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World Series ring
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World Series rings given out by the New York Yankees, Anaheim Angels, and Florida Marlins
A World Series ring is an award given to Major League Baseball players who win the World Series. Since only one Commissioner's Trophy is awarded to the team, a World Series ring is an individual award that players and staff of each World Series champion team get to keep for themselves to symbolize the victory. World Series rings are uniquely commissioned by the winning team each year and presented to deserving players and staff early in the next season.[1] The rings have been made by companies that include Jostens, Tiffany & Co., Dieges & Clust, and the L.G. Balfour Company.
The first World Series ring was given to members of the New York Giants after winning the 1922 World Series.[2] By the 1930s, each winning team gave their players a ring. Though the ring started off simple, usually containing only one diamond, rings over time have become more elaborate and ornate, with the 2003 World Series ring containing over 200 diamonds.
In addition to their inherent value, World Series rings also carry additional value as sports memorabilia. A World Series ring belonging to Casey Stengel sold for $180,000. Lenny Dykstra's 1986 World Series ring sold for over $56,000 during his bankruptcy proceedings. Other rings sold in auctions have sold for over $10,000 apiece. Replica rings given to fans have sold for as much as $300.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Distribution
1.2 Rings as trophies
1.3 Memorabilia
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Johnny Pesky displaying a commemorative ring given to him by the Boston Red Sox after the 2004 World Series
Prior to the 1922 World Series, players on the World Series-winning team were given keepsakes, such as a pin or pocketwatch fob.[3] The first World Series ring was given to the members of the New York Giants following their victory in the 1922 World Series over the New York Yankees.[2] When the Yankees won the 1923 World Series, players were given a commemorative pocketwatch. The Yankees first gave rings to their players following the 1927 World Series.[4] Rings became an annual tradition in the 1930s,[5] as every World Series-winning team has given rings to its players since 1932.[6] In past years, players often requested other items in place of rings, including cufflinks and tie clips. Frankie Crosetti and Tommy Henrich requested shotguns from the Yankees following World Series championships.[7] Grover Cleveland Alexander reportedly pawned his 1926 World Series ring.[6]
Members of the 1973 World Series champion Oakland Athletics were upset when team owner Charlie O. Finley, following salary disputes with his players, presented his team with rings that were identical to the ones received after winning the 1972 World Series, except without the one-carat diamond. Reggie Jackson referred to them as "trash rings".[7][8][9] The first ring to contain more than one diamond was the 1977 World Series ring commissioned by the Yankees, which had over a dozen diamonds.[8] Over time, ring designs have become larger and more elaborate, with Yogi Berra saying in 2009, "They're so much bigger now, they're like weapons. You can't even wear them."[7] Whereas older rings were 10 carat and between 20 and 25 pennyweight, modern rings are typically 14 carat and 50 pennyweight.[7][disputed – discuss] The rings commissioned by the Florida Marlins after the 2003 World Series are believed to be among the most expensive World Series rings ever made; made of 14-carat white gold, the 3.5-ounce (99 g) ring featured 229 diamonds, including one teal diamond, and 13 rubies. The rings cost $20,000 apiece due to the quantity of the purchase, though they retailed at $40,000 each.[8][10][11] After breaking their long championship drought in 2016, the Chicago Cubs commissioned rings said to be worth up to $70,000, consisting of 214 diamonds at 5.5 karats, 3 karats of rubies, and 2.5 karats of sapphires.[12][13]
Teams have also increasingly added distinctive touches to make their rings unique from previous versions. For their 2007 World Series rings, the Boston Red Sox commissioned a special version for players who were on both the 2004 and 2007 championship teams, and for 2013, they included the Boston Strong logo on the side.[14][15] The St. Louis Cardinals had the Rally Squirrel engraved into their 2011 World Series championship rings.[16] For their 2014 World Series rings, the San Francisco Giants included three diamonds on the top bezel and five on the bottom, representing their three titles in five years, and eight championships overall.[17] The 2016 World Series rings for the Chicago Cubs each contain 108 diamonds around the bezel, one for each year that the team went without a championship, and also include an image of a goat on the inner band.[18][13] Companies that have been commissioned to create World Series rings include Jostens, Tiffany & Co., Dieges & Clust, and the L.G. Balfour Company.[19][20][21]
Distribution[edit]
Players typically receive their rings in pregame ceremonies early in the next season.[16][19][22][23] Since the rings are commissioned by the team, many non-players affiliated with the team, including front office executives, coaches, scouts, broadcasters,[24] locker room staff, and groundskeepers also receive rings at the team's discretion.[25][3][7][26] After the 2004 World Series, the Red Sox ordered over 500 rings;[27] the Cardinals commissioned 400 rings in 2006;[1] and the Kansas City Royals distributed about 700 rings after their 2015 title.[28] Players who were only briefly on the team's roster during a championship season and those no longer affiliated with the winning team also often receive rings.[29][30][31] Arthur Rhodes, Bengie Molina, and Lonnie Smith played in the World Series against a team they played for earlier in the season, guaranteeing them World Series rings regardless of the series outcome.[32] As both the physical size and number of rings given out has increased, teams have started producing both "A" and "B" versions, and sometimes "C" versions, that are similar in appearance but smaller in size and use cheaper materials.[33] The most expensive "A" rings are typically reserved for full-time players, coaches, and executives, while bit players and other team employees receive the cheaper "B" and "C" rings.[34][28]
I've seen it called "tacky" and it is, but here's the thing about these rings: They're not supposed to be understated. They're always over the top. When they're worn, they're done so obnoxiously. There's nothing humble or particularly beautiful about them. In fact, they're always kind of ugly, no matter the team. They're full of jewels and they're shiny, but it's always too much.
