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Hong Kong
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This article is about the special administrative region of China. For other uses, see Hong Kong (disambiguation).
"HK" redirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).
Special administrative region of China
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
(Chinese in Traditional characters)
Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hong Kong Cantonese in Yale romanisation)
Flag
Emblem
Anthem: "March of the Volunteers"[1]
義勇軍進行曲
Yihyúhnggwān Jeunhàhngkūk
City flower:
Bauhinia blakeana
洋紫荊
Yèuhngjígīng
Show map of China Show globe Show all
Location of Hong Kong
Official languages
Chinese[a]
English[b]
Regional language
Cantonese[a]
Official scripts
Traditional Chinese[b]
English alphabet
Ethnic groups (2016)
92.0% Chinese
2.5% Filipino
2.1% Indonesians
0.8% European descent
2.6% others[7]
Demonym
Hong Kongese
Hongkonger
Government
Devolved executive-led system within a socialist republic
• Chief Executive
Carrie Lam
• Chief Secretary
Matthew Cheung
• Financial Secretary
Paul Chan
• Secretary for Justice
Teresa Cheng
• Council President
Andrew Leung
• Chief Justice
Geoffrey Ma
Legislature
Legislative Council
National representation
• National People's Congress
36 deputies (of 2,924)
• Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
203 delegates[8]
Special administrative region within the People's Republic of China
• British occupation
26 January 1841
• Treaty of Nanking
29 August 1842
• Convention of Peking
18 October 1860
• Extension of Hong Kong Territory Convention
9 June 1898
• Imperial Japanese military occupation
25 December 1941
to 30 August 1945
• Transfer of sovereignty
from the United Kingdom

