text:
Dakota Fanning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dakota Fanning
Fanning at the premiere of Very Good Girls, January 2013
Born
Hannah Dakota Fanning
(1994-02-23) February 23, 1994 (age 23)
Conyers, Georgia, U.S.
Education
Campbell Hall School
Alma mater
New York University
Occupation
Actress
model
Years active
1999–present
Agent
Creative Artists Agency (2014–present)
Relatives
Elle Fanning (sister)
Hannah Dakota Fanning (born February 23, 1994)[1] is an American actress and model. She rose to prominence at age seven for her performance as Lucy Dawson in the drama film I Am Sam (2001), for which she was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award at age eight, making her the youngest nominee in history.[2] Thereafter, Fanning received additional recognition for appearances in the films Uptown Girls (2003), The Cat in the Hat (2003), Man on Fire (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Dreamer (2005), and Charlotte's Web (2006).
Fanning then began to transition to more adult roles with Hounddog (2007) and The Secret Life of Bees (2008). Her recent film roles have included the eponymous character in Coraline (2009), Cherie Currie in The Runaways (2010), Annie James in The Motel Life (2013), and Jane in The Twilight Saga (2009–12).
Although the focus of Fanning's career is acting, she also has fashion-related jobs. Her debut in modeling came in 2009 when she made the cover of various magazines like Elle, Vanity Fair, and Cosmopolitan, among others. She also appeared in the fashion week in New York in 2014 and at the opening ceremony of Fashion Week New York S/S 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Acting career
2.1 1999–2003
2.2 2004–2007
2.3 2008 – 2011
2.4 2012 – present
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Fanning was born in Conyers, Georgia. She attended Montessori School of Covington. Her mother, Heather Joy (née Arrington), played tennis professionally, and her father, Steven J. Fanning, played minor league baseball and now works as an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California.[3][4] Her maternal grandfather is former American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is former ESPN reporter Jill Arrington.[5] Dakota is the older sister of Elle Fanning, also an actress.
Acting career[edit]
1999–2003[edit]
When Fanning was a small child, she was an actress at the Towne Lake Arts Center in Woodstock, Georgia, starring in small plays, then in 1999, Fanning began acting at the age of five after appearing on a Tide commercial. Her first significant acting job was a guest role in the NBC prime-time drama ER, which remains one of her favorite roles:
"I played a car accident victim who has leukemia. I got to wear a neck brace and nose tubes for the two days I worked."[6]
Fanning subsequently had several guest roles on television series, including CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The Practice, and Spin City. She also portrayed the title characters of Ally McBeal and The Ellen Show as young girls.
In 2001, Fanning was chosen to star opposite Sean Penn in the movie I Am Sam, the story of a mentally challenged man who fights for the custody of his daughter (played by Fanning). Her role in the film made Fanning the youngest person ever to be nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award, being seven years of age at the time.[7] She also won the Best Young Actor/Actress award from the Broadcast Film Critics Association for her performance.[8]
In 2002, director Steven Spielberg cast Fanning in the lead child role of Allison "Allie" Clarke/Keys in the science fiction miniseries Taken. By this time, she had received positive notices by several film critics, including Tom Shales of The Washington Post, who wrote that Fanning "has the perfect sort of otherworldly look about her, an enchanting young actress called upon ... to carry a great weight."[9]
In the same year, Fanning appeared in three films: as a kidnap victim who proves to be more than her abductors bargained for in Trapped, as the young version of Reese Witherspoon's character in Sweet Home Alabama, and as Katie in the movie Hansel and Gretel.
A year later, she starred in two prominent films: playing the uptight child to an immature nanny played by Brittany Murphy in Uptown Girls, and as Sally in The Cat in the Hat. In addition, Fanning did voice-over work for four animated projects during this period, including voicing Satsuki in Disney's English language release of My Neighbor Totoro, a little girl in the Fox series Family Guy, and a young Wonder Woman in the episode "Kids Stuff" from Cartoon Network's Justice League Unlimited.
In 2004, she made an appearance on season ten of the television series Friends, playing the role of Mackenzie, a young girl who is moving out of the house Monica and Chandler are buying.
2004–2007[edit]
Fanning at the London premiere of War of the Worlds, in June 2005
In 2004, Fanning appeared in Man on Fire as Pita, a nine-year-old who wins over the heart of a retired mercenary (Denzel Washington) hired to protect her from kidnappers. Roger Ebert wrote that Fanning "is a pro at only ten years old, and creates a heart-winning character."[10]
Hide and Seek was her first release in 2005, opposite Robert De Niro. The film was generally panned, and critic Chuck Wilson called it "a fascinating meeting of equals – if the child star [Fanning] challenged the master [De Niro] to a game of stare-down, the legend might very well blink first."[11]
Fanning voiced Lilo Pelekai (taking over for Daveigh Chase) in the direct-to-video film Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch. She also had a small part in the Rodrigo García film Nine Lives (released in October 2005), in which she shared an unbroken nine-minute scene with actress Glenn Close, who had her own praise for Fanning: "She's definitely an old soul. She's one of those gifted people that come along every now and then."[12] Fanning also recorded voice work for Coraline during this time.[13]
Fanning completed filming on Dreamer: Inspired by a True Story (opposite Kurt Russell) in late October 2004.
Kris Kristofferson, who plays her character's grandfather in the film, said that she is like Bette Davis reincarnated.[14] While promoting her role in Dreamer, Fanning became a registered member of Girl Scouts of the USA at a special ceremony, which was followed by a screening of the film for members of the Girl Scouts of the San Fernando Valley Council.[15]
Fanning at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2008
Fanning then went on to star in War of the Worlds, starring alongside Tom Cruise. Released in reverse order (War in June 2005 and Dreamer in the following October), both films were a critical success.[citation needed] War director Steven Spielberg praised "how quickly she understands the situation in a sequence, how quickly she sizes it up, measures it up and how she would really react in a real situation."[16]
Fanning moved straight to another film without a break: Charlotte's Web, which she finished filming in May 2005 in Australia, and premiered on December 15, 2006.
During the summer of 2006, Fanning worked on the film Hounddog, described in press reports as a "dark story of abuse, violence, and Elvis Presley adulation in the rural South."[17] Fanning's parents have been criticized for allowing her to film a scene in which her character is raped. However, Fanning defended the film by saying to Reuters, "It's not really happening. It's a movie, and it's called acting."[18]
Although the film was a failure both at the box office and with critics,[citation needed] Fanning's performance was praised by Roger Ebert, who compared her to Jodie Foster in Taxi Driver.[19]
In the same year, at the age of twelve, she was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, becoming the youngest member in the Academy's history.[20] Later that year, she was ranked 4th in Forbes list of "Top-Earning Stars Aged Under 21", having earned an estimated $4 million in 2006.[21]
In the spring of 2007, she filmed Fragments – Winged Creatures alongside Kate Beckinsale, Guy Pearce, Josh Hutcherson, and Academy Award winners Forest Whitaker and Jennifer Hudson. She plays Anne Hagen, a girl who witnesses her father's murder and who turns to religion in the aftermath. In July, Fanning appeared on a short film titled Cutlass, one of Glamour's "Reel Moments" based on readers' personal essays. Cutlass was directed by Kate Hudson.
From September to the end of the year, Fanning filmed Push, which centers on a group of young American expatriates with telekinetic and clairvoyant abilities who hide from the Division (a U.S. government agency) in Hong Kong and band together to try to escape the control of the division.[22] Fanning played Cassie Holmes, a 13-year-old psychic.
2008 – 2011[edit]
Fanning at the premiere Eclipse in June 2010
In January 2008, Fanning began filming the film adaptation of The Secret Life of Bees, a novel by Sue Monk Kidd.[23] Set in South Carolina in 1964, the story centers on Lily Owens (Fanning), who escapes her lonely life and troubled relationship with her father by running away with her caregiver and only friend (played by Jennifer Hudson) to a South Carolina town where they are taken in by an eccentric trio of beekeeping sisters (played by Queen Latifah, Sophie Okonedo, and Alicia Keys).
Her films Coraline and Push were released on the same day, February 6, 2009.
In March 2008, upon the original creation of the film adaptation Dakota and Elle Fanning were cast to play Kate and Anna respectively in the film My Sister's Keeper. However, when Dakota heard that she would be required to shave her head for the role, she dropped out of the film as then did Elle. The two sisters were replaced; Abigail Breslin took on the lead role as Anna Fitzgerald, and Sofia Vassilieva was cast as Kate Fitzgerald.[24]
Fanning played Jane, a member of the Volturi Guard, in New Moon and reprised the role in Eclipse, based on novels by Stephenie Meyer.[25] New Moon was released on November 20, 2009, and Eclipse was released on the following June. On in March 2009, she was ranked number three on the list of Forbes' Most Valuable Young Stars[26] after having earned an estimated $14 million.[citation needed]
In 2010, she starred in the film The Runaways, alongside Kristen Stewart, Stella Maeve, and Scout Taylor-Compton, where she played Cherie Currie, the lead singer of the band. Then from the end of the year until early 2011, Fanning filmed Breaking Dawn, reprising the role of Jane.[27]
Fanning's voice was heard in Rise, a documentary film commissioned by U.S. Figure Skating to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the crash of Sabena Flight 548 which resulted in the loss of the entire American team and subsequent cancellation of the 1961 World Figure Skating Championships. She read a poem written by U.S. national champion Laurence Owen (who died in the crash) that was said to be an eerie premonition of the afterlife.[28][29]
During the summer of 2011, she played Tessa in Now Is Good. Fanning also became the face of Marc Jacobs' Oh, Lola! perfume campaign, but the ad was banned in the UK as the Advertising Standards Authority judged that "the ad could be seen to sexualize a child."[30][31]
In 2011, she played Annie James in The Motel Life, which was released on November 8, 2013. In the fall of 2011, Fanning played the starring role in Effie Gray, directed by Richard Laxton, written and co-starred by Emma Thompson, with Greg Wise, Tom Sturridge, Robbie Coltrane, Julie Walters, Derek Jacobi and Claudia Cardinale.
2012 – present[edit]
In August 2012, she signed to play the lead role of a wealthy financial eco-terrorist, Dena Brauer, who finances a plan, in a thriller film Night Moves opposite actors Jesse Eisenberg and Peter Sarsgaard. The film was directed by Kelly Reichardt.[32] Night Moves tells the story of three Eco-terrorists who work at an organic farm and collaborate on a plot to blow up a hydroelectric dam.[33]
In January 2013, she was cast as Beverly Aadland in the Errol Flynn biopic The Last of Robin Hood.[34] Later that year in September, Fanning was cast as Olivia in Franny.[35] In November, she was cast in Viena and the Fantomes as Viena; about a roadie traveling across America with a punk rock band in the 1980s.[36] The film is set to be released in 2015.[37]
In February 2014, she recorded a voice role for the animated movie Yellowbird.[38]
In May 2015, Every Secret Thing, based on the 2004 novel by Laura Lippman, co-starring Diane Lane, Elizabeth Banks, Danielle Macdonald, Colin Donnell and Nate Parker was released in the U.S.
Also in 2015, Martin Koolhoven confirmed that Jack Roth joined the cast of the film Brimstone. In June 2015, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Fanning and Kit Harington had replaced Mia Wasikowska and Robert Pattinson in the film, respectively. The set of primary recording began June 15 and will be held in Romania, Spain, and Germany.
In July 2016, it was announced Fanning was cast in a film adaptation of The Bell Jar as Esther Greenwood.[39] Kirsten Dunst is directing the movie.
In October 2016, it was announced that Fanning had joined the cast of Ocean's Eight, set to be released in 2018.[40]
Personal life[edit]
In June 2011, Fanning graduated from Campbell Hall School in Studio City, California,[41] where she participated on the varsity spirit cheerleading squad and was voted homecoming queen.[42][43] From 2011 to 2014, she attended the Gallatin School of Individualized Study at New York University, where she majored in women's studies, with a focus on the portrayal of women in film and culture.[44]
In January 2012, it was reported that Fanning signed to be represented by WME (William Morris Endeavor),[45] thus ending a decade-long association with Osbrink Talent Agency.[46] In April 2014, it was announced that Fanning switched agencies again and is now represented by CAA.[47]
Filmography[edit]
Fanning at the premiere of Push in February 2009
Fanning at the Vanity Fair party for the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Father Xmas Clairee Short
Tomcats Little Girl in Park
I Am Sam Lucy Diamond Dawson
2002 Trapped Abigail "Abbie" Jennings
Sweet Home Alabama Young Melanie
Hansel and Gretel Katie
2003 Uptown Girls Lorraine "Ray" Schleine
Cat in the Hat, TheThe Cat in the Hat Sally Walden
Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time Preschool Kim Voice role
2004 Man on Fire Lupita "Pita" Martin Ramos
My Neighbor Totoro Satsuki Kusakabe Voice role
In the Realms of the Unreal Narrator Voice role
2005 Hide and Seek Emily Callaway
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch Lilo Pelekai Voice role
Nine Lives Maria
War of the Worlds Rachel Ferrier
Dreamer Cale Crane
2006 Charlotte's Web Fern Arable
2007 Hounddog Lewellen
Cutlass Lacy Short
2008 Secret Life of Bees, TheThe Secret Life of Bees Lily Owens
2009 Coraline Coraline Jones Voice role
Push Cassie Holmes
Fragments – Winged Creatures Anne Hagen
Twilight Saga: New Moon, TheThe Twilight Saga: New Moon Jane Volturi
2010 Runaways, TheThe Runaways Cherie Currie
Twilight Saga: Eclipse, TheThe Twilight Saga: Eclipse Jane Volturi
2012 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Jane Volturi
Celia Hannah Jones Short
The Motel Life Annie James
Now Is Good Tessa Scott
2013 Night Moves Dena Brauer
The Last of Robin Hood Beverly Aadland
2014 Very Good Girls Lilly Berger
Effie Gray Euphemia "Effie" Gray
Every Secret Thing Ronnie Fuller
Yellowbird Delf Voice role; English version
2015 The Benefactor Olivia
2016 Brimstone Liz
American Pastoral Merry Levov
The Escape Lily Short
2017 Viena and the Fantomes Viena
Please Stand By Wendy
Zygote Barklay Short
2018 The Postcard Killings Dessie Larsson Pre-production
The Bell Jar Esther Greenwood Pre-production
Ocean's Eight TBA Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Episode
2000 ER Delia Chadsey Episode: "The Fastest Year"
Ally McBeal Ally (5 years old) Episode: "The Musical, Almost"
Strong Medicine Edie's Girl Episode: "Misconceptions"
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Brenda Collins Episode: "Blood Drops"
Practice, TheThe Practice Alessa Engel Episode: "The Deal"
Spin City Cindy Episode: "Toy Story"
2001 Malcolm in the Middle Emily Episode: "New Neighbors"
Fighting Fitzgeralds, TheThe Fighting Fitzgeralds Marie Pilot
Family Guy Little girl Episode: "To Love and Die in Dixie"
Ellen Show, TheThe Ellen Show Young Ellen Episode: "Missing the Bus"
2002 Taken Allie Keys Miniseries; 10 episodes (voice only in 6)
2004 Justice League Unlimited Young Wonder Woman (voice) Episode: "Kids' Stuff"
Friends Mackenzie Episode: "The One with Princess Consuela"
2018 The Alienist[48] Sara Howard
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Platform(s)
Voice role
2009 Coraline PlayStation 2, Wii, Nintendo DS Coraline Jones
Awards and nominations[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2001 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Young Performer I Am Sam Won [49]
2002 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Youth in Film I Am Sam Won [50]
2002 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role I Am Sam Nominated [51]
2002 Satellite Awards Outstanding New Talent[citation needed] I Am Sam Won
2002 Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Performer[citation needed] I Am Sam Won
2002 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress Age Ten or Under I Am Sam Won [52]
2003 Best Performance in a TV Movie, Mini-Series or Special – Leading Young Actress Taken Won [53]
2003 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series Taken Nominated
2004 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress Cat in the Hat, TheThe Cat in the Hat Nominated [54]
2005 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress Man on Fire Nominated [55]
2005 Gotham Awards Best Ensemble Cast Nine Lives Nominated [56]
2005 Locarno International Film Festival Best Actress[citation needed] Nine Lives Won
2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Frightened Performance Hide and Seek Won [57]
2005 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Youth in Film[citation needed] War of the Worlds Won
2005 Irish Film and Television Awards Best International Actress War of the Worlds Nominated [58]
2005 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Young Actress War of the Worlds Won
2006 MTV Movie Awards Best Frightened Performance War of the Worlds Nominated [59]
2006 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor War of the Worlds Won [60]
2006 National Association of Theatre Owners (ShoWest Award) Actress of the Year Won [57]
2006 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Dreamer Nominated
2006 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress Dreamer Won [61]
2006 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Hide and Seek Nominated
2006 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Young Actress Charlotte's Web Nominated
2007 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress Charlotte's Web Nominated [62]
2007 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Charlotte's Web Won
2008 Black Reel Awards Best Ensemble Cast Secret Life of Bees, TheThe Secret Life of Bees Nominated
2008 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Young Actress Secret Life of Bees, TheThe Secret Life of Bees Nominated
2008 Hollywood Film Festival Cast year (Shared with cast)[citation needed] Secret Life of Bees Won
2009 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Young Performer Secret Life of Bees Nominated
2009 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress Secret Life of Bees, TheThe Secret Life of Bees Won [63]
2009 Palm Springs International Film Festival Rising Star Award Won [64]
2010 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role – Young Actor/Actress Coraline Nominated [65]
2010 MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss (shared with Kristen Stewart) Runaways, TheThe Runaways Nominated [66]
2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Scene Stealer – Female The Twilight Saga: New Moon Nominated
2013 National Arts Awards Bell Family Foundation Young Artist Award Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Long, Colleen (February 4, 2005). "'Hide and Seek' star Fanning, at 10, already owns acting chops". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2008. She was born Hannah Dakota Fanning in Conyers, Ga. ... she turns 11 Feb. 23...
Jump up ^ "Screen Actors Guild™ Honors". Screen Actors Guild. October 3, 2002. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning in 'Twilight': Good girl plays bad". NJ.com.
Jump up ^ "Twilight's evil vampire Dakota Fanning shows her sweet side as she unveils adorable childhood photos". Daily Mail. London. June 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stein, Joel (February 27, 2005). "The Million-Dollar Baby". Time. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fanning the flames". Jam! Movies. Retrieved March 13, 2006. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "History of the 8th SAG Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards". Sagawards.org. March 10, 2002. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2001". Bfca.org. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sci Fi's 'Taken' Grabs You and Doesn't Let Go". The Washington Post via virtuallystrange.net. Archived from the original on December 17, 2004. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Man on Fire (review)". rogerebert.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Hide and Seek review". laweekly.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2005. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Close raves about Dakota Fanning". monstersandcritics.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning Signs on to "Coraline"". about.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Dreamer: Inspired By a True Story (2005) DVD Review". reel.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning, Movie Star and Girl Scout". girlscouts.org. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "War of the Worlds: Spielberg & Cruise – Part I". comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ "All shook up over Dakota's Hounddog". New York: nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning: 'It's called acting'". cnn.com. Retrieved January 29, 2007. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (September 18, 2008). "Hounddog". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brokeback stars to join Academy". BBC. April 2007.
Jump up ^ "Young Hollywood's Top-Earning Stars". Forbes Magazine. February 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 2007). "Fanning set to 'Push' for McGuigan". Vanity Fair.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana; Fleming, Michael (December 2007). "Cast set for 'Secret Life of Bees'". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning Steps Down From 'My Sister's Keeper' Role". Starpulse.com. February 13, 2008. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning Confirmed For 'New Moon'". Access Hollywood. March 7, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (March 12, 2009). "Daniel Radcliffe, Miley Cyrus Top Forbes List of Valuable Young Stars". MTV. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Breaking Dawn" Night Shoot!". Gossip Center. December 16, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Figure Skating". Tufts Daily. February 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Filmmakers of Rise". Holland Sentinel. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning Oh Lola – Style News - StyleWatch - People.com". PEOPLE.com.
Jump up ^ Bergin, Olivia (November 9, 2011). "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Jesse Eisenberg And Dakota Fanning Turn Terrorists in Night Moves". cinemablend.com.
Jump up ^ "Jesse and Dakota making Night Moves". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk.
Jump up ^ The Deadline Team. "Dakota Fanning To Play Kevin Kline's Teen Mistress in Errol Flynn Pic - Deadline". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning, Theo James Join Richard Gere in Franny". eonline.com. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Deadline Team. "Dakota Fanning To Star in Helmer Gerardo Naranjo's First English-Language Pic". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Viena and the Fantomes (2015)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Seth Green, Dakota Fanning 3D Animated Movie 'Yellowbird' Acquired by Wrekin Hill". TheWrap.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 20, 2016). "Kirsten Dunst To Direct Sylvia Plath Adaptation 'The Bell Jar' Starring Dakota Fanning". deadline.com. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning looks to have joined the cast of Ocean's 8". dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Friday Night Lights – Crush: Hollywood's Next Generation – omg! on Yahoo". Omg.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Heyman, Marshall. "Dakota Fanning: Celebrities". Wmagazine.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning Crowned Homecoming Queen". PEOPLE.com.
Jump up ^ "Star Tracks: Tuesday, October 4, 2011 - Cotton the Act — Dakota Fanning : People.com".
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr. "WME Signs Dakota And Elle Fanning". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr. "Dakota And Elle Fanning To Leave Osbrink, Will Take Agency Meetings". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen. "Dakota Fanning Jumps To CAA". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Dakota Fanning Joins TNT's The Alienist, Good Behavior Renewed for Second Season". January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "BFCA Critics' Awards". BFCA. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Award Listings". LVFCS. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Screen Actors Guild Awards". Saga Awards. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "23rd Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "24th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "25th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "26th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gotham Independent Film Awards". Gotham. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "2005 MTV Movie Awards". MTV. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Winners 2005". IFTA. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2006 MTV Movie Awards". MTV. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "27th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "28th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "30th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "20th Annual Palm Springs International Film Festival". Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "31st Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Retrieved May 7, 2012. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "2010 MTV Movie Awards". MTV. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dakota Fanning
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dakota Fanning.
Dakota Fanning on IMDb

