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Tennis scoring system
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Final score of the 2005 singles final of the SAP Open in San Jose of Andy Roddick vs Cyril Saulnier.
The tennis scoring system is the standard system by which tennis matches and tournaments are generally operated and scored.
A tennis tournament is organized into matches between players (for singles tournaments) or teams of two players (for doubles tournaments). Very often the tournament takes the form of a knockout tournament consisting of several rounds. In round 1, all players (or teams) are paired (assuming there are no byes) and play a match against each other. The losers are eliminated, and take no further part in the tournament (this is single elimination). The winners are again paired to matches in the next round. The tournament continues until the quarterfinal round (having eight players or teams playing a total of four matches), then the semifinal round (four players or teams, two matches), and finally the final round (with just two players or teams) is played. The winner of the final round is declared the winner of the entire tournament.
A tennis match is composed of points, games, and sets. A set consists of a number of games (a minimum of six), which in turn each consist of points.
A set is won by the first side to win 6 games, with a margin of at least 2 games over the other side (e.g. 6–3 or 7–5). There is usually a tie-break if the set is tied at six games per player.
A match is won when a player or a doubles team wins the majority of prescribed sets. Matches employ either a best-of-three or best-of-five set format. The best-of-five set format is typically only played in the men's singles or doubles matches at Majors and Davis Cup matches.
Contents
[hide]
1 Game score
1.1 Description
1.2 History
1.3 Alternative ("no-ad") game scoring
2 Set score
2.1 Description
2.2 Comparison
2.3 Scoring a tiebreak game
2.3.1 History of the tiebreak
2.4 Alternative set scoring format
3 Match score
3.1 Description
3.2 Total points won
3.3 Total games won
4 Announcing the score
4.1 Variations and slang
5 Scorecards
6 Notes
7 References
Game score[edit]
Description[edit]
A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two points or more over their opponent. Normally the server's score is always called first and the opponent's score second. Score calling in tennis is unusual in that each point has a corresponding call that is different from its point value.
Number of points won
Corresponding call[1]
0 "love"
1 "15"
2 "30"
3 "40"
4 Game= winner
For instance if the server has won three points so far in the game, and the non-server has won one, the score is "40-15".
When both sides have won the same number of points then: when each side has won one, or two, points, the score is described as "15-all" and "30-all" (or "15-up" and "30-up"), respectively. However, if each player has won three points, the score is called as "deuce", not "40–all". From that point on in the game, whenever the score is tied, it is described as "deuce", regardless of how many points have been played.
In standard play, scoring beyond a "deuce" score, in which both players have scored three points each, requires that one player must get two points ahead in order to win the game. This type of tennis scoring is known as "advantage scoring" (or "ads"). The side which wins the next point after deuce is said to have the advantage. If they lose the next point, the score is again deuce, since the score is tied. If the side with the advantage wins the next point, that side has won the game, since they have a lead of two points. When the server is the player with the advantage, the score may be called as "advantage in". When the server's opponent has the advantage, the score may be called as "advantage out". These phrases are sometimes shortened to "ad in" or "van in" (or "my ad") and "ad out" (or "your ad"). Alternatively, the players' names are used: in professional tournaments the umpire announces the score in this format (e.g. "advantage Federer" or "advantage Murray").
In the USTA rule book (but not the ITF rules) there is the comment: ‘"Zero," "one," "two," and "three," may be substituted for "Love," "15," "30," and "40." This is particularly appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not understand English.’[2]
For tie-breaks the calls are simply the number of points won by each player.
Tie break point score examples
Corresponding call
1–0 "One, zero"
4–3 "Four, three"
4–4, 5–5, 6–6, etc. "Four-all", "five-all", "six-all", etc.
4–7, 10–8, etc. "set"
The current point score is announced orally before each point by the judge, or by the server if there is no judge. When stating the score, the server's score is stated first. If the server (or the judge) announces the score as "30–love", for example, it means that the server has won two points and the receiver none.
History[edit]
The origins of the 15, 30, and 40 scores are believed to be medieval French. The earliest reference is in a ballad by Charles D'Orleans in 1435 which refers to quarante cinque (which gave rise to modern 40) and in 1522 there is a sentence in Latin "we are winning 30, we are winning 45". The first recorded theories about the origin of 15 were published in 1555 and 1579. However the origins of this convention remain obscure.[3]
It is possible that clock faces were used on court, with a quarter move of the hand to indicate a score of 15, 30, and 45. When the hand moved to 60, the game was over. However, in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one-point difference in players' scores, the idea of "deuce" was introduced. To make the score stay within the "60" ticks on the clock face, the 45 was changed to 40. Therefore, if both players have 40, the first player to score receives ten and that moves the clock to 50. If the player scores a second time before the opponent is able to score, they are awarded another ten and the clock moves to 60. The 60 signifies the end of the game. However, if a player fails to score twice in a row, then the clock would move back to 40 to establish another "deuce".[4][5]
Although this suggestion might sound attractive, the medieval period ran until the end of the 15th century (i.e. until 1500), at which time clocks recorded only the hours (1 to 12). It wasn't until 1690 that clocks regularly had minute hands when the pendulum system was invented and such a valuable piece of delicate equipment would not have been on an early tennis court where it could easily have been damaged. So the concept of tennis scores originating from the clock face, could not have come from medieval times.[6]
Another theory is that the scoring nomenclature came from the French game jeu de paume (a precursor to tennis which initially used the hand instead of a racket). Jeu de paume was very popular before the French revolution, with more than 1,000 courts in Paris alone. The traditional court was 90 ft (pied du roi) in total with 45 ft on each side. When the server scored, he or she moved forward 15 ft. If the server scored again, he or she would move another 15 ft. If the server scored a third time, he or she could only move 10 ft closer.[7]
The origin of the use of "love" for zero is also disputed. It is possible that it derives from the French expression for "the egg" (l'œuf) because an egg looks like the number zero.[8][9] This is similar to the origin of the term "duck" in cricket, supposedly from "duck's egg", referring to a batsman who has been called out without completing a run. One possibility comes from the Dutch expression iets voor lof doen, which means to do something for praise, implying no monetary stakes.[10] Another theory on the origins of the use of "love" comes from the acceptance that, at the start of any match, when scores are at zero, players still have "love for each other".[11]
Alternative ("no-ad") game scoring[edit]
A popular alternative to advantage scoring is "no-advantage" (or "no-ad") scoring, created by James Van Alen in order to shorten match playing time.[12] No-advantage scoring is a scoring method in which the first player to reach four points wins the game. No-ad scoring eliminates the requirement that a player must win by two points. Therefore, if the game is tied at deuce, the next player to win a point wins the game. This method of scoring is used in most World TeamTennis matches.[13][14] When this style of play is implemented, at deuce, the receiver then chooses from which side of the court he or she desires to return the serve. However, in no-ad mixed doubles play gender always serves to the same gender at game point and during the final point of tiebreaks.[15]
Set score[edit]
Description[edit]
In tennis, a set consists of a sequence of games played with alternating service and return roles. There are two types of set formats that require different types of scoring.[16]
An advantage set is played until a player or team wins 6 games and that player or team has a 2-game lead over their opponent(s). The set continues, without tiebreak(er), until a player or team wins the set by 2 games. Advantage sets are no longer played under the rules of the United States Tennis Association,[17] however they are still used in the final sets in men's and women's draws in singles of the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and Fed Cup. Mixed doubles at the Grand Slams except for Wimbledon are a best-of-three format with the final set being played as a "Super Tie Break" (sometimes referred to as a "best of two" format) except at Wimbledon, which still plays a best-of-three match with the final set played as an advantage set and the first two played as tie-break sets.
