text:
Paper size
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For sizing as the ingredient used in papermaking, see Sizing § Papermaking.
A size chart illustrating the ISO A series and a comparison with American letter and legal formats.
Comparison of some paper and photographic paper sizes close to the A4 size.
Many paper size standards conventions have existed at different times and in different countries. Today, the A and B series of ISO 216, which includes the commonly used A4 size, are the international standard used by almost every country. However, in many countries in the Americas as well as in the Philippines, the North American series of paper sizes such as 'Letter' is more prevalent.[1]
Paper sizes affect writing paper, stationery, cards, and some printed documents. The international standard for envelopes is the C series of ISO 269.
Contents
[hide]
1 International paper sizes
1.1 A series
1.2 B series
1.3 C series
1.4 Overview: ISO paper sizes
1.5 German extensions
1.6 Swedish extensions
1.7 Japanese B-series variant
1.8 Chinese extensions
1.9 Soviet variants
2 North American paper sizes
2.1 Loose sizes
2.1.1 Common loose sizes
2.1.2 Usage and adoption
2.1.3 Variant loose sizes
2.1.4 Standardized American paper sizes
2.1.5 Architectural sizes
2.1.6 Other sizes
2.2 Notebook sizes
2.3 Office sizes
2.4 Photography sizes
2.5 Postage sizes
2.6 Grain
3 Traditional British paper sizes
4 Traditional inch-based paper sizes
4.1 Demitab
5 Traditional French paper sizes
6 Transitional paper sizes
6.1 PA4 or L4
6.2 F4
6.3 A0a
6.4 Pliego
7 Other metric sizes
7.1 Envelope sizes
7.2 Raw sizes
8 Newspaper sizes
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
International paper sizes[edit]
Map of the world showing adoption of ISO A4 (blue) vs. US-Letter (red)[clarification needed]
Main article: ISO 216
See Switching costs, Network effects and Standardization for possible reasons for differing regional adoption rates of the ISO standard sizes.
The international paper size standard is ISO 216. It is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of the square root of 2, or approximately 1:1.4142. There are different series, as well as several extensions.
The following international paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): A3, A4, A5, B4, B5.[2]
A series[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ISO A series.
The base A0 size of paper is defined as having an area of 1 m2 and a side ratio of 1 by √2, making the A0 paper size exactly 2 4 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{4}]{2}}} m × 1 2 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt[{4}]{2}}}} m. Rounded to the nearest millimetre, that is 841 by 1,189 millimetres (33.1 in × 46.8 in).
Successive paper sizes in the series A1, A2, A3, and so forth, are defined by halving the preceding paper size across the larger dimension. This also effectively halves the area of each sheet. The most frequently used paper size is A4 measuring 210 by 297 millimetres (8.27 in × 11.7 in).
The significant advantage of this system is its scaling: if a sheet with an aspect ratio of √2 is divided into two equal halves parallel to its shortest sides, then the halves will again have an aspect ratio of √2. Folded brochures of any size can be made by using sheets of the next larger size, e.g. A4 sheets are folded to make A5 brochures. The system allows scaling without compromising the aspect ratio from one size to another—as provided by office photocopiers, e.g. enlarging A4 to A3 or reducing A3 to A4. Similarly, two sheets of A4 can be scaled down and fit exactly on 1 sheet without any cutoff or margins.
The behavior of the aspect ratio is easily proven: on a sheet of paper, let a be the long side and b be the short side; thus, a/b = √2. When the sheet of paper is folded in half widthwise, let c be the length of the new short side: c = a/2. If we take the ratio of the newly folded paper we have:
b c = b a 2 = 2 a b = 2 2 = 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {b}{c}}={\frac {b}{\frac {a}{2}}}={\frac {2}{\frac {a}{b}}}={\frac {2}{\sqrt {2}}}={\sqrt {2}}}
Therefore, the aspect ratio is preserved for the new dimensions of the folded paper.
Weights are easy to calculate as well: a standard A4 sheet made from 80 g/m2 paper weighs 5 g (as it is 1⁄16 of an A0 page, measuring 1 m2), allowing one to easily compute the weight—and associated postage rate—by counting the number of sheets used.
The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of √2 were first noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg.[3] The formats that became A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France on proposition of the mathematician Lazare Carnot and published for judiciary purpose in 1798 during the French Revolution.[4] Early in the 20th century, Dr Walter Porstmann turned Lichtenberg's idea into a proper system of different paper sizes. Porstmann's system was introduced as a DIN standard (DIN 476) in Germany in 1922, replacing a vast variety of other paper formats. Even today, the paper sizes are called "DIN A4" (IPA: [diːn.ʔaː.fiːɐ̯]) in everyday use in Germany and Austria.
The DIN 476 standard spread quickly to other countries. Before the outbreak of World War II, it had been adopted by the following countries:
Belgium (1924)
Netherlands (1925)
Norway (1926)
Finland (1927)
Switzerland (1929)
Sweden (1930)
Soviet Union (1934)
Hungary (1938)
Italy (1939)
During World War II, the standard was adopted by Uruguay (1942), Argentina (1943) and Brazil (1943), and afterwards spread to other countries:
Spain (1947)
Austria (1948)
Iran (1948)
Romania (1949)
Japan (1951)
Denmark (1953)
Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic and Slovakia) (1953)
Israel (1954)
Portugal (1954)
Yugoslavia (now Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia) (1956)
India (1957)
Poland (1957)
United Kingdom (1959)
Ireland (1959)
Venezuela (1962)
New Zealand (1963)
Iceland (1964)
Mexico (1965)
South Africa (1966)
France (1967)
Peru (1967)
Turkey (1967)
Chile (1968)
Greece (1970)
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) (1970)
Singapore (1970)
Bangladesh (1972)
Thailand (1973)
Barbados (1973)
Australia (1974)
Ecuador (1974)
Colombia (1975)
Kuwait (1975)
By 1975, so many countries were using the German system that it was established as an ISO standard, as well as the official United Nations document format. By 1977, A4 was the standard letter format in 88 of 148 countries. Today the standard has been adopted by all countries in the world except the United States and Canada. In Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, and the Philippines, the US letter format is still in common use, despite their official adoption of the ISO standard.
B series[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ISO B series.
In addition to the A series, there is a less common B series. The area of B series sheets is the geometric mean of successive A series sheets. So, B1 is between A0 and A1 in size, with an area of 0.707 m2 (1⁄√2 m2). As a result, B0 is 1 metre wide, and other sizes in the B series are a half, a quarter or further fractions of a metre wide. While less common in office use, it is used for a variety of special situations. Many posters use B-series paper or a close approximation, such as 50 cm × 70 cm; B5 is a relatively common choice for books. The B series is also used for envelopes and passports. The B-series is widely used in the printing industry to describe both paper sizes and printing press sizes, including digital presses. B3 paper is used to print two US letter or A4 pages side by side using imposition; four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc.
C series[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ISO C series.
The C series is usually used for envelopes and is defined in ISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits inside a C4 envelope, and C4 paper fits inside a B4 envelope.
Some envelope formats with mixed sides from adjacent sizes (and thus an approximate aspect ratio of 2:1) are also defined in national adaptations of the ISO standard, e.g. DIN C6/C5 is 114 mm × 229 mm where the common side to C5 and C6 is 162 mm.
Overview: ISO paper sizes[edit]
ISO paper sizes in portrait view (with rounded inch values)
Format
A series[5]
B series[6]
C series[7]
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
0
841 × 1189 33.1 × 46.8 1000 × 1414 39.4 × 55.7 917 × 1297 36.1 × 51.1
1
594 × 841 23.4 × 33.1 707 × 1000 27.8 × 39.4 648 × 917 25.5 × 36.1
2
420 × 594 16.5 × 23.4 500 × 707 19.7 × 27.8 458 × 648 18.0 × 25.5
3
297 × 420 11.7 × 16.5 353 × 500 13.9 × 19.7 324 × 458 12.8 × 18.0
4
210 × 297 8.27 × 11.7 250 × 353 9.84 × 13.9 229 × 324 9.02 × 12.8
5
148 × 210 5.83 × 8.27 176 × 250 6.93 × 9.84 162 × 229 6.38 × 9.02
6
105 × 148 4.13 × 5.83 125 × 176 4.92 × 6.93 114 × 162 4.49 × 6.38
7
74 × 105 2.91 × 4.13 88 × 125 3.46 × 4.92 81 × 114 3.19 × 4.49
8
52 × 74 2.05 × 2.91 62 × 88 2.44 × 3.46 57 × 81 2.24 × 3.19
9
37 × 52 1.46 × 2.05 44 × 62 1.73 × 2.44 40 × 57 1.57 × 2.24
10
26 × 37 1.02 × 1.46 31 × 44 1.22 × 1.73 28 × 40 1.10 × 1.57
The tolerances specified in the standard are
±1.5 mm (0.06 in) for dimensions up to 150 mm (5.9 in),
±2 mm (0.08 in) for lengths in the range 150 to 600 mm (5.9 to 23.6 in) and
±3 mm (0.12 in) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 in).
