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Pam Beesly
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Pam Beesly Halpert
The Office character
Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"Finale"
Created by
Greg Daniels
Portrayed by
Jenna Fischer
Information
Full name
Pamela Morgan Beesly[nb 1]
Gender
Female
Occupation
Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
(August 2003 - June 2011)
Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
Temporary Worker, Dunder Mifflin Corporate, New York City, NY
Sales Representative, Michael Scott Paper Company
Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton PA
Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton PA
Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
Freelance Mural Painter/Art Gallery Owner, Austin TX
Family
William Beesly (father, Rick Overton)
Helene Beesly (mother, Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl)
Penny Beesly (sister, Anna Camp)
Sylvia Beesly (grandmother, Peggy Stewart)
Jocelyne Webster (cousin)
Betsy Halpert (mother-in-law)
Gerald Halpert (father-in-law)
Tom Halpert (brother-in-law)
Pete Halpert (brother-in-law)
Spouse(s)
Jim Halpert (m. 2009)
Significant other(s)
Roy Anderson (ex-fiancé)
Children
Cecelia "CeCe" Marie Halpert[1]
Philip Halpert[1]
Religion
Presbyterian
Nationality
American
Based on
Dawn Tinsley
Pamela Morgan Halpert[nb 1] (née Beesly) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office, played by Jenna Fischer. Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley. Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until she left in the series finale. Her character is shy, growing assertive but amiable, and artistically inclined, and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert, whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues.
Contents
1 Casting and character development
2 Character history
2.1 Seasons 1–3
2.2 Seasons 4–6
2.3 Season 7
2.4 Season 8
2.5 Season 9
3 Coworker relations
3.1 Jim Halpert
3.2 Roy Anderson
3.3 Michael Scott
3.4 Toby Flenderson
4 Appearances
5 Notes
6 References
Casting and character development[edit]
The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart, Dawn Tinsley. Even minute details, such as how Pam wore her hair each day, were considered by executive producer, Greg Daniels.[4]
"When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, 'Please look normal'," recalls Jenna Fischer. "Don't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition. Those were her words. Dare to bore me."[5]
Heeding the advice, Fischer said little during the auditions, during which she was interviewed in character by show producers, in an improvisational format, to imitate the show's documentary premise. "My take on the character of Pam was that she didn't have any media training, so she didn't know how to be a good interview. And also, she didn't care about this interview," she told NPR. "So, I gave very short one-word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever, because I thought that the comedy would come out of just, you know, the real human reactions to the situation...and they liked that take on it."[5]
"When I went in to the audition, the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam — they said, 'Do you like working as a receptionist?' I said, 'No.' And that was it. I didn't speak any more than that. And they started laughing."[5]
Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on-screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam's history.[6] She created a rule with the set's hair and make-up department that it couldn't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair,[7] and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore [8] or where she went to college.[8] Fischer also carefully crafted Pam's quiet persona. "Well, my character of Pam is really stuck," she explained to NPR. "I mean, she's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she can express herself is in the silences, but you can say so much by not saying anything."[5]
Originally meek and passive, the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed, prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal. "I have to approach Pam differently [now]," she explained in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. "She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc."[6]
Character history[edit]
Seasons 1–3[edit]
At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam.
Pam does not want her current job to become permanent, remarking that "I don't think it's many little girls' dream to be a receptionist." Pam is apathetic toward her work, evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer. However, in the pilot episode, she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill-advised prank by telling her that she will be fired.
Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and (in a deleted scene) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone. Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim. She will do extra, unnecessary work (such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics) to make other people happy.
Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him.
While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin "Casino Night" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says "Yeah, I think I am" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing back.
Season three marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In "Gay Witch Hunt," the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of "The Merger", and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch (aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras.
Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back. Roy's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at "Casino Night." Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in "The Negotiation", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work (Jim is saved by Dwight's intervention), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim.
Pam participates in an art show, but few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that "real art requires courage." Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, "Beach Games", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying, framing and hanging Pam's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, "The Job," she leaves a friendly note in Jim's briefcase and an old memento depicting the 'gold medal' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he is asked how he "would function here in New York", Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton, still distracted by the thought of Pam. Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch.
Seasons 4–6[edit]
In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe.
In the season 4 premiere, "Fun Run", Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night.
In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back "the right way", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are "cool", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip".
Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance.[9] Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during "Double Date", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions.
