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The Greatest Showman
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The Greatest Showman
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Michael Gracey
Produced by
Laurence Mark
Peter Chernin
Jenno Topping
Screenplay by
Jenny Bicks
Bill Condon
Story by
Jenny Bicks
Starring
Hugh Jackman
Zac Efron
Michelle Williams
Rebecca Ferguson
Zendaya
Music by
John Debney
Joseph Trapanese
Cinematography
Seamus McGarvey
Edited by
Tom Cross
Robert Duffy
Joe Hutshing
Michael McCusker
Jon Poll
Spencer Susser
Production
company
Chernin Entertainment
Seed Productions
Laurence Mark Productions
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) (RMS Queen Mary 2)
December 20, 2017 (2017-12-20) (United States)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$84 million[2]
Box office
$420.3 million[3]
The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical drama film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut, written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. The film is inspired by the story of P. T. Barnum's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions.
Principal photography on the film began in New York City in November 2016, and it premiered on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2. The film was released in the United States on December 20, 2017, by 20th Century Fox and has grossed $420.3 million worldwide, making it the fifth-highest grossing live-action musical of all-time.
The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews, with praise for Jackman and the rest of the performances, music, and production value but criticism aimed at the artistic license taken, with some reviewers calling it "faux-inspiring and shallow".[4][5][6] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for Jackman. For the song "This Is Me", the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Post-production
4 Music
4.1 Musical numbers
4.2 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The movie begins with P. T. Barnum(Hugh Jackman) and his troupe performing a show at the circus ("The Greatest Show"). As the song continues, the background turns to black, with Barnum singing alone, leading to a flashback to Barnum's childhood where he and his father Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, and he becomes infatuated with their daughter, Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters, Caroline and Helen, in New York City ("A Million Dreams" reprise). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.
Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", Barnum searches for "freaks" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus".
Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler, an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria, Barnum meets Jenny Lind, a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").
Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who insult Wheeler's lowly status, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued amid the chaos by Barnum but suffers severe burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and Barnum's public intimacy also reaches New York, resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen back to her parents' home.
Depressed, Barnum retreats to a local pub, where his troupe find him there and persuade him to rebuild the circus. Barnum has an epiphany that causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself ("From Now On"). Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share a kiss.
Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife, and they decide to mend their relationship. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners, which Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The new, revamped circus is a huge success, and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ("The Greatest Show" reprise).
Cast[edit]
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.
Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum
Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice
Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. He is a composite character partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.
Skylar Dunn as Young Charity
Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".
Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8][9]
Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese blade-specialist.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, The Huge Man.
Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, The Tattooed Man.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew, The Dog Boy.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, The "Siamese Twins".
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, The Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, The Juggler
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.
Production[edit]
The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[10] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[11] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[12]
On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[13] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[14][15][16][17] The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen.[18]
Filming[edit]
Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[19][20].
Post-production[edit]
In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, "There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker."[21]
Music[edit]
Musical numbers[edit]
Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs.[22]
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" (Reprise) – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" (Reprise) – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The soundtrack album features eleven tracks performed by the cast. In the United Kingdom, it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1.[23] The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years. The cast album is now at 465,000 combined units, according to the Official Charts Company, made up of 197,000 physical copies, 107,000 downloads and 35% streaming.[24]
Release[edit]
The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[25][26] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[27] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.