1 July 1997
Area
• Total
2,779[9] km2 (1,073 sq mi) (168th)
• Water (%)
3.16 (35 km2; 13.51 sq mi)[9]
Population
• 2018 estimate
7,448,900[10] (102nd)
• Density
6,777[11]/km2 (17,552.3/sq mi) (4th)
GDP (PPP)
2018[12] estimate
• Total
$482.101 billion (44th)
• Per capita
$64,533 (10th)
GDP (nominal)
2018[12] estimate
• Total
$364.782 billion (35th)
• Per capita
$48,829 (16th)
Gini (2016)
53.9[13]
high
HDI (2017)
0.933[14]
very high · 7th
Currency
Hong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)
Time zone
UTC+8 (Hong Kong Time)
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy
yyyy年mm月dd日
Driving side
left
Calling code
+852
ISO 3166 code
HK
Internet TLD
.hk
.香港
Website
gov.hk
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港; pronunciation in Hong Kong Cantonese: [hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ] ( listen)), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China. With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities[c] in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is the world's fourth-most-densely-populated region.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing China ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842.[16] The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War, and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898.[17][18] The territory was returned to China when the lease expired in 1997.[19] As a special administrative region, Hong Kong's system of government is separate from that of mainland China.[20]
Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages,[16] the territory has become one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports.[21] It is the world's seventh-largest trading entity,[22][23] and its legal tender (the Hong Kong dollar) is the world's 13th-most-traded currency.[24] Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it has severe income inequality.[25]
The territory has the largest number of skyscrapers in the world, most surrounding Victoria Harbour.[26] Hong Kong ranks seventh on the UN Human Development Index, and has the seventh-longest life expectancy in the world.[9] Although over 90 percent of its population uses public transportation,[27] air pollution from neighbouring industrial areas of mainland China has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates.[28]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Government and politics
3.1 Administrative divisions
3.2 Political reforms and sociopolitical issues
4 Geography
4.1 Climate
4.2 Architecture
5 Demographics
6 Economy
7 Infrastructure
7.1 Transport
7.2 Utilities
8 Culture
8.1 Cuisine
8.2 Cinema
8.3 Music
8.4 Sport and recreation
9 Media
10 See also
11 Notes and references
11.1 Notes
11.2 References
11.3 Sources
11.3.1 Print
11.3.2 Legislation and case law
11.3.3 Academic publications
11.3.4 Institutional reports
11.3.5 News and magazine articles
11.3.6 Websites
12 External links
Etymology
Hong Kong
"Hong Kong" in Chinese characters
Chinese
香港
Cantonese Yale
Hēunggóng
or Hèunggóng
Literal meaning
Fragrant Harbour,
Incense Harbour[29][30]
showTranscriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānggǎng
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shianggaang
Wade–Giles
Hsiang1-kang3
Yale Romanization
Syānggǎng
IPA
[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ]
Wu
Romanization
shian平kaon上
Hakka
Romanization
Hiong1gong3
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēunggóng
or Hèunggóng
IPA
[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ] or
[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]
Jyutping
Hoeng1gong2
Canton Romanization
Hêng1gong2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Hiong-kang
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Traditional Chinese
香港特別行政區
(香港特區)
Simplified Chinese
香港特别行政区
(香港特区)
Cantonese Yale
Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)
or
Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)
showTranscriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū
(Xiānggǎng Tèqū)
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ
ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ
ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄑㄩ
(ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ ㄊㄜˋ ㄑㄩ)
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu
(Shianggaang Tehchiu)
Wade–Giles
Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻê4-pieh2 Hsing2-chêng4-chʻü1
(Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻê4-chʻü1)
Yale Romanization
Syāngggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū
(Syānggǎng Tèchyū)
IPA
[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.pjě ɕǐŋ.ʈʂə̂ŋ.tɕʰý]
([ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.tɕʰý])
Wu
Romanization
shian平kaon上 deh入bih入
ghan平tsen去chiu平
(shian平kaon上 deh入chiu平)
Hakka
Romanization
Hiong1gong3 Tet6piet6 Hang2zin4ki1
(Hiong1gong3 Tet6ki1)
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)
or
Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)
IPA
[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]
([hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y])
or
[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]
([hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y])
Jyutping
Hoeng1gong2 Dak6bit6 Hang4zing3keoi1
(Hoeng1gong2 Dak6keoi1)
Canton Romanization
Hêng1gong2 Deg6bid6 Heng4jing3kêu1
(Hêng1gong2 Deg6kêu1)
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Hiong-kang Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu
(Hiong-kang Te̍k-khu)
The name of the territory, first spelled "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780,[31] originally referred to a small inlet between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[32] Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the Cantonese pronunciation hēung góng. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour".[29][30][33] "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odor from incense factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour developed.[33] Sir John Davis (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.[34]
The simplified name Hong Kong was frequently used by 1810,[35] also written as a single word. Hongkong was common until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name.[36] Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.[37][38]
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
The region is first known to have been occupied by humans during the Neolithic period, about 6,000 years ago.[39] Early Hong Kong settlers were a semi-coastal people[39] who migrated from inland and brought knowledge of rice cultivation.[40] The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue.[41] The region was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom (a predecessor state of Vietnam) after the Qin collapse,[42] and recaptured by China after the Han conquest.[43] During the Mongol conquest, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen.[44] By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the Ming dynasty.[45] The earliest European visitor was Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares, who arrived in 1513.[46][47] Portuguese merchants established a trading post called (Tamão) in Hong Kong waters, and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s,[48] Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were reestablished by 1549. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557.[49]
After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the Haijin policies. The Kangxi Emperor lifted the prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684.[50] Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton.[51] Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant. To counter the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever-more-aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.[52] The Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium, ordering imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade in 1839. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade,[53] forcing a British military response and triggering the First Opium War. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi. However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement.[54] After over a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 29 August 1842 Treaty of Nanking.[55]