A tie-break set is played with the same rules as the advantage set, except when the score is tied at 6–6, a tie-break game (or tiebreaker) is played. Typically, the tie-break game continues until one player wins seven points by a margin of two or more points. However, many tie-break games are played with different tiebreak point requirements, such as 8 or 10 points.
The score of games within a set is counted in the ordinary manner, except when a player or team has a score of no games it is read as "love". The score is written using digits separated by a dash. This score is announced by the judge or server at the start of each game.
Example set scores
Corresponding verbal set score
0–0 "love – love"
7–5 "set"
3–6 "set"
In doubles, service alternates between the teams. One player serves for an entire service game, with that player's partner serving for the entirety of the team's next service game. Players of the receiving team receive the serve on alternating points, with each player of the receiving team declaring which side of the court (deuce or ad side) they will receive serve on for the duration of the set.
Comparison[edit]
Advantage sets have a tendency to go significantly longer than tie-break sets. The 2010 Wimbledon first-round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut, which is the longest professional tennis match in history, notably ended with Isner winning the 5th set, 70–68. The match lasted in total 11 hours and 5 minutes with the 5th set alone lasting 8 hours, 11 minutes.
Nevertheless, even tie-break sets can last a long time. For instance, once players reach 6–6 set score and also reach 6–6 tiebreaker score, play must continue until one player has a 2-point advantage, which can take a considerable time. Sets decided by tiebreakers, however, are typically significantly shorter than extended advantage sets.
The set is won by the first player (or team) to have won at least six games and at least two games more than his or her opponent. Traditionally, sets would be played until both these criteria had been met, with no maximum number of games. To shorten matches, James Van Alen created a tie-breaker system, which was widely introduced in the early 1970s. If the score reaches 6–5 (or 5-6), one further game is played. If the leading player wins this game, the set is won 7–5 (or 5-7). If the trailing player wins the game, the score is tied at 6–6 and a special tiebreaker game is played. The winner of the tiebreak wins the set by a score of 7–6 (or 6-7).
The tiebreak is sometimes not employed for the final set of a match and an advantage set is used instead. Therefore, the deciding set must be played until one player or team has won two more games than the opponent. This is true in three of the four major tennis championships, all except the US Open where a tiebreak is played even in the deciding set (fifth set for the men, third set for the women) at 6–6. A tiebreak is not played in the deciding set in the other three majors — the Australian Open, the French Open, and Wimbledon. (When the tiebreak was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1971, it was invoked at 8–8 rather than 6–6.)
Scoring a tiebreak game[edit]
At a score of 6–6, a set is often determined by one more game called a "twelve point tiebreaker". Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the set; the score of the set is always 7–6 (or 6–7). Points are counted using ordinary numbering. The set is decided by the player who wins at least seven points in the tiebreak but also has two points more than his or her opponent. For example, if the score is 6 points to 5 points and the player with 6 points wins the next point, he or she wins the tiebreak and the set. If the player with 5 points wins the point, the tiebreak continues and cannot be won on the next point, since no player will be two points better. In the scoring of the set, sometimes the tiebreak points are included as well as the game count, for example 7–6(7–5). Another way of listing the score of the tiebreak is to list only the loser's points. For example, if the set score is listed as 7–6(8), the tiebreak score was 10–8 (since 8 is the loser's points, and the winner must win by two points). Similarly, 7–6(3) means the tiebreak score was 7–3.
The player who would normally be serving after 6–6 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak, and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player. The server begins his or her service from the deuce court and serves one point. After the first point, the serve changes to the first server's opponent. Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder of the tiebreak. The first of each two-point sequence starts from the server's advantage court and the second starts from the deuce court. In this way, the sum of the scores is even when the server serves from the deuce court. After every six points, the players switch ends of the court; note that the side-changes during the tiebreak will occur in the middle of a server's two-point sequence. At the end of the tiebreak, the players switch ends of the court again, since the set score is always odd (13 games).
An alternative tie-break system called the "Coman Tie-Break" is sometimes used by the United States Tennis Association. Scoring is the same, but end changes take place after the first point and then after every four points. This approach allows the servers of doubles teams to continue serving from the same end of the court as during the body of the set. It also reduces the advantage the elements (e.g. wind and sun) could give playing the first six points of a seven-point tiebreak on one side of the court.
History of the tiebreak[edit]
The tiebreaker — more recently shortened to just "tiebreak", though both terms are still used interchangeably — was invented by James Van Alen and unveiled in 1965 as an experiment at the pro tournament he sponsored at Newport Casino, Rhode Island,[18] after an earlier, unsuccessful attempt to speed up the game by the use of his so-called "Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System" ("VASSS"). For two years before the Open Era, in 1955 and 1956, the United States Pro Championship in Cleveland, Ohio, was played by VASSS rules. The scoring was the same as that in table tennis, with sets played to 21 points and players alternating five services, with no second service. The rules were created partially to limit the effectiveness of the powerful service of the reigning professional champion, Pancho Gonzales. Even with the new rules, however, Gonzales beat Pancho Segura in the finals of both tournaments. Even though the 1955 match went to 5 sets, with Gonzales barely holding on to win the last one 21–19, it is reported to have taken 47 minutes to complete.[19] The fans attending the matches preferred the traditional rules, however, and in 1957 the tournament reverted to the old method of scoring.
Van Alen called his innovation a "tiebreaker", and he actually proposed two different kinds or versions of it: best-five-of-nine-points tiebreaker and best-seven-of-12-points tiebreaker.[20] The first lasts a maximum of 9 points, and awards victory in the set to whichever player or team first reaches 5 points — even if the other player or team already has 4; the margin of victory can be a single point. Because this "9-point" tiebreaker must end after a maximum of 9 points, even if neither player or team has a 2-point (or greater) margin, Van Alen also called it a "sudden-death tiebreaker" (If and when the score reached four points all, both players faced simultaneous set point and/or match point.). This type of tiebreaker had its Grand Slam debut at 1970 US Open and was employed there until 1974. Apart from being used for 5 years at US Open it was also used 1 year at Wimbledon and for a while on the Virginia Slims circuit and in American Colleges.