German extensions[edit]
The German standard DIN 476 was published on 18 August 1922 and is the original specification of the A, B and C sizes. In 1991, it was split into DIN 476-1 for the A and B formats on the one hand and 476-2 for the C series on the other hand. The former has been withdrawn in 2002 in favor of adopting the international standard as DIN EN ISO 216, but part 2 has been retained and was last updated in 2008.
The first and the second editions of DIN 476 from 1922 and 1925 also included a D series.
DIN D series paper sizes in portrait view (with rounded inch values)
Format
D series
Size
mm × mm
in × in
0
771 × 1090 30.4 × 42.9
1
545 × 771 21.5 × 30.4
2
385 × 545 15.2 × 21.5
3
272 × 385 10.7 × 15.2
4
192 × 272 7.56 × 10.7
5
136 × 192 5.35 × 7.56
6
096 × 136 3.78 × 5.35
7
068 × 096 2.68 × 3.78
8
048 × 068 1.89 × 2.68
The smallest formats specified originally were A13, B13, C8 and D8.
DIN 476:1922 tiny formats (with rounded inch values)
Format
A
B
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
11
18 × 26 0.71 × 1.02 22 × 31 0.87 × 1.22
12
13 × 18 0.51 × 0.71 15 × 22 0.59 × 0.87
13
09 × 13 0.35 × 0.51 11 × 15 0.43 × 0.59
DIN 476 provides for formats larger than A0, denoted by a prefix factor. In particular, it lists the formats 2A0 and 4A0, which are twice and four times the size of A0 respectively. However, ISO 216:2007 notes 2A0 and 4A0 in the table of Main series of trimmed sizes (ISO A series) as well: "The rarely used sizes [2A0 and 4A0] which follow also belong to this series."
DIN 476 overformats (with rounded inch values)
Name
mm × mm
in × in
4A0
1682 × 2378 66.22 × 93.62
2A0
1189 × 1682 46.81 × 66.22
DIN 476 also used to specify slightly tighter tolerances than ISO 216:
±1 mm (0.04 in) for dimensions up to 150 mm (5.9 in),
±1.5 mm (0.06 in) for lengths in the range 150 mm to 600 mm (5.9 to 23.6 in) and
±2 mm (0.08 in) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 in).
Swedish extensions[edit]
Comparison of ISO 216 and Swedish standard SIS 014711 paper sizes between A4 and A3 sizes.
The Swedish standard SS 014711[8] generalized the ISO system of A, B, and C formats by adding D, E, F, and G formats to it. Its D format sits between a B format and the next larger A format (just like C sits between A and the next larger B). The remaining formats fit in between all these formats, such that the sequence of formats A4, E4, C4, G4, B4, F4, D4, H4, A3 is a geometric progression, in which the dimensions grow by a factor 16√2 from one size to the next. However, the SIS 014711 standard does not define any size between a D format and the next larger A format (called H in the previous example).
Of these additional formats, G5 (169 × 239 mm) and E5 (155 × 220 mm) are popular in Sweden and the Netherlands for printing dissertations,[9] but the other formats have not turned out to be particularly useful in practice and they have not been adopted internationally.
The Swedish and German D series basically contain the same sizes, but are offset by one, i.e. DIN D4 equals SIS D5 and so on.
SIS 014711 formulas,[10] including hypothetical H series, n = 0…9, r = 8√2, s = 1⁄√2
Designation
Longer edge
Shorter edge
(Hn)
r+5½ × sn r+1½ × sn
Dn
r+5 × sn r+1 × sn
Fn
r+4½ × sn r+½ × sn
Bn
r+4 × sn r 0 × sn
Gn
r+3½ × sn r−½ × sn
Cn
r+3 × sn r−1 × sn
En
r+2½ × sn r−1½ × sn
An
r+2 × sn r−2 × sn
Japanese B-series variant[edit]
The JIS defines two main series of paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series, but with slightly different tolerances. The area of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding A-paper (instead of the factor √2 = 1.414... for the ISO B-series), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same as for A-series paper. Both A- and B-series paper is widely available in Japan, Taiwan and China, and most photocopiers are loaded with at least A4 and either one of A3, B4 and B5 paper.
There are also a number of traditional paper sizes, which are now used mostly by printers. The most common of these old series are the Shiroku-ban and the Kiku paper sizes.
JIS paper sizes (plus rounded inch values)
Format
B series
Shiroku ban
Kiku
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
0
1030 × 1456 40.55 × 57.32
1
728 × 1030 28.66 × 40.55
2
515 × 728 20.28 × 28.66
3
364 × 515 14.33 × 20.28
4
257 × 364 10.12 × 14.33 264 × 379 10.39 × 14.92 227 × 306 8.94 × 12.05
5
182 × 257 7.17 × 10.12 189 × 262 7.44 × 10.31 151 × 227 5.94 × 8.94
6
128 × 182 5.04 × 7.17 127 × 188 5.00 × 7.40
7
91 × 128 3.58 × 5.04
8
64 × 91 2.52 × 3.58
9
45 × 64 1.77 × 2.52
10
32 × 45 1.26 × 1.77
11
22 × 32 0.87 × 1.26
12
16 × 22 0.63 × 0.87
Following Japanese paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): JIS-B4, JIS-B5.[2]
Chinese extensions[edit]
The Chinese standard GB/T 148-1997[11] documents the standard ISO series, A and B, but adds a custom D series. This Chinese format originates from the Republic of China (1912–49). The D series is not identical to the Swedish D series. It does not strictly follow the same principles as ISO paper sizes: The aspect ratio is only very roughly √2. The short side of a size is always 4 mm longer than the long side of the next smaller size. The long side of a size is always exactly – i.e. without further rounding – twice as long as the short side of the next smaller size.
SAC paper sizes (with rounded inch values and raw sizes)
Format
D series
Aspect ratio
RD series[citation needed]
Size
mm × mm
in × in
mm × mm
in × in
0
764 × 1064 29.9 × 41.9 1.3927 787 × 1092 31.0 × 43.0
1
532 × 760 20.9 × 29.9 1.4286 546 × 787 21.5 × 31.0
2
380 × 528 15.0 × 20.8 1.3895 393 × 546 15.5 × 21.5
3
264 × 376 10.4 × 14.8 1.4242 273 × 393 10.7 × 15.5
4
188 × 260 7.4 × 10.2 1.3830 196 × 273 7.7 × 10.7
5
130 × 184 5.1 × 7.2 1.4154 136 × 196 5.4 × 7.7
6
92 × 126 3.6 × 5.0 1.3696 98 × 136 3.9 × 5.4
Soviet variants[edit]
The general adaptation of ISO 216 in the Soviet Union was GOST 9327-60. In its 1960 version, it lists formats down to A13, B12 and C8 and also specifies ½, ¼ and ⅛ prefixes for halving the shorter side (repeatedly), e.g. ½A4 = 105 mm × 297 mm.
A1, A2, A3, A4 and non-ISO sizes as GOST 3450-60 formats
A standard for technical drawings from 1960, GOST 3450-60[12], introduces alternative numeric format designations to deal with very high or very wide sheets. These 2-digit codes are based upon A4 = "11": The first digit is the factor the longer side (297 mm) is multiplied by and the second digit is the one for the shorter side (210 mm), so "24" is 2×297 mm × 4×210 mm = 594 mm × 840 mm.
Soviet formats with multiplied shorter side (mm×mm)
n
(×1)
×2
×3
×4
×5
×6
A0
841×1189 1682×1189 2523×1189 3364×1189 4204×1189 5045×1189
A1
594×841 = A0 1784×841 2378×841 2973×841 3568×841
A2
420×594 = A1 1261×595 1682×595 2102×595 2523×595
A3
297×420 = A2 892×420 1189×420 1487×420 1784×420
A4
210×297 = A3 631×297 841×297 1051×297 1261×297
A5
148×210 = A4 446×210 595×210 743×210 892×210
A2, A3, A4 and some of their derived non-ISO sizes as GOST 2301-68 formats
GOST 3450-60 was replaced 8 years later by ESKD GOST 2301-68[13], but the numeric designations remained in popular use much longer. The new designations were not purely numeric, but consisted of the ISO label followed by an 'x', or possibly the multiplication sign '×', and the factor, e.g. DIN 2A0 = GOST A0×2, but DIN 4A0 ≠ GOST A0×4, also listed are: A0×3, A1×3, A1×4, A2×3–A2×5, A3×3–A3×7, A4×3–A4×9. The formats …×1 and …×2 usually would be aliases for existing formats.