[show]
Awards for Dakota Fanning
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer
Jonathan Lipnicki (1996)
Jurnee Smollett (1997)
Ian Michael Smith (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Jamie Bell (2000)
Dakota Fanning (2001)
Kieran Culkin (2002)
Keisha Castle-Hughes (2003)
Freddie Highmore / Emmy Rossum (2004)
Freddie Highmore / Dakota Fanning (2005)
Paul Dano / Abigail Breslin (2006)
Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada / Nikki Blonsky (2007)
Dev Patel (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Hailee Steinfeld (2010)
Thomas Horn (2011)
Quvenzhané Wallis (2012)
Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013)
Ellar Coltrane (2014)
Jacob Tremblay (2015)
Lucas Hedges (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Noah Hathaway (1984)
Barret Oliver (1985)
Carrie Henn (1986)
Kirk Cameron (1987)
Fred Savage (1988)
Adan Jodorowsky (1989/90)
Edward Furlong (1991)
Scott Weinger (1992)
Elijah Wood (1993)
Kirsten Dunst (1994)
Christina Ricci (1995)
Lucas Black (1996)
Jena Malone (1997)
Tobey Maguire (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Devon Sawa (2000)
Haley Joel Osment (2001)
Tyler Hoechlin (2002)
Jeremy Sumpter (2003)
Emmy Rossum (2004)
Dakota Fanning (2005)
Ivana Baquero (2006)
Freddie Highmore (2007)
Jaden Smith (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2010)
Joel Courtney (2011)
Suraj Sharma (2012)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2013)
Mackenzie Foy (2014)
Ty Simpkins (2015)
Tom Holland (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 85560122
LCCN: no2002103925
ISNI: 0000 0000 7845 0862
GND: 135494214
SUDOC: 140314520
BNF: cb14633796w (data)
MusicBrainz: 64c93106-62a9-4861-88d4-85cc06f0cd51
BNE: XX1698989
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Fanning&oldid=802049135"
Categories:
1994 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Georgia (U.S. state)
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
New York University alumni
People from Conyers, Georgia
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2016
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from August 2010
Articles with dead external links from September 2012
Use mdy dates from June 2017
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014
BLP articles lacking sources from February 2015
All BLP articles lacking sources
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Corsu
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
मैथिली
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
डोटेली
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 September 2017, at 17:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