Marketing[edit]
On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[28]
On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[29][30]
Home media[edit]
In the United States, the film was released via digital download on March 20, 2018, and will be released on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10, 2018.[31] In the United Kingdom, the film will be released first on digital download on April 27, 2018, while Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies go on sale on May 14. These versions will include the sing-along version, two hours of behind-the-scenes footage and music machine jukebox features.[32]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 8, 2018[update], The Greatest Showman has grossed $173 million in the United States and Canada, and $247.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $420.3 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3] It is the fourth- and fifth-highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally, respectively, and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film should turn a profit between $50–100 million.[33]
In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[34][35] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[36] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[37] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[38][39] In its third week, the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[40]
The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[41] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[42] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[43] It is the 13th highest-grossing film to never top the American box office.[44]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 204 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[45] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[36]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[47] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[48] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[49] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[50]
Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[51] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[52] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[53] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[54]
Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[55] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[56] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[57] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[58]
Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[59] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[60] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. the film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[61] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[62]
Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[63] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[64]
Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[65] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[66]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won [67][68]
Academy Awards
March 4, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [69][70]
Casting Society of America
January 18, 2018 Big Budget – Comedy Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won [71]
Costume Designers Guild
February 20, 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated [72]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018 Best Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [73]
Dorian Awards
February 24, 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated [74]
[75]
Empire Awards
March 18, 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated [76]
[77]
Best Make-up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated
Georgia Film Critics Association
January 12, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [78]
Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated [79]
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated
Best Original Song – Motion Picture "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won
Golden Reel Awards
February 18, 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Musical Jen Monnar, Jim Harrison, Jeff Carson, Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won [80]
Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
February 8, 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [81]
Best Song/Recording Created for a Film "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated
Heartland Film Festival
December 31, 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won [82]
Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
February 24, 2018 Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated [83]
Saturn Awards
June 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Pending [84]
Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Pending
Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Pending
See also[edit]
The Greatest Show on Earth
Barnum
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Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (December 20, 2017). "Greatest Showman' starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Greatest Showman': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media, LLC. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (December 19, 2017). "Review: 'The Greatest Showman' Is 'a Shrill Blast of Nothing'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Greatest Showman' turns Hugh Jackman's P.T. Barnum into a hero, and cons the audience in the process". The Hollywood Reporter. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley (January 17, 2018). "AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards: 'The Post' Leads Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards". AARP.
Jump up ^ "Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms". The Hollywood Reporter. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Academy Award Winners 2018: The Complete List". Variety. March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Brockington, Ariana; Caranicas, Peter (January 18, 2018). "'Dunkirk,' 'Black Mirror' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards". Variety. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stone, Sasha (January 10, 2018). "Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees". Awards Daily. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (December 6, 2017). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 10, 2018). "'Call Me by Your Name' Leads Dorian Award Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 31, 2018). "Dorian Awards: 'Call Me by Your Name' Hailed as Film of the Year". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ruby, Jennifer (January 19, 2018). "Empire Film Awards 2018: The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley". London Evening Standard. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ritman, Alex (January 22, 2018). "'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Leads Nominations for U.K.'s Empire Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017 Awards". Georgia Film Critics Association. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Respers, Lisa (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe nominations 2018: The list". CNN. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 22, 2018). "MPSE Golden Reel Awards: 'Baby Driver,' 'Dunkirk' Among Sound Editors' Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sufjan Stevens, 'Greatest Showman,' 'Girls' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees". Variety. January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Truly Moving Picture Award". Heartland Film. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 5, 2018). "Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards: 'Darkest Hour,' 'Wonder' Lead Feature Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 15, 2018). "'Black Panther,' 'Walking Dead' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations". Variety. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Greatest Showman
The Greatest Showman on IMDb
The Greatest Showman at AllMovie
The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo
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The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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"There's a sucker born every minute"
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The Greatest Show on Earth
[show]
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Films by Bill Condon
Films directed
Sister, Sister (1987)
Murder 101 (TV, 1991)
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Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh (1995)
The Man Who Wouldn't Die (TV, 1995)
Gods and Monsters (1998)
Kinsey (2004)
Dreamgirls (2006)
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Mr. Holmes (2015)
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Written only
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Strange Invaders (1983)
F/X2 (1991)
Chicago (2002)
Shortcut to Happiness (2003)
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Going Back to Cali (The Notorious B.I.G. song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the LL Cool J song, see Going Back to Cali (LL Cool J song).
