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Craic
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This article is about the term "craic". For the film, see The Craic. For other uses, see CRAIC.
Look up crack in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up craic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Craic" (/kræk/ KRAK) or "crack" is a term for news, gossip, fun, entertainment, and enjoyable conversation, particularly prominent in Ireland.[1][2][3] It is often used with the definite article – the craic[1] – as in the expression "What's the craic?" (meaning "How are you?" or "What's happening?"). The word has an unusual history; the Scots and English crack was borrowed into Irish as craic in the mid-20th century and the Irish spelling was then reborrowed into English.[1] Under either spelling, the term has great cultural currency and significance in Ireland.
Contents
1 History
2 Criticism of spelling
3 Sociology
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
History[edit]
The word crack is derived from the Middle English crak, meaning "loud conversation, bragging talk".[4] A sense of crack found in Northern England and Scotland meaning "conversation" or "news"[5] produces expressions such as "What's the crack?",[6] meaning "how are you?" or "have you any news?" The context involving "news" and "gossip" originated in Northern English[7] and Scots.[8] A book on the speech of Northern England published in 1825 equates crack with "chat, conversation, news".[9] The term is recorded in Scotland with this sense as far back as the 16th century, with both Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns employing it in the 1770s and 1780s.[10][11][12] The Scottish song "The Wark o The Weavers", which dates back to the early part of the 19th century, published by David Shaw, who died in 1856, has the opening line "We're a' met thegither here tae sit an tae crack, Wi oor glesses in oor hands...."[13][14] A collection of folk songs from Cumberland published in 1865 refers to villagers "enjoying their crack".[15] "Crack" is prominent in Cumbrian dialect and everyday Cumbrian usage (including the name of an online local newspaper), with the meaning "gossip".[16][17] A glossary of Lancashire terms and phrases published in 1869 lists crack as meaning "chat",[18] as does a book on the local culture of Edinburgh published in the same year.[19] Glossaries of the dialects of Yorkshire (1878), Cheshire (1886), and Northumberland (1892) equate crack variously with "conversation", "gossip", and "talk".[20][21][22] These senses of the term entered Hiberno-English from Scots through Ulster at some point in the mid-20th century and were then borrowed into Irish.[1]
The Dictionary of the Scots Language records use of the term in Ulster in 1929.[11] Other early Irish citations from the Irish Independent relate to rural Ulster: from 1950, "There was much good 'crack'... in the edition of Country Magazine which covered Northern Ireland";[23] or from 1955, "The Duke had been sitting on top of Kelly's gate watching the crack."[24] At this time the word was, in Ireland, associated with Ulster dialects: in 1964 linguist John Braidwood said of the term, "perhaps one of the most seemingly native Ulster words is crack.... In fact the word is of English and Scots origin."[25] It can frequently be found in the work of 20th century Ulster writers such as Jennifer Johnston (1977): "I'm sorry if I muscled in on Saturday. Did I spoil your crack?"[26] and Brian Friel (1980): "You never saw such crack in your life, boys".[27]
Like many other words over the centuries, crack was borrowed into the Irish language with the Gaelicized spelling craic.[1] It has been used in Irish since at least 1968,[28] and was popularised in the catchphrase Beidh ceol, caint agus craic againn ("We'll have music, chat and craic"), used by Seán Bán Breathnach for his Irish-language chatshow SBB ina Shuí, broadcast on RTÉ from 1976 to 1982.[1][29][30] The Irish spelling was soon reborrowed into English, and is attested in publications from the 1970s and 1980s.[1] Craic has also been used in Scottish Gaelic since at least the early 1990s, though it is unknown if it was borrowed directly from Irish or from English.[1]
At first the craic form was uncommon outside Irish, even in an Irish context. Barney Rush's 1960s song "The Crack Was Ninety in the Isle of Man" does not use the Irish-language spelling, neither is it used in Christy Moore's 1978 version.[31] However, The Dubliners' 2006 version adopts the Irish spelling.[32] The title of Four to the Bar's 1994 concert album, Craic on the Road, uses the Irish-language spelling as an English-language pun,[33] as does Irish comedian Dara Ó Briain's 2012 show Craic Dealer.[34]
Now, 'craic' is interpreted as a specifically and quintessentially Irish form of fun. The adoption of the Gaelic spelling has reinforced the sense that this is an independent word (homophone) rather than a separate sense of the original word (polysemy). Frank McNally of The Irish Times has said of the word, "[m]ost Irish people now have no idea it's foreign."[35]
Criticism of spelling[edit]
The craic spelling has attracted criticism when used in English. English-language specialist Diarmaid Ó Muirithe wrote in his Irish Times column "The Words We Use" that "the constant Gaelicisation of the good old English-Scottish dialect word crack as craic sets my teeth on edge".[36] Writing for the Irish Independent, Irish journalist Kevin Myers criticised the craic spelling as "pseudo-Gaelic" and a "bogus neologism".[37] Other linguists have referred to the craic form as "fake Irish".[38]
Sociology[edit]
"The craic" has become a part of Irish culture. In a 2001 review of the modern Irish information economy, information sciences professor Eileen M. Trauth called "craic" an intrinsic part of the culture of sociability that distinguished the Irish workplace from those of other countries.[39] Trauth wrote that even as Ireland transitioned away from an economy and society dominated by agriculture, the traditional importance of atmosphere and the art of conversation – "craic" – remains, and that the social life is a fundamental part of workers' judgment of quality of life.[40]
Critics have accused the Irish tourism industry and the promoters of Irish theme pubs of marketing "commodified craic" as a kind of stereotypical Irishness.[41] In his Companion to Irish Traditional Music, Fintan Vallely suggests that use of craic in English is largely an exercise on the part of Irish pubs to make money through the commercialisation of traditional Irish music.[42] Likewise, Donald Clarke in The Irish Times associates the change of spelling to craic with the rebranding of the Irish pub as a tourist attraction during the 1990s.[43]
See also[edit]
Language contact
List of English words of Irish origin and Irish words used in English
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Craic". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 31 May 2012. (Subscription required (help)). craic, n. Fun, amusement; entertaining company or conversation... Freq. with the.
Jump up ^ "Crack, n. (I.5.c.)". Oxford English Dictionary. March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Corrigan, Karen P. (2010). Irish English: Northern Ireland. Edinburgh University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0748634293
Jump up ^ Dolan, T. P. (2006). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. Gill & MacMillan. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7171-4039-8
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary "crack (noun)" sense I.5.a
Jump up ^ Else, David (2007). British Language and Culture. Lonely Planet. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-86450-286-2
Jump up ^ "Crack, Craic" from Hiberno-English dictionary Archived 21 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Crak" from the Dictionary of the Scots Language
Jump up ^ Brockett, John Trotter (1825). A Glossary of North Country Words, In Use. From An Original Manuscript, With Additions. E. Charnley. p. 47
Jump up ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language :: DOST :: Crak n."
^ Jump up to: a b "Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Crack n.1".
Jump up ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Crack v."
Jump up ^ Buchan, Norman (1962). 101 Scottish Songs: The Wee Red Book. Collins.
Jump up ^ "Work Weavers". chivalry.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Gilpin, Sidney (1865). The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland : To Which Are Added The Best Poems In the Dialect; With Biographical Sketches, Notes, & Glossary G. Coward. p. 185.
Jump up ^ "The Cumbrian Dictionary". the Cumbrian Dictionary. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cumbrian Crack". Cumbrian Crack. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Morris, James P. (1869) A Glossary of the Words and Phrases of Furness (North Lancashire). J. Russell Smith. p. 22
Jump up ^ Chambers, Robert (1869). Traditions of Edinburgh by Robert Chambers. W & R. Chambers. p. 171
Jump up ^ Castillo, John (1878). Poems in the North Yorkshire Dialect. p. 64
Jump up ^ Holland, Robert (1886). A Glossary of Words Used In the County of Chester. Trübner. p. 84
Jump up ^ Haldane, Harry (1892). Northumberland Words. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 192.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Maxwell (2 December 1950). "Radio review". Irish Independent. p. 5.