Colonial Hong Kong flag from 1959–1997
Administrative infrastructure was quickly built up by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies towards Hong Kong prevented the government from attracting merchants. The Taiping Rebellion, when many wealthy Chinese fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony, improved conditions on the island.[16] Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War. The defeated Qing were again forced to give up land, ceding Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter's Island in the Convention of Peking.[17] By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.[56]
The colony was further expanded in 1898, when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories.[18] The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher-education institute.[57] Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike.[58][59] At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port.[60] The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940.[61] The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor.[62] Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945.[63]
Its population rebounded quickly after the war as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War, and more refugees crossed the border when the Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949.[64] Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s.[65] With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government began reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The public-housing estate programme, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), and Mass Transit Railway were established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more-reliable transportation.[66][67] Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub.[68]
The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979.[69] Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer.[70] The impending transfer triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life.[71] Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996.[72] Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.[19]
Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The government was forced to use substantial foreign-exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the 1997 Asian financial crisis,[64] and the recovery from this was muted by an H5N1 avian-flu outbreak[73] and a housing surplus.[74] This was followed by the 2003 SARS epidemic, during which the territory experienced its most-serious economic downturn.[75]
Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region's democratic development and the central government's adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial-era Legislative Council democratic reforms following the handover,[76] the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact national-security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law.[77] The central-government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing Chief Executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known as the Umbrella Revolution.[78] Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections[79][80][81] and enforcement of national law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station have raised concerns about the region's autonomy.[82]
Government and politics
Main articles: Government of Hong Kong, Politics of Hong Kong, and Elections in Hong Kong
The legislature meets in the Legislative Council Complex in Tamar.
Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government.[83] The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty,[70] resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony.[84] Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution.[85]
The regional government is composed of three branches:
Executive: The Chief Executive is responsible for enforcing regional law,[84] can force reconsideration of legislation,[86] and appoints Executive Council members and principal officials.[87] Acting with the Executive Council, the Chief Executive-in-Council can propose new bills, issue subordinate legislation, and has authority to dissolve the legislature.[88]
Legislature: The unicameral Legislative Council enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to impeach a sitting Chief Executive.[89]
Judiciary: The Court of Final Appeal and lower courts, whose judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the advice of a recommendation commission,[90] interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law.[91]
The Chief Executive is the head of government, and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The State Council (led by the Premier of China) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 1,200 business, community, and government leaders.[92][93][94]
The Legislative Council has 70 members, each serving a four-year term:[95] 35 directly elected from geographical constituencies and 35 representing functional constituencies (FC). Thirty FC councilors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special-interest groups,[96] and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting District Council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections.[97] All popularly elected members are chosen with proportional representation. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using first-past-the-post, or instant-runoff, voting.[96]
Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election.[98] These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp (the current government), the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups.[99] The Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections.[100] Hong Kong is represented in the National People's Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government.[8]
The Court of Final Appeal Building formerly housed the Supreme Court and the Legislative Council.
Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction.[91] Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule.[101] Local courts may refer to precedents set in English law and overseas jurisprudence.[102] Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, however, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil-law system.[103] Decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress can also override territorial judicial processes.[104]
The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies. The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau,[105] and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass border controls, regardless of nationality.[106] Chinese citizens resident in mainland China do not have the right of abode in Hong Kong, and are subject to immigration controls.[107] Public finances are handled separately from the national government, and taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.[108][109]
The Hong Kong Garrison is responsible for the region's defence.[110] Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces,[111] the regional government may request assistance from the garrison.[112] Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service and current law also no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.[113]
The central government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations.[114] The territory actively participates in the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Olympic Committee, and many United Nations agencies.[115][116][117] The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations.[118]