In "The Delivery" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece.[10]
Season 7[edit]
In "Counseling", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In "China", Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost-cutting measures. Pam threatens to move the office to a new building, which Dwight discovers doesn't exist. Pam saves face, however, when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight's measures were not allowed. The episode is another example of Dwight's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam (as previously demonstrated in "The Injury", "Back from Vacation", "The Job" and "Diwali"); Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office. She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years, as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer, and giving Daryll three sick days. At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is, "Full on corrupt."
In "Goodbye, Michael", Pam almost misses saying good-bye to Michael, as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders. Jim figures out Michael's plan to leave early and tells her by text. Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves.
Season 8[edit]
At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after "Gettysburg". Pam returns in "Jury Duty", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both "Tallahassee" and "Test the Store" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy.
Season 9[edit]
Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business, Athlead, in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode "Andy's Ancestry". Although Pam is happy for his decision, she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested. Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia, but in "Customer Loyalty", the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears, and is comforted by Brian, the boom mic operator of the film crew.
In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision. In "A.A.R.M.", Pam tells Jim that she's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market, so that they can move to Austin, Texas, and take his job back at Athlead (now Athleap).
Coworker relations[edit]
From her years working the front desk, Pam has become well-acquainted with the Dunder-Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers' personalities, including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott. She uses this familiarity to manipulate them, often for their and the company's best interests (such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in "The Chump") but also occasionally for her own. This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position.
Jim Halpert[edit]
Main article: Jim Halpert
The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture.[11] Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.
Roy Anderson[edit]
Main article: Roy Anderson (The Office)
When the series begins, Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running. They finally set a date, but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute. They get back together once, briefly, but Pam is much more assertive, and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst. Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing, neglectful, dismissive of her desire to be an artist, and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine's Day. Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to "bother" Roy with her "thoughts or feelings". He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin.
In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In "Basketball", when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him).
In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim didn't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her.
Michael Scott[edit]
Main article: Michael Scott (The Office)
In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date (inspiring a horrified "WHAT???" from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam. Over time, the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals, her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael, and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them (as did Michael's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager). Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene, and excoriated him at length during "The Lover" before eventually slapping him in "Double Date", but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward. Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael can't cross, like telling him that he wasn't Cece's godfather. By Season 7, Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael, steering him away from (numerous) bad ideas and towards his (fewer but real) good ones, such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly. In Michael's finale "Goodbye, Michael", Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder, believing that the next day Michael was leaving. As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse, Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek. The two have a nice moment and he walks off, leaving her holding her shoes. She then tells the camera that he was happy, wanting to be an advanced rewards member, and was glad to be going home to see Holly. She then is there to watch Michael's plane take off. In a deleted scene from "The Inner Circle", we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy "Pamela Beagsley", and in "The List" she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child "Little Michael Scott", further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship.
Toby Flenderson[edit]
Main article: Toby Flenderson
Toby, the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch, has a secret crush on Pam. In "A Benihana Christmas" she gives him her Dunder-Mifflin bathrobe, a display of friendly affection, after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his. In Dunder Mifflin Infinity, Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing. In "Goodbye, Toby", Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam. On the eve of his departure, Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was "kind of cute". In "Niagara", Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen. In "Finale", Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight's wedding, with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him. When she asks, "is it me?", he replies that "it's everything!".
Appearances[edit]
Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of "Business Ethics" (except for the deleted scenes), "St. Patrick's Day", and "New Leads" in which only her voice is heard, and several season 8 episodes from "Mrs. California" to "Pool Party", where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave.[12]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Pam Beesly's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly (later Pamela Morgan Halpert). In "The Lover" Michael says to Pam, "Pamela Morgan Beesly, you need to apologize to your mother right now."[2] In "Did I Stutter?" Jim says to Pam, "You know what would energize me? If you, Pamela Morgan Beesly..."[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Halpert Baby Blog". Halpertbeesly.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Season 6 – Episode 06: 'The Lover'". OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Season 4 – Episode 12: 'Did I Stutter?'". OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Episode commentary, Season 2, "Valentine's Day"
^ Jump up to: a b c d "For Jenna Fischer, 'Office' Life Is A Great Act". NPR. 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD, "Valentine's Day", episode commentary
^ Jump up to: a b "Pam Beesly (Pam/Jenna) op Myspace". Myspace.com. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ "JK Wedding Entrance Dance". YouTube. 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ People Magazine, Week of 03/05/2010
Jump up ^ "The Office: Why Jim and Pam's wedding is good for TV comedy". NJ.com. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 8, 2011). "The Office Exclusive: 'Til Death's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam". TVLine. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
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text:
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroids is higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides.