Jump up ^ "Francis" (13 August 1955). "Over the Fields: Life, Day by Day on an Ulster Farm". Irish Independent. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Braidwood, John, “Ulster and Elizabethan English” in Ulster Dialects: An Introductory Symposium (1964) Ulster Folk Museum, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Johnston: Shadows on Our Skin
Jump up ^ Brian Friel: Translations
Jump up ^ See, for example, this newspaper advertisement: "TEACH FURBO: AG OSCAILT ANOCHT: CEOL AGUS CRAIC". Connacht Sentinel (in Irish). 30 July 1968. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Boylan, Philip (23 October 1977). "The Week Ahead". Sunday Independent. p. 2. Friday, RTÉ, 5.30: 'SBB na Shui' [sic] is a new half-hour series with the star of Radio na Gaeltachta, Sean Ban Breathnach, in the chair presenting music, serious discussion and yarns, i.e., ceol, caint agus craic.
Jump up ^ Moore, Richard (11 July 1981). "Television topics". Meath Chronicle. p. 20. "Ceoil, caint agus craic" is how Mr. Breathnach introduces the programme.
Jump up ^ "lyrics: Crack Was Ninety In The Isle of Man". Christy Moore, official website. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Too Late to Stop Now: The Very Best of the Dubliners (Media notes). The Dubliners. DMG TV. 2006.
Jump up ^ Four to the Bar: Craic on the Road
Jump up ^ Richardson, Jay. "Review - Dara O'Briain: Craic Dealer". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ McNally, Frank (2005). Xenophobe's Guide to the Irish. London: Oval. p. 19. ISBN 1-902825-33-0.
Jump up ^ Ó Muirithe, Diarmaid (5 December 1992). "The Words We Use". The Irish Times. p. 27. ; reprinted in Ó Muirithe, Diarmaid (October 2006). The Words We Use. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. pp. 154–5. ISBN 978-0-7171-4080-0.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Myers: The day of indulgence is done – the time of duty has arrived". Irish Independent. 24 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Momma, Haruko, Matto, Michael (2009). A Companion to the History of the English Language. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 371. ISBN 978-1444302868
Jump up ^ Trauth, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Trauth, pp. 149–150.
Jump up ^ McGovern 2002, p. 91
Jump up ^ Vallely, Fintan (1999). Companion to Irish Traditional Music. New York: New York University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-8147-8802-5.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Donald (22 June 2013). "Who will set us free of the bogus Irishness of craic?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
References[edit]
"Irish Slang". Irish Slang.
Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
The New Comprehensive Dictionary of The English Language (c. 1920). Newnes (London) and Chambers (Edinburgh).
Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) Focloir Gaedhilge agus Bearla. Dublin: Irish Texts Society.
McGovern, Mark (2003). Michael Cronin and Barbara O'Connor, ed. "'The Cracked Pint Glass of the Servant': the Irish Pub, Irish Identity, and the Tourist Eye". Irish Tourism: Image, Culture and Identity. Clevedon: Channel View. ISBN 1-873150-54-7.
McGovern, Mark (2002). "The 'Craic' Market: Irish Theme Bars and the Commodification of Irishness in Contemporary Britain". Irish Journal of Sociology. 11.2: 77–98.
Trauth, Eileen M. (2001). The Culture of an Information Economy. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-0396-X. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
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Penalty shootout
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The penalty shootout is a method of determining a winner in sports matches that would have otherwise been drawn or tied. The rules for penalty shootouts vary between sports and even different competitions; however, the usual form is similar to penalty shots in that a single player takes one shot on goal from a specified spot, the only defender being the goalkeeper. Teams take turns, with the one with the largest number of successful goals after a specified number of attempts being the winner. If the result is still tied, the shootout usually continues on a "goal-for-goal" basis, with the teams taking shots alternately, and the one that scores a goal unmatched by the other team is declared the winner. This may continue until every player has taken a shot, after which players may take extra shots, until the tie is broken, and is also known as "sudden death".
Contents
[hide]
1 Rationale
2 Sports
2.1 Baseball
2.2 Cricket
2.3 Field hockey
2.4 Football/soccer
2.5 Football/gridiron
2.6 Handball
2.7 Ice hockey
2.8 Rugby union
2.9 Water polo
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Rationale[edit]
A penalty shootout is normally used only in "no ties allowed" situations (for example, a tournament where the losers must be eliminated) and where other methods such as extra time and sudden death have failed to determine a winner first. It avoids the delays involved in staging replayed matches in order to produce a tie-break. A common complaint about penalty shootouts is that they only determine the better team in the one, rather narrow, discipline of taking penalty shots, rather than fairly determining the better team in overall play.
Sports[edit]
Sports in which a penalty shootout may be used include:
Baseball[edit]
A similar concept has been adopted in a few professional baseball leagues. The Israel Baseball League (IBL), in its only season in 2007, and the Can-Am League, beginning in 2014, have both used home run derbies as tiebreakers instead of the potentially endless system of extra innings used in Major League Baseball and elsewhere. In the IBL, home run derbies took place immediately after regulation ended (after the 7th inning) while the Can-Am League does not employ the home run derby tiebreaker until after the 10th inning.[1][2]
Cricket[edit]
A Super Over is sometimes used to decide a tied match. Both sides will bowl one over, in turns. Two wickets are allowed to fall on both sides, after which the team is not allowed to bat any more. The team who scores the most runs in their over is declared the winner. Team batting last in the original run of play bats first in super over.
Field hockey[edit]
Main article: Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)
Football/soccer[edit]
Main article: Penalty shoot-out (association football)
Penalty shootouts, properly known as "kicks from the penalty mark" and a nickname of "spot kicks" usually occur in knock-out tournaments or cup competitions. After 90 minutes of regular play plus injury time or extra-time, when the two teams are level, each team will alternate five penalty kicks. But if one team is not ahead on goals after these five kicks, the shootout will proceed to sudden death. Usually teams would play 30 minutes of extra time before this.
Football/gridiron[edit]
Main article: Kansas playoff
An equivalent to the shootout is in the rule books of most gridiron-style football codes, including Canadian football, college football and high school football. Immediately after regulation ends, each team is given the ball within their opponent's territory, between 10 and 25 yards away depending on the league, and begins play from scrimmage until they score or lose possession of the ball. If play is no longer tied after each team has a possession, the game is over; if it remains tied, each team gets one more possession. Unlike shootouts in other sports, all points scored in a gridiron overtime count toward the overall score in the game.
Notably, the National Football League does not use this method to settle ties, instead using the golden touchdown method to settling ties.
Handball[edit]
If a game is tied after regular time and a clear winner is necessary (like in knockout tournaments), it would proceed to two 5-minute periods of overtime with a 1-minute break before each. If the scores are still tied, a second overtime of 2x5 minutes is played. If the game is still tied after 2 overtimes, the game goes into a penalty shootout. Five players per side throw 7-meters-penalties, if still tied, one player per side take a penalty throw until a decision is found, which is the same procedure as in association football.
Ice hockey[edit]
Main article: Shootout (ice hockey)
If the score remains tied after an overtime period, the subsequent shootout consists of a set number of players from each team (3 in the NHL and IIHF rules and 5 in most North American minor leagues, and one in some other leagues) taking penalty shots. After these shots, the team with the most goals is awarded the victory. If the score is still tied, the shootout then proceeds to a sudden death; additional shots are played until one team scores and the other doesn't; the scoring team wins and is awarded two points in the standings, while the losing team is awarded one point. In North America, the winning team receives two points regardless of whether the win comes in regulation, overtime or the shootout, while the losing team receives no points for a regulation loss and one point for an overtime or shootout loss. In the NHL, the player scoring the shootout-winning goal is not officially credited with a goal in his personal statistics; thus, a player who scores twice in regulation and once in the shootout is not credited with a hat trick. On December 16, 2014, the Florida Panthers defeated the Washington Capitals 2-1 in the 20th round of a shootout, making it the longest shootout in NHL history.
In many European leagues a team receives three points for a regulation win and two for an overtime or shootout win, with the losing team's points awarded in the same manner as in North America. Regardless of the number of goals scored during the shootout by either team, the final score awards the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of regulation time (or overtime).