North American paper sizes[edit]
Loose sizes[edit]
North American paper sizes
Size
in × in
mm × mm
Aspect ratio
Letter
8 1⁄2 × 11 216 × 279 1.2941…
Legal
8 1⁄2 × 14 216 × 356 1.6470…
Tabloid
11 × 17 279 × 432 1.54
Ledger[14]
17 × 11 432 × 279 0.6470…
Junior Legal
5 × 8 127 × 203 1.6
Half Letter, Memo
5 1⁄2 × 8 1⁄2 140 × 216 1.54
Government Letter
8 × 10 1⁄2 203 × 267 1.3125
Government Legal
8 1⁄2 × 13 216 × 330 1.5294…
The United States, several other American countries and the Philippines[1] primarily use a different system of paper sizes compared to the rest of the world. The current standard sizes are unique to that continent, although due to the size of the North American market and proliferation of both software and printing hardware from the region, other parts of the world have become increasingly familiar with these sizes (though not necessarily the paper itself). Some traditional North American inch-based sizes differ from the Imperial British sizes described below.
Common loose sizes[edit]
Letter, Legal and Ledger/Tabloid are by far the most commonly used of these for everyday activities, and the only ones included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
The origins of the exact dimensions of Letter size paper (8 1⁄2 in × 11 in or 216 mm × 279 mm) are lost in tradition and not well documented. The American Forest and Paper Association argues that the dimension originates from the days of manual paper making, and that the 11-inch length of the page is about a quarter of "the average maximum stretch of an experienced vatman's arms."[15] However, this does not explain the width or aspect ratio.
Outside of North America, Letter size may also be known as "American Quarto".[16] If one accepts some trimming, the size is indeed one quarter of the old Imperial paper size known as Demy, 17 1⁄2 in × 22 1⁄2 in (444 mm × 572 mm).[17]
Usage and adoption[edit]
Colombian inch-based paper sizes[need quotation to verify]
Size
Equivalent
mm × mm
in × in
Ratio
Carta
Letter, ANSI A
216 × 279 8½ × 11 1.2916
Oficio
Government Legal
216 × 330 8½ × 13 1.527
Extra Tabloide
Arch B
305 × 457 12 × 18 1.5
US paper sizes are currently standard in the United States and at least in the Philippines, Colombia and Chile. The latter use US Letter, but their Legal size is 8 1⁄2 in × 13 in (216 mm × 330 mm).[18]
Mexico and Colombia have adopted the ISO standard, but US Letter format is still the system in use throughout the country. It is virtually impossible to encounter ISO standard papers in day-to-day uses, with "Carta 216 mm × 279 mm" (Letter), "Oficio 216 mm × 340 mm" (Government-Legal) and "Doble carta" (Ledger/Tabloid) being nearly universal. US sizes are also widespread and in common use in Colombia and some other countries in the Americas.[19]
In Canada, US paper sizes are a de facto standard. The government, however, also uses ISO paper sizes.
Variant loose sizes[edit]
There is an additional paper size, 8 in × 10 1⁄2 in (203 mm × 267 mm), to which the name Government-Letter was given by the IEEE Printer Working Group (PWG). It was prescribed by Herbert Hoover when he was Secretary of Commerce to be used for US government forms, apparently to enable discounts from the purchase of paper for schools, but more likely due to the standard use of trimming books (after binding) and paper from the standard letter size paper to produce consistency and allow "bleed" printing. In later years, as photocopy machines proliferated, citizens wanted to make photocopies of the forms, but the machines did not generally have this size paper in their bins. Ronald Reagan therefore had the US government switch to regular Letter size, which is both half an inch longer and wider.[15] The former government size is still commonly used in spiral-bound notebooks, for children's writing and the like, a result of trimming from the current Letter dimensions.
By extension of the American standards, the halved Letter size, 5 1⁄2 in × 8 in (140 mm × 203 mm), meets the needs of many applications. It is variably known as Statement, Stationery, Memo, Half Letter, Half A (from ANSI sizes) or simply Half Size. Like the similar-sized ISO A5, it is used for everything from personal letter writing to official aeronautical maps. Organizers, notepads, and diaries also often use this size of paper; thus 3-ring binders are also available in this size. Booklets of this size are created using word processing tools with landscape printing in two columns on letter paper which are then cut or folded into the final size.
Standardized American paper sizes[edit]
A size chart illustrating the ANSI sizes, superimposed on an "ANSI E" sheet.
In 1996, the American National Standards Institute adopted ANSI/ASME Y14.1 which defined a regular series of paper sizes based upon the de facto standard 8 1⁄2 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) Letter size which it assigned "ANSI A", intended for technical drawings, hence sometimes labeled "Engineering". This series is somewhat similar to the ISO standard in that cutting a sheet in half would produce two sheets of the next smaller size and therefore also includes Ledger/Tabloid as "ANSI B". Unlike the ISO standard, however, the arbitrary base sides forces this series to have two alternating aspect ratios. For example, ANSI A is less elongated than A4, while ANSI B is more elongated than A3.
The Canadian standard CAN2-9.60-M76 and its successor CAN/CGSB-9.60-94 "Paper Sizes for Correspondence" specified paper sizes P1 through P6, which are the ANSI paper sizes rounded to the nearest 5 mm.[20] All custom Canadian paper size standards were withdrawn in 2012 and the respective ISO standards took their places.
Canadian custom paper size standards
Title
Original
Release
Replacement
Release
Withdrawal
Paper Sizes for Correspondence CAN2-9.60-M76 1976-04 CAN/CGSB-9.60-94 1994-07 2012-04
Paper Sizes for Printing CAN2-9.61-M76 1976-04 CAN/CGSB-9.61-94 1994-07 2012-04
Paper Sizes for Single Part Continuous Business Forms CAN2-9.62-81 1981-12 CAN/CGSB-9.62-94 1994-07 2012-04
Drawing Sheet Sizes CAN2-9.64-M79 1979-04 CAN/CGSB-9.64-94 1994-07 2012-04
Common Image Area for Paper Sizes P4 and A4 CAN2-200.2-M79 1979-04 2012-03
With care, documents can be prepared so that the text and images fit on either ANSI or their equivalent ISO sheets at 1:1 reproduction scale.
ANSI and CAN paper sizes
US size
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Canadian size (mm × mm)
Similar size (mm × mm)
N/A CAN P6 107 × 140 ISO A6 105 × 148
N/A CAN P5 140 × 215 ISO A5 148 × 210
ANSI A
8 1⁄2 × 11 216 × 279 1.2941 CAN P4 215 × 280 ISO A4 210 × 297
ANSI B
11 × 17 279 × 432 1.5455 CAN P3 280 × 430 ISO A3 297 × 420
ANSI C
17 × 22 432 × 559 1.2941 CAN P2 430 × 560 ISO A2 420 × 594
ANSI D
22 × 34 559 × 864 1.5455 CAN P1 560 × 860 ISO A1 594 × 841
ANSI E
34 × 44 864 × 1118 1.2941 N/A ISO A0 841 × 1187
Other, informal, larger sizes continuing the alphabetic series illustrated above exist, but they are not part of the series per se, because they do not exhibit the same aspect ratios. For example, Engineering F size is 28 in × 40 in or 711 mm × 1,016 mm with ca. 1.4286:1; it is commonly required for NAVFAC drawings, but is generally less commonly used. Engineering G size is 22 1⁄2 in (572 mm) high, but it is a roll format with a variable width up to 90 in (2,286 mm) in increments of 8 1⁄2 in (216 mm). Engineering H through N sizes are also roll formats.
Such huge sheets were at one time used for full-scale layouts of aircraft parts, automotive parts, wiring harnesses and the like, but are slowly being phased out, due to widespread use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Some visual arts fields also continue to use these paper formats for large-scale printouts, such as for displaying digitally painted character renderings at life-size as references for makeup artists and costume designers, or to provide an immersive landscape reference.
Architectural sizes[edit]
A size chart illustrating the Architectural sizes.
In addition to the system as listed above, there is a corresponding series of paper sizes used for architectural purposes defined in the same standard, ANSI/ASME Y14.1, which is usually abbreviated "Arch". This series also shares the property that bisecting each size produces two of the size below, with alternating aspect ratios. It may be preferred by North American architects because the aspect ratios (4:3 and 3:2) are ratios of small integers, unlike their ANSI (or ISO) counterparts. Furthermore, the aspect ratio 4:3 matches the traditional aspect ratio for computer displays.
The size Arch E1 has a different aspect ratio because it derives from adding 6 inches to each side of Arch D or subtracting the same amount from Arch E. An intermediate size between Arch C and D with a long side of 30 inches (760 mm) does not exist.