David Brown, Yahoo! Sports[16]
Rings as trophies[edit]
In modern years, the importance of World Series rings to players has increased.[35] Alex Rodriguez said his 2009 World Series ring "means the world" to him, and that he would wear it daily.[36] Sergio Romo of the 2010 World Series champion San Francisco Giants said of his ring: "In all reality, this is why we play right here."[3] Jon Jay said his 2011 World Series ring "...represents last year and all the hard work. Ever since I was a kid I dreamed of something like this."[37] Former player and current Giants broadcaster Duane Kuiper said, "It's not a hug. It's not a handshake. It's not a pat on the back. It's a ring. It's the one thing every professional athlete wants: something they can hold onto, something they can show off."[26] Players' names and uniform numbers are often individually inscribed in their ring.[7] Many players prefer to display their rings as trophies as opposed to wearing them.[7]
Memorabilia[edit]
World Series rings are considered valuable sports memorabilia. In 2007, Casey Stengel's 1951 World Series ring sold for $180,000.[38] When Lenny Dykstra went through bankruptcy in 2009, his 1986 World Series ring sold for $56,762.50 through Heritage Auctions, three times as much as was expected.[39] Others have sold their rings on eBay. Doug Baker of the 1984 World Series champion Detroit Tigers had a new ring made after his original was stolen, and when he recovered the original ring, he sold it for $12,322.[40] Cucho Rodriguez, a scout for the Red Sox, sold his 2004 World Series ring for over $53,000[41][42] and in 2011, Scott Williamson auctioned off his 2004 ring for $89,000.[29] However, the ring that once belonged to disgraced pitcher Brandon Puffer, when offered for sale on the August 15, 2013, episode of Pawn Stars could not be sold. The shop declined to make an offer, claiming Puffer's off-field problems destroyed the resale value of the ring.[29]
The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum contains an exhibit on World Series rings.[43] The New York Yankees Museum, located in Yankee Stadium, has an exhibit with replicas of all Yankees' World Series rings, including the pocket watch given after the 1923 World Series.[44] Yogi Berra won the most World Series rings with 15, combining his time as a player and as a coach.[6] He often asked for a pendant to be made for his wife instead; he later had the other rings recast to display in the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center.[7]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Championship ring
Super Bowl ring
World Series of Poker bracelet
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "World Series ring". The Washington Post. November 17, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "San Francisco Giants players, staff receive 2010 World Series rings". ESPN.com. April 10, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Giants receive World Series rings | abc7news.com". Abclocal.go.com. April 10, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Series rings, the real scoop". ESPN.com. October 30, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bass, Debra (April 14, 2012). "Cardinals World Series ring a contender for best bling". Stltoday.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clark, N. Brooks (April 29, 1985). "Gaudy Or Not, Championship Rings Are The Cherished Spoils Of Victory". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bondy, Filip (April 12, 2010). "New York Yankees set for 2010 Opening Day with World Series rings in hand". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schulman, Henry (December 19, 2010). "Giants planning a ring worthy of a champion". SFGate. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A's Angered by 'Trash' Series Rings". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. March 5, 1974. p. 25. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marlins receive giant World Series rings- NBC Sports". Nbcsports.msnbc.com. Associated Press. April 11, 2004. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brown, Daniel (March 27, 2015). "Major league bling: A look at the World Series ring tradition". San Jose Mercury News.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Jesse (April 12, 2017). "When will Cubs wear their World Series rings? Anytime they want". ESPN.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Muskat, Carrie (April 12, 2017). "Bling at Wrigley: Cubs celebrate with rings". MLB.com.
