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Social class in ancient Rome
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Not to be confused with Status in Roman legal system.
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The toga, shown here on a statue restored with the head of Nerva, was the distinctive garb of Roman male citizens.
Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical, but there were multiple and overlapping social hierarchies, and an individual's relative position in one might be higher or lower than in another.[1] The status of freeborn Romans during the Republic was established by:
ancestry (patrician or plebeian);
census rank (ordo) based on wealth and political privilege, with the senatorial and equestrian ranks elevated above the ordinary citizen;
attainment of honors (the novus homo or self-made man established his family as nobilis (“noble”) and thus there were noble plebeians); and
citizenship, of which there were grades with varying rights and privileges.
For example, men who lived in towns outside Rome (such as municipia or colonies) might hold citizenship, but lack the right to vote (see ius Latinum); free-born Roman women were citizens, but could not vote or hold political office.
There were also classes of non-citizens with different legal rights, such as peregrini. Under Roman law, slaves were considered property and had no rights as such. However, some laws regulated slavery and offered slaves protections not extended to other forms of property such as animals. Slaves who had been manumitted were freedmen (liberti), and for the most part enjoyed the same legal rights and protections as free-born citizens.
Roman society was patriarchal in the purest sense; the male head of household (paterfamilias) held special legal powers and privileges that gave him jurisdiction (patria potestas) over all the members of his familia – a more encompassing term than its modern derivative "family" that included adult sons, his wife (but only in Rome's earlier history, when marriage cum manu was practiced), married daughters (in the Classical period of Roman history), various dependent relatives, and slaves. The patron-client relationship (clientela), with the word patronus deriving from pater (“father”), was another way in which Roman society was organized into hierarchical groups, though clientela also functioned as a system of overlapping social networks. A patron could be the client of a socially superior or more powerful patron; a client could have multiple patrons.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Patricians and plebeians
2 Property-based classes
3 Citizenship
3.1 Women
3.2 Latin Right
3.3 Peregrini
3.4 Slaves
3.5 Freed men
4 References
Patricians and plebeians[edit]
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Main articles: Patrician (ancient Rome) and Plebs
The Patrician Torlonia bust believed to be of Cato the Elder. 1st century BCE
Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii, 1st century CE, depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths, one holding the rotulus (blondish figure, left), the other a volumen (brunet figure, right), both made of papyrus
Roman portraiture fresco of a young man with a papyrus scroll, from Herculaneum, 1st century CE
In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians and the plebeians. The patricians were a small elite whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus,[3] who monopolised political power. The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens (see below). Adult males who were not Roman citizens, whether free or slave, fall outside this division. Women and children were also not citizens, but took the social status of their father or husband, which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank.
The common assumptions that the patricians and the Roman elite were one and the same throughout the history of ancient Rome, and that all plebeians were of non-elite status throughout the history of ancient Rome, are entirely incorrect. From the Late Republic era onward many members of the elite, including an increasing proportion of senators, came from plebeian families. The first Roman Emperor, Augustus, was of plebeian origin, as were many of his successors. By the Late Empire, few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families, most of which had died out. Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system, but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians.
Originally, all public offices were open only to patricians, and the classes could not intermarry. Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power.[4] A series of social struggles (see Conflict of the Orders) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions, the last in 297 BCE, until their demands were met. They won the right to stand for office, the abolition of the intermarriage law, and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs. This office, founded in 494 BCE as a result of a plebeian secession, was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class, and only plebeians were eligible. The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate. Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers, such as the right to veto legislation. A tribune’s person was sacrosanct, and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office. Some patricians, notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BCE, petitioned to be assigned plebeian status, in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded. The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BCE when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law.
Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important, and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods. Over time, some patrician families declined, some plebeian families rose in status, and the composition of the ruling class changed. A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo (“new man”), and he and his descendants became “noble” (nobiles). Notable examples of novi homines are the seven-time consul Marius, and Cicero, whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than, as with Marius, military success. During the Empire, patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors.[5][6]
A young woman sits while a servant fixes her hair with the help of a cupid, who holds up a mirror to offer a reflection, detail of a fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c. 50 BCE
Property-based classes[edit]
Further information: Roman Senate and Equestrian order
The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property. The richest were the senatorial class, who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii, the same as the equites; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate, he raised the property requirement to 1,000,0000 sestertii.[7] The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates, and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity.