Administrative divisions
Main articles: List of towns in Hong Kong and Districts of Hong Kong
The territory is divided into 18 districts. A 479-seat District Council, 452 of which are directly elected, represents each district and advises the government on local issues such as public-facility provisioning, community-programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy.[119] Rural committee chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats.[120]
Political reforms and sociopolitical issues
Main articles: Democratic development in Hong Kong and Human rights in Hong Kong
Presentation of a 2014 electoral-reform consultation report
According to Basic Law Articles 45 and 68, the goal is universal suffrage for the election of the Chief Executive and all members of the Legislative Council.[121] Although the legislature is partially elected, the executive is not.[122] The government has been petitioned to introduce direct election of the Chief Executive and all Legislative Council members.[123] These efforts have been partially successful; the Election Committee no longer selects a portion of the Legislative Council.[124]
Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government, and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment.[125][126] Employment vacancies and public-service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language-education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners.[127][128] Foreign domestic helpers, predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under territorial law. Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and are ineligible for the right of abode.[129]
The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty.[70] It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be reintegrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.[130][131]
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Hong Kong and Environment of Hong Kong
Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image.
Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River. The territory's 2,755 km2 (1,064 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, 1,073 km2 (414 sq mi) is land and 35 km2 (14 sq mi) is water.[9] The territory's highest point is Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.[132] Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories.[133] Much of this is built on reclaimed land, due to the lack of developable flat land; 70 km2 (27 sq mi) (six percent of the total land or about 25 per cent of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.[134]
Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland.[135][136] About 40 percent of the remaining land area are country parks and nature reserves.[137] The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.[138][139]
Climate
Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), characteristic of southern China. Summer is hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. Typhoons occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February; an occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring (which can be changeable) and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.[140] Snowfall is extremely rare, and usually occurs at high elevations. Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year;[141] the highest and lowest recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 22 August 2017 and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 18 January 1893.[142] The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are 39.0 °C (102 °F) at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017,[143] and −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016.
showClimate data for Hong Kong (Hong Kong Observatory), normals 1981–2010, extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
26.9
(80.4) 28.3
(82.9) 30.1
(86.2) 33.4
(92.1) 35.5
(95.9) 35.6
(96.1) 35.7
(96.3) 36.6
(97.9) 35.2
(95.4) 34.3
(93.7) 31.8
(89.2) 28.7
(83.7) 36.6
(97.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F)
23.7
(74.7) 24.5
(76.1) 27.1
(80.8) 29.8
(85.6) 31.8
(89.2) 33.1
(91.6) 33.8
(92.8) 33.8
(92.8) 33.8
(92.8) 30.8
(87.4) 28.0
(82.4) 25.1
(77.2) 34.3
(93.7)
Average high °C (°F)
18.6
(65.5) 18.9
(66) 21.4
(70.5) 25.0
(77) 28.4
(83.1) 30.2
(86.4) 31.4
(88.5) 31.1
(88) 30.1
(86.2) 27.8
(82) 24.1
(75.4) 20.2
(68.4) 25.6
(78.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)
16.3
(61.3) 16.8
(62.2) 19.1
(66.4) 22.6
(72.7) 25.9
(78.6) 27.9
(82.2) 28.8
(83.8) 28.6
(83.5) 27.7
(81.9) 25.5
(77.9) 21.8
(71.2) 17.9
(64.2) 23.2
(73.8)
Average low °C (°F)
14.5
(58.1) 15.0
(59) 17.2
(63) 20.8
(69.4) 24.1
(75.4) 26.2
(79.2) 26.8
(80.2) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 23.7
(74.7) 19.8
(67.6) 15.9
(60.6) 21.4
(70.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
9.1
(48.4) 9.9
(49.8) 11.5
(52.7) 15.9
(60.6) 20.5
(68.9) 23.2
(73.8) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 23.2
(73.8) 19.6
(67.3) 14.4
(57.9) 10.0
(50) 7.7
(45.9)
Record low °C (°F)
0.0
(32) 2.4
(36.3) 4.8
(40.6) 9.9
(49.8) 15.4
(59.7) 19.2
(66.6) 21.7
(71.1) 21.6
(70.9) 18.4
(65.1) 13.5
(56.3) 6.5
(43.7) 4.3
(39.7) 0
(32)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
24.7
(0.972) 54.4
(2.142) 82.2
(3.236) 174.7
(6.878) 304.7
(11.996) 456.1
(17.957) 376.5
(14.823) 432.2
(17.016) 327.6
(12.898) 100.9
(3.972) 37.6
(1.48) 26.8
(1.055) 2,398.4
(94.425)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
5.37 9.07 10.90 12.00 14.67 19.07 17.60 16.93 14.67 7.43 5.47 4.47 137.65
Average relative humidity (%)
74 80 82 83 83 82 81 81 78 73 71 69 78.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
143.0 94.2 90.8 101.7 140.4 146.1 212.0 188.9 172.3 193.9 180.1 172.2 1,835.6
Percent possible sunshine
42 29 24 27 34 36 51 47 47 54 54 51 42
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[144][145]
Architecture
Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong
See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
Stacked apartment units in Quarry Bay's Montane Mansion, an example of architectural compression common in Hong Kong
Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 317 towers taller than 150 metres (490 ft),[26] and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world.[146] The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land.[147] Single-family detached homes are extremely rare, and generally only found in outlying areas.[148]
The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region.[149] Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the HSBC Main Building, the anemometer-topped triangular Central Plaza, the circular Hopewell Centre, and the sharp-edged Bank of China Tower.[150][151]
Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises.[152] However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong.[153] Some (including the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory) retain their original function, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex,[154] and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.[155] The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure.[156] The Ping Shan Heritage Trail has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda).[157]
Tong lau, mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants.[158] Examples include Lui Seng Chun, the Blue House in Wan Chai, and the Shanghai Street shophouses in Mong Kok. Mass-produced public-housing estates, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in modernist style.[159]
The Hong Kong Island skyline, viewed from the Victoria Harbour waterfront
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Hong Kong and Hong Kong people
2016 population pyramid