Jump up ^ "2008 Red Sox home Opening Day pre-game ceremony information" (Press release). Boston Red Sox. April 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lee, Tony (April 5, 2014). "Red Sox get rings at ceremony". ESPN.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, David (May 30, 2012). "Cardinals put ‘Rally Squirrel’ on World Series ring | Big League Stew – Yahoo! Sports". Sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The San Francisco Giants 2014 World Championship Ring unveiled" (Press release). San Francisco Giants. April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Report: Cubs' World Series rings to contain 108 diamonds". Sports Illustrated. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pavlovic, Alex (April 8, 2013). "San Francisco Giants receive World Series rings during elegant pre-game ceremony". San Jose Mercury News. Mercurynews.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Joselow, Froma (April 22, 1986). "Providence firm gets contracts for '87 service academy rings Herff Jones Co. sweeps the competition". Providence Journal. p. B-01. Retrieved September 13, 2012. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Winning jewelry". Star Tribune. October 12, 1991. Retrieved April 23, 2013. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Keeling, Brock (April 8, 2013). "A Closer Look At The 2012 World Series Rings". SFist. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gonzales, Mark (April 4, 2006). "Ring of truth: Sox players say they'll wear their Series rings proudly". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ 4/18/15: Giants executive Larry Baer presents Duane Kuiper and Mike Krukow with championship rings and looks back at San Francisco's run (Video). MLB.com. April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Monroe, Mark (June 26, 2011). "Maumee native paves way for San Francisco". Toledo Blade.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Daniel (April 18, 2015). "Giants' World Series ring ceremony like a trip back to October". Bay Area News Group.
Jump up ^ Snow, Chris (February 20, 2005). "A shining example: Sox to issue 500 rings, wiping out previous mark". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Flanagan, Jeffrey (April 7, 2016). "Cha-ching for the bling: KC not thrifty with ring". MLB.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abraham, Peter (15 April 2013). "A Red Sox 2004 Series ring up for grabs". Boston.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Heyman, Jon (March 19, 2015). "What does Uggla get for 11 at-bats by the Bay? Why, a ring, of course". CBSSports.com.
Jump up ^ Schulman, Henry (June 10, 2011). "Fred Lewis gets a Giants World Series ring". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ DiComo, Anthony (October 18, 2011). "Finally in World Series at age 41, Cardinals' Athur Rhodes guaranteed to win ring". MLB.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ King, Bill (February 7, 2011). "Power of the ring". SportsBusiness Journal.
Jump up ^ McCauley, Janie (October 25, 2015). "Who gets a World Series ring? Sometimes, you'd be surprised". USA Today. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Steve (March 7, 2013). "D-backs catcher Rod Barajas discovers missing ring before wife's grandmother's funeral | dbacks.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brennan, Sean; Gagne, Matt; McCarron, Anthony (April 14, 2010). "Alex Rodriguez plans to wear his Yankees World Series ring every day". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Langosch, Jenifer (April 14, 2012). "Cards receive World Series rings in ceremony". MLB.com.
Jump up ^ "Stengel's 1951 World Series ring sold at auction". USA Today. Associated Press. June 6, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Queens collector shells out $56K for Lenny Dykstra's '86 Mets World Series ring at Texas auction". New York Daily News. Associated Press. October 3, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ex-Tiger Doug Baker sells '84 World Series ring on eBay". MLive.com. Associated Press. March 13, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Andrew; Abel, David (April 24, 2007). "Red Sox Series ring up for sale". Boston.com. The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2004 Red Sox Series Ring Sold by Scout". SportsCollectorsDaily.com. April 25, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Paul C. (June 16, 2003). "Phils, Rays in Hall of Fame Game | MLB.com: News". MLB.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yankee Stadium Museum opens championship ring exhibition | yankees.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. March 30, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series rings.
"World Series Rings". Baseball Hall of Fame.
WorldSeriesRings.net
world series ring for sale
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Condyloid process
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Condyloid process
Position of condyloid process (shown in red).
Mandible. Condyloid processes are shown in red.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
processus condylaris mandibulae
Dorlands
/Elsevier
p_34/12667389
TA
A02.1.15.035
FMA
52836
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The condyloid process or condylar process is the process on the human mandible and some other species' mandibles that ends in a condyle, the mandibular condyle. It is thicker than the coronoid process of the mandible and consists of two portions: the condyle and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck.
Contents
[hide]
1 Condyle
2 Neck
3 Additional images
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Condyle[edit]
The condyle presents an articular surface for articulation with the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint; it is convex from before backward and from side to side, and extends farther on the posterior than on the anterior surface.
Its long axis is directed medialward and slightly backward, and if prolonged to the middle line will meet that of the opposite condyle near the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.
At the lateral extremity of the condyle is a small tubercle for the attachment of the temporomandibular ligament.