Below the senatores in rank, but above others were the equites (“equestrians” or “knights”), with 400,000 sestertii, who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class. Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites, including tax farming and, under the Principate, leadership of the Praetorian Guard. Below the equites were three more classes of property-owning citizens; and lastly the proletarii, whose property was valued below 11,000 asses.[8]
Analysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509-241 BCE *[9]
Class
Census property rating
money (property)
Electoral
assembly
votes per
person
Military Equipment
(self-supplied)
Patricians (historical aristocracy)
Senatores 400,0000 sestertii (1,000,0000 sestertii)
Equites** 400,000 sestertii Horse, ...
Plebians (commoners)
First 100,000 As (100 iugera) 2 Helm, round shield, cuirass, greaves, sword, and spear.
Second 75,000 As (75 iugera) 1 Helm, round shield, greaves, sword and spear.
Third 50,000 As (50 iugera) 1 Helm, oblong shield, sword and spear.
Fourth 25,000 As (25 iugera) 1 Oblong shield, Spear or Sword, Javelin
Fifth 11,000 As (11 iugera)
12,500 As (12 iugera) 1 Slings or Javelins (velites)
Proles (landless poor)
Proletarii below 11,000 asses Fleets (oarsmen)
* This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution. Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy, Polybius, and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus.
For a contrasting version of the same or similar data, see the table in the Equites article.
** The equites class was available for both plebians and patricians, and favored by ambitious young men in both groups.
At the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors.[10]
Citizenship[edit]
Main article: Roman citizenship
The Orator, c. 100 BCE, an Etrusco-Roman bronze sculpture depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet
Women[edit]
Free-born women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office.[11] The form of Roman marriage called conubium, for instance, requires that both spouses be citizens; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio, women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage. The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son's citizenship.[12] The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos (“children born of two Roman citizens”) indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status, in specific contrast to a peregrina.
Latin Right[edit]
The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights. It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era, and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire. Latin citizens had rights, but not the vote, although their leading magistrates could become full citizens.
Peregrini[edit]
Free-born foreign subjects were known as peregrini, and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes. These distinctions continued until 212 CE, when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free-born men in the empire.
Slaves[edit]
Main article: Slavery in ancient Rome
Slaves (servi) were not citizens, and lacked even the legal standing accorded free-born foreigners. For the most part, slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war, especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Carthage. In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire, more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul, Britain, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Many slaves were created as the result of Rome's conquest of Greece, but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome: hence Horace's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive"). The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave. Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth, misfortune, or war; it was defined in terms of legal status, or rather the lack thereof, and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race, nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition.
Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor. Those who were violent or disobedient, or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society, might be sentenced to labor in the mines, where they suffered under inhumane conditions. Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom.
Since slaves were legally property, they could be disposed of by their owners at any time. All children born to female slaves were slaves. Some slave owners, as for instance Tacitus,[citation needed] freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children. Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will. Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves, and some might be able to buy their own freedom.
Over time, legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves. Although many prostitutes were slaves, for instance, the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution.[13]
Freed men[edit]
Freed men (libertieu) were freed slaves, whose free-born children were full citizens. The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased. Livy states[citation needed] that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians. Juvenal, writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire. The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy. Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes, fraud, or other forms of corruption, or were given large estates by the Emperor they served.[citation needed] Other freedmen engaged in commerce, amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles. Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen, some 'with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel'. Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their (often ill-gotten) wealth. Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon. The majority of freedmen, however, joined the plebeian classes, and often worked as farmers or tradesmen.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Koenraad Verboven. (2007). The Associative Empire. Athenaeum 95, p. 861.
Jump up ^ Carlin A. Barton. (1993). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster, pp. 176–177. Princeton University Press.
Jump up ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita 1:8
Jump up ^ McKay, John P. (2013). Study guide for a History of World Societies, Volume A: To 1500, 51. Content Technologies.