The other type of tiebreaker Van Alen introduced is the "12-point" tiebreaker that is most familiar and widely used today. Because it ends as soon as either player or team reaches 7 points — provided that that player or team leads the other at that point by at least two points — it can actually be over in as few as 7 points. However, because the winning player or team must win by a margin of at least two points, a "12-point" tiebreaker may go beyond 12 points — sometimes well beyond. That is why Van Alen derisively likened it to a "lingering death", in contrast to the 9-point (or fewer) "sudden-death tiebreaker" that he recommended and preferred.
The impetus to use some kind of a tie-breaking procedure gained force after a monumental 1969 struggle at Wimbledon between Pancho Gonzales and Charlie Pasarell. This was a 5-set match that lasted five hours and 12 minutes and took 2 days to complete. In the fifth set the 41-year-old Gonzales won all seven match points that Pasarell had against him, twice coming back from 0–40 deficits. The final score was 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9 for Gonzales.
The tiebreaker gave tennis a definite "finish line".
In what follows, the "final set" means the fifth set for best-of-five matches, and the third set for best-of-three matches.
In 1971, the nine-point tiebreaker was introduced at Wimbledon (the first scoring change at Wimbledon in 94 years).[21]
In 1972, Wimbledon put into effect a 12-point tiebreaker when the score in a set reached 8–8 in games unless the set was one in which one of the players could achieve a match victory by winning it.[22]
In 1979, Wimbledon changed their rules so that a (12-point) tiebreak would be played once any set except the final set reached 6–6 in games.
In 1989, the Davis Cup adopted the tie-break in all sets except for the final set, and then extended it to the final set starting in 2016.
In 2001, the Australian Open replaced the deciding third set of mixed doubles with an eighteen-point "match tiebreak" (first to ten points and win by two points wins the match).[23] Despite some criticism of the change by fans and former pros,[24] the US Open and the French Open have since gone on to join the Australian Open in using the same format for mixed doubles. Wimbledon continues to play a traditional best of three match, requiring an advantage set for the third set.
Tie-break sets are now nearly universal in all levels of play, for all sets in a match; however, the tie-break is not a compulsory element in any set, and the actual formatting of sets and tie-breaks depends on the tournament director in tournaments, and, in private matches, on the players' agreement before play begins. Tie-breaks are not used in the final set in the Australian Open for singles, the French Open for singles, Wimbledon, or the Fed Cup, nor were they used for final sets in Davis Cup play or the Olympics before 2016. The US Open now uses a tiebreak in the final set, both in singles and in doubles, and is the only major tournament to use a tiebreak in the final set for singles. However, the Australian Open and French Open do now use a final set tiebreak in both men's and women's doubles.
Alternative set scoring format[edit]
While traditional sets continue until a player wins at least six games by a margin of at least two games there are some alternative set scoring formats in use. A common alternative set format is the eight or nine game pro set. Instead of playing until one player reaches six games with a margin of two games, one plays until one player wins eight or nine games with a margin of two games. A tie-break is then played at eight or nine games all. While the format is not used in modern professional matches or recognized by the ITF rules, it was supposedly used in early professional tours. It is commonly utilized in various amateur leagues and high school tennis as a shorter alternative to a best of three match, but longer than a traditional tie-break set. In addition, eight game pro sets were used during doubles for all Division I college dual matches, until the 2014-2015 season.[25]
Another alternative set format are so called "short sets" where the first to four games to win by two games. In this format a tie-break is played at four games all. The ITF experimented with this format in low level Davis Cup matches, but the experiment was not continued. Nevertheless, this alternative remains as an acceptable alternative in the ITF rules of Tennis.[26]
Another alternative set format is seen in World Team Tennis where the winner of a set is the first to win five games and a nine-point tie-break is played at 4–4.
Match score[edit]
Description[edit]
Most singles matches consist of an odd number of sets, the match winner being the player who wins more than half of the sets. The match ends as soon as this winning condition is met. Men's singles and doubles matches may consist of up to five sets (the winner being the first to take the majority of total allocated sets) while women's singles matches are usually best of three sets. Doubles matches (including mixed doubles) are usually best of three sets, with a Super Tiebreak to ten points played if the score reaches a set all.
While the alternation of service between games continues throughout the match without regard to sets, the ends are changed after each odd game within a set (including the last game). If, for example, the second set of a match ends with the score at 6–3, 1–6, the ends are changed as the last game played was the 7th (odd) game of the set and in spite of it being the 16th (even) game of the match. Notably, in situations where a set ends with an odd game, back to back games see change of ends—i.e., ends are changed before and after the first game of the following set. A tiebreaker game is treated as a single game for the purposes of this alternation. Since tiebreakers always result in a score of 7–6, there is always a court change after the tiebreaker.
The score of a complete match may be given simply by sets won, or with the scores of each set given separately. In either case, the match winner's score is stated first. In the former, shorter form, a match might be listed as 3–1 (i.e. three sets to one). In the latter form, this same match might be further described as "7–5, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 7–6(8–6)". (As noted above, an alternate form of writing the tiebreak score lists only the loser's score—e.g., "6–7(4)" for the second set in the example.) This match was won three sets to one, with the match loser winning the second set on a tiebreaker. The numbers in parentheses, normally included in printed scorelines but omitted when spoken, indicate the duration of the tiebreaker following a given set. Here, the match winner lost the second-set tiebreaker 7–4 and won the fourth-set tiebreaker 8–6.
Total points won[edit]
Because tennis is scored set by set and game by game, a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of points and/or games played.
Consider a player who wins six games in each of two sets, all by a score of game–30. The winner has scored 4×12 = 48 points and the loser 2×12 = 24. Suppose also that the loser wins four games in each set, all by a score of game-love. The loser has scored 4×8 = 32 points and the winner zero in those games. The final score is a win by 6–4, 6–4; total points 48–56.
An example of this in actual practice was the record-breaking Isner-Mahut match in the Wimbledon first round, 22–24 June 2010. American John Isner beat Nicolas Mahut of France 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(7–9), 7–6(7–3), 70–68 — Mahut winning a total of 502 points to Isner's 478.[27]
Total games won[edit]
Likewise, a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of games played (or win a match despite losing the majority of games). Roger Federer won the 2009 Wimbledon final over Andy Roddick (5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14) despite Roddick's winning more games (39, versus Federer's 38).
Announcing the score[edit]
If there is no judge to announce the score of a match, there is a specific protocol for stating the score. During a game, the server has the responsibility to announce the game score before serving. This is done by announcing the server's score first. If, for example, the server loses the first three points of his or her service game, he or she would say "love–40". This convention is used consistently. After a set is complete, the server, before serving for the first game of the next set, announces the set scores so far completed in the match, stating his or her own scores first. If the server has won the first two sets and is beginning the third, he or she would say, "two–love, new set." If the server had lost the first two sets, he or she would say, "love–two, new set." Finally, after the completion of the match, either player, when asked the score, announces his or her own scores first.
As an example, consider a match between Victoria Azarenka and Ana Ivanovic. Azarenka wins the first set 6–4, Ivanovic wins the next set 7–6(7–4), and Azarenka wins the final set 6–0.
At the end of each set, the umpire would announce the winner of each set:
Game, first set, Azarenka.
Game, second set, Ivanovic.