The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,448,900 in mid-2018.[10] The overwhelming majority (92 percent) is Han Chinese,[7] most of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and a number of other Cantonese peoples.[160][161][162] The remaining eight percent are non-ethnic-Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos, Indonesians, and South Asians.[7][163] About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory.[164] The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty.[165]
The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 94.6 percent of the population, 88.9 percent as a first language and 5.7 percent as a second language.[4] Slightly over half the population (53.2 percent) speaks English, the other official language;[3] 4.3 percent are native speakers, and 48.9 percent speak English as a second language.[4] Code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population.[166] Post-handover governments have promoted Mandarin, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 48.6 percent of the population speaks Mandarin, with 1.9 percent native speakers and 46.7 percent speaking it as a second language.[4] Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used on the mainland.[167]
Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China (Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism) have the most adherents (20 percent) and are followed by Christianity (12 percent) and Islam (four percent).[168] Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and the Bahá'í Faith, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.[168]
Of residents aged 15 and older, 81.3 percent completed lower-secondary education; 66.4 percent graduated from an upper secondary school, 31.6 percent attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24 percent earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[169] Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7 percent.[170] Lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty.[171][172]
Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 81.7 years for males and 87.7 years for females in 2017, the world's seventh-highest.[9][10] Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death.[173] The universal public system is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95 percent of healthcare costs are covered by the government.[174]
Income inequality has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people.[175] Although median household income has steadily increased during the past decade, the wage gap remains high;[176] the 90th percentile of earners receive 41 percent of all income.[176] The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people.[177] Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity,[178] median income for the top 10 percent of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10 percent.[179][180]
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Hong Kong and Tourism in Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of the world's busiest container ports.
Hong Kong has a capitalist mixed service economy, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market.[181] It is the world's 35th-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$364 billion.[12] Although Hong Kong's economy has ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index since 1995,[182][183] the territory has a relatively high level of income disparity.[13] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of US$4.3 trillion as of December 2017[update].[184]
Hong Kong is the seventh-largest trading entity in exports and imports, trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product.[22][23] Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40 percent of that traffic.[185] The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's fifth-busiest container port[185] and the busiest airport for international cargo.[186] The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States.[9]
It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90 percent of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all its meat and rice.[187] Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP, and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.[188]
Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector is 92.7 percent of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10 percent.[189] Between 1961 and 1997, Hong Kong's gross domestic product multiplied by a factor of 180 and while per-capita GDP increased by a factor of 87.[190][191] The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27 percent in 1993; it fell to less than three percent in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.[192]
Trading floor of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of market liberalisation on the mainland. Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed (facilitating trade between regions).[193][194] The Closer Partnership Economic Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment.[195] A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions.[196] Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty. Mainland firms represent over half of the Hang Seng Index value, up from five percent in 1997.[197][198]
As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Fifty percent of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13 percent by 2015.[199] The territory's minimal taxation, common-law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia.[199] The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.[200] Hong Kong is a gateway for foreign direct investment in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for renminbi-denominated bonds, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading.[201]
The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little industrial policy, and implemented almost no trade controls. Under the doctrine of "positive non-interventionism", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth.[202] While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s,[202] late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including export-credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.[203]
Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for five percent of GDP.[154] In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed US$32.9 billion to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th-most-popular destination for international tourists. It is the most popular city for tourists, receiving over 70 percent more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau).[204] The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates.[205][206]
Infrastructure
Transport
Main article: Transport in Hong Kong
Entrance to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in Hung Hom, Kowloon
Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90 percent of daily trips are made on public transport, the highest percentage in the world.[27] The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card, is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.[207]
The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 93 metro stations throughout the territory.[208] With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41 percent of all public-transit passengers in the city[209] and has an on-time rate of 99.9 percent.[210] Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail line, and longer-distance inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom Station.[211] Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is provided at West Kowloon Station.[212]
Although public-transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong.[213] Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in mainland China), due to historical influence of the British Empire.[214] Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles.[215] More than 18,000 taxicabs, easily identifiable by their bright colour, are licensed to carry riders in the territory.[216] Bus services operate more than 700 routes across the territory,[209] with smaller public light buses (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly.[217] Highways, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory.[218] The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge creates a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.[194]