Jump up ^ "patricians." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 16 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "plebeians." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 16 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Peter Garnsey & Richard Saller. (1987) The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture, pp. 112f. Berkeley: University of California.
Jump up ^ Joseph Wells, A Short History of Rome to the Death of Augustus (Plymouth: William Brendan and Sons, 1896), p. 16.
Jump up ^ Based on Livy 1.43; Dionysius of Halicarnassus IV, 16-18. First referenced by Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from Bronze Age to the Punic Wars 1000-264 BCE, 179.
Jump up ^ Ligt, Luuk /de; Northwood, S. J. (2008-01-01). People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. BRILL. ISBN 9004171185.
Jump up ^ Bruce W. Frier & Thomas A.J. McGinn. (2004). A Casebook on Roman Family Law, pp. 31–32, 457, et passim. Oxford University Press: American Philological Association.
Jump up ^ See Frier and McGinn, passim, and A.N. Sherwin-White. (1979). Roman Citizenship, pp. 211 & 268. Oxford University Press.online (on male citizenship as it relates to marrying citizen women) et passim.
Jump up ^ McGinn, Thomas A.J. (1998). Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 293. Oxford University Press.
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Myrtle Beach SkyWheel
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General information
Status
Complete and operational
Type
Ferris wheel
Location
Myrtle Beach, SC Oceanfront Boardwalk and Promenade
Coordinates
33°41′31″N 78°52′46″W / 33.692035°N 78.87954°W / 33.692035; -78.87954Coordinates: 33°41′31″N 78°52′46″W / 33.692035°N 78.87954°W / 33.692035; -78.87954
Construction started
2011
Completed
2011
Inaugurated
May 20, 2011[1]
Cost
$12 million[2]
Height
187 feet (57 m)[2]
Design and construction
Architect
Ronald Bussink Professional Rides[3]
Engineer
Chance Morgan[3]
SkyWheel is a 187-foot tall (57.0 m)[2] Ferris wheel in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[2]
When it opened on May 20th, 2011 it was the second-tallest extant Ferris wheel in North America, after the 212-foot (64.6 m) Texas Star in Dallas, and the tallest wheel in the United States east of the Mississippi River.[4][1]
Contents
1 Design
2 Location
3 Honors
4 References
5 External links
Design[edit]
SkyWheel is a Ronald Bussink Professional Rides designed R60 Giant Wheel, and was manufactured by Chance Morgan.[3] It is similar in design to the Niagara SkyWheel on Canada's side of Niagara Falls,[4] and the Seattle Great Wheel, both of which are 175 feet (53.3 m) tall. Skywheel has "42 glass-enclosed, temperature controlled gondolas"[4] described as "ballooned-out square",[5] each with seating for six passengers.[3] Unrelated people are not required to sit together. The wheel operates year-round. The gondolas must be removed if high winds are predicted, a process that takes eight to ten hours.[6] City manager Tom Leath said, "It's big enough to be an iconic feature for the city."[4]
Location[edit]
St. Louis-based developer Koch Development Company and Pacific Development had been looking for a site for a Ferris wheel; they chose Myrtle Beach because of its new boardwalk, which has its northern end near the site, next to Plyler Park. Architect James Hubbard, AIA a Principal with Pegram Associates, Inc. designed the site, which includes a 5,400-square-foot (500 m2) building with a restaurant, gift shop and the ticket booth. The Golden Villas motel was torn down and an alley was moved.[4]
The September 8, 2010 meeting of the Myrtle Beach Downtown Redevelopment Corporation included a discussion of SkyWheel. TLC planned a show about the wheel's construction, and a camera was positioned above the site at the Slingshot reverse bungee attraction across Ocean Boulevard.[7] Al Mers, a Pacific Development partner, said later in the month that the steel frame is being built outside St. Louis, while the gondolas are being made in Switzerland.[5] The wheel will go on a deck 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level to protect it from possible hurricane storm surge. Construction of the building started in December, while the wheel's frame began work on February 23.[8][9] Land Shark Bar & Grill opened the same day as SkyWheel, the third restaurant in the city connected with Jimmy Buffett. The others are Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville at Broadway at the Beach and Cheeseburger in Paradise on the city's north end.[10][2]
Honors[edit]
In 2012, Officialbestof.com named SkyWheel "Best Scenic Experience in South Carolina".[11]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43112192/ns/travel-destination_travel/t/myrtle-beach-gets-super-tall-skywheel Myrtle Beach gets super-tall SkyWheel