values: Dakota Fanning Very Good Girls Premiere (cropped).jpg

values: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role

values:
/wiki/Minor_league_baseball
mw-redirect
Minor league baseball

values:
/wiki/Television_advertisement
mw-redirect
Television advertisement

values:
/wiki/Lilo_Pelekai
mw-redirect
Lilo Pelekai

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

values:
/wiki/Fragments_(film)
mw-redirect
Fragments (film)

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values:
/wiki/Cutlass_(short_film)
mw-redirect
Cutlass (short film)

values:
/wiki/The_Volturi
mw-redirect
The Volturi

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)

values: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2

values: Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)

values:
/wiki/Franny_(film)
mw-redirect
Franny (film)

values:
/wiki/WME_(talent_agency)
mw-redirect
WME (talent agency)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Taken_(TV_miniseries)
mw-redirect
Taken (TV miniseries)

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)

values:
/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards
mw-redirect
Young Artist Awards

values:
/wiki/Saturn_Awards
mw-redirect
Saturn Awards

values:
/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards
mw-redirect
MTV Movie Awards

values:
/wiki/Irish_Film_and_Television_Awards
mw-redirect
Irish Film and Television Awards

values: Palm Springs International Film Festival

values: Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Scene Stealer

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sagawards.org/history_8

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2001.php

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3344686/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://bfca.org/ccawards/2001.php