US architectural standard paper sizes[21]
Names
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Arch A
Arch 1
9 × 12 229 × 305 3:4
Arch B
Arch 2
12 × 18 305 × 457 2:3
Arch C
Arch 3
18 × 24 457 × 610 3:4
Arch D
Arch 4
24 × 36 610 × 914 2:3
Arch E1
Arch 5
30 × 42 762 × 1067 5:7
Arch E
Arch 6
36 × 48 914 × 1219 3:4
Arch E2[need quotation to verify]
26 × 38 660 × 965 13:19
Arch E3[need quotation to verify]
27 × 39 686 × 991 9:13
Other sizes[edit]
This table may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: some entries repeat sizes defined elsewhere, some specify mere aliases, others are unsourced and there is no explanatory prose. Please help improve this table if you can. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Assorted sizes[need quotation to verify]
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Organizer J
2 3⁄4 × 5 70 × 127 ≈1.8142
Marching band flip-folder
6 3⁄4 × 5 1⁄4 171 × 133 ≈1.2857
Choral Octavo
6 3⁄4 × 10 1⁄2 171 × 267 ≈1.55
Fanfold 12 × 8.5
8 1⁄2 × 12 216 × 304 ≈1.4118
US Std Fanfold
11 × 14 7⁄8 279 × 377 ≈1.3513
Notebook sizes[edit]
The sizes listed above are for paper sold loose in reams. There are many sizes of tablets of paper, that is, sheets of paper bound at one edge, usually by a strip of plastic or hardened PVA adhesive. Often there is a pad of cardboard (also known as chipboard or greyboard) at the bottom of the stack. Such a tablet serves as a portable writing surface, and the sheets often have lines printed on them, usually in non-repro blue, to make writing in a line easier. An older means of binding is to have the sheets stapled to the cardboard along the top of the tablet; there is a line of perforated holes across every page just below the top edge from which any page may be torn off. Lastly, a pad of sheets each weakly stuck with adhesive to the sheet below, trademarked as "Post-It" or "Stick-Em" and available in various sizes, serve as a sort of tablet.
"Letter pads" are 8 1⁄2 by 11 inches (215.9 by 279.4 mm), while the term "legal pad" is often used by laymen to refer to pads of various sizes including those of 8 1⁄2 by 14 inches (215.9 by 355.6 mm). There are "steno pads" (used by stenographers) of 6 by 9 inches (152.4 by 228.6 mm).
In countries where the ISO sizes are standard, most notebooks and tablets are sized to ISO specifications (for example, most newsagents in Australia stock A4 and A3 tablets).
Office sizes[edit]
US personal organizers (Rounded Inches)
Company
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Holes
Filofax[22]
M2
2 1⁄2 × 4 64 × 103 3 holes
Mini
2 5⁄8 × 4 1⁄8 67 × 105 5 holes
Pocket
3 1⁄6 × 4 3⁄4 81 × 120 6 holes
Personal, Slimline
3 3⁄4 × 6 3⁄4 95 × 171 6 holes
A5
(513/16 × 89/32) 148 × 210 6 holes
Deskfax (B5)
(615/16 × 927/32) 176 × 250 9 holes
A4
(89/32 × 1111/16) 210 × 297 4 holes
Franklin Planner[23]
Micro (⅛-Letter)
2 5⁄8 × 4 1⁄4 67 × 108
Pocket
3 1⁄2 × 6 89 × 152
Compact
4 1⁄4 × 6 3⁄4 108 × 171
Classic (½-Letter)
5 1⁄2 × 8 1⁄2 140 × 216
Monarch (Letter)
8 1⁄2 × 11 216 × 280
Jeppesen
Aeronautical Chart (½-Letter)
5 1⁄2 × 8 1⁄2 140 × 216 7 holes
FAA
3 holes at top
US Index and business cards
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Index card
3 × 5 76 × 127 1.6
4 × 6 102 × 152 1.5
5 × 8 127 × 203 1.6
International business card
2 1⁄8 × 3.37 53.98 × 85.6 1.586
US business card
2 × 3 1⁄2 51 × 89 1.75
Japanese business card
ca. 2 1⁄6 × 3 1⁄2 55 × 91 1.654
Hungarian business card
ca. 2 × 3 1⁄2 50 × 90 1.8
The international business card has the same size as the smallest rectangle containing a credit card. However, credit card size, as defined in ISO/IEC 7810, also specifies rounded corners and thickness.
Photography sizes[edit]
Main article: Photo print sizes
This table may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Names need explanation, i.e. expansion of acronyms. Please help improve this table if you can. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
US photographic paper sizes
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
2R
2 1⁄2 × 3 1⁄2 64 × 89 1.4
-
3 × 5 76 × 127 1.6
LD, DSC
3 1⁄2 × 4 2⁄3 89 × 119 1.3 (4:3)
3R, L
3 1⁄2 × 5 89 × 127 ≈1.4286
LW
3 1⁄2 × 5 1⁄4 89 × 133 1.5 (3:2)
KGD
4 × 5 1⁄3 102 × 136 1.3 (4:3)
4R, KG
4 × 6 102 × 152 1.5 (3:2)
2LD, DSCW
5 × 6 2⁄3 127 × 169 1.3 (4:3)
5R, 2L
5 × 7 127 × 178 1.4
2LW
5 × 7 1⁄2 127 × 190 1.5 (3:2)
6R
6 × 8 152 × 203 1.3 (4:3)
8R, 6P
8 × 10 203 × 254 1.25
S8R, 6PW
8 × 12 203 × 305 1.5 (3:2)
11R
11 × 14 279 × 356 1.27
A3+, Super B
13 × 19 330 × 483 ≈1.46154
Postage sizes[edit]
US Postal postcard size limitations[24]
Dimension
Minimum (inch)
Maximum (inch)
Height
3 1⁄2 4 1⁄4
Width
5 6
Thickness
0.007 0.016
This implies that all postcards have a width:height aspect ratio in the range 1.18 to 1.71. The only ISO 216 size in the post card range is A6.
Grain[edit]
Most industry standards express the direction of the grain last when giving dimensions (that is, 17 × 11 inches is short grain paper and 11 × 17 inches is long grain paper), although alternatively the grain alignment can be explicitly indicated with an underline (11 × 17 is short grain) or the letter "M" for "machine" (11M × 17 is short grain). Grain is important because paper will crack if folded across the grain: for example, if a sheet 17 × 11 inches is to be folded to divide the sheet into two 8.5 × 11 halves, then the grain will be along the 11-inch side.[25] Paper intended to be fed into a machine that will bend the paper around rollers, such as a printing press, photocopier or typewriter, should be fed grain side first so that the axis of the rollers is along the grain.
Traditional British paper sizes[edit]
These sizes are no longer commonly used since the UK switched to ISO sizes.[26] Many of these sizes were only used for making books (see bookbinding), and would never have been offered for ordinary stationery purposes.[27]
Previous British writing paper sizes
Name
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Foolscap
8 × 13 203 × 330 1.625
Quarto
8 × 10 203 × 254 1.25
Imperial
7 × 9 178 × 229 1.2857
Kings
6 1⁄2 × 8 165 × 203 1.2307
Dukes
5 1⁄2 × 7 140 × 178 1.27
Foolscap folio is often referred to simply as "folio" or "foolscap". Similarly, "quarto" is more correctly "copy draught quarto" and "Kings" is an alias for "Foolscap quarto".
Traditional inch-based paper sizes[edit]
Traditional and standardized paper formats still relevant in the US
Traditionally, a number of different sizes were defined for large sheets of paper, and paper sizes were defined by the sheet name and the number of times it had been folded. Thus a full sheet of "royal" paper was 25 × 20 inches, and "royal octavo" was this size folded three times, so as to make eight sheets, and was thus 10 × 6 1⁄4 inches.
Common divisions and their abbreviations
Name
Abbr.
Folds
Leaves
Pages
Folio
fo, f 1 2 4
Quarto
4to 2 4 8
Sexto, sixmo
6to, 6mo 3 6 12
Octavo
8vo 3 8 16
Duodecimo, twelvemo
12mo 4 12 24
Sextodecimo, sixteenmo
16mo 4 16 32
Imperial sizes were used in the United Kingdom and its territories.