At the completion of the match, the result would be announced as:
Game, set, match, (Victoria) Azarenka, two sets to one, six–four, six–seven, six–love.
The result would be written as:
Victoria Azarenka defeated Ana Ivanovic 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 6–0
The score is always written and announced in respect to the winner of the match. The score of the tiebreak is not included in announcing the final result; it is simply said "seven–six" or "six–seven" regardless of the score in the tiebreak.
If a match ends prematurely due to one player retiring or being disqualified (defaulting), the partial score at that point is announced as the final score, with the remaining player as the nominal winner. For instance, the result in the final of the 2012 Aegon Championships is written:
Marin Čilić defeated David Nalbandian 6–7(3–7), 4–3 (default)
Variations and slang[edit]
During informal play of tennis, especially at tennis clubs in the U.S. (also in other English speaking countries), score announcements are frequently shortened with the use of abbreviations. For example, a score 15 is replaced with "five", or in some cases "fif". Similarly, the scores of 30 and 40 may sometimes be spoken as "three" or "four" respectively. A score of 15-all may sometimes be announced as "fives." To further confuse score announcements, a score of 30-all (30–30) may often be called "deuce", and the following point referred to as "ad in" or "ad out" (or "my ad" or "your ad"), depending on which player (or team) won the point. The logic for this is that a 30-all score is effectively the same as deuce (40–40).[28]
Scorecards[edit]
Sample scorecard, from Isner–Mahut at Wimbledon 2010
For formal scorekeeping, the official scoring the match (e.g. the chair umpire) fills out a scorecard, either on paper or electronically. The scorecard allows the official to record details for each point, as well as rule violations and other match information. Standard markings for each point are:[29]
⁄ – point won
A – point won via ace
D – point won via double-fault
C – point won via code violation
T – point won via time violation
An additional dot is marked in a score box to indicate a missed first serve fault.
Notes[edit]
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Jump up ^ Whitman, Malcolm (2004). "The Mystery of Fifteen in Scoring". Tennis: Origin and mysteries (reprint of 1932 ed.). Dover Publications.
Jump up ^ "The Baltimore Sun: A scoring system you have to love". Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Hart, Jay. "Yahoo Sports: So What's Up With The Strange Scoring System?". Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Milham, Willis I. Time and Timekeepers. New York: MacMillan. p. 195. ISBN 0-7808-0008-7.
Jump up ^ Françoise Bonnefoy (1991). Jeu de Paume: History. Réunion des musées nationaux. p. 42. ISBN 9782908901016.
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Jump up ^ Horn, Geoffrey. Rafael Nadal, page 13 (2006).
Jump up ^ Bondt, Cees de (1993) Heeft yemant lust met bal, of met reket te spelen...? Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren p. 10
Jump up ^ Collynshum, Cirt Frijk (1971) Brikt noordjest tennis ul areven Kreb.: Steken of en lad Verk p. 132
Jump up ^ USTA (n.d.). "Improving your game: Scoring". United States Tennis Association. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "USTA: Improve Your Game". Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "WTT Rules". Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ [1], ITF "Rules of Tennis 2010", Appendix IV – Alternative Procedures and Scoring Methods
Jump up ^ ITF, "Rules of Tennis 2010" p. 6 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF Last visited: 22 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Last visited 22 April 2010.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=Z1cr577EpcUC&pg=PT365&lpg=PT365&dq=Copenhague+1992,+Aki+Rahunen++Peter+Nyborg&source=bl&ots=jNDp2gSl7-&sig=pfiJXoUfBUsQfVPifHu4SGebS0g&hl=fr&ei=cPDZTpbZIdCChQeKpvy3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=Copenhague%201992%2C%20Aki%20Rahunen%20%20Peter%20Nyborg&f=false
Jump up ^ USTA Midwest,http://www.midwest.usta.com/content/custom.sps?iType=1435&icustompageid=2647
Jump up ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=Z1cr577EpcUC&pg=PT365&lpg=PT365&dq=Copenhague+1992,+Aki+Rahunen++Peter+Nyborg&source=bl&ots=jNDp2gSl7-&sig=pfiJXoUfBUsQfVPifHu4SGebS0g&hl=fr&ei=cPDZTpbZIdCChQeKpvy3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=Copenhague%201992%2C%20Aki%20Rahunen%20%20Peter%20Nyborg&f=false
Jump up ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=Z1cr577EpcUC&pg=PT365&lpg=PT365&dq=Copenhague+1992,+Aki+Rahunen++Peter+Nyborg&source=bl&ots=jNDp2gSl7-&sig=pfiJXoUfBUsQfVPifHu4SGebS0g&hl=fr&ei=cPDZTpbZIdCChQeKpvy3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=Copenhague%201992%2C%20Aki%20Rahunen%20%20Peter%20Nyborg&f=false
Jump up ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=Z1cr577EpcUC&pg=PT365&lpg=PT365&dq=Copenhague+1992,+Aki+Rahunen++Peter+Nyborg&source=bl&ots=jNDp2gSl7-&sig=pfiJXoUfBUsQfVPifHu4SGebS0g&hl=fr&ei=cPDZTpbZIdCChQeKpvy3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=Copenhague%201992%2C%20Aki%20Rahunen%20%20Peter%20Nyborg&f=false
Jump up ^ CNNSI.com, "Reactions: Mixed doubles, Responses overwhelmingly against new format" http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/your_turn/news/2001/01/16/reactions_mixeddoubles/ Last visited: 5 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "What They're Saying about Tiebreakers Replacing Third Sets..." http://www.tennisconfidential.com/articles6.htm Last visited: 5 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Improving your game | Scoring http://www.usta.com/Improve-Your-Game/Rules/Rules-and-Line-Calls/Scoring/
Jump up ^ Rules of Tennis 2010 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF
Jump up ^ "Wimbledon Championships Website". Wimbledon.org. 1998-09-21. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Why do club players say "five" not "fifteen" when scoring? - Talk Tennis". Tt.tennis-warehouse.com. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
Jump up ^ USTA Chair Umpire Handbook
References[edit]
Faulkner, Trish & Lemelman, Vivian, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Tennis. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1999.
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Complementary good
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Complementary goods exhibit a negative cross elasticity of demand: as the price of good Y rises, the demand for good X falls.
In economics, a complementary good or complement is a good with a negative cross elasticity of demand, in contrast to a substitute good.[1] This means a good's demand is increased when the price of another good is decreased. Conversely, the demand for a good is decreased when the price of another good is increased.[2] If goods A and B are complements, an increase in the price of A will result in a leftward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve for B to shift in; less of each good will be demanded. A decrease in price of A will result in a rightward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve B to shift outward; more of each good will be demanded. Basically this means that since the demand of one good is linked to the demand of another good, if a higher quantity is demanded of one good, a higher quantity will also be demanded of the other, and if a lower quantity is demanded of one good, a lower quantity will be demanded of the other. The prices of complementary goods are related in the same way: if the price of one good rises, so will the price of the other, and vice versa. With substitute goods, however, the price and quantity demanded of one good is related inversely to the price and quantity demanded of a substitute good, meaning that if the price or quantity demanded of one good rises, the price or quantity demanded of its substitute will fall.