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lvfcs.org/lvfcs/2001.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0266824/
external text

values: Template:Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer

values: Template talk:Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer

values:
/wiki/Jurnee_Smollett
mw-redirect
Jurnee Smollett

values:
/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Mahmidzada
mw-redirect
Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor

values: Template talk:Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor

values:
/wiki/Carrie_Henn
mw-redirect
Carrie Henn

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/85560122

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000078450862

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/135494214

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/140314520

values: Category:Actresses from Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2010

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2012

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014

values: Category:BLP articles lacking sources from February 2015

values: Category:All BLP articles lacking sources

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Dakota_Fanning
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: داكوتا فانينغ – Arabic

values: ডাকোটা ফ্যানিং – Bangla

values: Дакота Фанинг – Bulgarian

values: داکوتا فانینگ – Persian

values: 다코타 패닝 – Korean

values: Դակոտա Ֆենինգ – Armenian

values: דקוטה פנינג – Hebrew

values: დაკოტა ფენინგი – Georgian

values: Дакота Фэннинг – Kazakh

values: डेकोटा फेनिङ – Maithili

values: डकोटा फॅनिंग – Marathi

values: დაკოტა ფენინგი – Mingrelian

values: Дакота Фэннинг – Mongolian

values: डेकोटा फेनिङ – Nepali

values: ダコタ・ファニング – Japanese

values: Фэннинг, Дакота – Russian

values: Дакота Фанинг – Serbian

values: ดาโกตา แฟนนิง – Thai

values: Дакота Феннінг – Ukrainian

values: ڈکوٹا فینینگ – Urdu

values: 達科塔·芬妮 – Chinese

values: डेकोटा फेनिङ – Doteli

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dakota_Fanning rootpage-Dakota_Fanning skin-vector action-view