In many North American minor leagues, the player that scores the shootout-winning goal is credited with one shot on goal and one goal. The losing goaltender of the shootout is credited with one shot against, one goal against, and an overtime/shootout loss. North American professional hockey does not allow shootouts in post-season play, and instead will play multiple 20-minute sudden-death overtime periods as are needed until a team scores. The official IIHF name of the procedure is game-winning shots (GWS). In some European countries, the post-game penalty shots are unofficially known as "bullets".[3][4]
Rugby union[edit]
In rugby union, five players take kicks on goal from the centre of the 22-metre line. If the scores are level after five players from each team have kicked, the shootout goes to sudden death. As with cricket, no player may defend the goal. This tie-breaking method was used for the first time at a professional level in Leicester Tigers' Heineken Cup semi-final victory over the Cardiff Blues on 3 May 2009; after a 26–26 draw after extra time, Leicester won the shootout 7–6.[5]
Water polo[edit]
Following a tie in regulation, 5 players and a goalkeeper are chosen by the coaches of each team. Players shoot from the 5 meter line alternately at either end of the pool in turn until all five have taken a shot. If the score is still tied, the same players shoot alternately until one team misses and the other scores. The scores from the penalty shootout are added to the score instead of being counted as a separate score as in other sports. Colleges have no such shootout procedure; teams play two straight 3-minute periods, and if still tied play multiple 3-minute golden goal periods.
See also[edit]
Tiebreaker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hyde, Dave (July 8, 2007). "Grand old game gets new twists in Israel". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "CAN-AM LEAGUE ADOPTS INTERNATIONAL TIEBREAKER". Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Jeff Z. Klein, "Hockey Night in Europe: Goodbye, Columbus," New York Times, Oct. 25, 2008
Jump up ^ V. Lychyk, "English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian," Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29 (1994), p. 153.
Jump up ^ "Blues 26–26 Leicester (aet)". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
External links[edit]
FINA water polo rules for penalty shootouts
Football (soccer) penalty shootout trivia
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Paper size
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For sizing as the ingredient used in papermaking, see Sizing § Papermaking.
A size chart illustrating the ISO A series and a comparison with American letter and legal formats.
Comparison of some paper and photographic paper sizes close to the A4 size.
Many paper size standards conventions have existed at different times and in different countries. Today, the A and B series of ISO 216, which includes the commonly used A4 size, are the international standard used by almost every country. However, in many countries in the Americas as well as in the Philippines, the North American series of paper sizes such as 'Letter' is more prevalent.[1]
Paper sizes affect writing paper, stationery, cards, and some printed documents. The international standard for envelopes is the C series of ISO 269.
Contents
[hide]
1 International paper sizes
1.1 A series
1.2 B series
1.3 C series
1.4 Overview: ISO paper sizes
1.5 German extensions
1.6 Swedish extensions
1.7 Japanese B-series variant
1.8 Chinese extensions
1.9 Soviet variants
2 North American paper sizes
2.1 Loose sizes
2.1.1 Common loose sizes
2.1.2 Usage and adoption
2.1.3 Variant loose sizes
2.1.4 Standardized American paper sizes
2.1.5 Architectural sizes
2.1.6 Other sizes
2.2 Notebook sizes
2.3 Office sizes
2.4 Photography sizes
2.5 Postage sizes
2.6 Grain
3 Traditional British paper sizes
4 Traditional inch-based paper sizes
4.1 Demitab
5 Traditional French paper sizes
6 Transitional paper sizes
6.1 PA4 or L4
6.2 F4
6.3 A0a
6.4 Pliego
7 Other metric sizes
7.1 Envelope sizes
7.2 Raw sizes
8 Newspaper sizes
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
International paper sizes[edit]
Map of the world showing adoption of ISO A4 (blue) vs. US-Letter (red)[clarification needed]
Main article: ISO 216
See Switching costs, Network effects and Standardization for possible reasons for differing regional adoption rates of the ISO standard sizes.
The international paper size standard is ISO 216. It is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of the square root of 2, or approximately 1:1.4142. There are different series, as well as several extensions.
The following international paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): A3, A4, A5, B4, B5.[2]
A series[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ISO A series.
The base A0 size of paper is defined as having an area of 1 m2 and a side ratio of 1 by √2, making the A0 paper size exactly 2 4 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{4}]{2}}} m × 1 2 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt[{4}]{2}}}} m. Rounded to the nearest millimetre, that is 841 by 1,189 millimetres (33.1 in × 46.8 in).
Successive paper sizes in the series A1, A2, A3, and so forth, are defined by halving the preceding paper size across the larger dimension. This also effectively halves the area of each sheet. The most frequently used paper size is A4 measuring 210 by 297 millimetres (8.27 in × 11.7 in).
The significant advantage of this system is its scaling: if a sheet with an aspect ratio of √2 is divided into two equal halves parallel to its shortest sides, then the halves will again have an aspect ratio of √2. Folded brochures of any size can be made by using sheets of the next larger size, e.g. A4 sheets are folded to make A5 brochures. The system allows scaling without compromising the aspect ratio from one size to another—as provided by office photocopiers, e.g. enlarging A4 to A3 or reducing A3 to A4. Similarly, two sheets of A4 can be scaled down and fit exactly on 1 sheet without any cutoff or margins.
The behavior of the aspect ratio is easily proven: on a sheet of paper, let a be the long side and b be the short side; thus, a/b = √2. When the sheet of paper is folded in half widthwise, let c be the length of the new short side: c = a/2. If we take the ratio of the newly folded paper we have:
b c = b a 2 = 2 a b = 2 2 = 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {b}{c}}={\frac {b}{\frac {a}{2}}}={\frac {2}{\frac {a}{b}}}={\frac {2}{\sqrt {2}}}={\sqrt {2}}}
Therefore, the aspect ratio is preserved for the new dimensions of the folded paper.
Weights are easy to calculate as well: a standard A4 sheet made from 80 g/m2 paper weighs 5 g (as it is 1⁄16 of an A0 page, measuring 1 m2), allowing one to easily compute the weight—and associated postage rate—by counting the number of sheets used.
The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of √2 were first noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg.[3] The formats that became A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France on proposition of the mathematician Lazare Carnot and published for judiciary purpose in 1798 during the French Revolution.[4] Early in the 20th century, Dr Walter Porstmann turned Lichtenberg's idea into a proper system of different paper sizes. Porstmann's system was introduced as a DIN standard (DIN 476) in Germany in 1922, replacing a vast variety of other paper formats. Even today, the paper sizes are called "DIN A4" (IPA: [diːn.ʔaː.fiːɐ̯]) in everyday use in Germany and Austria.
The DIN 476 standard spread quickly to other countries. Before the outbreak of World War II, it had been adopted by the following countries:
Belgium (1924)
Netherlands (1925)
Norway (1926)
Finland (1927)
Switzerland (1929)
Sweden (1930)
Soviet Union (1934)
Hungary (1938)
Italy (1939)
During World War II, the standard was adopted by Uruguay (1942), Argentina (1943) and Brazil (1943), and afterwards spread to other countries:
Spain (1947)
Austria (1948)
Iran (1948)
Romania (1949)
Japan (1951)
Denmark (1953)
Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic and Slovakia) (1953)
Israel (1954)
Portugal (1954)
Yugoslavia (now Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia) (1956)
India (1957)
Poland (1957)
United Kingdom (1959)
Ireland (1959)
Venezuela (1962)
New Zealand (1963)
Iceland (1964)
Mexico (1965)
South Africa (1966)
France (1967)
Peru (1967)
Turkey (1967)
Chile (1968)
Greece (1970)
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) (1970)
Singapore (1970)
Bangladesh (1972)
Thailand (1973)
Barbados (1973)
Australia (1974)
Ecuador (1974)
Colombia (1975)
Kuwait (1975)
By 1975, so many countries were using the German system that it was established as an ISO standard, as well as the official United Nations document format. By 1977, A4 was the standard letter format in 88 of 148 countries. Today the standard has been adopted by all countries in the world except the United States and Canada. In Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, and the Philippines, the US letter format is still in common use, despite their official adoption of the ISO standard.
B series[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ISO B series.
In addition to the A series, there is a less common B series. The area of B series sheets is the geometric mean of successive A series sheets. So, B1 is between A0 and A1 in size, with an area of 0.707 m2 (1⁄√2 m2). As a result, B0 is 1 metre wide, and other sizes in the B series are a half, a quarter or further fractions of a metre wide. While less common in office use, it is used for a variety of special situations. Many posters use B-series paper or a close approximation, such as 50 cm × 70 cm; B5 is a relatively common choice for books. The B series is also used for envelopes and passports. The B-series is widely used in the printing industry to describe both paper sizes and printing press sizes, including digital presses. B3 paper is used to print two US letter or A4 pages side by side using imposition; four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc.
C series[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ISO C series.
The C series is usually used for envelopes and is defined in ISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits inside a C4 envelope, and C4 paper fits inside a B4 envelope.