When two goods are complements, they experience joint demand. For example, the demand for razor blades may depend upon the number of razors in use; this is why razors have sometimes been sold as loss leaders, to increase demand for the associated blades.[3]
Recent work in food consumption has elucidated the psychological processes by which the consumption of one good (e.g., cola) stimulates demand for its complements (e.g., a cheeseburger, pizza, etc.). Consumption of a food or beverage activates a goal to consume its complements: foods that consumers believe would produce super-additive utility (i.e., would taste better together). Eating peanut-butter covered crackers, for instance, increases the consumption of grape-jelly covered crackers more than eating plain crackers. Drinking cola increases consumers' willingness to pay for a voucher for a cheeseburger. This effect appears to be contingent on consumers' perceptions of what foods are complements rather than their sensory properties.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples
2 Perfect complement
2.1 Example
3 References
Examples[edit]
Supply and demand of hotdogs when the price of buns decreases
An example of this would be the demand for cars and petrol. The supply and demand of cars is represented by the figure at the right with the initial demand D1. Suppose that the initial price of cars is represented by P1 with a quantity demanded of Q1. If the price of petrol were to decrease by some amount, this would result in a higher quantity of cars demanded. This higher quantity demanded would cause the demand curve to shift rightward to a new position D2. Assuming a constant supply curve S of cars, the new increased quantity demanded will be at D2 with a new increased price P2. Other examples include: Automobile and fuel, mobile phone and cellular service provider, Printer and Cartridge among others.
Perfect complement[edit]
Indifference curve for perfect complements
A perfect complement is a good that has to be consumed with another good. The indifference curve of a perfect complement will exhibit a right angle, as illustrated by the figure at the right.[5] Such preferences are often represented by a Leontief utility function.
Few goods in the real world will behave as perfect complements.[5] One example is a left shoe and a right; shoes are naturally sold in pairs, and the ratio between sales of left and right shoes will never shift noticeably from 1:1, even if, for example, someone is missing a leg and buys just one shoe.
The degree of complementarity, however, does not have to be mutual; it can be measured by cross price elasticity of demand. In the case of video games, a specific video game (the complement good) has to be consumed with a video game console (the base good). It does not work the other way: a video game console does not have to be consumed with that game.
Example[edit]
A classic example of mutually perfect complements is the case of pencils and erasers. Imagine an accountant who will need to prepare financial statements, but in doing so he or she must use pencils to make all calculations and an eraser to correct errors. The accountant knows that for every 3 pencils, 1 eraser will be needed. Any more pencils will serve no purpose, because he or she will not be able to erase the calculations. Any more erasers will not be useful either, because there will not be enough pencils for him or her to make a large enough mess with in order to require more erasers.
In this case the utility would be given by an increasing function of:
min (number of pencils, 3 × number of erasers)
In marketing, complementary goods give additional market power to the company. It allows vendor lock-in as it increases the switching cost. A few types of pricing strategy exist for complementary good and its base good:
Pricing the base good at a relatively low price to the complementary good - this approach allows easy entry by consumers (e.g. consumer printer vs. ink jet cartridge)
Pricing the base good at a relatively high price to the complementary good - this approach creates a barrier to entry and exit (e.g. golf club membership vs. green fees)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 88. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
Jump up ^ Carbaugh, Robert (2006). Contemporary Economics: An Applications Approach. Cengage Learning. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-324-31461-8.
Jump up ^ "Customer in Marketing by David Mercer". Future Observatory. Archived from the original on 2013-04-04.
Jump up ^ Huh, Young Eun; Vosgerau, Joachim; Morewedge, Carey K. (2016-03-14). "Selective Sensitization: Consuming a Food Activates a Goal to Consume its Complements". Journal of Marketing Research. ISSN 0022-2437. doi:10.1509/jmr.12.0240.
^ Jump up to: a b Mankiw, Gregory (2008). Principle of Economics. Cengage Learning. pp. 463–464. ISBN 978-0-324-58997-9.
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Cell–cell interaction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cell–cell interaction refers to the direct interactions between cell surfaces that play a crucial role in the development and function of multicellular organisms. These interactions allow cells to communicate with each other in response to changes in their microenvironment. This ability to send and receive signals is essential for the survival of the cell. Interactions between cells can be stable such as those made through cell junctions. These junctions are involved in the communication and organization of cells within a particular tissue. Others are transient or temporary such as those between cells of the immune system or the interactions involved in tissue inflammation. These types of intercellular interactions are distinguished from other types such as those between cells and the extracellular matrix. The loss of communication between cells can result in uncontrollable cell growth and cancer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Stable interactions
1.1 Tight junctions
1.2 Anchoring junctions
1.3 Gap junctions
1.4 Receptor proteins in direct-contact signaling
1.5 Plant cell-cell interactions
2 Transient interactions
2.1 Immune system
2.2 Coagulation
2.3 Cell interactions between bacteria
3 Pathological implications
3.1 Cancer
3.2 Bacterial pathogens
3.3 Disease
4 References
Stable interactions[edit]
Various types of cell junctions. In this diagram, the interface between neighboring cells or the basolateral membrane is depicted as "sheets"; the space between these sheets being the extracellular environment and the location of adhesion protein interaction.