The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).
Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources
Rank
Z, element & symbol
Abundance in crust (ppm) by source
Annual production
Darling[1]
Barbalace[2]
WebElements[3]
Israel Science and Technology[4]
Jefferson Lab[5]
(2016, tonnes)[6]
1 8 oxygen O 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000
2 14 silicon [A] Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000
3 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000
4 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000
5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500
6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000
7 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000
8 19 potassium K 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900
9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000
10 1 hydrogen H 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400
11 15 phosphorus P 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050
12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000
13 9 fluorine F 800 950 540 290 585
14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425
15 6 carbon C 300 480 1,800 940 200
16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000
17 16 sulfur S 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000
18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000
19 74 tungsten W 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400
20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000
21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145
22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000
23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90
24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000
25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000
26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000
27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5
28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5
29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39
30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000
31 7 nitrogen N 50 25 20 19 140,000,000
32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000
33 3 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000
34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000
35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19
36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22
37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000
38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05
39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6
40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2
41 5 boron B 950 8.7 10 9,400,000
42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2
43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2
44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0
45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5
46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2
47 55 caesium Cs 3 1.9 3
48 4 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220
49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000
50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0
51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119
52 73 tantalum Ta 2 1.7 2.0 1,100
53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155
54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000
55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500
56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3
57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2
58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52
59 35 bromine Br 0.37 3 2.4 391,000
60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10
61 71 lutetium[7] Lu 0.5
62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000
63 53 iodine I 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600
64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000
65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000
66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500
67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200
68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655
69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200
70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200
71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172
72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100
73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001
74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208
75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2
76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001
77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001
78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015
Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade
See also[edit]
Abundances of the elements (data page)
Primordial nuclide
List of chemical elements
Atmospheric chemistry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance". www.daviddarling.info. Archived from the original on 10 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Jump up ^ Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Abundance in Earth's Crust". WebElements.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Jump up ^ "List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
Jump up ^ "It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements". Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Jump up ^ Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [1]. WNA.
Jump up ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 240–242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.
BookRags, Periodic Table.
World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth.
HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.
Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS [2].
Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=841884611"
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text:
List of metropolitan areas by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Population tables
of world cities
World's largest cities
World's largest cities proper
World's largest conurbations
World's largest urban areas
World megacities
World megalopolises
v
t
e
One concept which measures the world's largest cities is that of the metropolitan area, which is based on the concept of a labor market area and is typically defined as an employment core (an area with a high density of available jobs) and the surrounding areas that have strong commuting ties to the core. There is currently no generally accepted, globally consistent definition of exactly what constitutes a metropolitan area, thus making comparisons between cities in different countries especially difficult. However, for consistency, the sources on this article include official figures from governments only.
As an alternative to the metropolitan area, Eurostat introduced the concept of the Larger Urban Zone in 2004.[1] Similarly, OECD defines Functional Urban Areas for cities in OECD countries.[2] Both Larger Urban Zone and Functional Urban Area define a city as an urban core surrounded by a commuting zone, and so are similar to the general concept of the "metropolitan area". Eurostat only computes Larger Urban Zone populations for European Union member states, candidate members, and European Free Trade Area members. OECD computes Functional Urban Area populations for OECD member states. These two statistics are therefore not available for most developing countries.
List[edit]
Note: Due to a lack of accurate governmental data, this list is incomplete.