Imperial paper sizes
Name
Classic British definitions
Modern American adaptations
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
in × in
mm × mm
Ratio
Emperor
48 × 72 1219 × 1829 1.5
Quad demy
35 × 45 889 × 1143 1.2857
Antiquarian
31 × 53 787 × 1346 1.7097
Grand eagle
28 3⁄4 × 42 730 × 1067 1.4609
Double elephant
26 3⁄4 × 40 678 × 1016 1.4984
Atlas
26 × 34 660 × 864 1.3077
Colombier
23 1⁄2 × 34 1⁄2 597 × 876 1.4681
Double demy
22 1⁄2 × 35 1⁄2 572 × 902 1.57 22 1⁄2 × 35 572 × 889 1.5
Imperial
22 × 30 559 × 762 1.3636
Double large post
21 × 33 533 × 838 1.5713
Elephant
23 × 28 584 × 711 1.2174 same
Princess
21 1⁄2 × 28 546 × 711 1.3023
Cartridge
21 × 26 533 × 660 1.2381
Royal
20 × 25 508 × 635 1.25 same
Sheet, half post
19 1⁄2 × 23 1⁄2 495 × 597 1.2051
Double post
19 × 30 1⁄2 483 × 762 1.6052
Super royal
19 × 27 483 × 686 1.4203
Broadsheet
18 × 24 457 × 610 1.3
Medium
17 1⁄2 × 23 470 × 584 1.2425 18 × 23 457 × 584 1.27
Demy
17 1⁄2 × 22 1⁄2 445 × 572 1.2857 same
Copy draught
16 × 20 406 × 508 1.25
Large post
15 1⁄2 × 20 394 × 508 1.2903 16 1⁄2 × 21 419 × 533 1.27
Post
15 1⁄2 × 19 1⁄4 394 × 489 1.2419 15 1⁄2 × 19 1⁄2 394 × 489 1.2581
Crown
15 × 20 381 × 508 1.3 same
Pinched post
14 3⁄4 × 18 1⁄2 375 × 470 1.2533
Foolscap
13 1⁄2 × 17 343 × 432 1.2593
Small foolscap
13 1⁄4 × 16 1⁄2 337 × 419 1.2453
Brief
13 1⁄2 × 16 343 × 406 1.1852
Pott
12 1⁄2 × 15 318 × 381 1.2
Quarto
9 × 11 229 × 279 1.2
Executive, Monarch
7 1⁄4 × 10 1⁄2 184 × 267 1.4483
Demitab[edit]
The demitab or demi-tab (from the French "demi" or half tabloid) is 5 1⁄2 in × 8 1⁄2 in (140 mm × 216 mm), equal to one quarter of a sheet of 11 in × 17 in (279 mm × 432 mm) tabloid size paper. In actual circulation, the size 8 in × 10 1⁄2 in (203 mm × 267 mm) is common for a demitab.[28] Tabloid newspapers, which are "generally half the size of a broadsheet", also vary in size. To add to the lack of uniformity, broadsheets also vary in size.
Traditional French paper sizes[edit]
Before the adoption of the ISO standard system in 1967, France had its own paper size system. Some[which?] of these formats are still used today, and they are standardized by the AFNOR.[29] Their names come from the watermarks that the papers were branded with when they were handcrafted, which is still the case for certain art papers. They also generally exist in double versions where the smallest measure is multiplied by two, or in quadruple versions where both measures have been doubled.
AFNOR paper sizes
Name
Format (cm × cm)
Use
Cloche
30 × 40
Pot, écolier
31 × 40
Tellière
34 × 44 old French administration
Couronne écriture
36 × 46
Couronne édition
37 × 47
Roberto
39 × 50 anatomic drawing
Écu
40 × 52
Coquille
44 × 56
Carré
45 × 56
Cavalier
46 × 62
Demi-raisin
32,5 × 50 drawing
Raisin
50 × 65 drawing
Double raisin
65 × 100
Jésus
56 × 76 Atlas des sentiers et chemins vicinaux
Soleil
60 × 80
Colombier affiche
60 × 80
Colombier commercial
63 × 90
Petit Aigle
70 × 94
Grand Aigle
75 × 105 Plans cadastraux primitifs
(Napoleonic land registry)
75 × 106[30]
75 × 110[31]
Grand Monde
90 × 126
Univers
100 × 130

Transitional paper sizes[edit]
PA4 or L4[edit]
Hypothetic PA4-based series
Name
mm × mm
Ratio
PA0
840 × 1120 3:4
PA1
560 × 840 2:3
PA2
420 × 560 3:4
PA3
280 × 420 2:3
PA4
210 × 280 3:4
PA5
140 × 210 2:3
PA6
105 × 140 3:4
PA7
70 × 105 2:3
PA8
52 × 70 ≈3:4
PA9
35 × 52 ≈2:3
PA10
26 × 35 ≈3:4
A transitional size called PA4 (210 mm × 280 mm or 8.27 in × 11.02 in), sometimes dubbed L4, was proposed for inclusion into the ISO 216 standard in 1975. It has the height of Canadian P4 paper (215 mm × 280 mm, about 8 1⁄2 in × 11 in) and the width of international A4 paper (210 mm × 297 mm or 8.27 in × 11.69 in), i.e. it uses the smaller value among the two for each side. The table below, shows how this format can be generalized into an entire format series.
The PA formats did not end up in ISO 216, because the committee decided that the set of standardized paper formats should be kept to the minimum necessary.[citation needed] However, PA4 remains of practical use today. In landscape orientation, it has the same 4:3 aspect ratio as the displays of traditional TV sets, some computer displays (e.g. iPad) and data projectors. PA4, with appropriate margins, is therefore a good choice as the format of presentation slides.
As a compromise between the two most popular paper sizes globally, PA4 is used today by many international magazines, because it can be printed easily on equipment designed for either A4 or US Letter. That means it is not as much a paper size than a page format.
The size 210 mm × 280 mm was documented in the Canadian standard CAN2-200.2-M79 "Common Image Area for Paper Sizes P4 and A4"[32].
F4[edit]
See also: Foolscap folio § F4
Hypothetic F4-based series
Name
mm × mm
in × in
Ratio
F0
841 × 1321 33.1 × 52 1.5714
F1
660 × 841 26 × 33.1 1.27
F2
420 × 660 16.5 × 26 1.5714
F3
330 × 420 13 × 16.5 1.27
F4
210 × 330 8.27 × 13 1.5714
F5
165 × 210 6.5 × 8.27 1.27
F6
105 × 165 4.13 × 6 1⁄2 1.5714
F7
82 × 105 3 1⁄4 × 4.13 1.27
F8
52 × 82 2.05 × 3 1⁄4 1.5714
F9
41 × 52 3 5⁄8 × 2.05 1.27
F10
26 × 41 1.02 × 3 5⁄8 1.5714
A non-standard F4 paper size is common in Southeast Asia. It is a transitional size with the shorter side from ISO A4 (210 mm) and the longer side from British Foolscap (13 in, 330 mm) and is sometimes known as (metric) foolscap or folio as well.
In Indonesia and Philippines, F4 paper is 215 mm x 330 mm (8.5 in x 13 in). In Indonesia it is sometimes called Folio, while in Philippines it is sometimes also called Long Bond.
A sheet of F4 can be cut from a sheet of SRA4 with very little wastage. The size is also smaller than its Swedish equivalent SIS F4 at 239 mm × 338 mm.
A0a[edit]
Although the movement is towards the international standard metric paper sizes, on the way there from the traditional ones there has been at least one new size just a little larger than that used internationally.
British architects and industrial designers once used a size called "Antiquarian", 31 in × 53 in (787 mm × 1,346 mm), as listed above, but given in the New Metric Handbook (Tutt & Adler 1981) as 813 mm × 1,372 mm (32 in × 54 in) for board size. This is a little larger than ISO A0, 841 mm × 1189 mm. So for a short time, a size called A0a of 1,000 mm × 1,370 mm (39.4 in × 53.9 in) was used in Britain, which is actually just a slightly shorter version of ISO B0 at 1414 mm.
Pliego[edit]
Colombian metric paper sizes[citation needed]
Size
mm × mm
aspect ratio
1⁄8 pliego
250 × 350 1.4
1⁄4 pliego
350 × 500 1.412857
1⁄2 pliego
500 × 700 1.4
Pliego
700 × 1000 1.412857
The most common paper sizes used for commercial and industrial printing in Colombia are based upon a size referred to as pliego that is ISO B1 (707 mm × 1000 mm) cut to full decimetres. Smaller sizes are derived by halving as usual and just get a vulgar fraction prefix: 1⁄2 pliego and 1⁄4 pliego.
Other metric sizes[edit]
Envelope sizes[edit]
Other DIN paper formats
Name
mm × mm
in × in
Notes
DL
99 × 210 3.7 × 8.3 DL stands for "DIN lang" (DIN long); common flyer 1⁄3 of A4
DLE
110 × 220 4.3 × 8.7 Common envelope size as it fits an A4 sheet folded to 1⁄3 height.
Raw sizes[edit]
ISO 217 raw paper formats
Name
mm × mm
in × in
Name
mm × mm
in × in
RA0
860 × 1220 33.9 × 48.0
SRA0
900 × 1280 35.4 × 50.4
RA1
610 × 860 24.0 × 33.9
SRA1
640 × 900 25.2 × 35.4
RA2
430 × 610 16.9 × 24.0
SRA2
450 × 640 17.7 × 25.2
RA3
305 × 430 12.0 × 16.9
SRA3
320 × 450 12.6 × 17.7
RA4
215 × 305 8.5 × 12.0
SRA4
225 × 320 8.9 × 12.6
Newspaper sizes[edit]
Main article: Newspaper format
Comparison of some newspaper sizes with metric paper sizes. Approximate nominal dimensions are in millimetres.
Newspapers have a separate set of sizes.