Stable cell-cell interactions are required for cell adhesion within a tissue and controlling the shape and function of cells.[1] These stable interactions involve cell junctions which are multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighboring cells. Cell junctions allow for the preservation and proper functioning of epithelial cell sheets. These junctions are also important in the organization of tissues where cells of one type can only adhere to cells of the same tissue rather than to a different tissue.[2]
Tight junctions[edit]
Tight junctions are multi-protein complexes that hold cells of a same tissue together and prevent movement of water and water-soluble molecules between cells. In epithelial cells, they function also to separate the extracellular fluid surrounding their apical and basolateral membranes.[1] These junctions exist as a continuous band located just below the apical surface between the membranes of neighboring epithelial cells. The tight junctions on adjacent cells line up so as to produce a seal between different tissues and body cavities. For example, the apical surface of gastrointestinal epithelial cells serve as a selective permeable barrier that separates the external environment from the body.[3] The permeability of these junctions is dependent on a variety of factors including protein makeup of that junction, tissue type and signaling from the cells.[1]
Tight junctions are made up of many different proteins. The four main transmembrane proteins are occludin, claudin, junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) and tricellulins. The extracellular domains of these proteins form the tight junction barrier by making homophilic (between proteins of the same kind) and heterophilic interactions (between different types of proteins) with the protein domains on adjacent cells. Their cytoplasmic domains interact with the cell cytoskeleton to anchor them.[3]
Anchoring junctions[edit]
Main articles: Cell junction, Desmosome, and Adherens junction
Of the three types of anchoring junctions, only two are involved in cell-cell interactions: adherens junctions and desmosomes. Both are found in many types of cells. Adjacent epithelial cells are connected by adherens junctions on their lateral membranes. They are located just below tight junctions. Their function is to give shape and tension to cells and tissues and they are also the site of cell-cell signaling. Adherens junctions are made of cell adhesion molecules from the cadherin family. There are over 100 types of cadherins, corresponding to the many different types of cells and tissues with varying anchoring needs. The most common are E-, N- and P-cadherins. In the adherens junctions of epithelial cells, E-cadherin is the most abundant.[1]
Desmosomes also provide strength and durability to cells and tissues and are located just below adherens junctions. They are sites of adhesion and do not encircle the cell. They are made of two specialized cadherins, desmoglein and desmocollin. These proteins have extracellular domains that interact with each other on adjacent cells. On the cytoplasmic side, plakins form plaques which anchor the desmosomes to intermediate filaments composed of keratin proteins. Desmosomes also play a role in cell-cell signaling.[4]
Gap junctions[edit]
Gap junctions are the main site of cell-cell signaling or communication that allow small molecules to diffuse between adjacent cells. In vertebrates, gap junctions are composed of transmembrane proteins called connexins. They form hexagonal pores or channels through which ions, sugars, and other small molecules can pass. Each pore is made of 12 connexin molecules; 6 form a hemichannel on one cell membrane and interact with a hemichannel on an adjacent cell membrane. The permeability of these junctions is regulated by many factors including pH and Ca2+ concentration.[1]
Receptor proteins in direct-contact signaling[edit]
Main articles: Signal Transduction and Cell signaling
Receptor proteins on the cell surface have the ability to bind specific signaling molecules secreted by other cells. Cell signaling allows cells to communicate with adjacent cells, nearby cells (paracrine) and even distant cells (endocrine). This binding induces a conformational change in the receptor which, in turn, elicits a response in the corresponding cell. These responses include changes in gene expression and alterations in cytoskeleton structure. The extracellular face of the plasma membrane has a variety of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids which project outward and act as signals. Direct contact between cells allows the receptors on one cell to bind the small molecules attached to the plasma membrane of different cell. In eukaryotes, many of the cells during early development communicate through direct contact.[5]
Synaptic signaling, an integral part of nervous system activity, occurs between neurons and target cells. These target cells can also be neurons or other cell types (i.e. muscle or gland cells). Protocadherins, a member of the cadherin family, mediate the adhesion of neurons to their target cells at synapses otherwise known as synaptic junctions. In order to for communication to occur between a neuron and its target cell, a wave of depolarization travels the length of the neuron and causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic junction. These neurotransmitters bind and activate receptors on the post-synaptic neuron thereby transmitting the signal to the target cell. Thus, a post-synaptic membrane belongs to the membrane receiving the signal, while a pre-synaptic membrane is the source of the neurotransmitter. In a neuromuscular junction, a synapse is formed between a motor neuron and muscle fibers. In vertebrates, acetylcholine released from the motor neuron acts as a neurotransmitter which depolarizes the muscle fiber and causes muscle contraction. A neuron’s ability to receive and integrate simultaneous signals from the environment and other neurons allows for complex animal behavior.[6]
Plant cell-cell interactions[edit]
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls which are barriers for cell-cell communication. This barrier is overcome by specialized junctions called plasmodesmata. They are similar to gap junctions, connecting the cytosol of adjacent cells. Small molecules (<1000 Da), such as ions, amino acids, and sugars, can diffuse freely through plasmodesmata. These small molecules include signaling molecule and transcription factors. The size of the channel is also regulated to allow molecules up to 10,000 Da in size. The permeability of these channels is dependent on many factors, including Ca2+ concentration. An increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration will reversibly limit passage through the plasmodesmata. Unlike gap junctions, the cell membranes of adjacent cells merge to form a continuous channel called an annulus. Additionally, within the channel, there is an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum, called a desmotubule, which spans between the cells. The cell-cell interactions facilitated by plasmodesmata play an important role in development of plant cells and tissues and defense against viral infection.[1]
Transient interactions[edit]
Immune system[edit]
Main article: Immune system
Leukocytes or white blood cells destroy abnormal cells and also provide protection against bacteria and other foreign matter. These interactions are transitory in nature but are crucial as an immediate immune response. To fight infection, leukocytes must move from the blood into the affected tissues. This movement into tissues is called extravasation. It requires successive forming and breaking of cell-cell interactions between the leukocytes and the endothelial cells that line blood vessels. These cell-cell interactions are mediated mainly by a group of Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) called selectins.[1]
T helper cells, central to the immune system, interact with other leukocytes by releasing signals known as cytokines which activate and stimulate the proliferation of B cells and killer T cells.T helper cells also directly interact with macrophages, cells that engulf foreign matter and display antigens on its surface. T-helper cells that possess the appropriate receptors can bind to these antigens and proliferate resulting in T-helper cells that have the ability to identify the same antigens.[7]
Coagulation[edit]
Coagulation or blood clotting relies on, in addition to the production of fibrin, interactions between platelets. When the endothelium or the lining of a blood vessel is damaged, connective tissue including collagen fibers is locally exposed. Initially, platelets stick to the exposed connective tissue through specific cell-surface receptors. This is followed by platelet activation and aggregation in which platelets become firmly attached and release chemicals that recruit neighboring platelets to the site of vascular injury. A meshwork of fibrin then forms around this aggregation of platelets to increase the strength of the clot.[8]
Cell interactions between bacteria[edit]
Bacterial populations interact in a similar manner to cells in tissue. They communicate through physical interactions and signaling molecules such as homoserine lactones and peptides as a means to control metabolism and regulate growth . A common example and one of the most studied forms of bacterial cell interactions is biofilm. Biofilm is a cell aggregate that can be attached to biological or abiotic surfaces. Bacteria form biofilms to adapt to various environments such as changes in substrate availability. For example, the formation of biofilm increases a bacterial cell's resistance to antibiotics compared to cells which are not part of the aggregate.[9]
Pathological implications[edit]
Cancer[edit]
Cancer can result from the loss of cell-cell interaction. In normal cells, growth is controlled by contact inhibition in which contact with neighboring cells causes a stunt in cell growth. Contact inhibition is thought to be mediated by cadherins, proteins that play an important role in cell adhesion. This inhibition prevents cells from piling up on top of one another and forming mounds. However, in cancerous cells where expression of E-cadherin is lost, contact inhibition is lost and results in uncontrolled growth or proliferation, tumor formation, and metastasis.[10]
Bacterial pathogens[edit]
In order for pathogenic bacteria to invade a cell, communication with the host cell is required. The first step for invading bacteria is usually adhesion to host cells. Strong anchoring, a characteristic that determines virulence, prevents the bacteria from being washed away before infection occurs. Bacterial cells can bind to many host cell surface structures such as glycolipids and glycoproteins which serve as attachment receptors. Once attached, the bacteria begin to interact with the host to disrupt its normal functioning and disrupt or rearrange its cytoskeleton. Proteins on the bacteria surface can interact with protein receptors on the host thereby affecting signal transduction within the cell. Alterations to signaling are favorable to bacteria because these alterations provide conditions under which the pathogen can invade. Many pathogens have Type III secretion systems which can directly inject protein toxins into the host cells. These toxins ultimately lead to rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and entry of the bacteria.[11]
Disease[edit]
Cell–cell interactions are highly specific and are tightly regulated. Genetic defects and dysregulation of these interactions can cause many different diseases. Dysregulation that leads to leukocyte migration into healthy tissues can cause conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and some types of arthritis.[12] The autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris results from autoantibodies to desmoglein and other normal body proteins. The autoantibodies disrupt the adhesion between epithelial cells. This causes blisters of the skin and mucous membranes. Mutations in the connexin genes cause 8 human diseases including heart malformations and neurosensory deafness.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Harvey Lodish (2008). Molecular cell biology (6th, [2nd print] ed.). New York [u.a.]: Freeman. ISBN 9780716776017.