Rank
Metropolitan
Country
Official population
Year
1 Tokyo Japan 7007378328920000000♠37,832,892[3] 2016
2 Shanghai China 7007348652520000000♠34,865,252[4] 2010
3 Jakarta Indonesia 7007316895920000000♠31,689,592[5] 2015
4 Delhi India 7007264540000000000♠26,454,000[6] 2011
5 Seoul South Korea 7007255140000000000♠25,514,000[7] 2016
6 Karachi Pakistan 7007251000000000000♠25,100,000[8] 2016
7 Guangzhou China 7007250000000000000♠25,000,000[4] 2010
8 Beijing China 7007249000000000000♠24,900,000[4] 2010
9 Manila Philippines 7007246500000000000♠24,650,000[9] 2018
10 Shenzhen China 7007233000000000000♠23,300,000[4] 2010
11 Mexico City Mexico 7007216506680000000♠21,650,668[10] 2017
12 São Paulo Brazil 7007212429390000000♠21,242,939[11] 2016
13 Lagos Nigeria 7007210000000000000♠21,000,000[12] 2014
14 Mumbai India 7007207483950000000♠20,748,395[6] 2011
15 Cairo Egypt 7007205000000000000♠20,500,000[13] 2012
16 New York City United States 7007203208760000000♠20,320,876[14] 2017
17 Keihanshin (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe) Japan 7007193420000000000♠19,342,000[3] 2010
18 Wuhan China 7007190000000000000♠19,000,000[4] 2010
19 Chengdu China 7007181000000000000♠18,100,000[4] 2010
20 Dhaka Bangladesh 7007171519250000000♠17,151,925[15] 2011
21 Chongqing China 7007170000000000000♠17,000,000[4] 2010
22 Moscow Russia 7007168550000000000♠16,855,000[9] 2018
23 Tianjin China 7007154000000000000♠15,400,000[4] 2010
24 Istanbul Turkey 7007150292310000000♠15,029,231[16] 2017
25 Bangkok Thailand 7007146262250000000♠14,626,225[17] 2010
26 Kolkata India 7007146178820000000♠14,617,882[6] 2011
27 Tehran Iran 7007145959040000000♠14,595,904[18] 2011
28 London United Kingdom 7007140401630000000♠14,040,163[19] 2016
29 Hangzhou China 7007134000000000000♠13,400,000[4] 2010
30 Los Angeles United States 7007133539070000000♠13,353,907[14] 2017
31 Buenos Aires Argentina 7007130740000000000♠13,074,000[20] 2010
32 Xi'an China 7007129000000000000♠12,900,000[4] 2010
33 Changzhou China 7007124000000000000♠12,400,000[4] 2010
34 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo 7007123500000000000♠12,350,000[9] 2018
35 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 7007123301860000000♠12,330,186[11] 2016
36 Paris France 7007121428020000000♠12,142,802[19] 2016
37 Shantou China 7007120000000000000♠12,000,000[4] 2010
38 Nanjing China 7007117000000000000♠11,700,000[4] 2010
39 Rhine-Ruhr Germany 7007114717320000000♠11,471,732[21] 2006
40 Lahore Pakistan 7007110700000000000♠11,070,000[9] 2018
41 Jinan China 7007110000000000000♠11,000,000[4] 2010
42 Chennai India 7007105550000000000♠10,555,000[9] 2018
43 Harbin China 7007105000000000000♠10,500,000[4] 2010
44 Lima Peru 7006988664700000000♠9,886,647[22] 2015
45 Zhengzhou China 7006970000000000000♠9,700,000[4] 2010
46 Johannesburg South Africa 7006961600000000000♠9,616,000[23] 2016
47 Qingdao China 7006960000000000000♠9,600,000[4] 2010
48 Chicago United States 7006953304000000000♠9,533,040[14] 2017
49 Bogotá Colombia 7006928622500000000♠9,286,225[24] 2015
50 Chūkyō (Nagoya) Japan 7006910700000000000♠9,107,000[3] 2010
51 Bangalore India 7006891774900000000♠8,917,749[6] 2011
52 Bandung Indonesia 7006849592800000000♠8,495,928[25] 2014
53 Busan South Korea 7006820223900000000♠8,202,239[citation needed] 2014
54 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 7006780000000000000♠7,800,000[citation needed] 2017
55 Hyderabad India 7006774933400000000♠7,749,334[6] 2011
56 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 7006773957000000000♠7,739,570[26] 2016
57 Shenyang China 7006770000000000000♠7,700,000[4] 2010
58 Wenzhou China 7006760000000000000♠7,600,000[4] 2010
59 Milan Italy 7006750000000000000♠7,500,000[27] 2006
60 Hong Kong China 7006740980000000000♠7,409,800[28] 2017
61 Nanchang China 7006740000000000000♠7,400,000[4] 2010
62 Dallas-Fort Worth United States 7006739966200000000♠7,399,662[14] 2017
63 Yangon Myanmar 7006736070300000000♠7,360,703[29] 2014
64 Randstad Netherlands 7006710000000000000♠7,100,000[citation needed] 2016
65 Taipei–Keelung Taiwan 7006704548800000000♠7,045,488[30] 2013
66 Houston United States 7006689242700000000♠6,892,427[14] 2017