text:
Design of experiments
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the book, see The Design of Experiments.
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Design of experiments with full factorial design (left), response surface with second-degree polynomial (right)
The design of experiments (DOE, DOX, or experimental design) is the design of any task that aims to describe or explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation. The term is generally associated with true experiments in which the design introduces conditions that directly affect the variation, but may also refer to the design of quasi-experiments, in which natural conditions that influence the variation are selected for observation.
In its simplest form, an experiment aims at predicting the outcome by introducing a change of the preconditions, which is reflected in a variable called the predictor (independent). The change in the predictor is generally hypothesized to result in a change in the second variable, hence called the outcome (dependent) variable. Experimental design involves not only the selection of suitable predictors and outcomes, but planning the delivery of the experiment under statistically optimal conditions given the constraints of available resources.
Main concerns in experimental design include the establishment of validity, reliability, and replicability. For example, these concerns can be partially addressed by carefully choosing the predictor, reducing the risk of measurement error, and ensuring that the documentation of the method is sufficiently detailed. Related concerns include achieving appropriate levels of statistical power and sensitivity.
Correctly designed experiments advance knowledge in the natural and social sciences and engineering. Other applications include marketing and policy making.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Systematic clinical trials
1.2 Statistical experiments, following Charles S. Peirce
1.2.1 Randomized experiments
1.2.2 Optimal designs for regression models
1.3 Sequences of experiments
2 Fisher's principles
3 Example
4 Avoiding false positives
5 Discussion topics when setting up an experimental design
6 Causal attributions
7 Statistical control
8 Experimental designs after Fisher
9 Human participant constraints
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Systematic clinical trials[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1747, while serving as surgeon on HMS Salisbury, James Lind carried out a systematic clinical trial to compare remedies for scurvy.[1] This systematic clinical trial constitutes a type of DOE.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
Lind selected 12 men from the ship, all suffering from scurvy. Lind limited his subjects to men who "were as similar as I could have them," that is, he provided strict entry requirements to reduce extraneous variation. He divided them into six pairs, giving each pair different supplements to their basic diet for two weeks. The treatments were all remedies that had been proposed:
A quart of cider every day.
Twenty five gutts (drops) of vitriol (sulphuric acid) three times a day upon an empty stomach.
One half-pint of seawater every day.
A mixture of garlic, mustard, and horseradish in a lump the size of a nutmeg.
Two spoonfuls of vinegar three times a day.
Two oranges and one lemon every day.
The citrus treatment stopped after six days when they ran out of fruit, but by that time one sailor was fit for duty while the other had almost recovered. Apart from that, only group one (cider) showed some effect of its treatment. The remainder of the crew presumably served as a control, but Lind did not report results from any control (untreated) group.
Statistical experiments, following Charles S. Peirce[edit]
Main article: Frequentist statistics
See also: Randomization
A theory of statistical inference was developed by Charles S. Peirce in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883), two publications that emphasized the importance of randomization-based inference in statistics.
Randomized experiments[edit]
Main article: Random assignment
See also: Repeated measures design
Charles S. Peirce randomly assigned volunteers to a blinded, repeated-measures design to evaluate their ability to discriminate weights.[2][3][4][5] Peirce's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education, which developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the 1800s.[2][3][4][5]
Optimal designs for regression models[edit]
Main article: Response surface methodology
See also: Optimal design
Charles S. Peirce also contributed the first English-language publication on an optimal design for regression models in 1876.[6] A pioneering optimal design for polynomial regression was suggested by Gergonne in 1815. In 1918 Kirstine Smith published optimal designs for polynomials of degree six (and less).
Sequences of experiments[edit]
Main article: Sequential analysis
See also: Multi-armed bandit problem, Gittins index, and Optimal design
The use of a sequence of experiments, where the design of each may depend on the results of previous experiments, including the possible decision to stop experimenting, is within the scope of Sequential analysis, a field that was pioneered[7] by Abraham Wald in the context of sequential tests of statistical hypotheses.[8] Herman Chernoff wrote an overview of optimal sequential designs,[9] while adaptive designs have been surveyed by S. Zacks.[10] One specific type of sequential design is the "two-armed bandit", generalized to the multi-armed bandit, on which early work was done by Herbert Robbins in 1952.[11]
Fisher's principles[edit]
A methodology for designing experiments was proposed by Ronald Fisher, in his innovative books: The Arrangement of Field Experiments (1926) and The Design of Experiments (1935). Much of his pioneering work dealt with agricultural applications of statistical methods. As a mundane example, he described how to test the lady tasting tea hypothesis, that a certain lady could distinguish by flavour alone whether the milk or the tea was first placed in the cup. These methods have been broadly adapted in the physical and social sciences, are still used in agricultural engineering and differ from the design and analysis of computer experiments.
Comparison
In some fields of study it is not possible to have independent measurements to a traceable metrology standard. Comparisons between treatments are much more valuable and are usually preferable, and often compared against a scientific control or traditional treatment that acts as baseline.
Randomization
Random assignment is the process of assigning individuals at random to groups or to different groups in an experiment, so that each individual of the population has the same chance of becoming a participant in the study. The random assignment of individuals to groups (or conditions within a group) distinguishes a rigorous, "true" experiment from an observational study or "quasi-experiment".[12] There is an extensive body of mathematical theory that explores the consequences of making the allocation of units to treatments by means of some random mechanism such as tables of random numbers, or the use of randomization devices such as playing cards or dice. Assigning units to treatments at random tends to mitigate confounding, which makes effects due to factors other than the treatment to appear to result from the treatment. The risks associated with random allocation (such as having a serious imbalance in a key characteristic between a treatment group and a control group) are calculable and hence can be managed down to an acceptable level by using enough experimental units. However, if the population is divided into several subpopulations that somehow differ, and the research requires each subpopulation to be equal in size, stratified sampling can be used. In that way, the units in each subpopulation are randomized, but not the whole sample. The results of an experiment can be generalized reliably from the experimental units to a larger statistical population of units only if the experimental units are a random sample from the larger population; the probable error of such an extrapolation depends on the sample size, among other things.
Statistical replication
Measurements are usually subject to variation and measurement uncertainty; thus they are repeated and full experiments are replicated to help identify the sources of variation, to better estimate the true effects of treatments, to further strengthen the experiment's reliability and validity, and to add to the existing knowledge of the topic.[13] However, certain conditions must be met before the replication of the experiment is commenced: the original research question has been published in a peer-reviewed journal or widely cited, the researcher is independent of the original experiment, the researcher must first try to replicate the original findings using the original data, and the write-up should state that the study conducted is a replication study that tried to follow the original study as strictly as possible.[14]
Blocking
Blocking is the arrangement of experimental units into groups (blocks/lots) consisting of units that are similar to one another. Blocking reduces known but irrelevant sources of variation between units and thus allows greater precision in the estimation of the source of variation under study.
Orthogonality
Example of orthogonal factorial design
Orthogonality concerns the forms of comparison (contrasts) that can be legitimately and efficiently carried out. Contrasts can be represented by vectors and sets of orthogonal contrasts are uncorrelated and independently distributed if the data are normal. Because of this independence, each orthogonal treatment provides different information to the others. If there are T treatments and T – 1 orthogonal contrasts, all the information that can be captured from the experiment is obtainable from the set of contrasts.
Factorial experiments
Use of factorial experiments instead of the one-factor-at-a-time method. These are efficient at evaluating the effects and possible interactions of several factors (independent variables). Analysis of experiment design is built on the foundation of the analysis of variance, a collection of models that partition the observed variance into components, according to what factors the experiment must estimate or test.
Example[edit]
This example is attributed to Harold Hotelling.[9] It conveys some of the flavor of those aspects of the subject that involve combinatorial designs.
Weights of eight objects are measured using a pan balance and set of standard weights. Each weighing measures the weight difference between objects in the left pan vs. any objects in the right pan by adding calibrated weights to the lighter pan until the balance is in equilibrium. Each measurement has a random error. The average error is zero; the standard deviations of the probability distribution of the errors is the same number σ on different weighings; errors on different weighings are independent. Denote the true weights by
θ 1 , … , θ 8 . {\displaystyle \theta _{1},\dots ,\theta _{8}.\,}
We consider two different experiments:
Weigh each object in one pan, with the other pan empty. Let Xi be the measured weight of the object, for i = 1, ..., 8.
Do the eight weighings according to the following schedule and let Yi be the measured difference for i = 1, ..., 8:
left pan right pan 1st weighing: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (empty) 2nd: 1 2 3 8 4 5 6 7 3rd: 1 4 5 8 2 3 6 7 4th: 1 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 5th: 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 6th: 2 5 7 8 1 3 4 6 7th: 3 4 7 8 1 2 5 6 8th: 3 5 6 8 1 2 4 7 {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcc}&{\text{left pan}}&{\text{right pan}}\\\hline {\text{1st weighing:}}&1\ 2\ 3\ 4\ 5\ 6\ 7\ 8&{\text{(empty)}}\\{\text{2nd:}}&1\ 2\ 3\ 8\ &4\ 5\ 6\ 7\\{\text{3rd:}}&1\ 4\ 5\ 8\ &2\ 3\ 6\ 7\\{\text{4th:}}&1\ 6\ 7\ 8\ &2\ 3\ 4\ 5\\{\text{5th:}}&2\ 4\ 6\ 8\ &1\ 3\ 5\ 7\\{\text{6th:}}&2\ 5\ 7\ 8\ &1\ 3\ 4\ 6\\{\text{7th:}}&3\ 4\ 7\ 8\ &1\ 2\ 5\ 6\\{\text{8th:}}&3\ 5\ 6\ 8\ &1\ 2\ 4\ 7\end{array}}}
Then the estimated value of the weight θ1 is
θ ^ 1 = Y 1 + Y 2 + Y 3 + Y 4 − Y 5 − Y 6 − Y 7 − Y 8 8 . {\displaystyle {\widehat {\theta }}_{1}={\frac {Y_{1}+Y_{2}+Y_{3}+Y_{4}-Y_{5}-Y_{6}-Y_{7}-Y_{8}}{8}}.}
Similar estimates can be found for the weights of the other items. For example
θ ^ 2 = Y 1 + Y 2 − Y 3 − Y 4 + Y 5 + Y 6 − Y 7 − Y 8 8 . θ ^ 3 = Y 1 + Y 2 − Y 3 − Y 4 − Y 5 − Y 6 + Y 7 + Y 8 8 . θ ^ 4 = Y 1 − Y 2 + Y 3 − Y 4 + Y 5 − Y 6 + Y 7 − Y 8 8 . θ ^ 5 = Y 1 − Y 2 + Y 3 − Y 4 − Y 5 + Y 6 − Y 7 + Y 8 8 . θ ^ 6 = Y 1 − Y 2 − Y 3 + Y 4 + Y 5 − Y 6 − Y 7 + Y 8 8 . θ ^ 7 = Y 1 − Y 2 − Y 3 + Y 4 − Y 5 + Y 6 + Y 7 − Y 8 8 . θ ^ 8 = Y 1 + Y 2 + Y 3 + Y 4 + Y 5 + Y 6 + Y 7 + Y 8 8 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\widehat {\theta }}_{2}&={\frac {Y_{1}+Y_{2}-Y_{3}-Y_{4}+Y_{5}+Y_{6}-Y_{7}-Y_{8}}{8}}.\\[5pt]{\widehat {\theta }}_{3}&={\frac {Y_{1}+Y_{2}-Y_{3}-Y_{4}-Y_{5}-Y_{6}+Y_{7}+Y_{8}}{8}}.\\[5pt]{\widehat {\theta }}_{4}&={\frac {Y_{1}-Y_{2}+Y_{3}-Y_{4}+Y_{5}-Y_{6}+Y_{7}-Y_{8}}{8}}.\\[5pt]{\widehat {\theta }}_{5}&={\frac {Y_{1}-Y_{2}+Y_{3}-Y_{4}-Y_{5}+Y_{6}-Y_{7}+Y_{8}}{8}}.\\[5pt]{\widehat {\theta }}_{6}&={\frac {Y_{1}-Y_{2}-Y_{3}+Y_{4}+Y_{5}-Y_{6}-Y_{7}+Y_{8}}{8}}.\\[5pt]{\widehat {\theta }}_{7}&={\frac {Y_{1}-Y_{2}-Y_{3}+Y_{4}-Y_{5}+Y_{6}+Y_{7}-Y_{8}}{8}}.\\[5pt]{\widehat {\theta }}_{8}&={\frac {Y_{1}+Y_{2}+Y_{3}+Y_{4}+Y_{5}+Y_{6}+Y_{7}+Y_{8}}{8}}.\end{aligned}}}
The question of design of experiments is: which experiment is better?
The variance of the estimate X1 of θ1 is σ2 if we use the first experiment. But if we use the second experiment, the variance of the estimate given above is σ2/8. Thus the second experiment gives us 8 times as much precision for the estimate of a single item, and estimates all items simultaneously, with the same precision. What the second experiment achieves with eight would require 64 weighings if the items are weighed separately. However, note that the estimates for the items obtained in the second experiment have errors that correlate with each other.
Many problems of the design of experiments involve combinatorial designs, as in this example and others.[15]
Avoiding false positives[edit]
False positive conclusions, often resulting from the pressure to publish or the author's own confirmation bias, are an inherent hazard in many fields. A good way to prevent biases potentially leading to false positives in the data collection phase is to use a double-blind design. When a double-blind design is used, participants are randomly assigned to experimental groups but the researcher is unaware of what participants belong to which group. Therefore, the researcher can not affect the participants' response to the intervention. Experimental designs with undisclosed degrees of freedom are a problem.[16] This can lead to conscious or unconscious "p-hacking": trying multiple things until you get the desired result. It typically involves the manipulation - perhaps unconsciously - of the process of statistical analysis and the degrees of freedom until they return a figure below the p<.05 level of statistical significance.[17][18] So the design of the experiment should include a clear statement proposing the analyses to be undertaken. P-hacking can be prevented by preregistering researches, in which researchers have to send their data analysis plan to the journal they wish to publish their paper in before they even start their data collection, so no data manipulation is possible (https://osf.io). Another way to prevent this is taking the double-blind design to the data-analysis phase, where the data are sent to a data-analyst unrelated to the research who scrambles up the data so there is no way to know which participants belong to before they are potentially taken away as outliers.
Clear and complete documentation of the experimental methodology is also important in order to support replication of results.[19]
Discussion topics when setting up an experimental design[edit]
An experimental design or randomized clinical trial requires careful consideration of several factors before actually doing the experiment.[20] An experimental design is the laying out of a detailed experimental plan in advance of doing the experiment. Some of the following topics have already been discussed in the principles of experimental design section:
How many factors does the design have, and are the levels of these factors fixed or random?
Are control conditions needed, and what should they be?
Manipulation checks; did the manipulation really work?
What are the background variables?
What is the sample size. How many units must be collected for the experiment to be generalisable and have enough power?
What is the relevance of interactions between factors?
What is the influence of delayed effects of substantive factors on outcomes?
How do response shifts affect self-report measures?
How feasible is repeated administration of the same measurement instruments to the same units at different occasions, with a post-test and follow-up tests?
What about using a proxy pretest?
Are there lurking variables?
Should the client/patient, researcher or even the analyst of the data be blind to conditions?
What is the feasibility of subsequent application of different conditions to the same units?
How many of each control and noise factors should be taken into account?
The independent variable of a study often has many levels or different groups. In a true experiment, researchers can have an experimental group, which is where their intervention testing the hypothesis is implemented, and a control group, which has all the same element as the experimental group, without the interventional element. Thus, when everything else except for one intervention is held constant, researchers can certify with some certainty that this one element is what caused the observed change. In some instances, having a control group is not ethical. This is sometimes solved using two different experimental groups. In some cases, independent variables cannot be manipulated, for example when testing the difference between two groups who have a different disease, or testing the difference between genders (obviously variables that would be hard or unethical to assign participants to). In these cases, a quasi-experimental design may be used.
Causal attributions[edit]
In the pure experimental design, the independent (predictor) variable is manipulated by the researcher - that is - every participant of the research is chosen randomly from the population, and each participant chosen is assigned randomly to conditions of the independent variable. Only when this is done is it possible to certify with high probability that the reason for the differences in the outcome variables are caused by the different conditions. Therefore, researchers should choose the experimental design over other design types whenever possible. However, the nature of the independent variable does not always allow for manipulation. In those cases, researchers must be aware of not certifying about causal attribution when their design doesn't allow for it. For example, in observational designs, participants are not assigned randomly to conditions, and so if there are differences found in outcome variables between conditions, it is likely that there is something other than the differences between the conditions that causes the differences in outcomes, that is - a third variable. The same goes for studies with correlational design. (Adér & Mellenbergh, 2008).
Statistical control[edit]
It is best that a process be in reasonable statistical control prior to conducting designed experiments. When this is not possible, proper blocking, replication, and randomization allow for the careful conduct of designed experiments.[21] To control for nuisance variables, researchers institute control checks as additional measures. Investigators should ensure that uncontrolled influences (e.g., source credibility perception) do not skew the findings of the study. A manipulation check is one example of a control check. Manipulation checks allow investigators to isolate the chief variables to strengthen support that these variables are operating as planned.
One of the most important requirements of experimental research designs is the necessity of eliminating the effects of spurious, intervening, and antecedent variables. In the most basic model, cause (X) leads to effect (Y). But there could be a third variable (Z) that influences (Y), and X might not be the true cause at all. Z is said to be a spurious variable and must be controlled for. The same is true for intervening variables (a variable in between the supposed cause (X) and the effect (Y)), and anteceding variables (a variable prior to the supposed cause (X) that is the true cause). When a third variable is involved and has not been controlled for, the relation is said to be a zero order relationship. In most practical applications of experimental research designs there are several causes (X1, X2, X3). In most designs, only one of these causes is manipulated at a time.
Experimental designs after Fisher[edit]
Some efficient designs for estimating several main effects were found independently and in near succession by Raj Chandra Bose and K. Kishen in 1940 at the Indian Statistical Institute, but remained little known until the Plackett–Burman designs were published in Biometrika in 1946. About the same time, C. R. Rao introduced the concepts of orthogonal arrays as experimental designs. This concept played a central role in the development of Taguchi methods by Genichi Taguchi, which took place during his visit to Indian Statistical Institute in early 1950s. His methods were successfully applied and adopted by Japanese and Indian industries and subsequently were also embraced by US industry albeit with some reservations.
In 1950, Gertrude Mary Cox and William Gemmell Cochran published the book Experimental Designs, which became the major reference work on the design of experiments for statisticians for years afterwards.
Developments of the theory of linear models have encompassed and surpassed the cases that concerned early writers. Today, the theory rests on advanced topics in linear algebra, algebra and combinatorics.
As with other branches of statistics, experimental design is pursued using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches: In evaluating statistical procedures like experimental designs, frequentist statistics studies the sampling distribution while Bayesian statistics updates a probability distribution on the parameter space.
Some important contributors to the field of experimental designs are C. S. Peirce, R. A. Fisher, F. Yates, C. R. Rao, R. C. Bose, J. N. Srivastava, Shrikhande S. S., D. Raghavarao, W. G. Cochran, O. Kempthorne, W. T. Federer, V. V. Fedorov, A. S. Hedayat, J. A. Nelder, R. A. Bailey, J. Kiefer, W. J. Studden, A. Pázman, F. Pukelsheim, D. R. Cox, H. P. Wynn, A. C. Atkinson, G. E. P. Box and G. Taguchi.[citation needed] The textbooks of D. Montgomery, R. Myers, and G. Box/W. Hunter/J.S. Hunter have reached generations of students and practitioners. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
Some discussion of experimental design in the context of system identification (model building for static or dynamic models) is given in [27] and.[28]
Human participant constraints[edit]
Laws and ethical considerations preclude some carefully designed experiments with human subjects. Legal constraints are dependent on jurisdiction. Constraints may involve institutional review boards, informed consent and confidentiality affecting both clinical (medical) trials and behavioral and social science experiments.[29] In the field of toxicology, for example, experimentation is performed on laboratory animals with the goal of defining safe exposure limits for humans.[30] Balancing the constraints are views from the medical field.[31] Regarding the randomization of patients, "... if no one knows which therapy is better, there is no ethical imperative to use one therapy or another." (p 380) Regarding experimental design, "...it is clearly not ethical to place subjects at risk to collect data in a poorly designed study when this situation can be easily avoided...". (p 393)
See also[edit]
Statistics portal
Adversarial collaboration
Bayesian experimental design
Clinical trial
Computer experiment
Control variable
Controlling for a variable
Experimetrics (econometrics-related experiments)
Factor analysis
First-in-man study
Glossary of experimental design
Grey box model
Industrial engineering
Instrument effect
Law of large numbers
Manipulation checks
Multifactor design of experiments software
Probabilistic design
Protocol (natural sciences)
Quasi-experimental design
Randomized block design
Randomized controlled trial
Research design
Robust parameter design
Supersaturated design
Survey sampling
System identification
Taguchi methods
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Dunn, Peter (January 1997). "James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy". Archive of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. United Kingdom: British Medical Journal Publishing Group. 76 (1): 64–65. PMC 1720613  . PMID 9059193. doi:10.1136/fn.76.1.F64. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Peirce, Charles Sanders; Jastrow, Joseph (1885). "On Small Differences in Sensation". Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 3: 73–83.
^ Jump up to: a b Hacking, Ian (September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis. 79 (3): 427–451. JSTOR 234674. MR 1013489. doi:10.1086/354775.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephen M. Stigler (November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research". American Journal of Education. 101 (1): 60–70. JSTOR 1085417. doi:10.1086/444032.
^ Jump up to: a b Trudy Dehue (December 1997). "Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design". Isis. 88 (4): 653–673. PMID 9519574. doi:10.1086/383850.
Jump up ^ Peirce, C. S. (1876). "Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research". Coast Survey Report: 197–201. , actually published 1879, NOAA PDF Eprint.
Reprinted in Collected Papers 7, paragraphs 139–157, also in Writings 4, pp. 72–78, and in Peirce, C. S. (July–August 1967). "Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research". Operations Research. 15 (4): 643–648. JSTOR 168276. doi:10.1287/opre.15.4.643. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Johnson, N.L. (1961). "Sequential analysis: a survey." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. Vol. 124 (3), 372–411. (pages 375–376)
Jump up ^ Wald, A. (1945) "Sequential Tests of Statistical Hypotheses", Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 16 (2), 117–186.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman Chernoff, Sequential Analysis and Optimal Design, SIAM Monograph, 1972.
Jump up ^ Zacks, S. (1996) "Adaptive Designs for Parametric Models". In: Ghosh, S. and Rao, C. R., (Eds) (1996). "Design and Analysis of Experiments," Handbook of Statistics, Volume 13. North-Holland. ISBN 0-444-82061-2. (pages 151–180)
Jump up ^ Robbins, H. (1952). "Some Aspects of the Sequential Design of Experiments". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 58 (5): 527–535. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1952-09620-8.
Jump up ^ Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008, p. 300. ISBN 0-13-613550-1
Jump up ^ Dr. Hani (2009). "Replication study". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Burman, Leonard E.; Robert W. Reed; James Alm (2010). "A call for replication studies" (journal article). Public Finance Review. pp. 787–793. doi:10.1177/1091142110385210. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Jack Sifri (8 December 2014). "How to Use Design of Experiments to Create Robust Designs With High Yield". youtube.com. Retrieved 2015-02-11.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Joseph; Leif Nelson; Uri Simonsohn (November 2011). "False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant". Psychological Science. Washington DC: Association for Psychological Science. 22 (11): 1359–1366. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 22006061. doi:10.1177/0956797611417632. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Science, Trust And Psychology In Crisis". KPLU. 2014-06-02. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Why Statistically Significant Studies Can Be Insignificant". Pacific Standard. 2014-06-04. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Jump up ^ Chris Chambers (2014-06-10). "Physics envy: Do ‘hard’ sciences hold the solution to the replication crisis in psychology?". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Jump up ^ Ader, Mellenberg & Hand (2008) "Advising on Research Methods: A consultant's companion"
Jump up ^ Bisgaard, S (2008) "Must a Process be in Statistical Control before Conducting Designed Experiments?", Quality Engineering, ASQ, 20 (2), pp 143 - 176
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Douglas (2013). Design and analysis of experiments (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9781118146927.
Jump up ^ Walpole, Ronald E.; Myers, Raymond H.; Myers, Sharon L.; Ye, Keying (2007). Probability & statistics for engineers & scientists (8 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131877115.
Jump up ^ Myers, Raymond H.; Montgomery, Douglas C.; Vining, G. Geoffrey; Robinson, Timothy J. (2010). Generalized linear models : with applications in engineering and the sciences (2 ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470454633.
Jump up ^ Box, George E.P.; Hunter, William G.; Hunter, J. Stuart (1978). Statistics for Experimenters : An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-09315-7.
Jump up ^ Box, George E.P.; Hunter, William G.; Hunter, J. Stuart (2005). Statistics for Experimenters : Design, Innovation, and Discovery (2 ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471718130.
Jump up ^ Spall, J. C. (2010), “Factorial Design for Efficient Experimentation: Generating Informative Data for System Identification,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 30(5), pp. 38–53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2010.937677
Jump up ^ Pronzato, L. (2008), “Optimal experimental design and some related control problems,” Automatica, vol. 44, pp. 303–325.
Jump up ^ Moore, David S.; Notz, William I. (2006). Statistics : concepts and controversies (6th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. Chapter 7: Data ethics. ISBN 9780716786368.
Jump up ^ Ottoboni, M. Alice (1991). The dose makes the poison : a plain-language guide to toxicology (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442006608.
Jump up ^ Glantz, Stanton A. (1992). Primer of biostatistics (3rd ed.). ISBN 0-07-023511-2.
References[edit]
Peirce, C. S. (1877–1878), "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (series), Popular Science Monthly, vols. 12-13. Relevant individual papers:
(1878 March), "The Doctrine of Chances", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, March issue, pp. 604–615. Internet Archive Eprint.
(1878 April), "The Probability of Induction", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 705–718. Internet Archive Eprint.
(1878 June), "The Order of Nature", Popular Science Monthly, v. 13, pp. 203–217.Internet Archive Eprint.
(1878 August), "Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis", Popular Science Monthly, v. 13, pp. 470–482. Internet Archive Eprint.
Peirce, C. S. (1883), "A Theory of Probable Inference", Studies in Logic, pp. 126-181, Little, Brown, and Company. (Reprinted 1983, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 90-272-3271-7)
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Experimental design
Resources in your library
A chapter from a "NIST/SEMATECH Handbook on Engineering Statistics" at NIST
Box–Behnken designs from a "NIST/SEMATECH Handbook on Engineering Statistics" at NIST
Detailed mathematical developments of most common DoE in the Opera Magistris v3.6 online reference Chapter 15, section 7.4, ISBN 978-2-8399-0932-7.
[show]
v
t
e
Design of experiments
Scientific
method
Scientific experiment
Statistical design
Control
Internal and external validity
Experimental unit
Blinding
Optimal design: Bayesian
Random assignment
Randomization
Restricted randomization
Replication versus subsampling
Sample size
Treatment
and blocking
Treatment
Effect size
Contrast
Interaction
Confounding
Orthogonality
Blocking
Covariate
Nuisance variable
Models
and inference
Linear regression
Ordinary least squares
Bayesian
Random effect
Mixed model
Hierarchical model: Bayesian
Analysis of variance (Anova)
Cochran's theorem
Manova (multivariate)
Ancova (covariance)
Compare means
Multiple comparison
Designs