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Going Back to Cali"
Single by The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Roger Troutman and Puff Daddy
from the album Life After Death and Notorious (soundtrack)
Released
1997
Format
CD/Vinyl
Recorded
1996
Genre
Hip hop, G-funk
Length
5:07 (CD single)
5:07 (album)
Label
Bad Boy
Songwriter(s)
C. Wallace, O. Harvey, Roger Troutman
Producer(s)
Easy Mo Bee
"Going Back to Cali" is a song recorded by rapper The Notorious B.I.G. and Puff Daddy (uncredited) from the album Life After Death. The song is noted as one of Biggie's popular songs from the album, well known for its catchy hook and beat. The song contains a sample of Zapp hit "More Bounce to the Ounce".
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Cover versions
3 Chart positions
3.1 Weekly charts
4 References
Background[edit]
The song is about Smalls going back to Los Angeles and the West Coast. It starts off with Puff Daddy and Smalls in a phone conversation in which Daddy is telling Smalls that he needs to get ready for a flight to Los Angeles. The second verse opens up with Smalls' thoughts on the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry and his relationship with the West Coast:
If I got to choose a coast, I got to choose the East
I live out there, so don't go there
But that don't mean a nigga can't rest in the West
See some nice breasts in the West
Smoke some nice sess in the West
Y'all niggas is a mess
Thinkin' I'm gon' stop givin' L.A. props
All I got is beef with those that violate me
I shall annihilate thee
Cover versions[edit]
Harlem rapper Mase (who was associated with Biggie) recorded a cover version of the song named "Going Back To Harlem".
The song is heavily sampled in E-40's song "Bust Moves" featuring labelmates Big Omeezy and Droop-E, the latter of whom is E-40's son, from his 2012 album The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1.
Chart positions[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1998)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 26
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks 31
References[edit]
[hide]
v
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Studio albums
Ready to Die
Life After Death
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Born Again
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The King & I
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Notorious: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Singles
"Party and Bullshit"
"Juicy"
"Big Poppa" / "Who Shot Ya?"
"One More Chance"
"Hypnotize"
"Mo Money Mo Problems"
"Sky's the Limit"
"Notorious B.I.G."
"Dead Wrong"
"Nasty Girl"
"Spit Your Game"
Featured singles
"Flava in Ya Ear (Remix)"
"Can't You See"
"The Points"
"Runnin' from tha Police"
"This Time Around"
"It's All About the Benjamins"
"Victory"
"Runnin' (Dying to Live)"
Other songs
"Going Back to Cali"
"Old Thing Back (Matoma Remix)"
Related articles
Bad Boy Entertainment
Sean Combs
Faith Evans
Junior M.A.F.I.A.
Conspiracy
"Player's Anthem"
"I Need You Tonight"
"Get Money"
Lil' Cease
Lil' Kim
East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry
"I'll Be Missing You"
Biggie & Tupac
Notorious
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Going_Back_to_Cali_(The_Notorious_B.I.G._song)&oldid=752469451"
Categories:
1998 singles
Bad Boy Records singles
The Notorious B.I.G. songs
Songs released posthumously
G-funk songs
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text:
Lawsuit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Lawsuit (disambiguation).
"Civil action" redirects here. For the book of the same name, see A Civil Action. For the film of the same name, see A Civil Action (film).
"Litigators" redirects here. For the novel by John Grisham, see The Litigators.
"Suing" redirects here. For other uses, see Sue (disambiguation).
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Civil procedure
in the United States
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
Doctrines of civil procedure
Jurisdiction
Subject-matter
(Federal-question
Diversity

Supplemental
Removal)
Personal
(In personam
In rem
Quasi in rem)
Venue
Change of venue
Forum non conveniens
Pleadings
Complaint
(Cause of action
Case Information Statement
Class action (2005 Act) )
Demurrer
Answer (affirmative defense)
Reply
Counterclaim
Crossclaim
Joinder
Indispensable party
Impleader
Interpleader
Intervention
Other motions
Pre-trial procedure
Discovery
Initial conference
Interrogatories
Depositions
Request for admissions
Request for production
Resolution without trial
Default judgment
Summary judgment
Voluntary dismissal
Involuntary dismissal
Settlement
Trial
Parties
plaintiff
defendant
Pro se
Jury (voir dire)
Burden of proof
Judgment
(As a matter of law (JMOL)
Renewed JMOL
Notwithstanding verdict (JNOV)
Motion to set aside
De novo (new trial) )
Remedy
(Injunction
Damages
Attorney's fee (American rule
English rule)
Declaratory judgment)
Appeal
Mandamus
Certiorari
v
t
e
A lawsuit (or suit in law[a]) is "a vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law."[1] A lawsuit is any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law.[2]
Sometimes, the term "lawsuit" is in reference to a civil action brought in a court of law in which a plaintiff, a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendant's actions, demands a legal or equitable remedy. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment is in the plaintiff's favor, and a variety of court orders may be issued to enforce a right, award damages, or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act. A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes.