Berliner
Broadsheet
Compact
Rhenish
Tabloid (newspaper format)
In a recent trend[33] many newspapers have been undergoing what is known as "web cut down", in which the publication is redesigned to print using a narrower (and less expensive) roll of paper. In extreme examples, some broadsheet papers are nearly as narrow as traditional tabloids.
See also[edit]
Book size
Paper density
Units of paper quantity – ream, quire etc.
New Zealand standard for school stationery
PC LOAD LETTER
Hole punch – filing holes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Belize, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, United States, Venezuela according to CLDR (version 31), Territory Information , which is a data collection used by almost all software manufacturers.
^ Jump up to: a b "size". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lichtenberg's letter to Johann Beckmann". Cl.cam.ac.uk. 2006-02-07. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Loi sur le timbre (Nº 2136)". Bulletin des lois de la République (in French). Paris: French government (237): 1–2. 1798-11-03. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ "A Paper Sizes - A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "B Paper Sizes - B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Envelope Sizes - ISO C Series & DL Envelopes". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Papper — Formatserier A-G". Svensk standard. Swedish Standards Institute. Retrieved 30 October 2013. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Print format for dissertations" (PDF). Karolinska University press.
Jump up ^ Dave Barber: International paper sizes. A, B, C and D series, version of 2012-05-08[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "国家标准 | GB/T 148-1997". Standardization Administration of China. 26 June 1997. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Formaty" Форматы [Formats]. Мир Сварки (in Russian).
Jump up ^ "Formaty (ESKD GOST 2.301-68)" Форматы (ЕСКД ГОСТ 2.301-68) [Formats]. Единая Система Конструкторской Документации (in Russian).
Jump up ^ Adobe Systems Incorporated (1996-02-09). "PostScript Printer Description File Format Specification" (PDF) (4.3 ed.). San Jose, California. p. 191. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-03-06. [better source needed]
^ Jump up to: a b American Forest and Paper Association. "Why is the standard paper size in the U.S. 8½" x 11"?". Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Junior Legal Paper Size". Dimensions Guide. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
Jump up ^ Fyffe, Charles (1969). Basic Copyfitting. London: Studio Vista. p. 74. ISBN 0-289-79705-5.
Jump up ^ de Leon, Rally. "Request for inclusion of Page Size 8.5"×13"". Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Armada mil". Retrieved 2010-12-12.
Jump up ^ Kuhn, Markus. "International standard paper sizes". Retrieved 2008-03-06.
Jump up ^ Technical drawing paper sizes in the United States at sizes.com
Jump up ^ "Filofax".
Jump up ^ "Franklin Planner".
Jump up ^ United States Postal Service. "DMM 101: Physical Standards". Section "6.3.2 Postcard Dimensions". retrieved 2014-04-26.
Jump up ^ "Paper Grain & Smoothness: Don't Go Against the Grain". Xerox Corp. A paper mill may indicate paper grain on carton and ream labels, product brochures, swatch books and price lists in several ways:
1. You may see the words Grain Long or Grain Short.
2. The dimension parallel to the grain may be underscored. For example, 8.5x11 indicates long grain, while 11x17 indicates short grain.
3. "M" may be used to indicate machine direction, for example, 11Mx17 indicates short grain.

Fold paper parallel to the grain direction. Paper folded against the grain may be rough and crack along the folded edge. The heavier the paper, the more likely roughness and cracking will occur.
Jump up ^ "Traditional sizes for writing paper in the United Kingdom". sizepaper.com (formerly atsyn.com). Retrieved 2013-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Book sizes, with reference tables".
Jump up ^ "Max Image Area". Horizon Publications.
Jump up ^ Norme NF Q 02-000: Dimensions des papiers d’écriture et de certaines catégories de papiers d’impression.
Jump up ^ CNRTL. "AIGLE: Définition de AIGLE" (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "L'origine des noms de papier" (in French).
Jump up ^ CAN2-200.2-M79: "Common Image Area for Paper Sizes P4 and A4" issued 1979-04-01, withdrawn 2012-03-01
Jump up ^ "Press web". Naa.org. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
Further reading[edit]
International standard ISO 216, Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter—Trimmed sizes—A and B series. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1975.
International standard ISO 217: Paper—Untrimmed sizes—Designation and tolerances for primary and supplementary ranges, and indication of machine direction. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1995.
Max Helbig, Winfried Hennig: DIN-Format A4—Ein Erfolgssystem in Gefahr. Beuth-Kommentare, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1998. ISBN 3-410-11878-0
Arthur D. Dunn: Notes on the standardization of paper sizes. Ottawa, Canada, 54 pages, 1972.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paper formats.
Palme, Jacob (May 1998). Making Postscript and PDF International. IETF. RFC 2346. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2346. Retrieved 2012-06-22. — Notably: About margin settings for using just the space common to both A4 and US Letter.
IEEE-ISTO PWG 5101.1-2013 "PWG Media Standardized Names 2.0" (PDF)
Paper Sizes Explained by Matt Parker, BBC Number Hub (YouTube video)
'Paper thickness cross reference guide
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Thing (The Addams Family)
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Thing
Addams Family character
First appearance
The New Yorker cartoon, (1938)
Created by
Charles Addams
Portrayed by
Christopher Hart (feature films)
Ted Cassidy (1964 series)
Jack Voglin (1964 series)
Steven Fox (1998 series)
Information
Species
Human hand
Gender
Sexless (possibly male)
Family
Addams Family
Nationality
American
Thing T. Thing, often referred to as just Thing,[1] is a fictional character in The Addams Family series. Thing was originally conceived as a whole creature (always seen in the background watching the family) that was too horrible to see in person. The only part of it that was tolerable was its human hand (this can be seen in the 1964 television series). The Addamses called it "Thing" because it was something that could not be identified. Thing was changed to a disembodied hand for the 1991 and 1993 Addams Family movies.
In Spain it was called Cosa ("Thing") while in other Spanish-speaking countries it was named Dedos ("Fingers"); in German-speaking countries das eiskalte Händchen ("the little ice-cold hand"); in Portuguese-speaking countries Mãozinha ("Little Hand") or Coisa ("Thing"); and in Italian was called Mano ("Hand"). In Thai, it was named "Ting" (which is an easier way to pronounce the word).
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
2 Role in the series
3 Other hands
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Appearances[edit]
Thing was the creation of Charles Addams, who drew the Addams Family cartoons in The New Yorker magazine, beginning in the 1930s. He first appeared in Addams's 1954 book Homebodies. One of Addams's cartoons shows the Addams mansion with a sign at the front saying "Beware of the Thing." Additionally, Thing has been in the original television series (1964-66), the revived series The New Addams Family (1998), in the related movies The Addams Family (1991), Addams Family Values (1993) and Addams Family Reunion (1998), and the 1992 animated series.
In the 1960s television series, Thing—strictly speaking, a disembodied forearm, since it occasionally emerged from its box at near-elbow length—was usually played by Ted Cassidy, who also played the lugubrious butler Lurch. The two characters occasionally appeared in the same scene (in which case Thing would be played by a crew member, notably assistant director Jack Voglin). Thing customarily emerged from a series of boxes, one in each room in the Addams' mansion, and the mailbox outside. It occasionally emerged from behind a curtain, within a plant pot, or elsewhere.
In the later films, thanks to advances in special effects, Thing (played by Christopher Hart) is able to emerge and run on its fingertips, much like a spider. In Addams Family Values Thing is shown driving a car into Debbie, in order to rescue Uncle Fester. After this, Fester gets into the car and Thing drives them off to the Addams Family Mansion, albeit erratically, frightening Fester in the process. This is also true for the 1998 series, The New Addams Family, where Thing was played by Canadian magician/actor Steven Fox, who hails from Toronto. Its classic box only appears in one episode of the series (the remake of "Thing's Romance"); in others, it is revealed that he lives in a closet that has been modified as its own little "house-within-a-house".
Since Cassidy was 6' 9" (2.06 m) tall,[2] using him to depict Thing caused great technical difficulties on the set of The Addams Family. In many scenes he lay on his back on a wheeled trolley, below the line of sight of the cameras, and inserted his arm through the bottom of the box. Thing was usually a right hand, but Cassidy sometimes played it as left, simply to see if anyone would notice. Thing is credited as "itself" at the end of each episode.
In the musical, Thing only appears in the beginning, when he opens the curtain. He is played by a member of the ensemble. In the tour version, Pugsley carries it on a pillow at Wednesday's and Lucas's wedding, while it holds the ring.
When the television series was dubbed into German in Europe, Thing was referred to as "Gizmo", as in "Guten Tag, Gizmo". The character Cousin Itt was simply called "Ess" (based on the German word for "it" being "es").