Some envelope formats with mixed sides from adjacent sizes (and thus an approximate aspect ratio of 2:1) are also defined in national adaptations of the ISO standard, e.g. DIN C6/C5 is 114 mm × 229 mm where the common side to C5 and C6 is 162 mm.
Overview: ISO paper sizes[edit]
ISO paper sizes in portrait view (with rounded inch values)
Format
A series[5]
B series[6]
C series[7]
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
0
841 × 1189 33.1 × 46.8 1000 × 1414 39.4 × 55.7 917 × 1297 36.1 × 51.1
1
594 × 841 23.4 × 33.1 707 × 1000 27.8 × 39.4 648 × 917 25.5 × 36.1
2
420 × 594 16.5 × 23.4 500 × 707 19.7 × 27.8 458 × 648 18.0 × 25.5
3
297 × 420 11.7 × 16.5 353 × 500 13.9 × 19.7 324 × 458 12.8 × 18.0
4
210 × 297 8.27 × 11.7 250 × 353 9.84 × 13.9 229 × 324 9.02 × 12.8
5
148 × 210 5.83 × 8.27 176 × 250 6.93 × 9.84 162 × 229 6.38 × 9.02
6
105 × 148 4.13 × 5.83 125 × 176 4.92 × 6.93 114 × 162 4.49 × 6.38
7
74 × 105 2.91 × 4.13 88 × 125 3.46 × 4.92 81 × 114 3.19 × 4.49
8
52 × 74 2.05 × 2.91 62 × 88 2.44 × 3.46 57 × 81 2.24 × 3.19
9
37 × 52 1.46 × 2.05 44 × 62 1.73 × 2.44 40 × 57 1.57 × 2.24
10
26 × 37 1.02 × 1.46 31 × 44 1.22 × 1.73 28 × 40 1.10 × 1.57
The tolerances specified in the standard are
±1.5 mm (0.06 in) for dimensions up to 150 mm (5.9 in),
±2 mm (0.08 in) for lengths in the range 150 to 600 mm (5.9 to 23.6 in) and
±3 mm (0.12 in) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 in).
German extensions[edit]
The German standard DIN 476 was published on 18 August 1922 and is the original specification of the A, B and C sizes. In 1991, it was split into DIN 476-1 for the A and B formats on the one hand and 476-2 for the C series on the other hand. The former has been withdrawn in 2002 in favor of adopting the international standard as DIN EN ISO 216, but part 2 has been retained and was last updated in 2008.
The first and the second editions of DIN 476 from 1922 and 1925 also included a D series.
DIN D series paper sizes in portrait view (with rounded inch values)
Format
D series
Size
mm × mm
in × in
0
771 × 1090 30.4 × 42.9
1
545 × 771 21.5 × 30.4
2
385 × 545 15.2 × 21.5
3
272 × 385 10.7 × 15.2
4
192 × 272 7.56 × 10.7
5
136 × 192 5.35 × 7.56
6
096 × 136 3.78 × 5.35
7
068 × 096 2.68 × 3.78
8
048 × 068 1.89 × 2.68
The smallest formats specified originally were A13, B13, C8 and D8.
DIN 476:1922 tiny formats (with rounded inch values)
Format
A
B
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
11
18 × 26 0.71 × 1.02 22 × 31 0.87 × 1.22
12
13 × 18 0.51 × 0.71 15 × 22 0.59 × 0.87
13
09 × 13 0.35 × 0.51 11 × 15 0.43 × 0.59
DIN 476 provides for formats larger than A0, denoted by a prefix factor. In particular, it lists the formats 2A0 and 4A0, which are twice and four times the size of A0 respectively. However, ISO 216:2007 notes 2A0 and 4A0 in the table of Main series of trimmed sizes (ISO A series) as well: "The rarely used sizes [2A0 and 4A0] which follow also belong to this series."
DIN 476 overformats (with rounded inch values)
Name
mm × mm
in × in
4A0
1682 × 2378 66.22 × 93.62
2A0
1189 × 1682 46.81 × 66.22
DIN 476 also used to specify slightly tighter tolerances than ISO 216:
±1 mm (0.04 in) for dimensions up to 150 mm (5.9 in),
±1.5 mm (0.06 in) for lengths in the range 150 mm to 600 mm (5.9 to 23.6 in) and
±2 mm (0.08 in) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 in).
Swedish extensions[edit]
Comparison of ISO 216 and Swedish standard SIS 014711 paper sizes between A4 and A3 sizes.
The Swedish standard SS 014711[8] generalized the ISO system of A, B, and C formats by adding D, E, F, and G formats to it. Its D format sits between a B format and the next larger A format (just like C sits between A and the next larger B). The remaining formats fit in between all these formats, such that the sequence of formats A4, E4, C4, G4, B4, F4, D4, H4, A3 is a geometric progression, in which the dimensions grow by a factor 16√2 from one size to the next. However, the SIS 014711 standard does not define any size between a D format and the next larger A format (called H in the previous example).
Of these additional formats, G5 (169 × 239 mm) and E5 (155 × 220 mm) are popular in Sweden and the Netherlands for printing dissertations,[9] but the other formats have not turned out to be particularly useful in practice and they have not been adopted internationally.
The Swedish and German D series basically contain the same sizes, but are offset by one, i.e. DIN D4 equals SIS D5 and so on.
SIS 014711 formulas,[10] including hypothetical H series, n = 0…9, r = 8√2, s = 1⁄√2
Designation
Longer edge
Shorter edge
(Hn)
r+5½ × sn r+1½ × sn
Dn
r+5 × sn r+1 × sn
Fn
r+4½ × sn r+½ × sn
Bn
r+4 × sn r 0 × sn
Gn
r+3½ × sn r−½ × sn
Cn
r+3 × sn r−1 × sn
En
r+2½ × sn r−1½ × sn
An
r+2 × sn r−2 × sn
Japanese B-series variant[edit]
The JIS defines two main series of paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series, but with slightly different tolerances. The area of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding A-paper (instead of the factor √2 = 1.414... for the ISO B-series), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same as for A-series paper. Both A- and B-series paper is widely available in Japan, Taiwan and China, and most photocopiers are loaded with at least A4 and either one of A3, B4 and B5 paper.
There are also a number of traditional paper sizes, which are now used mostly by printers. The most common of these old series are the Shiroku-ban and the Kiku paper sizes.
JIS paper sizes (plus rounded inch values)
Format
B series
Shiroku ban
Kiku
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
0
1030 × 1456 40.55 × 57.32
1
728 × 1030 28.66 × 40.55
2
515 × 728 20.28 × 28.66
3
364 × 515 14.33 × 20.28
4
257 × 364 10.12 × 14.33 264 × 379 10.39 × 14.92 227 × 306 8.94 × 12.05
5
182 × 257 7.17 × 10.12 189 × 262 7.44 × 10.31 151 × 227 5.94 × 8.94
6
128 × 182 5.04 × 7.17 127 × 188 5.00 × 7.40
7
91 × 128 3.58 × 5.04
8
64 × 91 2.52 × 3.58
9
45 × 64 1.77 × 2.52
10
32 × 45 1.26 × 1.77
11
22 × 32 0.87 × 1.26
12
16 × 22 0.63 × 0.87
Following Japanese paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): JIS-B4, JIS-B5.[2]
Chinese extensions[edit]
The Chinese standard GB/T 148-1997[11] documents the standard ISO series, A and B, but adds a custom D series. This Chinese format originates from the Republic of China (1912–49). The D series is not identical to the Swedish D series. It does not strictly follow the same principles as ISO paper sizes: The aspect ratio is only very roughly √2. The short side of a size is always 4 mm longer than the long side of the next smaller size. The long side of a size is always exactly – i.e. without further rounding – twice as long as the short side of the next smaller size.
SAC paper sizes (with rounded inch values and raw sizes)
Format
D series
Aspect ratio
RD series[citation needed]
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
0
764 × 1064 29.9 × 41.9 1.3927 787 × 1092 31.0 × 43.0
1
532 × 760 20.9 × 29.9 1.4286 546 × 787 21.5 × 31.0
2
380 × 528 15.0 × 20.8 1.3895 393 × 546 15.5 × 21.5
3
264 × 376 10.4 × 14.8 1.4242 273 × 393 10.7 × 15.5
4
188 × 260 7.4 × 10.2 1.3830 196 × 273 7.7 × 10.7
5
130 × 184 5.1 × 7.2 1.4154 136 × 196 5.4 × 7.7
6
92 × 126 3.6 × 5.0 1.3696 98 × 136 3.9 × 5.4
Soviet variants[edit]
The general adaptation of ISO 216 in the Soviet Union was GOST 9327-60. In its 1960 version, it lists formats down to A13, B12 and C8 and also specifies ½, ¼ and ⅛ prefixes for halving the shorter side (repeatedly), e.g. ½A4 = 105 mm × 297 mm.