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bryant, Dawn (2011-05-20). "SkyWheel, LandShark eatery debuted today in Myrtle Beach". The Sun News. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Myrtle Beach SkyWheel Press and News Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anderson, Lorena (2010-06-15). "Ferris wheel may roll to Myrtle Beach". The Sun News. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Lorena (2010-09-16). "Hotel makes way for Ferris wheel in Myrtle Beach". The Sun News. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
Jump up ^ Salinger, Adva (2011-08-23). "Hurricane Irene path veers east, but Myrtle Beach area not out of woods". The Sun News. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Lorena (2010-09-09). "Myrtle Beach boardwalk gets visitors' approval". The Sun News. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Dawn (2011-02-24). "One giant ride, going up in Myrtle Beach". The Sun News. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Dawn (2010-11-30). "Construction under way for SkyWheel in Myrtle Beach". The Sun News. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Dawn (2010-12-09). "Jimmy Buffett eatery to land in Myrtle Beach". The Sun News. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Dawn (2012-03-20). "Myrtle Beach attraction gets nod from website". The Sun News. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
External links[edit]
Official website
Fun facts and rendering of completed SkyWheel
Photos of SkyWheel's construction
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List of cricket grounds by capacity
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The following is a list of cricket grounds, ordered by capacity, as of March 2016[update]. Currently, all grounds with a capacity of 15,000 or more which are the home venue of a club or national team are included. Some grounds with a capacity of more than 10,000 are also included.
Contents
[hide]
1 Active stadiums
2 Stadiums under construction
3 Former or demolished stadiums
4 See also
5 References
Active stadiums[edit]
No.
Ground
Capacity
City
Country
Home teams
1 Melbourne Cricket Ground 100,024 [1]Melbourne Australia Australia, Victoria Bushrangers, Melbourne Stars
2 Eden Gardens 66,349 Kolkata India India, Bengal, Kolkata Knight Riders
3 Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium 65,000[2] Naya Raipur India Delhi Daredevils, Chhattisgarh cricket team
4 Perth Stadium 55,000 Perth Australia Australia, Western Warriors, Perth Scorchers
4 Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 55,000[3] Hyderabad India India, Hyderabad, Sunrisers Hyderabad, Deccan Chargers
4 Feroz Shah Kotla Ground 48,000 Delhi India India, Delhi, Delhi Daredevils
7 MA Chidambaram Stadium 50,000 Chennai India India, Tamil Nadu, Chennai Super Kings
7 Adelaide Oval 53,583 [4] Adelaide Australia Australia, Southern Redbacks, Adelaide Strikers
7 Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium 50,000 Vishakapatnam India India, Andhra cricket team
7 Trivandrum International Stadium 50,000 [5] Thiruvananthapuram India India, Kerala cricket team
7 Lucknow International Cricket Stadium [6] 50,000[7] Lucknow India India, Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association
12 Sardar Patel Stadium [a] 49,000[8] Ahmedabad India India, Gujarat, Rajasthan Royals
13 Docklands Stadium 47,000[9] Melbourne Australia Melbourne Renegades
13 Sydney Cricket Ground 48,000 Sydney Australia Australia, New South Wales Blues, Sydney Sixers
15 Eden Park 42,000 Auckland New Zealand New Zealand, Auckland Aces
16 Green Park Stadium 32,000[10] Kanpur India India, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat Lions
16 Barabati Stadium 45,000 Cuttack India India, Orissa
16 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium 45,000[11] Nagpur India India, Vidarbha
19 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 40,000[12] Bangalore India India, Karnataka, Royal Challengers Bangalore
20 Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium 40,000 Guwahati India India, Assam Cricket Association, Assam cricket team
21 JSCA International Cricket Stadium 39,133 [13] Ranchi India Jharkhand, Chennai Super Kings, Kolkata Knight Riders
22 Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 37,406 Pune India India, Maharashtra
23 The Gabba 36,000 Brisbane Australia Australia, Queensland Bulls, Brisbane Heat
24 Westpac Stadium 34,500 [14] Wellington New Zealand Wellington Firebirds
25 R. Premadasa Stadium 35,000[15] Colombo Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
26 Multan Cricket Stadium 35,000 Multan Pakistan Pakistan, Multan Sultans
27 National Stadium 34,228[16] Karachi Pakistan Pakistan, Karachi cricket teams, Pakistan International Airlines, Karachi Kings