Jump up ^ Hausman, Geoffrey M. Cooper, Robert E. (2009). The cell : a molecular approach (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. ISBN 0-87893-300-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Suzuki T (February 2013). "Regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by tight junctions". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 70 (4): 631–59. doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1070-x. PMID 22782113.
Jump up ^ Dubash, AD; Green, KJ (Jul 26, 2011). "Desmosomes". Current Biology. 21 (14): R529–31. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.035. PMID 21783027.
Jump up ^ Murray P. Pendarvis; Mader, Sylvia S. (2007). Biology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-07-246463-1.
Jump up ^ Wu H, Xiong WC, Mei L (April 2010). "To build a synapse: signaling pathways in neuromuscular junction assembly". Development. 137 (7): 1017–33. doi:10.1242/dev.038711. PMC 2835321  . PMID 20215342.
Jump up ^ Bruce Alberts (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4. ed.). New York [u.a.]: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-4072-9.
Jump up ^ Engelmann B, Massberg S (January 2013). "Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13 (1): 34–45. doi:10.1038/nri3345. PMID 23222502.
Jump up ^ Voloshin SA, Kaprelyants AS (November 2004). "Cell-cell interactions in bacterial populations". Biochemistry Mosc. 69 (11): 1268–75. doi:10.1007/s10541-005-0072-9. PMID 15627380.
Jump up ^ Mayor, R; Carmona-Fontaine, C (Jun 2010). "Keeping in touch with contact inhibition of locomotion". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (6): 319–28. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.03.005. PMC 2927909  . PMID 20399659.
Jump up ^ Lu L, Walker WA (June 2001). "Pathologic and physiologic interactions of bacteria with the gastrointestinal epithelium". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73 (6): 1124S–1130S. PMID 11393190.
Jump up ^ Burdick MM, McCarty OJ, Jadhav S, Konstantopoulos K (2001). "Cell-cell interactions in inflammation and cancer metastasis". IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 20 (3): 86–91. doi:10.1109/51.932731. PMID 11446216.
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Bailee Madison
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bailee Madison
Madison in January 2015
Born
(1999-10-15) October 15, 1999 (age 18)
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2006–present
Bailee Madison (born October 15, 1999) is an American actress. She is known for her film roles as May Belle Aarons in Bridge to Terabithia (2007), Isabelle in Brothers (2009), Sally Hurst in Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010), Maggie in Just Go with It (2011), and Harper Simmons in Parental Guidance (2012).
On television, she made guest appearances as Maxine Russo in Wizards of Waverly Place and young Snow White in Once Upon a Time. She also has a recurring role as Sophia Quinn in The Fosters. In 2015, she began starring as Grace Russell in the Hallmark Channel series Good Witch.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
1.1 Community involvement
2 Filmography
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 Awards and nominations
4 References
5 External links
Life and career[edit]
Madison was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the youngest of seven children. She has four brothers and two sisters. Her older sister, Kaitlin Riley, is also an actress. Her mother is Patricia Riley.[1] She began her career when she was two weeks old in an Office Depot commercial. Since then, she has appeared in several national commercials for major companies including Disney, SeaWorld, and Cadillac. She also serves as a national youth spokesperson for the childhood-cancer charity Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation.[2][3]
She made her major motion picture debut in the movie Lonely Hearts, in which she plays Rainelle, a girl thrown into the midst of a world of crime. Madison also has a significant role in the Disney movie Bridge to Terabithia, based on the children's book. She plays May Belle Aarons, the younger sister of the lead male character played by Josh Hutcherson. She also appears in the independent film Look as Megan, a girl who is being watched and followed by a kidnapper.
Madison at the Faith and Values Awards Gala in 2008
Madison had a small role in Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles during the season 1 finale "What He Beheld" as a girl who becomes part of a short-lived hostage situation. In the DVD extras it is said that they thought about changing the role slightly because of its violent nature, but she insisted that they not. Madison appeared in Nickelodeon's made-for-TV movie, The Last Day of Summer. She plays a girl who helps a friend during a difficult time. Another Nickelodeon production she had a role in was the television Christmas special Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh. She played a girl who lived with a foster family.
Madison is seen in a featured supporting role in the 2009 film Brothers as Isabelle Cahill, the older daughter of Captain Sam Cahill (Tobey Maguire) and Grace Cahill (Natalie Portman). For her portrayal in the movie, she was nominated for both a Saturn Award and a BFCA Critics' Choice Award. In 2010, Madison was in the movie Letters to God, where she portrayed Samantha Perryfield, best friend of the lead character who is fighting cancer.
She is seen in Conviction playing the younger version of Hilary Swank's character, Betty Anne Waters. She can be seen in the episode "Locum" from Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Mackenzie Burton, a girl who was adopted and feels like she is only filling the place of her parents' older daughter who was abducted years ago. She appeared in three episodes of the children's horror series, R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour.
In 2011, Madison had a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Wizards of Waverly Place as Maxine, the girl form of Max Russo. She also appeared in Just Go with It, alongside Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston, as Maggie Murphy, a young girl who wants to become an actress. Madison can be seen in the drama film, An Invisible Sign as the younger version of Jessica Alba's character Mona Gray. She starred in her first leading role in the horror film, Don't Be Afraid of the Dark, alongside Katie Holmes and Guy Pearce where she portrayed Sally Hurst, a lonely withdrawn child who is sent to live with her father and his new girlfriend.
Madison at the Golden Globes Gift Lounge on January 14, 2012
In 2012, Madison appeared in the Hallmark film A Taste of Romance alongside Teri Polo and James Patrick Stuart. She also had a guest role as the younger version of Ginnifer Goodwin's character Snow White in the TV series Once Upon a Time. She also could be seen as the main character in the film Cowgirls n' Angels where she played the feisty and rebellious Ida Clayton who has fantasies of finding her father, a rodeo rider. Madison appeared in another Hallmark film entitled Smart Cookie as Daisy, an eager girl hoping to prove herself as a Girl Scout. In December, she appeared in the family comedy film Parental Guidance, alongside Billy Crystal and Bette Midler.