A1, A2, A3, A4 and non-ISO sizes as GOST 3450-60 formats
A standard for technical drawings from 1960, GOST 3450-60[12], introduces alternative numeric format designations to deal with very high or very wide sheets. These 2-digit codes are based upon A4 = "11": The first digit is the factor the longer side (297 mm) is multiplied by and the second digit is the one for the shorter side (210 mm), so "24" is 2×297 mm × 4×210 mm = 594 mm × 840 mm.
Soviet formats with multiplied shorter side (mm×mm)
n
(×1)
×2
×3
×4
×5
×6
A0
841×1189 1682×1189 2523×1189 3364×1189 4204×1189 5045×1189
A1
594×841 = A0 1784×841 2378×841 2973×841 3568×841
A2
420×594 = A1 1261×595 1682×595 2102×595 2523×595
A3
297×420 = A2 892×420 1189×420 1487×420 1784×420
A4
210×297 = A3 631×297 841×297 1051×297 1261×297
A5
148×210 = A4 446×210 595×210 743×210 892×210
A2, A3, A4 and some of their derived non-ISO sizes as GOST 2301-68 formats
GOST 3450-60 was replaced 8 years later by ESKD GOST 2301-68[13], but the numeric designations remained in popular use much longer. The new designations were not purely numeric, but consisted of the ISO label followed by an 'x', or possibly the multiplication sign '×', and the factor, e.g. DIN 2A0 = GOST A0×2, but DIN 4A0 ≠ GOST A0×4, also listed are: A0×3, A1×3, A1×4, A2×3–A2×5, A3×3–A3×7, A4×3–A4×9. The formats …×1 and …×2 usually would be aliases for existing formats.
North American paper sizes[edit]
Loose sizes[edit]
North American paper sizes
Size
in × in
mm × mm
Aspect ratio
Letter
8 1⁄2 × 11 216 × 279 1.2941…
Legal
8 1⁄2 × 14 216 × 356 1.6470…
Tabloid
11 × 17 279 × 432 1.54
Ledger[14]
17 × 11 432 × 279 0.6470…
Junior Legal
5 × 8 127 × 203 1.6
Half Letter, Memo
5 1⁄2 × 8 1⁄2 140 × 216 1.54
Government Letter
8 × 10 1⁄2 203 × 267 1.3125
Government Legal
8 1⁄2 × 13 216 × 330 1.5294…
The United States, several other American countries and the Philippines[1] primarily use a different system of paper sizes compared to the rest of the world. The current standard sizes are unique to that continent, although due to the size of the North American market and proliferation of both software and printing hardware from the region, other parts of the world have become increasingly familiar with these sizes (though not necessarily the paper itself). Some traditional North American inch-based sizes differ from the Imperial British sizes described below.
Common loose sizes[edit]
Letter, Legal and Ledger/Tabloid are by far the most commonly used of these for everyday activities, and the only ones included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
The origins of the exact dimensions of Letter size paper (8 1⁄2 in × 11 in or 216 mm × 279 mm) are lost in tradition and not well documented. The American Forest and Paper Association argues that the dimension originates from the days of manual paper making, and that the 11-inch length of the page is about a quarter of "the average maximum stretch of an experienced vatman's arms."[15] However, this does not explain the width or aspect ratio.
Outside of North America, Letter size may also be known as "American Quarto".[16] If one accepts some trimming, the size is indeed one quarter of the old Imperial paper size known as Demy, 17 1⁄2 in × 22 1⁄2 in (444 mm × 572 mm).[17]
Usage and adoption[edit]
Colombian inch-based paper sizes[need quotation to verify]
Size
Equivalent
mm × mm
in × in
Ratio
Carta
Letter, ANSI A
216 × 279 8½ × 11 1.2916
Oficio
Government Legal
216 × 330 8½ × 13 1.527
Extra Tabloide
Arch B
305 × 457 12 × 18 1.5
US paper sizes are currently standard in the United States and at least in the Philippines, Colombia and Chile. The latter use US Letter, but their Legal size is 8 1⁄2 in × 13 in (216 mm × 330 mm).[18]
Mexico and Colombia have adopted the ISO standard, but US Letter format is still the system in use throughout the country. It is virtually impossible to encounter ISO standard papers in day-to-day uses, with "Carta 216 mm × 279 mm" (Letter), "Oficio 216 mm × 340 mm" (Government-Legal) and "Doble carta" (Ledger/Tabloid) being nearly universal. US sizes are also widespread and in common use in Colombia and some other countries in the Americas.[19]
In Canada, US paper sizes are a de facto standard. The government, however, also uses ISO paper sizes.
Variant loose sizes[edit]
There is an additional paper size, 8 in × 10 1⁄2 in (203 mm × 267 mm), to which the name Government-Letter was given by the IEEE Printer Working Group (PWG). It was prescribed by Herbert Hoover when he was Secretary of Commerce to be used for US government forms, apparently to enable discounts from the purchase of paper for schools, but more likely due to the standard use of trimming books (after binding) and paper from the standard letter size paper to produce consistency and allow "bleed" printing. In later years, as photocopy machines proliferated, citizens wanted to make photocopies of the forms, but the machines did not generally have this size paper in their bins. Ronald Reagan therefore had the US government switch to regular Letter size, which is both half an inch longer and wider.[15] The former government size is still commonly used in spiral-bound notebooks, for children's writing and the like, a result of trimming from the current Letter dimensions.
By extension of the American standards, the halved Letter size, 5 1⁄2 in × 8 in (140 mm × 203 mm), meets the needs of many applications. It is variably known as Statement, Stationery, Memo, Half Letter, Half A (from ANSI sizes) or simply Half Size. Like the similar-sized ISO A5, it is used for everything from personal letter writing to official aeronautical maps. Organizers, notepads, and diaries also often use this size of paper; thus 3-ring binders are also available in this size. Booklets of this size are created using word processing tools with landscape printing in two columns on letter paper which are then cut or folded into the final size.
Standardized American paper sizes[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ANSI sizes, superimposed on an "ANSI E" sheet.
In 1996, the American National Standards Institute adopted ANSI/ASME Y14.1 which defined a regular series of paper sizes based upon the de facto standard 8 1⁄2 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) Letter size which it assigned "ANSI A", intended for technical drawings, hence sometimes labeled "Engineering". This series is somewhat similar to the ISO standard in that cutting a sheet in half would produce two sheets of the next smaller size and therefore also includes Ledger/Tabloid as "ANSI B". Unlike the ISO standard, however, the arbitrary base sides forces this series to have two alternating aspect ratios. For example, ANSI A is less elongated than A4, while ANSI B is more elongated than A3.
The Canadian standard CAN2-9.60-M76 and its successor CAN/CGSB-9.60-94 "Paper Sizes for Correspondence" specified paper sizes P1 through P6, which are the ANSI paper sizes rounded to the nearest 5 mm.[20] All custom Canadian paper size standards were withdrawn in 2012 and the respective ISO standards took their places.
Canadian custom paper size standards
Title
Original
Release
Replacement
Release
Withdrawal
Paper Sizes for Correspondence CAN2-9.60-M76 1976-04 CAN/CGSB-9.60-94 1994-07 2012-04
Paper Sizes for Printing CAN2-9.61-M76 1976-04 CAN/CGSB-9.61-94 1994-07 2012-04
Paper Sizes for Single Part Continuous Business Forms CAN2-9.62-81 1981-12 CAN/CGSB-9.62-94 1994-07 2012-04
Drawing Sheet Sizes CAN2-9.64-M79 1979-04 CAN/CGSB-9.64-94 1994-07 2012-04
Common Image Area for Paper Sizes P4 and A4 CAN2-200.2-M79 1979-04 2012-03
With care, documents can be prepared so that the text and images fit on either ANSI or their equivalent ISO sheets at 1:1 reproduction scale.