A lawsuit may involve dispute resolution of private law issues between individuals, business entities or non-profit organizations. A lawsuit may also enable the state to be treated as if it were a private party in a civil case, as plaintiff, or defendant regarding an injury, or may provide the state with a civil cause of action to enforce certain laws.
The conduct of a lawsuit is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators.[3] The term litigation may also refer to criminal trial.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rules of procedure and complications
2 Procedure
2.1 Pleading
2.2 Pretrial discovery
2.3 Resolution
2.4 Appeal
2.5 Enforcement
3 Etymology
4 Financing
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Rules of procedure and complications[edit]
Rules of criminal or civil procedure govern the conduct of a lawsuit in the common law adversarial system of dispute resolution. Procedural rules are constrained and informed by separate statutory laws, case laws, and constitutional provisions that define the rights of the parties to a lawsuit (see especially due process), though the rules generally reflect this legal context on their face. The details of the procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and often from court to court even within the same jurisdiction. These rules of the particular procedures are very important for litigants to know, because the litigants are the ones who dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit. Litigants are responsible to obtain the suited result and the timing of reaching this result. Failure to comply with the procedural rules may result in serious limitations that can affect the ability of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent trial, or even promote the dismissal of the lawsuit altogether.
Though the majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching a state of trial,[4] they can still be very complicated to litigate. This is particularly true in federal systems, where a federal court may be applying state law (e.g. the Erie doctrine, for example in the United States), or vice-versa. It is also possible for one state to apply the law of another in cases where additionally it may not be clear which level (or location) of court actually has jurisdiction over the claim or personal jurisdiction over the defendant, or whether the plaintiff has standing to participate in a lawsuit. About 98 percent of civil cases in the United States federal courts are resolved without a trial. Domestic courts are also often called upon to apply foreign law, or to act upon foreign defendants, over whom they may not even have the ability to even enforce a judgment if the defendant's assets are theoretically outside their reach.
Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see joinder). Within a "single" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits.
The official ruling of a lawsuit can be somewhat misleading because post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the internet. For example, in the case of William J. Ralph Jr. v. Lind-Waldock & Company[5] (September 1999), one would assume that Mr. Ralph lost the case when in fact, upon review of the evidence, it as found that Mr. Ralph was correct in his assertion that improper activity took place on the part of Lind-Waldock, and Mr. Ralph settled with Lind-Waldock.[6]
Cases such as this illustrate the need for more comprehensive information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions. While online searches are appropriate for many legal situations, they are not appropriate for all.
Procedure[edit]
The following is a generalized description of how a lawsuit may proceed in a common law jurisdiction:
Pleading[edit]
Main article: Pleading
A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition is filed with the court. This complaint should explicitly state that one or more plaintiffs seek(s) damages or equitable relief from one or more stated defendants, and also should identify the legal and factual bases for doing so. It is important that the "plaintiff selects the proper venue with the proper jurisdiction to bring his lawsuit." The clerk of a court signs or stamps the court seal upon a summons or citation, which is then served by the plaintiff upon the defendant, together with a copy of the complaint. This service notifies the defendants that they are being sued and that they are limited in the amount of time of a reply. The service provides a copy of the complaint in order to notify the defendants of the nature of the claims. Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint, they are subject to a time limit to file an answer stating their defenses to the plaintiff's claims, which includes any challenges to the court's jurisdiction, and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff.