The articular surface of the condyle is covered by fibrous tissue, and interfaces with an articular disk (or meniscus) of avascular, non-innervated fibrous tissue (collagen, fibroblasts). When the mouth is closed the meniscus is bordered medially and superiorly by the glenoid fossa of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. When the mouth is opened maximally, the meniscus is distracted anteriorly and inferiorly along the slope of the inferior portion of the temporal bone towards the tubercle, or articular eminence, in order to remain interposed between the condyle and the temporal bone in all jaw positions.
Neck[edit]
The neck is flattened from before backward, and strengthened by ridges which descend from the forepart and sides of the condyle.
Its posterior surface is convex; its anterior surface has a depression for the attachment of the Pterygoideus externus (lateral pterygoid muscle).
Additional images[edit]
Position of condyloid process (shown in red)
Mandible. Position of condyloid process is shown in red.
Mandible. Outer surface. Side view. (Condyle and neck labeled at upper right.)
Inner surface of mandible. Condyloid process is at upper left.
The Pterygoidei; the zygomatic arch and a portion of the ramus of the mandible have been removed.
Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section.
Frequency of mandibular fractures by location.
See also[edit]
Ramus mandibulae
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Condyloid process.
lesson1 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
Anatomy photo:22:os-1001 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Osteology of the Skull: Mandible of Intact Skull"
Mandibular condyle at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-2". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01.
[hide]
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The facial skeleton of the skull
Maxilla
Surfaces
Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa)
Infraorbital foramen
Anterior nasal spine
Infratemporal: Alveolar canals
Maxillary tuberosity
Orbital: Infraorbital groove
Infraorbital canal
Nasal: Greater palatine canal
Processes
Zygomatic process
Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest)
Alveolar process
Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)
Other
Body of maxilla
Maxillary sinus
Zygomatic
Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital)
Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal)
Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial)
Palatine
Fossae
Pterygopalatine fossa
Pterygoid fossa
Plates
Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine)
Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen)
Processes
Pyramidal
Orbital
Sphenoidal
Mandible
Body
external surface (Mandibular symphysis, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal)
internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea)
Alveolar part
Ramus
Mylohyoid groove
Mandibular canal
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Angle
Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Condyloid process
Pterygoid fovea
Nose
Nasal bone
Internasal suture
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Inferior nasal concha
Ethmoidal process
Maxillary process
Vomer
Wing
Other
Lacrimal
Posterior lacrimal crest
Lacrimal groove
Lacrimal hamulus
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condyloid_process&oldid=795103766"
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text:
National Research Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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National Research Act
Other short titles
National Research Service Award Act of 1974
Long title
An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act to establish a program of National Research Service Awards to assure the continued excellence of biomedical and behavioral research and to provide for the protection of human subjects involved in biomedical and behavioral research and for other purposes.
Nicknames
National Biomedical Research Fellowship, Traineeship, and Training Act
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
July 12, 1974
Citations
Public law
93-348
Statutes at Large
88 Stat. 342
Codification
Titles amended
42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
U.S.C. sections amended
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. I § 218
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. II § 241
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. III §§ 289l-1, 289l-3
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 7724 by Paul G. Rogers (D–FL) on May 10, 1973
Committee consideration by House Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Senate Labor and Public Welfare
Passed the House on May 31, 1973 (354-9)
Passed the Senate on September 11, 1973 (81-6)
Reported by the joint conference committee on June 24, 1974; agreed to by the Senate on June 27, 1974 (72-14) and by the House on June 28, 1974 (311-10)
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on July 12, 1974
The National Research Act was enacted by the 93rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Richard Nixon on July 12, 1974 after a series of congressional hearings on human-subjects research, directed by Senator Edward Kennedy.[1] The National Research Act created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to develop guidelines for human subject research and to oversee and regulate the use of human experimentation in medicine. The National Research Act issued Title 45, Part 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations: Protection of Human Subjects. The National Research Act is overseen by the Office of Human Research Protections. The Act also formalized a regulated IRB process through local institutional review boards, also overseen by the Office of Human Research Protections.[2]
The National Research Act gained traction as a response to the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study.[3]
See also[edit]
Human experimentation in the United States
Belmont Report
Eugenics in the United States
Unethical human experimentation
Human rights in the United States
Project MKUltra
Tuskegee syphilis experiment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (April 18, 1979). "The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research". Regulations and Ethical Guidelines. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ Rice, Todd (October 2008). "The Historical, Ethical, and Legal Background of Human-Subjects Research". Respiratory Care. 53 (10): 1325–1329.
Jump up ^ Chadwick, G.L. (January 1997). "Historical perspective: Nuremberg, Tuskegee, and the radiation experiments". Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care. 3 (1): 27-28. PMID 11363960.
External Links[edit]
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 45: Public Welfare. Subtitle A. Subchapter A. Part 46: PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Act&oldid=854204041"
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