ANSI and CAN paper sizes
US size
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Canadian size (mm × mm)
Similar size (mm × mm)
N/A CAN P6 107 × 140 ISO A6 105 × 148
N/A CAN P5 140 × 215 ISO A5 148 × 210
ANSI A
8 1⁄2 × 11 216 × 279 1.2941 CAN P4 215 × 280 ISO A4 210 × 297
ANSI B
11 × 17 279 × 432 1.5455 CAN P3 280 × 430 ISO A3 297 × 420
ANSI C
17 × 22 432 × 559 1.2941 CAN P2 430 × 560 ISO A2 420 × 594
ANSI D
22 × 34 559 × 864 1.5455 CAN P1 560 × 860 ISO A1 594 × 841
ANSI E
34 × 44 864 × 1118 1.2941 N/A ISO A0 841 × 1187
Other, informal, larger sizes continuing the alphabetic series illustrated above exist, but they are not part of the series per se, because they do not exhibit the same aspect ratios. For example, Engineering F size is 28 in × 40 in or 711 mm × 1,016 mm with ca. 1.4286:1; it is commonly required for NAVFAC drawings, but is generally less commonly used. Engineering G size is 22 1⁄2 in (572 mm) high, but it is a roll format with a variable width up to 90 in (2,286 mm) in increments of 8 1⁄2 in (216 mm). Engineering H through N sizes are also roll formats.
Such huge sheets were at one time used for full-scale layouts of aircraft parts, automotive parts, wiring harnesses and the like, but are slowly being phased out, due to widespread use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Some visual arts fields also continue to use these paper formats for large-scale printouts, such as for displaying digitally painted character renderings at life-size as references for makeup artists and costume designers, or to provide an immersive landscape reference.
Architectural sizes[edit]
A size chart illustrating the Architectural sizes.
In addition to the system as listed above, there is a corresponding series of paper sizes used for architectural purposes defined in the same standard, ANSI/ASME Y14.1, which is usually abbreviated "Arch". This series also shares the property that bisecting each size produces two of the size below, with alternating aspect ratios. It may be preferred by North American architects because the aspect ratios (4:3 and 3:2) are ratios of small integers, unlike their ANSI (or ISO) counterparts. Furthermore, the aspect ratio 4:3 matches the traditional aspect ratio for computer displays.
The size Arch E1 has a different aspect ratio because it derives from adding 6 inches to each side of Arch D or subtracting the same amount from Arch E. An intermediate size between Arch C and D with a long side of 30 inches (760 mm) does not exist.
US architectural standard paper sizes[21]
Names
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Arch A
Arch 1
9 × 12 229 × 305 3:4
Arch B
Arch 2
12 × 18 305 × 457 2:3
Arch C
Arch 3
18 × 24 457 × 610 3:4
Arch D
Arch 4
24 × 36 610 × 914 2:3
Arch E1
Arch 5
30 × 42 762 × 1067 5:7
Arch E
Arch 6
36 × 48 914 × 1219 3:4
Arch E2[need quotation to verify]
26 × 38 660 × 965 13:19
Arch E3[need quotation to verify]
27 × 39 686 × 991 9:13
Other sizes[edit]
This table may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: some entries repeat sizes defined elsewhere, some specify mere aliases, others are unsourced and there is no explanatory prose. Please help improve this table if you can. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Assorted sizes[need quotation to verify]
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Organizer J
2 3⁄4 × 5 70 × 127 ≈1.8142
Marching band flip-folder
6 3⁄4 × 5 1⁄4 171 × 133 ≈1.2857
Choral Octavo
6 3⁄4 × 10 1⁄2 171 × 267 ≈1.55
Fanfold 12 × 8.5
8 1⁄2 × 12 216 × 304 ≈1.4118
US Std Fanfold
11 × 14 7⁄8 279 × 377 ≈1.3513
Notebook sizes[edit]
The sizes listed above are for paper sold loose in reams. There are many sizes of tablets of paper, that is, sheets of paper bound at one edge, usually by a strip of plastic or hardened PVA adhesive. Often there is a pad of cardboard (also known as chipboard or greyboard) at the bottom of the stack. Such a tablet serves as a portable writing surface, and the sheets often have lines printed on them, usually in non-repro blue, to make writing in a line easier. An older means of binding is to have the sheets stapled to the cardboard along the top of the tablet; there is a line of perforated holes across every page just below the top edge from which any page may be torn off. Lastly, a pad of sheets each weakly stuck with adhesive to the sheet below, trademarked as "Post-It" or "Stick-Em" and available in various sizes, serve as a sort of tablet.
"Letter pads" are 8 1⁄2 by 11 inches (215.9 by 279.4 mm), while the term "legal pad" is often used by laymen to refer to pads of various sizes including those of 8 1⁄2 by 14 inches (215.9 by 355.6 mm). There are "steno pads" (used by stenographers) of 6 by 9 inches (152.4 by 228.6 mm).
In countries where the ISO sizes are standard, most notebooks and tablets are sized to ISO specifications (for example, most newsagents in Australia stock A4 and A3 tablets).
Office sizes[edit]
US personal organizers (Rounded Inches)
Company
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Holes
Filofax[22]
M2
2 1⁄2 × 4 64 × 103 3 holes
Mini
2 5⁄8 × 4 1⁄8 67 × 105 5 holes
Pocket
3 1⁄6 × 4 3⁄4 81 × 120 6 holes
Personal, Slimline
3 3⁄4 × 6 3⁄4 95 × 171 6 holes
A5
(513/16 × 89/32) 148 × 210 6 holes
Deskfax (B5)
(615/16 × 927/32) 176 × 250 9 holes
A4
(89/32 × 1111/16) 210 × 297 4 holes
Franklin Planner[23]
Micro (⅛-Letter)
2 5⁄8 × 4 1⁄4 67 × 108
Pocket
3 1⁄2 × 6 89 × 152
Compact
4 1⁄4 × 6 3⁄4 108 × 171
Classic (½-Letter)
5 1⁄2 × 8 1⁄2 140 × 216
Monarch (Letter)
8 1⁄2 × 11 216 × 280
Jeppesen
Aeronautical Chart (½-Letter)
5 1⁄2 × 8 1⁄2 140 × 216 7 holes
FAA
3 holes at top
US Index and business cards
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Index card
3 × 5 76 × 127 1.6
4 × 6 102 × 152 1.5
5 × 8 127 × 203 1.6
International business card
2 1⁄8 × 3.37 53.98 × 85.6 1.586
US business card
2 × 3 1⁄2 51 × 89 1.75
Japanese business card
ca. 2 1⁄6 × 3 1⁄2 55 × 91 1.654
Hungarian business card
ca. 2 × 3 1⁄2 50 × 90 1.8
The international business card has the same size as the smallest rectangle containing a credit card. However, credit card size, as defined in ISO/IEC 7810, also specifies rounded corners and thickness.
Photography sizes[edit]
Main article: Photo print sizes
This table may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Names need explanation, i.e. expansion of acronyms. Please help improve this table if you can. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
US photographic paper sizes
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
2R
2 1⁄2 × 3 1⁄2 64 × 89 1.4
-
3 × 5 76 × 127 1.6
LD, DSC
3 1⁄2 × 4 2⁄3 89 × 119 1.3 (4:3)
3R, L
3 1⁄2 × 5 89 × 127 ≈1.4286
LW
3 1⁄2 × 5 1⁄4 89 × 133 1.5 (3:2)
KGD
4 × 5 1⁄3 102 × 136 1.3 (4:3)
4R, KG
4 × 6 102 × 152 1.5 (3:2)
2LD, DSCW
5 × 6 2⁄3 127 × 169 1.3 (4:3)
5R, 2L
5 × 7 127 × 178 1.4
2LW
5 × 7 1⁄2 127 × 190 1.5 (3:2)
6R
6 × 8 152 × 203 1.3 (4:3)
8R, 6P
8 × 10 203 × 254 1.25
S8R, 6PW
8 × 12 203 × 305 1.5 (3:2)
11R
11 × 14 279 × 356 1.27
A3+, Super B
13 × 19 330 × 483 ≈1.46154
Postage sizes[edit]
US Postal postcard size limitations[24]
Dimension
Minimum (inch)
Maximum (inch)
Height
3 1⁄2 4 1⁄4
Width
5 6
Thickness
0.007 0.016
This implies that all postcards have a width:height aspect ratio in the range 1.18 to 1.71. The only ISO 216 size in the post card range is A6.