Completely
randomized
Factorial
Fractional factorial
Plackett-Burman
Taguchi
Response surface methodology
Polynomial and rational modeling
Box-Behnken
Central composite
Block
Generalized randomized block design (GRBD)
Latin square
Graeco-Latin square
Orthogonal array
Latin hypercube
Repeated measures design
Crossover study
Randomized controlled trial
Sequential analysis
Sequential probability ratio test
Glossary
Category
Statistics portal
Statistical outline
Statistical topics
[show]
v
t
e
Statistics
Outline
Index
[show]
Descriptive statistics
Continuous data
Center
Mean
arithmetic
geometric
harmonic
Median
Mode
Dispersion
Variance
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation
Percentile
Range
Interquartile range
Shape
Moments
Skewness
Kurtosis
L-moments
Count data
Index of dispersion
Summary tables
Grouped data
Frequency distribution
Contingency table
Dependence
Pearson product-moment correlation
Rank correlation
Spearman's rho
Kendall's tau
Partial correlation
Scatter plot
Graphics
Bar chart
Biplot
Box plot
Control chart
Correlogram
Fan chart
Forest plot
Histogram
Pie chart
Q–Q plot
Run chart
Scatter plot
Stem-and-leaf display
Radar chart
[hide]
Data collection
Study design
Population
Statistic
Effect size
Statistical power
Sample size determination
Missing data
Survey methodology
Sampling
stratified
cluster
Standard error
Opinion poll
Questionnaire
Controlled experiments
Design
control
optimal
Controlled trial
Randomized
Random assignment
Replication
Blocking
Interaction
Factorial experiment
Uncontrolled studies
Observational study
Natural experiment
Quasi-experiment
[show]
Statistical inference
Statistical theory
Population
Statistic
Probability distribution
Sampling distribution
Order statistic
Empirical distribution
Density estimation
Statistical model
Lp space
Parameter
location
scale
shape
Parametric family
Likelihood (monotone)
Location–scale family
Exponential family
Completeness
Sufficiency
Statistical functional
Bootstrap
U
V
Optimal decision
loss function
Efficiency
Statistical distance
divergence
Asymptotics
Robustness
Frequentist inference
Point estimation
Estimating equations
Maximum likelihood
Method of moments
M-estimator
Minimum distance
Unbiased estimators
Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
Rao–Blackwellization
Lehmann–Scheffé theorem
Median unbiased
Plug-in
Interval estimation
Confidence interval
Pivot
Likelihood interval
Prediction interval
Tolerance interval
Resampling
Bootstrap
Jackknife
Testing hypotheses
1- & 2-tails
Power
Uniformly most powerful test
Permutation test
Randomization test
Multiple comparisons
Parametric tests
Likelihood-ratio
Wald
Score
Specific tests
Z (normal)
Student's t-test
F
Goodness of fit
Chi-squared
Kolmogorov–Smirnov
Anderson–Darling
Lilliefors
Jarque–Bera
Normality (Shapiro–Wilk)
Likelihood-ratio test
Model selection
Cross validation
AIC
BIC
Rank statistics
Sign
Sample median
Signed rank (Wilcoxon)
Hodges–Lehmann estimator
Rank sum (Mann–Whitney)
Nonparametric anova
1-way (Kruskal–Wallis)
2-way (Friedman)
Ordered alternative (Jonckheere–Terpstra)
Bayesian inference
Bayesian probability
prior
posterior
Credible interval
Bayes factor
Bayesian estimator
Maximum posterior estimator
[show]
Correlation
Regression analysis
Correlation
Pearson product-moment
Partial correlation
Confounding variable
Coefficient of determination
Regression analysis
Errors and residuals
Regression model validation
Mixed effects models
Simultaneous equations models
Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
Linear regression
Simple linear regression
Ordinary least squares
General linear model
Bayesian regression
Non-standard predictors
Nonlinear regression
Nonparametric
Semiparametric
Isotonic
Robust
Heteroscedasticity
Homoscedasticity
Generalized linear model
Exponential families
Logistic (Bernoulli) / Binomial / Poisson regressions
Partition of variance
Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
Analysis of covariance
Multivariate ANOVA
Degrees of freedom
[show]
Categorical / Multivariate / Time-series / Survival analysis
Categorical
Cohen's kappa
Contingency table
Graphical model
Log-linear model
McNemar's test
Multivariate
Regression
Manova
Principal components
Canonical correlation
Discriminant analysis
Cluster analysis
Classification
Structural equation model
Factor analysis
Multivariate distributions
Elliptical distributions
Normal
Time-series
General
Decomposition
Trend
Stationarity
Seasonal adjustment
Exponential smoothing
Cointegration
Structural break
Granger causality
Specific tests
Dickey–Fuller
Johansen
Q-statistic (Ljung–Box)
Durbin–Watson
Breusch–Godfrey
Time domain
Autocorrelation (ACF)
partial (PACF)
Cross-correlation (XCF)
ARMA model
ARIMA model (Box–Jenkins)
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
Vector autoregression (VAR)
Frequency domain
Spectral density estimation
Fourier analysis
Wavelet
Survival
Survival function
Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit)
Proportional hazards models
Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
First hitting time
Hazard function
Nelson–Aalen estimator
Test
Log-rank test
[show]
Applications
Biostatistics
Bioinformatics
Clinical trials / studies
Epidemiology
Medical statistics
Engineering statistics
Chemometrics
Methods engineering
Probabilistic design
Process / quality control
Reliability
System identification
Social statistics
Actuarial science
Census
Crime statistics
Demography
Econometrics
National accounts
Official statistics
Population statistics
Psychometrics
Spatial statistics
Cartography
Environmental statistics
Geographic information system
Geostatistics
Kriging
Category
Portal
Commons
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Clinical research and experimental design
Overview
Clinical trial
Trial protocols
Adaptive clinical trial
Academic clinical trials
Clinical study design
Controlled study
(EBM I to II-1; A to B)
Randomized controlled trial
Scientific experiment
Blind experiment
Open-label trial
Observational study
(EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C)
Cross-sectional study vs. Longitudinal study, Ecological study
Cohort study
Retrospective
Prospective
Case-control study (Nested case-control study)
Case series
Case study
Case report
Epidemiology/
methods
occurrence: Incidence (Cumulative incidence)
Prevalence
Point
Period
association: absolute (Absolute risk reduction, Attributable risk, Attributable risk percent)
relative (Relative risk, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio)
other: Clinical endpoint
Virulence
Infectivity
Mortality rate
Morbidity
Case fatality rate
Specificity and sensitivity
Likelihood-ratios
Pre/post-test probability
Trial/test types
In vitro
In vivo
Animal testing
Animal testing on non-human primates
First-in-man study
Multicenter trial
Seeding trial
Vaccine trial
Analysis of clinical trials
Risk–benefit ratio
Systematic review
Replication
Meta-analysis
Intention-to-treat analysis
Interpretation of results
Selection bias
Survivorship bias
Correlation does not imply causation
Null result
Category
Glossary
List of topics
[show]
v
t
e
Six Sigma tools
Define phase
Project charter
Voice of the customer
Value stream mapping
Measure phase
Business process mapping
Process capability
Pareto chart
Analyse phase
Root cause analysis
Failure mode and effects analysis
Multi-vari chart
Improve phase
Design of experiments
Kaizen
Control phase
Control plan
Statistical process control
5S
Poka-yoke
DMAIC
Authority control
GND: 4078859-3
NDL: 00574739
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Design_of_experiments&oldid=798080451"
Categories:
Six Sigma
Business terms
Process management
Production and manufacturing
Quality management
Design of experiments
Statistical theory
Industrial engineering
Systems engineering
Statistical process control
Quantitative research
Experiments
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Articles needing additional references from September 2015
All articles needing additional references
Articles that may contain original research from September 2015
All articles that may contain original research
Use dmy dates from July 2013
Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015
All articles lacking reliable references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from September 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Nederlands
日本語
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Basa Sunda
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 August 2017, at 21:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Factorial_design
mw-redirect
Factorial design