In a handful of jurisdictions (notably, the U.S. state of New York) a lawsuit begins when one or more plaintiffs properly serve a summons and complaint upon the defendant(s). In such jurisdictions, nothing must be filed with the court until a dispute develops requiring actual judicial intervention. A complaint can be considered one of the more important steps in pleading during a civil case. This document states the actions that the plaintiff intends to take and also the factual and reasonable basis for the actions. This essentially sets the framework for the entire case and the claim that will be held noteworthy throughout the entire lawsuit.
If the defendant chooses to file an answer within the time permitted, the answer must address each of the plaintiffs' allegations. The defendant has three choices to make, which include either admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading a lack of sufficient information to admit or deny the allegation. Some jurisdictions, like California, still authorize general denials of each and every allegation in the complaint. At the time the defendant files an answer, the defendant also raises all "affirmative" defenses. The defendant may also assert counterclaims for damages or equitable relief against the plaintiff. For example, in the case of "compulsory counterclaims," the defendant must assert some form of counterclaim or risk having the counterclaim barred in any subsequent proceeding. In the case of making a counterclaim, the defendant is making a motion directed towards the plaintiff claiming that he/she was injured in some way or would like to sue the plaintiff. The plaintiff in this example would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may also file a "third party complaint", which is the defendant's privilege to join another party or parties in the action with the belief that those parties may be liable for some or all of the plaintiff's claimed damages. An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made against him/her, can also include additional facts or a so-called "excuse" for the plead. Filing an answer "joins the cause" and moves the case into the pre-trial phase.
Instead of filing an answer within the time specified in the summons, the defendant can choose to dispute the validity of the complaint by filing a demurrer (in the handful of jurisdictions where that is still allowed) or one or more "pre-answer motions," such as a motion to dismiss. It is important that the motion be filed within the time period specified in the summons for an answer. If all of the above motions are denied by the trial court, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials (if that option is available), and finally the defendant must file an answer.
Usually the pleadings are drafted by a lawyer, but in many courts persons can file papers and represent themselves, which is called appearing pro se. Many courts have a pro se clerk to assist people without lawyers.
Pretrial discovery[edit]
Main article: Discovery (law)
A pretrial discovery can be defined as "the formal process of exchanging information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence they’ll present at trial" and allows for the evidence of the trial to be presented to the parties before the initial trial begins.[7] The early stages of the lawsuit may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and discovery, which is the structured exchange of evidence and statements between the parties. Discovery is meant to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and also to make the parties decide if they should settle or drop frivolous claims and/or defenses. At this point the parties may also engage in pretrial motions to exclude or include particular legal or factual issues before trial.
There is also the ability of one to make an under oath statement during the pretrial, also known as a deposition. The deposition can be used in the trial or just in the pretrial, but this allows for both parties to be aware of the arguments or claims that are going to be made by the other party in the trial. It is notable that the depositions can be written or oral.[8]
At the close of discovery, the parties may either pick a jury and then have a trial by jury or the case may proceed as a bench trial. A bench trial is only heard by the judge if the parties waive a jury trial or if the right to a jury trial is not guaranteed for their particular claim (such as those under equity in the U.S.) or for any lawsuits within their jurisdiction.
Resolution[edit]
Main articles: Trial, Judgment (law), and Settlement (litigation)
Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial.[9] It is sometimes said that 95% of cases end in settlement; few jurisdictions report settlements, but empirical analysis suggests that the settlement rate varies by type of lawsuit, with torts settling around 90% of the time and overall civil cases settling 50% of the time; other cases end due to default judgment, lack of a valid claim, and other reasons.[9]
At trial, each person presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded. After this occurs, the judge or jury renders their decision. Generally speaking, the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making his claims, however, the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues, such as affirmative defenses. The attorneys are held responsible in devising a trial strategy that ensures they meet the necessary elements of their case or (when the opposing party has the burden of proof) to ensure the opponent will not be able to meet his or her burden.