Grain[edit]
Most industry standards express the direction of the grain last when giving dimensions (that is, 17 × 11 inches is short grain paper and 11 × 17 inches is long grain paper), although alternatively the grain alignment can be explicitly indicated with an underline (11 × 17 is short grain) or the letter "M" for "machine" (11M × 17 is short grain). Grain is important because paper will crack if folded across the grain: for example, if a sheet 17 × 11 inches is to be folded to divide the sheet into two 8.5 × 11 halves, then the grain will be along the 11-inch side.[25] Paper intended to be fed into a machine that will bend the paper around rollers, such as a printing press, photocopier or typewriter, should be fed grain side first so that the axis of the rollers is along the grain.
Traditional British paper sizes[edit]
These sizes are no longer commonly used since the UK switched to ISO sizes.[26] Many of these sizes were only used for making books (see bookbinding), and would never have been offered for ordinary stationery purposes.[27]
Previous British writing paper sizes
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Foolscap
8 × 13 203 × 330 1.625
Quarto
8 × 10 203 × 254 1.25
Imperial
7 × 9 178 × 229 1.2857
Kings
6 1⁄2 × 8 165 × 203 1.2307
Dukes
5 1⁄2 × 7 140 × 178 1.27
Foolscap folio is often referred to simply as "folio" or "foolscap". Similarly, "quarto" is more correctly "copy draught quarto" and "Kings" is an alias for "Foolscap quarto".
Traditional inch-based paper sizes[edit]
Traditional and standardized paper formats still relevant in the US
Traditionally, a number of different sizes were defined for large sheets of paper, and paper sizes were defined by the sheet name and the number of times it had been folded. Thus a full sheet of "royal" paper was 25 × 20 inches, and "royal octavo" was this size folded three times, so as to make eight sheets, and was thus 10 × 6 1⁄4 inches.
Common divisions and their abbreviations
Name
Abbr.
Folds
Leaves
Pages
Folio
fo, f 1 2 4
Quarto
4to 2 4 8
Sexto, sixmo
6to, 6mo 3 6 12
Octavo
8vo 3 8 16
Duodecimo, twelvemo
12mo 4 12 24
Sextodecimo, sixteenmo
16mo 4 16 32
Imperial sizes were used in the United Kingdom and its territories.
Imperial paper sizes
Name
Classic British definitions
Modern American adaptations
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Emperor
48 × 72 1219 × 1829 1.5
Quad demy
35 × 45 889 × 1143 1.2857
Antiquarian
31 × 53 787 × 1346 1.7097
Grand eagle
28 3⁄4 × 42 730 × 1067 1.4609
Double elephant
26 3⁄4 × 40 678 × 1016 1.4984
Atlas
26 × 34 660 × 864 1.3077
Colombier
23 1⁄2 × 34 1⁄2 597 × 876 1.4681
Double demy
22 1⁄2 × 35 1⁄2 572 × 902 1.57 22 1⁄2 × 35 572 × 889 1.5
Imperial
22 × 30 559 × 762 1.3636
Double large post
21 × 33 533 × 838 1.5713
Elephant
23 × 28 584 × 711 1.2174 same
Princess
21 1⁄2 × 28 546 × 711 1.3023
Cartridge
21 × 26 533 × 660 1.2381
Royal
20 × 25 508 × 635 1.25 same
Sheet, half post
19 1⁄2 × 23 1⁄2 495 × 597 1.2051
Double post
19 × 30 1⁄2 483 × 762 1.6052
Super royal
19 × 27 483 × 686 1.4203
Broadsheet
18 × 24 457 × 610 1.3
Medium
17 1⁄2 × 23 470 × 584 1.2425 18 × 23 457 × 584 1.27
Demy
17 1⁄2 × 22 1⁄2 445 × 572 1.2857 same
Copy draught
16 × 20 406 × 508 1.25
Large post
15 1⁄2 × 20 394 × 508 1.2903 16 1⁄2 × 21 419 × 533 1.27
Post
15 1⁄2 × 19 1⁄4 394 × 489 1.2419 15 1⁄2 × 19 1⁄2 394 × 489 1.2581
Crown
15 × 20 381 × 508 1.3 same
Pinched post
14 3⁄4 × 18 1⁄2 375 × 470 1.2533
Foolscap
13 1⁄2 × 17 343 × 432 1.2593
Small foolscap
13 1⁄4 × 16 1⁄2 337 × 419 1.2453
Brief
13 1⁄2 × 16 343 × 406 1.1852
Pott
12 1⁄2 × 15 318 × 381 1.2
Quarto
9 × 11 229 × 279 1.2
Executive, Monarch
7 1⁄4 × 10 1⁄2 184 × 267 1.4483
Demitab[edit]
The demitab or demi-tab (from the French "demi" or half tabloid) is 5 1⁄2 in × 8 1⁄2 in (140 mm × 216 mm), equal to one quarter of a sheet of 11 in × 17 in (279 mm × 432 mm) tabloid size paper. In actual circulation, the size 8 in × 10 1⁄2 in (203 mm × 267 mm) is common for a demitab.[28] Tabloid newspapers, which are "generally half the size of a broadsheet", also vary in size. To add to the lack of uniformity, broadsheets also vary in size.
Traditional French paper sizes[edit]
Before the adoption of the ISO standard system in 1967, France had its own paper size system. Some[which?] of these formats are still used today, and they are standardized by the AFNOR.[29] Their names come from the watermarks that the papers were branded with when they were handcrafted, which is still the case for certain art papers. They also generally exist in double versions where the smallest measure is multiplied by two, or in quadruple versions where both measures have been doubled.
AFNOR paper sizes
Name
Format (cm × cm)
Use
Cloche
30 × 40
Pot, écolier
31 × 40
Tellière
34 × 44 old French administration
Couronne écriture
36 × 46
Couronne édition
37 × 47
Roberto
39 × 50 anatomic drawing
Écu
40 × 52
Coquille
44 × 56
Carré
45 × 56
Cavalier
46 × 62
Demi-raisin
32,5 × 50 drawing
Raisin
50 × 65 drawing
Double raisin
65 × 100
Jésus
56 × 76 Atlas des sentiers et chemins vicinaux
Soleil
60 × 80
Colombier affiche
60 × 80
Colombier commercial
63 × 90
Petit Aigle
70 × 94
Grand Aigle
75 × 105 Plans cadastraux primitifs
(Napoleonic land registry)
75 × 106[30]
75 × 110[31]
Grand Monde
90 × 126
Univers
100 × 130

Transitional paper sizes[edit]
PA4 or L4[edit]
Hypothetic PA4-based series
Name
mm × mm
Ratio
PA0
840 × 1120 3:4
PA1
560 × 840 2:3
PA2
420 × 560 3:4
PA3
280 × 420 2:3
PA4
210 × 280 3:4
PA5
140 × 210 2:3
PA6
105 × 140 3:4
PA7
70 × 105 2:3
PA8
52 × 70 ≈3:4
PA9
35 × 52 ≈2:3
PA10
26 × 35 ≈3:4
A transitional size called PA4 (210 mm × 280 mm or 8.27 in × 11.02 in), sometimes dubbed L4, was proposed for inclusion into the ISO 216 standard in 1975. It has the height of Canadian P4 paper (215 mm × 280 mm, about 8 1⁄2 in × 11 in) and the width of international A4 paper (210 mm × 297 mm or 8.27 in × 11.69 in), i.e. it uses the smaller value among the two for each side. The table below, shows how this format can be generalized into an entire format series.
The PA formats did not end up in ISO 216, because the committee decided that the set of standardized paper formats should be kept to the minimum necessary.[citation needed] However, PA4 remains of practical use today. In landscape orientation, it has the same 4:3 aspect ratio as the displays of traditional TV sets, some computer displays (e.g. iPad) and data projectors. PA4, with appropriate margins, is therefore a good choice as the format of presentation slides.
As a compromise between the two most popular paper sizes globally, PA4 is used today by many international magazines, because it can be printed easily on equipment designed for either A4 or US Letter. That means it is not as much a paper size than a page format.
The size 210 mm × 280 mm was documented in the Canadian standard CAN2-200.2-M79 "Common Image Area for Paper Sizes P4 and A4"[32].