Role in the series[edit]
Thing's many useful roles included fetching the mail, handing cigars to Gomez Addams and then lighting them, changing the channel on the Addams TV set, holding Morticia Addams's wool while she knits, turning grapes into wine in under a single minute, and turning over records on the phonograph (particularly when Gomez and Morticia dance the tango). It accompanies the family on drives by riding in the glove compartment, and in one episode, where Gomez appears in court, it emerged from Gomez's briefcase. Thing and Grandmama are fond of arm-wrestling. In a flashback episode on how Gomez and Morticia met, it is revealed that Thing has been with the Addams family since Gomez himself was a child, suggesting Thing is the son of an earlier generation of hand-servants (see below).
Morticia is always very appreciative of Thing's services, and her frequent "Thank you, Thing" is one of the best known lines of the series. Thing cannot talk, but it does sometimes snap its fingers to attract attention, and is also able to communicate by signaling in Morse code, writing, or with the help of the manual alphabet. This can be very disconcerting to visitors to the Addams' mansion; in a running gag in some episodes, a visitor to the Addams home, profusely grateful for some kindness of the Addamses', enthusiastically shakes hands with everyone present—"Thank you, Mr. Addams! Thank you, Mrs. Addams!"—and is then offered a handshake by Thing. "And thank you..." begins the visitor, before realizing who and what he has been confronted with, recoiling in inarticulate shock, and fleeing the premises.
In one episode, Morticia gets goosed, and initially suspects Thing, who had been nearby moments earlier. However, Gomez immediately appears and admits responsibility, explaining: "Thing just likes to hold hands".
Other hands[edit]
On the 1960s TV series, two similar hands were introduced in the episode "Morticia Meets Royalty":
Lady Fingers: a female "handmaiden" who was the servant of Cousin Millie, also known as Princess Millicent von Schlepp. When Millicent came to visit, Thing and Lady Fingers fell in love. Lady Fingers later returned in the 1977 Addams Family Halloween special and the 1998 series revival.
Esmerelda: another female hand hired by Millicent after firing Lady Fingers. Esmerelda turned out to be dishonest, and Millicent rehires Lady Fingers.
In the episode "Thing Is Missing", Gomez and Morticia find a portrait of Thing's parents, a male hand and a female hand. The 1990s revived series implied the existence of other hands as well.
See also[edit]
Useless machine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.lkessler.com/addchars.shtml
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0144252/bio
External links[edit]
Article at TV ACRES
Unofficial episode guide to the 1960s series
Unofficial episode guide to the revived series
hide
v
t
e
The Addams Family
Characters
Gomez Addams
Morticia Addams
Pugsley Addams
Wednesday Addams
Uncle Fester
Grandmama
Lurch
Thing
Cousin Itt
Television
The Addams Family (episodes)
1973 animated series
Halloween with the New Addams Family (1977 TV film)
1992 animated series
The New Addams Family
Films
The Addams Family (1991)
Addams Family Values (1993)
Addams Family Reunion (1998)
The Addams Family (2019)
Theatre
The Addams Family (musical)
Games
Fester's Quest (1989)
The Addams Family pinball (1991)
The Addams Family handheld (1991)
The Addams Family
The Addams Family: Pugsley's Scavenger Hunt (1993)
Addams Family Values (1994)
Music
"The Addams Family Theme"
"When You're an Addams"
"Addams Groove"
The Addams Family soundtrack
Addams Family Values: Music from the Motion Picture
Addams Family Values: The Original Orchestral Score
Books
The Addams Family: An Evilution
Creator
Charles Addams
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text:
Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced (JEE-Advanced), formerly the Indian Institutes of Technology-Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) is an annual engineering college entrance examination in India. It is conducted by one of the seven zonal IITs (IIT Khargpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Guwhati and IIT Roorkee) under guidance of the Joint Admission Board(JAB). It is used as the sole admission test by the 23 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Other universities like the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and the premier Indian Institute of Science (IISc) also use the score obtained in JEE Advanced as the basis for admission. Any student who takes admission to IITs cannot appear for the JEE-Advanced exam in the next year, but the same is not the case with IISc, IISER, RGIPT and other institutes as these institutes only use JEE Advanced score for admission. The examination is organised each year by one of the various IITs, on a round robin rotation pattern. It has a very low admission rate (about 9,369 in 479,651 in 2012;which is around 1.95%)[2], and was thus recognised as one of the toughest examinations in the world. The current admission rate in 2017 is around 0.92% in IITs (about 11,000 out of 1,200,000 who applied for JEE Main)[1] .
In 2013 the exam, originally called the IIT-JEE, was renamed as JEE (Advanced), along with the AIEEE being renamed JEE(Main).[2] From 2017, IITs started conducting JEE internationally to give admission to international students.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Eligibility
3 Organizing Institute
4 Seats
5 Reservation
6 Admission
7 Criticism
8 Changes made in JEE(Advanced) 2018
9 Coaching
10 See also
11 References
History[edit]
The first IIT, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur, started in 1951. In the initial few years (1951-1954) students were admitted on the basis of their academic results followed by an Interview in several Centers across the country. From 1955-1959 admission was via an all India examination held only for IIT Kharagpur (other IITs had not started by then). Branches were allotted through Interviews/counseling held at Kharagpur.[citation needed]
The common IIT-JEE was conducted for the first time in 1960,[4][5] when it had four subjects including an English language paper. The examination since evolved considerably from its initial pattern. The IIT-JEE was initially called the Common Entrance Exam (CEE); its creation coincided with that of the 1961 IIT Act.[6]
From 1978, The English paper was stopped being taken into account for counting the rank. From 1998, the English exam was completely stopped.
In 1990, the screening paper was introduced. All the students had to qualify the screening paper to be eligible to qualify.
In 1995, the screening paper was taken out.
In 1997, the IIT-JEE was conducted twice after the question paper was leaked in some centers.
Between 2000 and 2005, an additional screening test was used alongside the main examination, intended to reduce pressure on the main examination by allowing only about 20,000 top candidates to sit the paper, out of more than 450,000 applicants.
From 2002, an additional exam called the AIEEE was introduced. All students had to qualify this exam to be eligible to sit for JEE(Advanced) (Then IIT-JEE). On 2012 The AIEEE was changed to JEE(Main) and IIT-JEE to JEE(Advanced).
From June 2005, The Hindu newspaper led a campaign for reforming the IIT-JEE to reduce the coaching mania and to improve the gender and socio-economic diversity.[7][8][9] Two possible solutions were proposed - either a convergence between the screening test and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE), or a two-tier examination whereby ranks from the first tier can be used for the purposes of gaining admission to the NITs and other engineering colleges in the country.[10]
In September 2005, an analysis group of directors of all the IITs announced major reforms to the examination. These were implemented from 2006 onwards. .[11] The revised test consisted of a single objective test, replacing the earlier two-test system. In order to be eligible for the main examination, candidates in the general category had to secure a minimum of 60% aggregated marks in the qualifying examination of the XIIth standard organized by various educational boards of India, while candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Physically Disabled (PD) categories must secure a minimum of 55%.
From 2006, the screening exam was abolished with the introduction of 8 new IITs. The exam became fully objective.
In 2008, the Director and the Dean of IIT Madras called for revisions to the examination, arguing that the coaching institutes were "enabling many among the less-than-best students to crack the test and keeping girls from qualifying". They expressed concern that the present system did not allow for applicants' 12 years of schooling to have a bearing on admissions into IITs.[12]
In 2008, the Indian Institutes of Technology, for the first time, went overseas with their entrance examination as they set up a centre for the competitive test in Dubai.[13] The number of candidates appearing in Dubai hovered around 200 to 220.[14]
The two-tier reform suggested in 2005 may become a reality as the Indian government has announced plans for a single entrance exam for all engineering colleges from 2018, with students aspiring for the IITs having to pass the nationwide common entrance test (JEE-Main) with high marks and then take the JEE-Advanced to qualify for the IITs.[15]
From 2018, JEE(Advanced) started being conducted online.
Eligibility[edit]
Candidates satisfying all the following criteria are eligible to appear in JEE(Advanced).
Should be among the top 2,24,000 candidates in JEE(Main).
Should be less than 25 years of age. For SC, ST, PwD candidates the age limit is 30 years.
Should no have appeared in the JEE(Advanced) exam 2 years before or earlier.
Should have appeared for the Class XII Board Examination for the first time in the last year of the exam or that year only.
Should not have accepted admission in any of the IITs earlier.
Organizing Institute[edit]
This list shows the organizing institute of JEE(Advanced) in the recent years.
