lewis as Orville Boggs
Beverly D'Angelo as Echo
Ruth Gordon as Zenobia "Ma" Boggs
John Quade as Cholla, The Biker Leader
Dan Vadis as Frank, Assistant Head Biker
Roy Jenson as Woody, Secretary Biker
Bill McKinney as Dallas, Treasurer Biker
William O'Connell as Elmo, Sergeant-At-Arms Biker
Jeremy Joe Kronsberg as Bruno, Biker
Gary Davis as Biker
Scott Dockstader as Biker
Orwin C. Harvey as Biker (as Orwin Harvey)
Gene LeBell as Biker
Chuck Waters as Biker
Jerry Wills as Biker
Judson Scott as Biker (uncredited)
James McEachin as Herb
Walter Barnes as Tank Murdock
Gregory Walcott as Putnam
Hank Worden as Trailer Court Manager
George Chandler as D.M.V. Clerk
Cary Michael Cheifer as Kincade's Manager
Manis as Clyde
Production[edit]
The script, written by Jeremy Joe Kronsberg, had been turned down by many other big production companies in Hollywood. Most of Eastwood's production team and his agents thought it was ill-advised.[3] Bob Hoyt, whom Eastwood had contacts with (through his Malpaso secretary Judy Hoyt and Eastwood's long-term friend Fritz Manes), thought it showed promise and eventually convinced Warner Brothers to buy it. An orangutan named Manis was brought in to play Clyde; also cast were Geoffrey Lewis as the dimwitted Orville, Beverly D'Angelo as his girlfriend, and Sondra Locke as Lynn Halsey-Taylor, the country and western barroom singer. Eastwood spoke about using the orangutan for the main role, "Clyde was one of the most natural actors I ever worked with! But you had to get him on the first take because his boredom level was very limited."[4]
The film has a contemporary western theme, displaying the blue collar aspects of the western United States, with many scenes shot in rural locations, cheap motel rooms, industrial facilities, and honky-tonk bars. The film was shot on location, including the California communities of Bakersfield, North Hollywood, San Fernando, Sun Valley, Ukiah, and Van Nuys. It was also filmed in Colorado, including parts of Denver, Aurora and historic Georgetown. A few scenes were also filmed in Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Taos, all in New Mexico.
Title origin[edit]
The film's title refers to the eponymous Eddie Rabbitt song from the soundtrack, in which the singer complains that his girlfriend turns him "every which way but loose"; i.e., he cannot bring himself to leave her although he is more of a freewheeling character.
Release[edit]
Upon its release, the film was a surprising success and became Eastwood's most commercially successful film at the time. It ranks high amongst those of his career, and was the second-highest-grossing film of 1978.[5] It was panned by the critic David Ansen of Newsweek, who described the film as a "plotless junk heap of moronic gags, sour romance and fatuous fisticuffs."[5] Ansen continued, "The only decent part is played by an orangutan. One can forgive [his] participation—he couldn't read the script—but what is Eastwood's excuse?"[1] Variety commented that, "This film is so awful it's almost as if Eastwood is using it to find out how far he can go—how bad a film he can associate himself with."[5]
Soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack album included many successful country music hits, two new songs of which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1979: the title track "Every Which Way but Loose" by Eddie Rabbitt and "Coca-Cola Cowboy" by Mel Tillis; also included was "Behind Closed Doors" by Charlie Rich, which had reached the No. 1 spot on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1973. Both Rich and Tillis had other songs reach the top 5 of the country chart: Rich's "I'll Wake You Up When I Get Home" (No. 3) and Tillis' "Send Me Down to Tucson" (No. 2).
Songwriter Snuff Garrett was hired to write songs for the film, including three for Sondra Locke's character, something which proved problematic as Locke was not a professional singer.[6] Locke, who appears as Eastwood's love interest, performs several musical numbers in the film as well.
In addition to "Behind Closed Doors," a 1960 song by Hank Thompson, "A Six Pack to Go," was featured in the film and included on the soundtrack.