MTR train on the Tung Chung line
Hong Kong International Airport is the territory's primary airport. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based Cathay Pacific (flag carrier), Hong Kong Airlines, regional carrier Cathay Dragon, and cargo airline Air Hong Kong.[219] It is the eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic,[220] and handles the most air-cargo traffic in the world.[221] Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through Shek Kong Airfield, under the supervision of the Hong Kong Aviation Club.[222]
The Star Ferry operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers.[223] Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller kai-to boats serve the most remote coastal settlements.[224] Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available.[225] Junks, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.[226]
The Peak Tram, Hong Kong's first public-transport system, has provided funicular rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.[227] The Central and Western District has an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the Mid-Levels escalator (the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system).[228] Hong Kong Tramways covers a portion of Hong Kong Island. The MTR operates its Light Rail system, serving the northwestern New Territories.[208]
Utilities
Main articles: Energy in Hong Kong, Electricity sector in Hong Kong, and Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong
Hong Kong imports nearly all its generated electricity and fuel.[229] The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46 percent from coal and 47 percent from petroleum.[230] The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated on the mainland.[231] Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory.[232] Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed,[229] and a small number of private homes have installed solar panels.[233]
With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water. The Dongjiang River in Guangdong supplies 70 percent of the city's water,[234] and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater.[235] Toilets flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use.[234]
Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6 percent of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent,[236] contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest).[237] Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous;[238] there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts,[239] more than double the territory's population.[10]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Hong Kong
See also: Lingnan culture
Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with progressive Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.[240] Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland due to its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.[241][242] Most incoming migrants fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.[243][244]
Traditional Chinese family values, including family honor, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are prevalent.[245] Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual.[246] Spiritual concepts such as feng shui are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to feng shui is believed to determine the success of a business.[150] Bagua mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits,[247] and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4;[248] the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.[249]
Cuisine
Main article: Hong Kong cuisine
(left) Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant; (right) cha chaan teng breakfast food with Hong Kong-style milk tea
Food in Hong Kong is based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes.[250] Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible.[251] There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and siu yeh.[252] Dim sum, as part of yum cha (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include congee, cha siu bao, siu yuk, egg tarts, and mango pudding. Local versions of Western food are served at cha chaan teng (fast, casual restaurants). Common cha chaan teng menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea.[250]
Cinema
Main article: Cinema of Hong Kong
Statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's film industry
Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped rebuild the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.[253] By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as The World of Suzie Wong.[254] When Bruce Lee's Way of the Dragon was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as A Better Tomorrow, As Tears Go By, and Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain expanded global interest beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.[255] Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as Farewell My Concubine, To Live, and Chungking Express. However, the city's martial-arts-film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The annual number of films produced has declined, to about 60 in 2017.[256]
Music
Main article: Music of Hong Kong
Leslie Cheung (left) is considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and Andy Lau has been an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.
Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style shidaiqu, it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop.[257] Local media featured songs by artists such as Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.[258] The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts.[259] Despite a general decline since late in the decade,[260] Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory.[261]
Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong, and remains a large part of local musical education.[262] The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently host musicians and conductors from overseas. The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.[263]
Sport and recreation
Main article: Sport in Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Sevens, considered the premier tournament of the World Rugby Sevens Series, is played each spring.
Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted a number of major sporting events, including the 2009 East Asian Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy.[264] The territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup.[265][266]
Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions.[264] The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952, and has earned three medals. Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first and only Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.[267] Hong Kong athletes have won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994.[268]
Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.[269]
The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer,[270] has a monopoly on gambling and provides over seven percent of government revenue.[271] Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries and betting on horse racing and football.[270]
Media
Main article: Media of Hong Kong
TVB City, headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station
Hong Kong's major English-language newspaper is the South China Morning Post, with The Standard a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are Ming Pao, Oriental Daily News, and Apple Daily. Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned Ta Kung Pao and Wen Wei Po.[272] Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including The Wall Street Journal, The Financial Times, The New York Times International Edition, USA Today, Yomiuri Shimbun, and The Nikkei.[273]