values:
/wiki/Response_surface
mw-redirect
Response surface

values: Edit section: Systematic clinical trials

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

values:
/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)
mw-redirect
James Lind (physician)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2015)

values: Edit section: Statistical experiments, following Charles S. Peirce

values:
/wiki/Frequentist_statistics
mw-redirect
Frequentist statistics

values:
/wiki/Blinding_(medicine)
mw-redirect
Blinding (medicine)

values: Edit section: Optimal designs for regression models

values:
/wiki/Multi-armed_bandit_problem
mw-redirect
Multi-armed bandit problem

values:
/wiki/Pan_balance
mw-redirect
Pan balance

values:
/wiki/Statistical_independence
mw-redirect
Statistical independence

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.579ex; height:2.509ex;

attrs: columnalign rowspacing columnspacing rowlines

values: vertical-align: -14.505ex; width:43.283ex; height:30.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:46.368ex; height:5.509ex;

attrs: columnalign rowspacing columnspacing displaystyle

values: right left right left right left right left right left right left

values: 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em

values: vertical-align: -22.338ex; width:47.119ex; height:45.843ex;

values:
/wiki/False_positive
mw-redirect
False positive

values:
/wiki/Statistical_analysis
mw-redirect
Statistical analysis

values: Edit section: Discussion topics when setting up an experimental design

values:
/wiki/Manipulation_checks
mw-redirect
Manipulation checks

values:
/wiki/Intervening_variable
mw-redirect
Intervening variable

values: Zero order (statistics) (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Experimental designs after Fisher

values:
/wiki/R._A._Fisher
mw-redirect
R. A. Fisher

values:
/wiki/Jagdish_N._Srivastava
mw-redirect
Jagdish N. Srivastava

values:
/wiki/Shrikhande_S._S.
mw-redirect
Shrikhande S. S.

values:
/wiki/William_G._Cochran
mw-redirect
William G. Cochran

values:
/wiki/Jack_Kiefer_(mathematician)
mw-redirect
Jack Kiefer (mathematician)

values:
/wiki/David_R._Cox
mw-redirect
David R. Cox

values:
/wiki/G._E._P._Box
mw-redirect
G. E. P. Box

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)

values: Edit section: Human participant constraints

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Multifactor design of experiments software

values:
/wiki/Protocol_(natural_sciences)
mw-redirect
Protocol (natural sciences)

values:
/wiki/Quasi-experimental_design
mw-redirect
Quasi-experimental design

values:
/wiki/Robust_parameter_design_(RPD)
mw-redirect
Robust parameter design (RPD)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9059193

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Ffn.76.1.F64

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/234674

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F354775

values:
/wiki/Stephen_M._Stigler
mw-redirect
Stephen M. Stigler

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1085417

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F444032

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9519574

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F383850

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/168276

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1287%2Fopre.15.4.643

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society

values: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://pfr.sagepub.com

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-7976

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006061

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: National Institute of Standards and Technology

values:
/wiki/Experimental_unit
mw-redirect
Experimental unit

values:
/wiki/Blind_experiment
mw-redirect
Blind experiment

values:
/wiki/Sample_size
mw-redirect
Sample size

values:
/wiki/Random_effect
mw-redirect
Random effect

values:
/wiki/Hierarchical_linear_modeling
mw-redirect
Hierarchical linear modeling

values:
/wiki/Hierarchical_Bayes_model
mw-redirect
Hierarchical Bayes model

values:
/wiki/Comparing_means
mw-redirect
Comparing means

values:
/wiki/Multiple_comparison
mw-redirect
Multiple comparison

values:
/wiki/Plackett-Burman_design
mw-redirect
Plackett-Burman design

values: Polynomial and rational function modeling

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution
mw-redirect
Shape of the distribution

values: Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient

values: Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Population_(statistics)
mw-redirect
Population (statistics)

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Maximum_likelihood
mw-redirect
Maximum likelihood

values:
/wiki/Median-unbiased_estimator
mw-redirect
Median-unbiased estimator

values:
/wiki/Likelihood_interval
mw-redirect
Likelihood interval

values:
/wiki/Power_(statistics)
mw-redirect
Power (statistics)

values:
/wiki/Permutation_test
mw-redirect
Permutation test

values:
/wiki/Randomization_test
mw-redirect
Randomization test

values:
/wiki/Multiple_comparisons
mw-redirect
Multiple comparisons

values:
/wiki/Rank_statistics
mw-redirect
Rank statistics

values:
/wiki/Sample_median
mw-redirect
Sample median

values: Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance

values:
CorrelationRegression_analysis
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Regression_model_validation
mw-redirect
Regression model validation

values: Multivariate adaptive regression splines

values:
/wiki/Multivariate_distribution
mw-redirect
Multivariate distribution

values:
/wiki/Trend_estimation
mw-redirect
Trend estimation

values: List of fields of application of statistics

values: navigation navbox Statistics padding:3px

values:
/wiki/Academic_clinical_trials
mw-redirect
Academic clinical trials

values:
/wiki/Epidemiological_methods
mw-redirect
Epidemiological methods

values:
/wiki/Point_prevalence
mw-redirect
Point prevalence

values:
/wiki/Period_prevalence
mw-redirect
Period prevalence

values:
/wiki/Association_(statistics)
mw-redirect
Association (statistics)

values:
/wiki/Specificity_and_sensitivity
mw-redirect
Specificity and sensitivity

values:
/wiki/List_of_clinical_research_topics
mw-redirect
List of clinical research topics

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078859-3

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from September 2015

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from September 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Design_of_experiments
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: تصميم التجارب – Arabic

values: طراحی آزمایش – Persian

values: 실험계획법 – Korean

values: Планирование эксперимента – Russian

values: Планування експерименту – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Design_of_experiments rootpage-Design_of_experiments skin-vector action-view