In 2013, Madison began playing Hillary on the TV sitcom Trophy Wife, replacing Gianna LePera who played the character in the pilot.[4] In 2014, she began playing the recurring role of Sophia Quinn in the ABC Family drama The Fosters. In 2015, she began playing Grace Russell, the daughter of Cassie Nightingale, in the Hallmark series Good Witch.[5]
Bailee Madison's career also includes voice over work (or voice acting) with Breathe Bible. [6]
Community involvement[edit]
Madison has served as the national youth spokesperson for Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation since 2010, an organization that encourages kids to fundraise and spread awareness of pediatric cancer by running their own lemonade stands.[7]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Lonely Hearts Rainelle Downing
2007 Bridge to Terabithia[8] May Belle Aarons
2007 Look Megan
2008 Phoebe in Wonderland Olivia Lichten
2009 Brothers Isabelle Cahill
2010 An Invisible Sign[9] Young Mona Gray
2010 Conviction Young Betty Anne Waters
2010 Letters to God Samantha Perryfield
2011 Just Go With It Maggie Murphy (Kiki Dee)
2011 Don't Be Afraid of the Dark Sally Hurst
2011 25 Hill Kate Slater Cameo appearance
2012 Parental Guidance Harper Simmons
2012 Monica Monica Voice role; animated short
2012 Cowgirls 'n Angels Ida Clayton [10]
2013 The Magic Bracelet Ashley Short film
2016 Annabelle Hooper and the Ghosts of Nantucket Annabelle Hooper
2016 The Night Before Halloween Megan
2017 A Cowgirl's Story Dusty Rhodes Also producer
2018 The Strangers: Prey at Night Kinsey
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 CSI: NY Rose Duncan Episode: "Boo"
2007 House Lucy Episode: "Act Your Age"
2007 Unfabulous Young Addie Singer 2 episodes
2007 Cory in the House Maya 2 episodes
2007 Saving Sarah Cain Hannah Cottrell Movie
2007 The Last Day of Summer[11] Maxine Movie
2008 Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles Little Girl Episode: "What He Beheld"
2008 Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh[12] Mary Alice Johansson Movie
2010 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Mackenzie Burton Episode: "Locum"
2010 Hubworld Herself [13]
2010, 2012 R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour Lilly Carbo / Jenny / Becky 4 episodes
2011 Wizards of Waverly Place[14] Maxine Russo 6 episodes (Season 4)
2011 Chase Zoe Episode: "Father Figure"
2011 Powers Calista Pilot[15]
2012 A Taste of Romance Hannah Callahan Movie
2012 Smart Cookies Daisy Movie[7]
2012–13, 2016 Once Upon a Time Young Snow White 4 episodes
2013 Holliston Bailee Episode "Rock the Cradle"
2013 Half Riley Young Movie
2013 Pete's Christmas Katie Movie
2013–2014 Trophy Wife Hillary Harrison Series regular (21 episodes)
2014–present The Fosters Sophia Quinn Recurring in season 2 onward
2014 American Dad Unknown Episode: "Roger Passes The Bar"
2014 Northpole Clementine Movie
2015–present Good Witch[16] Grace Russell Series regular (30 episodes)
2015 Northpole: Open for Christmas Clementine Movie
2015 Mulaney Ruby Episode: "Ruby"
2015 Good Witch Halloween Grace Russell Hallmark movie
2016 Date with Love Heidi Watts Hallmark movie
2016 Holiday Joy Joy Hockstatter Movie
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2008 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film Young Actress Age Ten or Younger Bridge to Terabithia Won [17]
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast Won [17]
Best Performance in a TV Series Guest Starring Young Actress House Nominated [17]
Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special – Supporting Young Actress The Last Day of Summer Won [17]
Movieguide Awards Most Inspirational Television Acting Saving Sarah Cain Won [18]
2010 BFCA Critics' Choice Awards Best Young Actress Brothers Nominated [19]
Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated [20]
2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film (Leading Young Actress Ten and Under) An Invisible Sign Nominated [21]
Youth Rock Awards Rockin' Child Performer (TV/ Film) Don't Be Afraid of the Dark Nominated [22]
2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Nominated [23]
Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress Just Go With It Nominated [24]
2013 Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast Parental Guidance Nominated [25]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Children in Film". Retrieved March 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stacey Harrison. "Bailee Madison returns to The Hub's "Haunting Hour" with "Scarecrow"". channelguidemag.com. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ I Am Second. "I Am Second Bailee Madison – Child Actress". youtube.com. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bailee Madison Trophy Wife". IGN. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Good Witch' Star Bailee Madison Teases Spellbinding Season 2 She also play in many Christmas movie for Hallmark Channel include North Pole 1-2 Drama". International Business Times. April 15, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bailee Madison, The Voice of Young Mary BreatheBible.com Retrieved September 19, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "Young actress Bailee Madison sells lemonade for charity, celebrates Girl Scouts 100th anniversary with new role" FoxNews.com. June 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bridge to Terabithia official site". Disney.go.com. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "J2 Pictures / J2TV official web site". J2tv.com. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Josh L. Dickey (April 11, 2011). "Bailee Madison rides rodeo pic". variety.com. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Last Day Of Summer official site". Nick.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh official site". Nick.com. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Twitter / Bailee Madison: Katie and I will be on the". Twitter.com. December 23, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Megan Walsh-Boyle. "Exclusive: Disney Channel Announces Season 4 of Wizards of Waverly Place". tvguide.com. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. "Pilot Castings: USA's 'Over/Under' Finds Female Lead, Young Actress Joins 'Powers'". deadline.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Cast of Good Witch". Hallmark Channel.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "29th Annual Young Artist Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ garcia, Ellen (February 14, 2008). "Top 10 Movies of 2007 Announced at 'Christian Oscars'". christianpost.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "15th Annual Critics' Choice Movie Awards (2010) – Best Picture: The Hurt Locker". criticschoice.com. November 21, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Miller, Ross (February 15, 2014). "Avatar Leads 2010 Saturn Awards Nominations". screenrant.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "32nd Annual Young Artist Awards – Nominations / Special Awards". The Young Artist Foundation. 2011. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Youth Rock Awards Nominees". Youth Rocks Awards. 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Ballot!". Fangoria Staff. 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "33rd Annual Young Artist Awards – Nominations / Special Awards". The Young Artist Foundation. 2012. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "34th Annual Young Artist Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bailee Madison.
Bailee Madison on IMDb
Bailee Madison on Twitter
Bailee Madison at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 91177049
LCCN: no2009112111
ISNI: 0000 0000 6603 1804
GND: 1020547847
BNF: cb16612024q (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bailee_Madison&oldid=817210985"
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values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

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values: بايل ماديسون – Arabic

values: بیلی مدیسن – Persian

values: 베일리 매디슨 – Korean

values: बेइली म्याडिसन – Maithili

values: बेइली म्याडिसन – Nepali

values: ベイリー・マディソン – Japanese

values: Мэдисон, Бэйли – Russian

values: Бейлі Медісон – Ukrainian

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