Three free-to-air television broadcasters operate in the territory; TVB, HKTVE, and Fantastic TV air three analogue and eight digital channels.[274] TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80-percent viewer share.[275] Pay TV services operated by Cable TV Hong Kong and PCCW offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences.[274] RTHK is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and three television channels.[276] Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population.[274] Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland-Chinese regulations, including the Great Firewall.[277]
See also
Hong Kong portal
China portal
Index of articles related to Hong Kong
List of Hong Kong people
Outline of Hong Kong
Notes and references
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak Cantonese, the de facto regional standard.[2][3][4]
^ Jump up to: a b For all government use, documents written using Traditional Chinese characters are authoritative over ones inscribed with Simplified Chinese characters.[5] English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.[6]
Jump up ^ Hong Kong permanent residents can be of any nationality. A person without Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided there for a continuous period not less than seven years, and is permanently domiciled in the territory would be legally recognized as a Hongkonger.[15]
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Cheung, Tony (10 May 2016). "Too soon to talk about 2047? Legal experts split on when Hong Kong should debate its future". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
Cheung, Tony (28 February 2017). "Who goes there? Hong Kong's participation in China's 'two sessions' explained". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Cheung, Tony; Ho, Lauren (19 January 2013). "CY Leung insists housing policy won't cause property crash". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Chow, Vivienne (16 March 2017). "Hong Kong's TVB Targeting New Revenues With OTT Platform, Productions". Variety. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
"End of an experiment". The Economist. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
Gargan, Edward A. (1 July 1997). "China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Ge, Celine (28 July 2017). "It's fade out for Hong Kong's film industry as China moves into the spotlight". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). "Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
He, Huifeng (13 January 2013). "Forgotten stories of the great escape to Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Haas, Benjamin (14 July 2017). "Hong Kong pro-democracy legislators disqualified from parliament". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Hollingsworth, Julia; Zheng, Sarah (27 March 2017). "Top 10 Hong Kong skyscraper nicknames, from the Big Syringe to the Hong Kong Finger". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
Huang, Echo (15 November 2016). "A Hong Kong court has disqualified two legislators who refused to take their oath "correctly"". Quartz (publication). Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Kaiman, Johnathan (30 September 2014). "Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
Kong, Daniel (8 August 2013). "Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow?". Modern Farmer. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
Kwok, Donny (22 September 2018). "All aboard: Hong Kong bullet train signals high-speed integration with China". Reuters. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
Labarre, Suzanne (15 June 2010). "Ingenious Flipper Bridge Melds Left-Side Drivers With Right-Side Drivers". Fast Company. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Lendon, Brad (29 June 2017). "China makes its military more visible in Hong Kong". CNN. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
Lhatoo, Yonden (17 September 2015). "Racism is rife in Hong Kong and the Equal Opportunities Commission is a toothless hamster to tackle it". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Mok, Danny (14 February 2018). "Going up! Prices for Hong Kong's famous Peak Tram to increase for second time in less than two years". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Mok, Danny; Lee, Eddie (4 March 2015). "Let Hongkongers serve in China's People's Liberation Army, says top military official". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Nakamura, Yu (18 May 2017). "Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge construction set to finish this year". Nikkei Asian Review. The Nikkei. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Ngo, Jennifer; Cheung, Elizabeth (16 March 2016). "A case for inclusion: Carrie Lam pledges to tout list of 16 ethnic minority Hongkongers for government advisory positions". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Sala, Ilaria Maria (1 September 2016). "As Hong Kong goes to the polls, why isn't the Communist Party on the ballot?". Quartz. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Siu, Phila; Chung, Kimmy (27 December 2017). "Controversial joint checkpoint plan approved for high-speed rail link as Hong Kong officials dismiss concerns over legality". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Tam, Luisa (11 September 2017). "Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
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Yu, Verna (6 January 2013). "Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Zhao, Shirley (6 September 2015). "'If you tell them you are Pakistani, they won't give you the flat': Finding a Hong Kong home is battle against prejudice for ethnic minorities". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Zheng, Sarah (14 January 2017). "Hong Kong's heritage sites face continued threat despite government grading system". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Websites
Bush, Richard C.; Whelan-Wuest, Maeve (29 March 2017). "Another Hong Kong election, another pro-Beijing leader—why it matters". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Desjardins, Jeff (14 March 2018). "These 25 countries have the most billionaires". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
"Disclaimer and Copyright Notice". Legislative Council. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
Ghoshal, Amoy (1 July 2011). "Asian Cup: Know Your History – Part One (1956–1988)". Goal. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
"HK records hottest day before typhoon". EJ Insight. Hong Kong Economic Journal. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
"HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality". EJ Insight. Hong Kong Economic Journal. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
"Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'". NBC News. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
"Hong Kong profile – Media". BBC News. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
Kohlstedt, Kurt (5 September 2016). "Here Be Dragons: How Feng Shui Shapes the Skyline of Hong Kong". 99% Invisible. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
Kwong, Chi Man (9 September 2015). "Hong Kong during World War II: A Transnational Battlefield". University of Nottingham. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Lam, Eric; Qiu, Yue (23 June 2017). "Hong Kong's Stock Market Tells the Story of China's Growing Dominance". Bloomberg. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
"Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2017". Planning Department. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms". Immigration Department. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
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Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010) Urban area population[1][2]
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.