There are numerous motions that either party can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it "prematurely"—before submission to the judge or jury for final consideration. These motions attempt to persuade the judge, through legal argument and sometimes accompanying evidence, that there is no reasonable way that the other party could legally win and therefore there is no sense in continuing with the trial. Motions for summary judgment, for example, can usually be brought before, after, or during the actual presentation of the case. Motions can also be brought after the close of a trial to undo a jury verdict contrary to law or against the weight of the evidence, or to convince the judge to change the decision or grant a new trial.
Also, at any time during this process from the filing of the complaint to the final judgment, the plaintiff may withdraw the complaint and end the whole matter, or the defendant may agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties might choose to enter into a stipulated judgment with the settlement agreement attached, or the plaintiff may simply file a voluntary dismissal, so that the settlement agreement is never entered into the court record.
The decisions that the jury makes are not put into effect until the judge makes a judgment, which is the approval to have this trial information be filed in public records. In a civil case, the judge is allowed at this time to make changes to the verdict that the jury came up with by either adding on or reducing the punishment. In criminal cases the situation is a little different, because in this case the judge does not have the authority to change the jury decision.
Appeal[edit]
Main article: Appeal
After a final decision has been made, either party or both may appeal from the judgment if they believe there had been a procedural error made by the trial court. It isn't necessarily an automatic appeal after every judgment has been made, however, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the right to do so. The prevailing party may appeal, for example, if they wanted a larger award than was granted. The appellate court (which may be structured as an intermediate appellate court) and/or a higher court then affirms the judgment, declines to hear it (which effectively affirms it), reverses—or vacates and remands. This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial court to address an unresolved issue, or possibly request for a whole new trial. Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before final resolution.
The appeal is a review for errors rather than a new trial, so the appellate court will defer to the discretion of the original trial court if an error is not clear. The initial step in making an appeal consists of the petitioner filing a notice of appeal and then sending in a brief, a written document stating reason for appeal, to the court. Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just reading the written brief, or there can also be oral arguments made by both parties involved in the appeal. The appellate court then makes the decision about what errors were made when the law was looked at more closely in the lower court. There were no errors made, the case would then end, but if the decision was reversed, the appellate court would then send the case back down to the lower court level. There, a new trial will be held and new information taken into account.
Some jurisdictions, notably the United States, but prevalent in many other countries, prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal, due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts (the "invited error" problem). The idea is that it is more efficient to force all parties to fully litigate all relevant issues of fact before the trial court. Thus, a party who does not raise an issue of fact at the trial court level generally cannot raise it on appeal.
When the lawsuit is finally resolved, or the allotted time to appeal has expired, the matter is res judicata, meaning the plaintiff may not bring another action based on the same claim again. In addition, other parties who later attempt to re-litigate a matter already ruled on in a previous lawsuit will be estopped from doing so.
Enforcement[edit]
When a final judgment is entered, the plaintiff is usually barred under the doctrine of res judicata from relitigating any of the issues, even under different legal theories. Judgments are typically a monetary award. If the defendant fails to pay, the court has various powers to seize any of the defendant's assets located within its jurisdiction, such as:
Writ of execution
Bank account garnishment
Liens
Wage garnishment
If all assets are located elsewhere, the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court's previous judgment. This can be a difficult task when crossing from a court in one state or nation to another, however, courts tend to grant each other respect when there is not a clear legal rule to the contrary. A defendant who has no assets in any jurisdiction is said to be "judgment-proof."[10] The term is generally a colloquialism to describe an impecunious defendant.
Indigent judgment-proof defendants are no longer imprisoned; debtor's prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional amendment, or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions.
Etymology[edit]
During the 18th and 19th centuries, it was common for lawyers to speak of bringing an "action" at law and a "suit" in equity. An example of that distinction survives today in the text of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. The fusion of common law and equity in England in the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 led to the collapse of that distinction, so it became possible to speak of a "lawsuit." In the United States, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1938) abolished the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity in federal practice, in favor of a single form referred to as a "civil action."