28 Wankhede Stadium 33,108 [17] Mumbai India India, Mumbai Cricket Team, Mumbai Indians
30 Holkar Cricket Stadium 30,000 Indore India Madhya Pradesh.
30 MA Aziz Stadium 30,000 Chittagong Bangladesh Chittagong Division, Comilla Victorians
30 PCA-IS Bindra Stadium 28,000[18] Mohali India India, Punjab, Kings XI Punjab
30 Sawai Mansingh Stadium 23,185[13] Jaipur India India, Rajasthan, Rajasthan Royals
34 Lord's 28,000 London England Marylebone Cricket Club, England, Middlesex
34 Wanderers Stadium 28,000[19] Johannesburg South Africa South Africa, Highveld Lions, Transvaal
34 Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium 28,000[20] Rajkot India India, Saurashtra, Gujarat
37 Gaddafi Stadium 27,000[21] Lahore Pakistan Pakistan, Lahore Lions, Lahore Eagles, 1996 Cricket World Cup Final, Lahore Qalandars
38 Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium 25,416 [22] Dhaka Bangladesh Bangladesh, Dhaka Dynamites
38 Queen's Park Oval 25,000 Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago
38 Greenfield Stadium 25,000 Trelawny Parish Jamaica West Indies, Jamaica
38 Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium 25,000 Fatullah Bangladesh Bangladesh, Dhaka Dynamites
38 K. D. Singh Babu Stadium 22,000 Lucknow India Uttar Pradesh
38 Nehru Stadium, Pune 25,000 Pune India Maharashtra
38 Dubai International Cricket Stadium 25,000 Dubai United Arab Emirates Pakistan
38 Sahara Stadium Kingsmead 25,000 Durban South Africa South Africa, Dolphins
38 Newlands Cricket Ground 25,000 Cape Town South Africa South Africa, Cape Cobras
38 Bourda 25,000 Georgetown Guyana West Indies
38 Iqbal Stadium 25,000 Faisalabad Pakistan Faisalabad Wolves
49 Edgbaston Cricket Ground 24,803 Birmingham England England, Warwickshire
50 The Oval 23,500 London England England, Surrey
51 HPCA Stadium 23,000 Dharamsala India Kings XI Punjab
52 Jinnah Stadium 23,000 Gujranwala Pakistan Pakistan, Gujranwala Cricket Association
53 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium 15,000 [23] Sharjah United Arab Emirates Pakistan, Afghanistan
54 WACA Ground 24,500 Perth Australia Australia, Western Warriors, Perth Scorchers
55 SuperSport Park 21,000 Centurion South Africa South Africa, Titans
55 Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium 22,000 Chittagong Bangladesh Bangladesh, Chittagong Vikings, Chittagong Division
57 Brabourne Stadium 20,000 Mumbai India Bombay Quadrangular, Rajasthan Royals
57 Rose Bowl 20,000 Southampton England England, Hampshire
57 Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground 20,000 Newcastle Australia New South Wales Blues, Newcastle District Cricket
57 Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground 20,000 Kirtipur Nepal Nepal
57 Queen's Park 20,000 [24] Saint George's Grenada West Indies
57 Jinnah Stadium 20,000 Sialkot Pakistan Sialkot Stallions
57 Arbab Niaz Stadium 20,000 Peshawar Pakistan Peshawar Panthers, Peshawar Zalmi
57 Mangaung Oval 20,000 Bloemfontein South Africa South Africa, Knights