Shanghai

Beijing 1 Shanghai Municipality of China 20,217,748 11 Chongqing Municipality of China 6,263,790
Shenzhen

Guangzhou
2 Beijing Municipality of China 16,446,857 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 5,827,888
3 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,381 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,718,232
4 Guangzhou Guangdong 9,702,144 14 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,206,253
5 Tianjin Municipality of China 9,562,255 15 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,162,093
6 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,527 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 4,933,054
7 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,322 17 Dalian Liaoning 3,902,467
8 Hong Kong SAR of China 7,071,576 18 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,032
9 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,895 19 Shantou Guangdong 3,644,017
10 Chengdu Sichuan 6,316,922 20 Jinan Shandong 3,527,566
Coordinates: 22°18′N 114°12′E / 22.3°N 114.2°E / 22.3; 114.2
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb11988563q (data)
GND: 4025822-1
ISNI: 0000 0001 2179 3140
LCCN: n81001722
NARA: 10044840
NDL: 00563400
NKC: ge129286
NLA: 36343200
SUDOC: 027953920
VIAF: 261062131
Jump up ^ 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council], 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics]. Beijing: 中国统计出版社 [China Statistics Print]. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
Jump up ^ Chongqing core districts urban area are consist of nine districts: Yuzhong, Dadukou, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nan'an, Beibei, Yubei, & Banan.
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values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values: હોંગકોંગ – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

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values: Хонконг балһсн – Kalmyk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values: Հոնկոնգ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: हॉन्ग कॉन्ग – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hi
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Igbo
ig
ig
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ig
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values: Гонконг – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

values:
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Zulu
zu
zu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zu
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: הונג קונג – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values: ಹಾಂಗ್ ಕಾಂಗ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values: ჰონგ-კონგი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Гонконг – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Гонконг – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values: Гонконг – Lezghian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ຮົງກົງ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkonga
Honkonga – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkongas
Honkongas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: ഹോങ്കോങ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongipua
Hongipua – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values: हाँग काँग – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

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values:
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display: none;

values: ဟောင်ကောင် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values: Гонконг – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong
Gonkong – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਹਾਂਗਕਾਂਗ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values: هانگ کانگ – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Kang
Ang Kang – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values: ហុងកុង – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong
Gonkong – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Гонґ Конґ – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Гонконг – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
display: none;

values: Хоҥ Коҥ – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values: ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ – Santali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sat
display: none;

values: हांग् कांग् नगरम् – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Southern Sotho
st
st
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-st
display: none;

values:
https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Tswana
tn
tn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tn
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: හොංකොං – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Хонгконг – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஆங்காங் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara
display: none;

values: Һоң Коң – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: హాంగ్‌కాంగ్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ฮ่องกง – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Ҳонгконг – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chy
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong
Gonkong – Turkmen
tk
tk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ہانگ کانگ – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ur
display: none;

values: شياڭگاڭ – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkong
Honkong – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: האנג קאנג – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values: Гонконг – Ingush

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-inh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

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