In England and Wales the term "claim" is far more common; the person initiating proceedings is called the claimant.
American terminology is slightly different, in that the term "claim" refers only to a particular count (or cause of action) in a lawsuit. Americans also use "claim" to describe a demand filed with an insurer or administrative agency. If the claim is denied, then the claimant (or policyholder or applicant) files a lawsuit with the courts and later participates in the lawsuit.
In medieval times, both "action" and "suit" had the approximate meaning of some kind of legal proceeding, but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered, while a suit also included the execution of the judgment.
Financing[edit]
Particularly in the United States, plaintiffs and defendants who lack financial resources for litigation or other attorney's fees may be able to obtain legal financing. Legal financing companies can provide a cash advance to litigants in return for a share of the ultimate settlement or award. If the case ultimately loses, the litigant does not have to pay any of the money funded back. Legal financing is different from a typical bank loan in that the legal financing company does not look at credit history or employment history. Litigants do not have to repay the cash advance with monthly payments, but do have to fill out an application so that the legal financing company can review the merits of the case.
Legal financing can be a practical means for litigants to obtain financing while they wait for a monetary settlement or an award in their personal injury, workers' compensation, or civil rights lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or forced to leave their jobs still have mortgages, rent, medical expenses, or other bills to pay. Other times, litigants may simply need money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys' fees, and for this reason, many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to apply for a cash advance to help pay for bills.
Defendants, civil rights organizations, public interest organizations, and government public officials can all set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses. These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where the members contribute to the fund. Unlike legal financing from legal financing companies, legal defense funds provide a separate account for litigation rather than a one-time cash advancement, nevertheless, both are used for purposes of financing litigation and legal costs.
There was a study conducted in the Supreme Court Economic Review that shows why litigation financing can be practical and beneficial to the overall court system and lawsuits within the court. This study concluded that the new rules that were set for litigation financing actually did produce more settlements. Under conservative rules, there tended to be fewer settlements, however under the older rules they tended to be larger on average.[11]
Legal financing can become an issue in some cases, varying from case to case and person to person. It can be beneficial in many situations, however also detrimental in others.
See also[edit]
Look up lawsuit or actio popularis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lawsuit
Actio popularis
Civil law
Compensation culture
Divorce
List of environmental lawsuits
Private prosecution
Restorative justice
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The archaic term "suit in law" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today, such as the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is LAWSUIT?". Thelawdictionary.org. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brian A. Garner, ed. (2014). ""Suit"". Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed.). West.
Jump up ^ Abram, Lisa L. (2000). "Civil Litigation". The Official Guide to Legal Specialties. Chicago: National Association for Law Placement, Harcourt Legal & Professional Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-15-900391-6.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Joseph L. (2001). The Lawsuit Survival Guide. Nolo.com. ISBN 0-87337-760-5.
Jump up ^ "WILLIAM J. RALPH, JR., Complainant, v. LIND-WALDOCK & COMPANY and JEFFREY KUNST, Respondents" (PDF). Cftc.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "WILLIAM J. RALPH, JR., Complainant, v. LIND-WALDOCK & COMPANY, Respondent" (PDF). Cftc.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "How Courts Work: Steps in a Trial - Discovery". American Bar Association. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Glossary D: Deposition". American Bar Association. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Barkai, John; Kent, Elizabeth (2014-01-01). "Let's Stop Spreading Rumors About Settlement and Litigation: A Comparative Study of Settlement and Litigation in Hawaii Courts". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 2398550  .
Jump up ^ Dionne, Georges (1992). Foundations of Insurance Economics: Readings in Economics and Finance. Springer. ISBN 0-7923-9204-3.
Jump up ^ Inglis, Laura; McCabe, Kevin (2010). "The Effects of Litigation Financing Rules on Settlement Rates". Supreme Court Economic Review. University of California, Santa Barbara. 18 (1): 135–15. doi:10.1086/659984. JSTOR 10.1086/659984.
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