57 Willowmoore Park 20,000 Benoni South Africa South Africa, Titans
57 Central Broward Regional Park 20,000 Lauderhill United States West Indies
57 Sabina Park 20,000 Kingston Jamaica West Indies, Jamaica
57 Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium 20,000 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Pakistan
69 Old Trafford 19,000 Manchester England England, Lancashire
69 Queenstown Events Centre 19,000 Queenstown New Zealand New Zealand
69 St George's Park 19,000 Port Elizabeth South Africa South Africa, Warriors
95 Sylhet International Cricket Stadium 18,500 Sylhet Bangladesh Bangladesh, Sylhet Super Stars, Sylhet Division, Sylhet Sixers
72 Arnos Vale Stadium 18,000 Kingstown Saint Vincent and the Grenadines West Indies
72 Roop Singh Stadium 18,000[25] Gwalior India Madhya Pradesh
74 Bellerive Oval 17,500[26] Bellerive Australia Australia, Tasmanian Tigers, Hobart Hurricanes
75 Headingley 17,500 Leeds England England, Yorkshire CCC
75 Riverside Ground 17,000 Chester-le-Street England England, Durham
75 Trent Bridge 17,000 Nottingham England England, Nottinghamshire
78 Rangiri Dumbulla Stadium 16,800[27] Dambulla Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
79 McLean Park 19,700 Napier New Zealand Central Stags
80 Quaid-e-Azam Stadium 16,000 Mirpur Pakistan local cricket teams
81 Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium 15,000 Rawalpindi Pakistan Rawalpindi Rams, Islamabad United
81 Buffalo Park 15,000 East-London South Africa South Africa, Warriors
81 County Cricket Ground 15,000 Bristol England Gloucestershire
81 SWALEC Stadium 15,000 Cardiff Wales England, Glamorgan
81 Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium 15,000 Khulna Bangladesh Bangladesh, Khulna Division, Khulna Royal Bengals, Khulna Titans
81 St Lawrence Ground 15,000 Canterbury England Kent
81 Owen Delany Park 15,000 Taupo New Zealand Northern Districts Knights
81 Providence Stadium 15,000 Providence Guyana 2007 Cricket World Cup
81 Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground 15,000 Rajkot India Saurashtra Cricket Association
81 Niaz Stadium 15,000 Hyderabad Pakistan Hyderabad Hawks
81 Qayyum Stadium 15,000 Peshawar Pakistan
81 P. Sara Oval 15,000 Colombo Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
81 Shaheed Chandu Stadium 15,000 [28] Bogra Bangladesh Bangladesh, Rangpur Riders
94 Darren Sammy Cricket Ground 13,700 Gros Islet Saint Lucia Windward Islands
96 Windsor Park 12,000 Roseau Dominica West Indies, Windward Islands cricket team
97 Malahide Cricket Club Ground 11,500 Dublin Ireland Ireland
98 North Marine Road Ground 11,500 Scarborough Yorkshire Yorkshire CCC, Scarborough CC
99 Sir Vivian Richards Stadium 10,000 Antigua Antigua and Barbuda West Indies
99 Harare Sports Club 10,000 Harare Zimbabwe Zimbabwe, Matabeleland Tuskers
101 Queens Sports Club 9,000 Bulawayo Zimbabwe Zimbabwe, Matabeleland Tuskers
102 The Grange Club 5000 Edinburgh Scotland Scotland
Jump up ^ Venue Demolished
Stadiums under construction[edit]
No.