67 Santiago Chile 7006668385200000000♠6,683,852[31] 2012
68 Luanda Angola 7006654294400000000♠6,542,944[32] 2014
69 Surabaya Indonesia 7006648420600000000♠6,484,206[25] 2015
70 Madrid Spain 7006642427500000000♠6,424,275[19] 2016
71 Ahmedabad India 7006635225400000000♠6,352,254[6] 2011
72 Washington, D.C. United States 7006621658900000000♠6,216,589[14] 2017
73 Miami United States 7006615882400000000♠6,158,824[14] 2017
74 Philadelphia United States 7006609612000000000♠6,096,120[14] 2017
75 Berlin/Brandenburg Germany 7006600485700000000♠6,004,857[33] 2015
76 Toronto Canada 7006592804000000000♠5,928,040[34] 2016
77 Munich Germany 7006590000000000000♠5,900,000[35][33] 2014
78 Atlanta United States 7006588473600000000♠5,884,736[14] 2017
79 Belo Horizonte Brazil 7006587384100000000♠5,873,841[11] 2016
80 Amaravati India 7006587358800000000♠5,873,588[36] 2011
81 Frankfurt Rhine-Main Germany 7006582152300000000♠5,821,523[37] 2015
82 Singapore Singapore 7006553500000000000♠5,535,000[38] 2015
83 Barcelona Spain 7006544590400000000♠5,445,904[19] 2016
84 Ankara Turkey 7006534651800000000♠5,346,518[16] 2016
85 Caracas Venezuela 7006532231000000000♠5,322,310[39][40] 2015
86 Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman United Arab Emirates 7006530000000000000♠5,300,000[41] 2015
87 Stuttgart Germany 7006530000000000000♠5,300,000[42][33] 2015
88 Hamburg Germany 7006510000000000000♠5,100,000[33] 2015
89 Pune India 7006504996800000000♠5,049,968[6] 2011
90 Sydney Australia 7006500540000000000♠5,005,400[43] 2016
91 Guadalajara Mexico 7006490928700000000♠4,909,287[10] 2017
92 Boston United States 7006483653100000000♠4,836,531[14] 2017
93 Alexandria Egypt 7006477800000000000♠4,778,000[44] 2015
94 Phoenix United States 7006473727000000000♠4,737,270[14] 2017
95 San Francisco–Oakland United States 7006472735700000000♠4,727,357[14] 2017
96 Melbourne Australia 7006464163600000000♠4,641,636[45] 2016
97 Kabul Afghanistan 7006463500000000000♠4,635,000[46] 2015
98 Monterrey Mexico 7006460325400000000♠4,603,254[10] 2017
99 Surat India 7006458536700000000♠4,585,367[6] 2011
100 Riverside-San Bernardino United States 7006458067000000000♠4,580,670[14] 2017
See also[edit]
List of metropolitan areas that overlap multiple countries
List of urban areas by population
Lists of metropolitan areas by region[edit]
Africa
Americas
North America
Asia
Europe
South America
Lists of metropolitan areas by country or region[edit]
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
China (including Hong Kong and Macau)
European Union
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Iran
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Netherlands
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014-2020, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "OEDC Populations in cities". OEDC. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Table 2.10 Population of Three Major Metropolitan Areas". Statistics Bureau of Japan. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015. OECD. 18 Apr 2015. p. 37. doi:10.1787/9789264230040-en. ISBN 9789264230033.
Jump up ^ "Data Jumlah Penduduk Jabodetabek (2014)". finance.detik.com. Detik.com. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
Jump up ^ ???? : ???? ???? (in Korean). Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas. "The Principal Agglomerations of the World". City Population. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Urban agglomeration only: "Demographia World Urban Areas, 14th Annual Edition" (PDF). April 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2018.
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Jump up ^ "wed'eat tewes'eh shhera aaran negurankenenedh aset/ shherhaa aqemara theran beraa ferewesh heram mesabeqh gudashethaned - peaaguah khebera wezaret rah w shheresaza" وضعیت توسعه شهری ایران نگران‌کننده است/ شهرهای اقماری تهران برای فروش حریم مسابقه گذاشته‌اند - پایگاه خبری وزارت راه و شهرسازی [Urban development situation concerning Iran / Tehran satellite cities have to sell space race - News Ministry of Roads and Urban Development].
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