Animal Cruelty[edit]
According to a book by anthropologist Jane Goodall, the orangutan used in the movie, Manis, was trained with a can of mace and a pipe wrapped in newspaper, a common way of training great apes used in movies at the time. His successor for the sequel, an orangutan named Buddha, was beaten to death with an ax handle by its trainer for stealing doughnuts from the set.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hughes, p.119
Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Every Which Way but Loose. The Numbers. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ McGilligan (1999), p. 293
Jump up ^ Munn, p. 166
^ Jump up to: a b c McGilligan (1999), p.302
Jump up ^ McGilligan (1999), p. 299
Jump up ^ "'Every which way but abuse' should be motto". Los Angeles Times.
Bibliography[edit]
Hughes, Howard (2009). Aim for the Heart. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-902-7.
McGilligan, Patrick (1999). Clint: The Life and Legend. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-638354-8.
Munn, Michael (1992). Clint Eastwood: Hollywood's Loner. London: Robson Books. ISBN 0-86051-790-X.
Schickel, Richard (1996). Clint Eastwood: A Biography. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0679429746.
External links[edit]
Every Which Way but Loose on IMDb
Every Which Way but Loose at Rotten Tomatoes
Every Which Way but Loose at AllMovie
Every Which Way but Loose at the TCM Movie Database
Every Which Way but Loose at the American Film Institute Catalog
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by James Fargo
The Enforcer (1976)
Caravans (1978)
Every Which Way but Loose (1978)
Game for Vultures (1979)
Forced Vengeance (1982)
Voyage of the Rock Aliens (1984)
Born to Race (1988)
Riding the Edge (1989)
Second Chances (1998)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Every_Which_Way_but_Loose_(film)&oldid=842203957"
Categories:
1978 films
English-language films
1970s action films
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Boxing films
Country music films
Films about apes
Underground fighting films
Films directed by James Fargo
Warner Bros. films
Films set in the San Fernando Valley
Films shot in Wyoming
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Buganda Agreement (1900)
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"Buganda Agreement" redirects here. For the 1955 treaty, see Buganda Agreement (1955).
The Buganda Agreement (alternatively the Uganda Agreement) of March 1900 formalised the relationship between the Kingdom of Buganda and the British Uganda Protectorate.[1] Buganda would henceforth be a province of the Protectorate, and would be transformed into a constitutional monarchy with the power of the Lukiko (advisory council) greatly enhanced and the role of the Kabaka (king) reduced.[1] The British also gained the right to veto future choices of Kabaka, and control of numerous other appointments.[2]
The agreement was signed by Buganda's Katikiro Sir Apolo Kagwa, on the behalf of the Kabaka (Daudi Chwa) who was at that time an infant, and Sir Harry Johnston on the behalf of the British colonial government. The agreement solidified the power of the largely Protestant 'Bakungu' client-chiefs, led by Kagwa. London sent only a few officials to administer the country, relying primarily on the Bakungu chiefs. For decades they were preferred because of their political skills, their Christianity, their friendly relations with the British, There are their ability to collect taxes, and the proximity of Entebbe (the Uganda capital) was close to the Buganda capital. By the 1920s the British administrators were more confident, and have less need for military or administrative support.[3]
By fixing the northern boundary of Buganda as the River Kafu, the agreement formalised Henry Colvile's 1894 promise that Buganda would receive the territories in exchange for their support against the Bunyoro.[citation needed] Two of the 'lost counties' (Buyaga and Bugangaizi) were returned to the Bunyoro following the Ugandan lost counties referendum of 1964.[4]
The provisions concerning the roles of the Kabaka and Lukiiko were largely reversed by the Buganda Agreement of 1961.[2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Reid, Richard J. (2 March 2017). A History of Modern Uganda. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-1-107-06720-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Onek C. Adyanga (25 May 2011). Modes of British Imperial Control of Africa: A Case Study of Uganda, c.1890-1990. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 58–59, 138. ISBN 978-1-4438-3035-5.
Jump up ^ Twaddle, Michael (1969). "The Bakungu chiefs of Buganda under British colonial rule, 1900–1930.". Journal of African History. 10 (2).
Jump up ^ Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981). Uganda: a modern history. Taylor & Francis. pp. 200, 219–221. ISBN 978-0-85664-643-0.
External links[edit]
Full text of the agreement

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