Year
Organizing Institute
2006 IIT Kharagpur
2007 IIT Bombay
2008 IIT Roorkee
2009 IIT Guwahati
2010 IIT Madras
2011 IIT Kanpur
2012 IIT Delhi
2013 IIT Delhi
2014 IIT Kharagpur
2015 IIT Bombay
2016 IIT Guwhati
2017 IIT Madras
2018 IIT Kanpur
2019 IIT Delhi
2020
Seats[edit]
The number of students taking the examination increased substantially each year with over 4,85,000 sitting IIT-JEE 2011. This represented an increase of 30,000 students (6.5%) from 2010.[16] The number of eligible candidates to sit in the JEE Advanced Exam 2018 is increased from 2.20 lakhs to 2.24 lakhs recently.[17]
The availability of seats in recent years is as shown below:
Institute
Intake (2006)
Intake (2007)
Intake (2008)
Intake (2009)
Intake (2010)
Intake (2011)
Intake (2012)
Intake
(2013)
Intake
(2014)
Intake (2015)[18]
Intake (2016)
Intake (2017)[19][20]
IIT Bhilai --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120
IIT Bhubaneshwar --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 160 180 180 260 350
IIT Bombay 600 574 648 746 880 880 880 880 880 903 903 929
IIT Delhi 552 553 626 721 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 851
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad 444 658 705 923 1012 1034 1034 1023 962 935 912 912
IIT Dharwad --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120
IIT Gandhinagar --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 140 150 150 180 180
IIT Goa --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 90 90
IIT Guwahati 350 365 435 498 588 615 615 660 660 660 615 645
IIT Hyderabad --- --- 120 120 120 140 140 210 220 220 240 285
IIT Indore --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 260 260
IIT Jammu --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 90 120
IIT Jodhpur --- --- 120 120 120 160 160 200 160 120 160 180
IIT Kanpur 456 541 608 702 827 827 827 827 827 853 827 827
IIT Kharagpur 659 874 988 1138 1341 1341 1370 1341 1341 1341 1341 1341
IIT Madras 554 540 612 713 838 838 838 838 838 838 838 838
IIT Mandi --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 120 145 150 150
IIT Palakkad --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120 120
IIT Patna --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 200 200 200 200 225
IIT Roorkee 546 746 884 1013 1155 1155 1155 1105 1065 1030 970 975
IIT Ropar --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 130 155 260
IIT Tirupati --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120 120
IIT (BHU) Varanasi 568 686 766 881 1057 1057 1057 1090 1090 1090 1090 1090
Total
4583 5537 6992 8295 9509 9618 9647 9885 9784 10006 10572 10988
From 2008, six new IITs (IIT Bhubaneshwar, IIT Gandhinagar, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Jodhpur, IIT Patna and IIT Ropar) were opened with 120 seats each, increasing the total number of seats to almost 7000. For 2009, admissions were made to two more IITs, namely IIT Indore and IIT Mandi (Himachal Pradesh) taking the seat count to almost 8300. In 2011, with additional courses in several old and new IITs, the total seat count crossed 9600. IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad started functioning in 2015 and four more (IIT Bhilai, IIT Dharwad, IIT Goa, IIT Jammu) started in 2016; along with seat additions in other Institutions, making the 2017 seat count to almost 11000.
Reservation[edit]
Reservation are provided to Indian Nationals belonging to certain categories (SC, ST, PwD, etc.) in accordance with the rules of Government of India and such candidates are declared qualified in JEE(Advanced) 2017 based on relaxed norms.
Admission[edit]
Candidates qualifying in the JEE(Advanced) are eligible to admission in the 23 IITs if they satisfy one of the following criteria.
They should score a minimum of 75% in the class XII board examination.
Must be in the top 20 percentile marks of the board exam.
Criticism[edit]
In 2012, Super 30 founder and mathematician Anand Kumar criticised the New Admission Norms, saying that the decision of the IIT Council to give chance to students having top 20% from various boards in the class 12 examinations, was a decision in haste. "This is one decision that will go against the poor, who don't have the opportunity to study in elite schools," he added.[21]
IIT-JEE was conducted only in English and Hindi, which was criticised as making it harder for students where regional languages, like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Urdu, Oriya, Bengali, Marathi, Assamese or Gujarati, are more prominent. In September 2011, the Gujarat High Court acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, demanding the exams be conducted in Gujarati.[22] A second petition was made in October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust.[23] Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages is in violation of article 14 of the Constitution of India. PMK, a political party in Tamil Nadu held a demonstration at Chennai for conducting IIT-JEE and other national entrance exams in regional languages also, particularly Tamil in Tamil Nadu.[24] Pattali Makkal Katchi party has filed Public Interest Litigation in Madras High Court for conducting IIT JEE entrance exam in Tamil also. They submitted that every year 7.63 lakh students were completing 12th standard in Tamil Nadu, 75% of them from Tamil Medium. They had to take the entrance exam in English or Hindi, neither of which was their medium of instruction nor their mother tongue, and so were denied their fundamental right to take up the entrance exam in their medium of instruction, based on their mother tongue.[25][26]Shiv Sena urged MHRD to conduct IITJEE and other national undergraduate entrance exams in regional languages, particularly Marathi language in Maharashtra.[27]
Changes made in JEE(Advanced) 2018[edit]
There were several changes made in the exam from 2018. The Joint Admission Board(JAB) decided to conduct the entire exam online from 2018 since it reduced chanced of paper leak and also made the logistics and evalution easier. It also said that the online exam will also neutralise the problem of misprinting. Also the number of students appearing for the JEE(Advanced) has been increased by 4000, which was earlier 2,20,000[28].
Coaching[edit]
Preparing for the Joint Entrance Exam normally begins two years before students take the test. 90% of students who pass this exam attend coaching academies, which has created a $3.37 billion industry with annual tuitions of up to $1,700.[29] These academies include tests multiple times a week, up to 200 students per class, and long hours, in addition to regular high school work. There are hundreds of academies across the country and the most famous—in Kota, Rajasthan—attracts approximately 125,000 students each year.[30] Coaching programs have become major corporations and are now not only listed on the Indian stock market, but also attract millions of dollars of investment from private equity firms.[31] The high-pressure environments, with much competition and high expectations, have been blamed for the significant number of suicides that occur in these academies.[32][33]
See also[edit]
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
Indian Science Engineering Eligibility Test
Joint Management Entrance Test
All India Engineering Entrance Examination
References[edit]
Jump up ^ . The Hindu. June 14, 2017 http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bonus-marks-improved-success-rate-in-jee-advanced-say-experts-in-mumbai/story-uzx8aAmyyeXxIJ2uNSgL6J.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Combined JEE from next year". The Calcutta Telegraph. 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "IITs to hold entrance exam abroad for foreign students". The Hindu. February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of IIT-JEE" (PDF). Durgesh C. Mangeshkar, Academic Head, IITian's Prashikshan Kendra. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "News18.com: CNN News18 Latest News, Breaking News India, Current News Headlines". News18.
Jump up ^ Ashish K. Mishra and Shishir Prasad (22 February 2012). "IIT-JEE Will Be Missed".
Jump up ^ S.S. Vasan. Reforming the Joint Entrance Examination system.
Jump up ^ Editorial. Reforming JEE needs wider reach.
Jump up ^ National admission test called for.
Jump up ^ Nanopolitan. [1] Entrance exams.
Jump up ^ Indrani Dutta. New IIT-JEE format from 2006.
Jump up ^ D Suresh Kumar. JEE fails to get the best: IIT dons. The Times of India. 31 Jul 2008.
Jump up ^ "5 lakh aspirants to sit for IIT-JEE in 2012 - Times of India".
Jump up ^ "IITs hike number of examination centres for JEE - Times of India".
Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/govt-plans-single-entrance-exam-for-all-engineering-colleges-from-2018/story-0TaCjvwwd4eav8uxpqI9sO.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Hyderabad boy tops IIT-JEE". sify.com. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Abhinandan (2017-10-10). "JEE Advanced 2018: Application Form, Online Exam Dates, Syllabus". Engineering Exams: EntranceZone. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ http://blog.resonance.ac.in/2015/06/18/jee-advanced-2015-results/
Jump up ^ "JEE 2011 Counseling Brochure" (PDF). Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "JEE 2012 Counseling Brochure". Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "New format of IIT-JEE examination would go against the poor: Anand Kumar". The Times Of India. 27 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati - Times Of India". indiatimes.com. 2011-09-21. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati - Times Of India". indiatimes.com. 2011-10-21. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conduct IIT entrance test in Tamil also: PMK". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Court notice on plea for entrance exams in Tamil". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil | Deccan Chronicle". deccanchronicle.com. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Khapre, Shubhangi (March 5, 2011). "Shiv Sena demands IIT entrance test in regional languages". Mumbai: Daily News Analysis. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jee-advanced-exam-will-now-be-conducted-completely-online/story-pRv6YITTJKN7pwlw6zJeuJ.html
Jump up ^ "The IIT Entrance Exam".
Jump up ^ "Making capital of coaching".
Jump up ^ "Despite high suicide rate, IIT-JEE aspirants make a beeline for a seat in Kotas coaching institutes".
Jump up ^ "Why 57 Young Students Have Taken Their Lives In Kota". Huffington Post India.
Jump up ^ Sudhanshu Mishra (23 April 2013). "Revealed: Inside Kota's Rs 300 crore coaching industry, where 1.5 lakh students brave cut-throat competition to crack IIT-JEE". Daily Mail.
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