F4[edit]
See also: Foolscap folio § F4
Hypothetic F4-based series
Name
mm × mm
in × in
Ratio
F0
841 × 1321 33.1 × 52 1.5714
F1
660 × 841 26 × 33.1 1.27
F2
420 × 660 16.5 × 26 1.5714
F3
330 × 420 13 × 16.5 1.27
F4
210 × 330 8.27 × 13 1.5714
F5
165 × 210 6.5 × 8.27 1.27
F6
105 × 165 4.13 × 6 1⁄2 1.5714
F7
82 × 105 3 1⁄4 × 4.13 1.27
F8
52 × 82 2.05 × 3 1⁄4 1.5714
F9
41 × 52 3 5⁄8 × 2.05 1.27
F10
26 × 41 1.02 × 3 5⁄8 1.5714
A non-standard F4 paper size is common in Southeast Asia. It is a transitional size with the shorter side from ISO A4 (210 mm) and the longer side from British Foolscap (13 in, 330 mm) and is sometimes known as (metric) foolscap or folio as well.
In Indonesia and Philippines, F4 paper is 215 mm x 330 mm (8.5 in x 13 in). In Indonesia it is sometimes called Folio, while in Philippines it is sometimes also called Long Bond.
A sheet of F4 can be cut from a sheet of SRA4 with very little wastage. The size is also smaller than its Swedish equivalent SIS F4 at 239 mm × 338 mm.
A0a[edit]
Although the movement is towards the international standard metric paper sizes, on the way there from the traditional ones there has been at least one new size just a little larger than that used internationally.
British architects and industrial designers once used a size called "Antiquarian", 31 in × 53 in (787 mm × 1,346 mm), as listed above, but given in the New Metric Handbook (Tutt & Adler 1981) as 813 mm × 1,372 mm (32 in × 54 in) for board size. This is a little larger than ISO A0, 841 mm × 1189 mm. So for a short time, a size called A0a of 1,000 mm × 1,370 mm (39.4 in × 53.9 in) was used in Britain, which is actually just a slightly shorter version of ISO B0 at 1414 mm.
Pliego[edit]
Colombian metric paper sizes[citation needed]
Size
mm × mm
aspect ratio
1⁄8 pliego
250 × 350 1.4
1⁄4 pliego
350 × 500 1.412857
1⁄2 pliego
500 × 700 1.4
Pliego
700 × 1000 1.412857
The most common paper sizes used for commercial and industrial printing in Colombia are based upon a size referred to as pliego that is ISO B1 (707 mm × 1000 mm) cut to full decimetres. Smaller sizes are derived by halving as usual and just get a vulgar fraction prefix: 1⁄2 pliego and 1⁄4 pliego.
Other metric sizes[edit]
Envelope sizes[edit]
Other DIN paper formats
Name
mm × mm
in × in
Notes
DL
99 × 210 3.7 × 8.3 DL stands for "DIN lang" (DIN long); common flyer 1⁄3 of A4
DLE
110 × 220 4.3 × 8.7 Common envelope size as it fits an A4 sheet folded to 1⁄3 height.
Raw sizes[edit]
ISO 217 raw paper formats
Name
mm × mm
in × in
Name
mm × mm
in × in
RA0
860 × 1220 33.9 × 48.0
SRA0
900 × 1280 35.4 × 50.4
RA1
610 × 860 24.0 × 33.9
SRA1
640 × 900 25.2 × 35.4
RA2
430 × 610 16.9 × 24.0
SRA2
450 × 640 17.7 × 25.2
RA3
305 × 430 12.0 × 16.9
SRA3
320 × 450 12.6 × 17.7
RA4
215 × 305 8.5 × 12.0
SRA4
225 × 320 8.9 × 12.6
Newspaper sizes[edit]
Main article: Newspaper format
Comparison of some newspaper sizes with metric paper sizes. Approximate nominal dimensions are in millimetres.
Newspapers have a separate set of sizes.
Berliner
Broadsheet
Compact
Rhenish
Tabloid (newspaper format)
In a recent trend[33] many newspapers have been undergoing what is known as "web cut down", in which the publication is redesigned to print using a narrower (and less expensive) roll of paper. In extreme examples, some broadsheet papers are nearly as narrow as traditional tabloids.
See also[edit]
Book size
Paper density
Units of paper quantity – ream, quire etc.
New Zealand standard for school stationery
PC LOAD LETTER
Hole punch – filing holes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Belize, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, United States, Venezuela according to CLDR (version 31), Territory Information , which is a data collection used by almost all software manufacturers.
^ Jump up to: a b "size". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lichtenberg's letter to Johann Beckmann". Cl.cam.ac.uk. 2006-02-07. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Loi sur le timbre (Nº 2136)". Bulletin des lois de la République (in French). Paris: French government (237): 1–2. 1798-11-03. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ "A Paper Sizes - A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "B Paper Sizes - B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Envelope Sizes - ISO C Series & DL Envelopes". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Papper — Formatserier A-G". Svensk standard. Swedish Standards Institute. Retrieved 30 October 2013. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Print format for dissertations" (PDF). Karolinska University press.
Jump up ^ Dave Barber: International paper sizes. A, B, C and D series, version of 2012-05-08[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "国家标准 | GB/T 148-1997". Standardization Administration of China. 26 June 1997. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Formaty" Форматы [Formats]. Мир Сварки (in Russian).
Jump up ^ "Formaty (ESKD GOST 2.301-68)" Форматы (ЕСКД ГОСТ 2.301-68) [Formats]. Единая Система Конструкторской Документации (in Russian).
Jump up ^ Adobe Systems Incorporated (1996-02-09). "PostScript Printer Description File Format Specification" (PDF) (4.3 ed.). San Jose, California. p. 191. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-03-06. [better source needed]
^ Jump up to: a b American Forest and Paper Association. "Why is the standard paper size in the U.S. 8½" x 11"?". Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Junior Legal Paper Size". Dimensions Guide. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
Jump up ^ Fyffe, Charles (1969). Basic Copyfitting. London: Studio Vista. p. 74. ISBN 0-289-79705-5.
Jump up ^ de Leon, Rally. "Request for inclusion of Page Size 8.5"×13"". Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Armada mil". Retrieved 2010-12-12.
Jump up ^ Kuhn, Markus. "International standard paper sizes". Retrieved 2008-03-06.
Jump up ^ Technical drawing paper sizes in the United States at sizes.com
Jump up ^ "Filofax".
Jump up ^ "Franklin Planner".
Jump up ^ United States Postal Service. "DMM 101: Physical Standards". Section "6.3.2 Postcard Dimensions". retrieved 2014-04-26.
Jump up ^ "Paper Grain & Smoothness: Don't Go Against the Grain". Xerox Corp. A paper mill may indicate paper grain on carton and ream labels, product brochures, swatch books and price lists in several ways:
1. You may see the words Grain Long or Grain Short.
2. The dimension parallel to the grain may be underscored. For example, 8.5x11 indicates long grain, while 11x17 indicates short grain.
3. "M" may be used to indicate machine direction, for example, 11Mx17 indicates short grain.

Fold paper parallel to the grain direction. Paper folded against the grain may be rough and crack along the folded edge. The heavier the paper, the more likely roughness and cracking will occur.
Jump up ^ "Traditional sizes for writing paper in the United Kingdom". sizepaper.com (formerly atsyn.com). Retrieved 2013-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Book sizes, with reference tables".
Jump up ^ "Max Image Area". Horizon Publications.
Jump up ^ Norme NF Q 02-000: Dimensions des papiers d’écriture et de certaines catégories de papiers d’impression.
Jump up ^ CNRTL. "AIGLE: Définition de AIGLE" (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "L'origine des noms de papier" (in French).
Jump up ^ CAN2-200.2-M79: "Common Image Area for Paper Sizes P4 and A4" issued 1979-04-01, withdrawn 2012-03-01
Jump up ^ "Press web". Naa.org. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
Further reading[edit]
International standard ISO 216, Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter—Trimmed sizes—A and B series. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1975.
International standard ISO 217: Paper—Untrimmed sizes—Designation and tolerances for primary and supplementary ranges, and indication of machine direction. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1995.
Max Helbig, Winfried Hennig: DIN-Format A4—Ein Erfolgssystem in Gefahr. Beuth-Kommentare, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1998. ISBN 3-410-11878-0
Arthur D. Dunn: Notes on the standardization of paper sizes. Ottawa, Canada, 54 pages, 1972.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paper formats.
Palme, Jacob (May 1998). Making Postscript and PDF International. IETF. RFC 2346. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2346. Retrieved 2012-06-22. — Notably: About margin settings for using just the space common to both A4 and US Letter.
IEEE-ISTO PWG 5101.1-2013 "PWG Media Standardized Names 2.0" (PDF)
Paper Sizes Explained by Matt Parker, BBC Number Hub (YouTube video)
'Paper thickness cross reference guide
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