Ground
Capacity
City
try
Home team
Estimated Completion Date
1 Nalanda International Cricket Stadium 50,000 Nalanda, Bihar India India, Bihar 2017-2019[29][better source needed]
2 Sardar Patel Stadium[a] 110,000 Motera, Ahmedabad India India, Gujarat 2015-2018
3 Brian Lara Stadium 15,000 Tarouba Trinidad and Tobago West Indies 2002-unfinished
4 Sheikh Kamal International Stadium, Cox's Bazar 100,000 Cox's Bazar Bangladesh Bangladesh, Chittagong 2014-half constructed
5 Gwalior International Cricket Stadium 60,000[30] Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh India India, Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association 2015-2018
6 Shaheed Mohtarama Benazir Bhutto International Cricket Stadium 20,000 Garhi Khuda Bakhsh Pakistan Pakistan, Sindh cricket team N/A
7 Indira Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 10,000 Haldwani, Uttarakhand India N/A N/A
8 Lucknow International Cricket Stadium 50,000 Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India India, Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association 2018
9 Rafi Cricket Stadium 50,000[31] Karachi Pakistan Pakistan, Sindh cricket team, Karachi Kings 2020
10 Saifai International Cricket Stadium 43,000 Saifai, Uttar Pradesh India India, Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association 2017
11 Mulpani Cricket Stadium 30,000 Kathmandu Nepal Nepal 2017
12 Greater Toronto Area Cricket Stadium 35,000 Toronto Canada Canada 2017
13 Fapla International Cricket Ground 40,000 Dhangadhi Nepal Nepal 2019
14 Ram Lala International Sports Complex 88,000 Aayodhya, Faizabad India UP 2016-2022
15 Purbachal International Cricket Arena 70,000 Purbachal New Town, Dhaka Bangladesh Bangladesh 2019-2022
Jump up ^ Lagrest stadiums by capacity upon its completion
Former or demolished stadiums[edit]
No.
Ground
Capacity
City
Country
Home team
Closed (as a cricket ground)
1 ANZ Stadium 83,500[32] Sydney Australia Australia, New South Wales Blues
2 Bangabandhu National Stadium 36,000 Dhaka Bangladesh Bangladesh 2006
3 Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium 30,000 Hyderabad India India, Hyderabad cricket team 2003
4 Old Wanderers n/a Johannesburg South Africa South Africa 1939
5 Sydney Showground 90,000 Sydney Australia 1998
6 Lancaster Park 35,000 Christchurch New Zealand 2012
7 Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground 20,000 Nagpur India Vidarbha cricket team 2010
8 Brisbane Exhibition Ground 25,490 Brisbane Australia Queensland Bulls 1931
9 Sheffield Park 25,000 Uckfield England 1909
10 Indira Priyadarshini Stadium 20,000 Visakhapatnam India Andhra cricket team 2005
60 Queen Elizabeth II Park 20,000 Christchurch New Zealand Canterbury Wizards
11 Hyde Park Ground 16,000 Sheffield England Sheffield Cricket Club 1853
12 Nehru Stadium 25,000 Guwahati India Assam Cricket Association 2010[33]
See also[edit]
List of Test cricket grounds by date
List of international cricket grounds in India
List of cricket grounds in Australia
List of cricket grounds in England and Wales
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/stadiums.php?id=71
Jump up ^ "Raipur International Cricket Stadium". Cricket World 4 U. Retrieved 21 Dec 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium". Retrieved 7 April 2016.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Trivandrum International Stadium Trivandrum".
Jump up ^ "Duleep Trophy 2017 season to begin at Lucknow's new Ekana stadium". hindustantimes.com/. 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Will international cricket return to Lucknow after gap of 23 years? - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57851.html
Jump up ^ http://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/stadiums.php?id=120
Jump up ^ content-uk.cricinfo.com
Jump up ^ content-usa.cricinfo.com
Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57897.html
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml
Jump up ^ http://westpacstadium.co.nz/key-facts/
Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/ground/59306.html
Jump up ^ http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/pakistan.shtml
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2330/indian-premier-league-2015/venues/46/punjab-cricket-association-stadium
Jump up ^ http://www.wanderers.co.za/about.html
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Gaddafi Stadium
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
Jump up ^ Sharjah Cricket Stadium
Jump up ^ http://www.worldstadiums.com/middle_america/countries/grenada.shtml
Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm2/captain-roop-singh-stadium-gwalior/article1-9059.aspx
Jump up ^ http://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/stadiums.php?id=13
Jump up ^ www.worldstadiums.com
Jump up ^ http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/866/kenya-in-bangladesh-odi-series/venues/90/shaheed-chandu-stadium
Jump up ^ Nalanda International Cricket Stadium
Jump up ^ "Shankarpur International Stadium, gwalior".
Jump up ^ "Bahria Sports City to feature Pakistan's largest cricket stadium". The Express Tribune. 6 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.austadiums.com//stadiums/stadiums.php?id=121
Jump up ^ "Nehru Stadium | India | Cricket Grounds | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cricket_grounds_by_capacity&oldid=850562501"
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This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 16:39 (UTC).
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