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Reciprocity (social psychology)
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In social psychology, reciprocity is a social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kind actions. As a social construct, reciprocity means that in response to friendly actions, people are frequently much nicer and much more cooperative than predicted by the self-interest model; conversely, in response to hostile actions they are frequently much more nasty and even brutal.[1]
Reciprocity makes it possible to build continuing relationships and exchanges. Fukiyama [2] states that “If the institutions of democracy and capitalism are to work properly, they must coexist within certain premodern cultural habits that ensure their proper functioning” (p. 11). He goes on to say “Law, contract, and economic rationality and prosperity…. must as well be leavened with reciprocity, moral obligation, duty toward community, and trust…. The latter are not anachronisms in a modern society but rather the sine qua non of the latter’s success” (p. 11) According to the sociologist Alvin Gouldner (1960), this norm is nearly universal, and only a few members of society—the very young, the sick, or the old—are exempt from it.[3]
Reciprocal actions differ from altruistic actions in that reciprocal actions only follow from others' initial actions, while altruism is the unconditional act of social gift-giving without any hope or expectation of future positive responses.[4][5] Some distinguish between ideal altruism (giving with no expectation of future reward) and reciprocal altruism (giving with limited expectation or the potential for expectation of future reward). For more information on this idea, see altruism or altruism (ethics).
Contents
1 History
2 An adaptive mechanism
3 The power of reciprocity
3.1 Positive and negative reciprocity
4 Reciprocal concessions
4.1 The door in the face technique
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
Reciprocity dates as far back as the time of Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750 BC). Hammurabi's code, a collection of 282 laws and standards, lists crimes and their various punishments as well as guidelines for citizens' conduct.[citation needed] The code was formalized example that demanded the individual act in terms of the public interest. The "eye for an eye" principles in which the laws were written mirror the idea of direct reciprocity. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would be put to death:
Law #196: "If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one gold mina. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price."[6]
Reciprocity was also a cornerstone of ancient Greece. In Homeric Greece, citizens relied on reciprocity as a form of transaction as there was no formal system of government or trade.[7] In Homer's Iliad, he illustrates several instances of reciprocal transactions in the form of gift giving. For example, in Book VI of the Iliad, Glaucus and Diomedes exchange armor when they discover that their grandfathers were friends.[8] However, there were times when direct reciprocity was not possible, specifically in times of great need when a citizen had nothing to give for repayment. Thus, deferred reciprocity was also prevalent in Greek culture at this time. Deferred reciprocity refers to giving a person gifts or favors with the understanding that they will repay this favor at another time when the initial giver is in great need. This form of reciprocity was used extensively by travelers, particularly in the Odyssey.[7] Odysseus often had to rely on the kindness of human strangers and other mythological creatures to secure resources along his journey.
In the classical Greek polis, large-scale projects such as construction of temples, building of warships and financing of choruses were carried out as gifts to individual donors. In Rome, wealthy elite were linked with their dependents in a cycle of reciprocal gift giving.[9] As these examples suggest, reciprocity enjoyed a cultural prestige among ancient aristocracies for whom it was advantageous.[10]
An adaptive mechanism[edit]
Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin attribute the very nature of humans to reciprocity. They claim humans survived because our ancestors learned to share goods and services "in an honored network of obligation".[11] Thus, the idea that humans are indebted to repay gifts and favors is a unique aspect of human culture. Cultural anthropologists support this idea in what they call the "web of indebtedness" where reciprocity is viewed as an adaptive mechanism to enhance survival.[12] Within this approach, reciprocity creates an interdependent environment where labor is divided so that humans may be more efficient. For example, if one member of the group cares for the children while another member hunts for food for the group, each member has provided a service and received one in return. Each member can devote more time and attention to his or her allotted task and the whole group benefits. This meant that individuals could give away resources without actually giving them away. Through the rule of reciprocity, sophisticated systems of aid and trade were possible bringing immense benefits to the societies that utilized them.[1] Given the benefits of reciprocity at the societal level, it is not surprising that the norm has persisted and dictates our present cognition and behavior.
The power of reciprocity[edit]
Reciprocity is not only a strong determining factor of human behavior; it is a powerful method for gaining one's compliance with a request. The rule of reciprocity has the power to trigger feelings of indebtedness even when faced with an uninvited favor[13] and irrespective of liking the person who executed the favor.[14] In 1971, Dennis Regan tested the strength of these two aspects of reciprocity in a study where participants believed they were in an art appreciation experiment with a partner, Joe, who was really Regan's assistant. During the experiment, Joe would disappear and bring back a soft drink for the participant. After this phase of the experiment was over, Joe would ask the participant to buy raffle tickets from him. The more the participants liked Joe, the more likely they were to buy raffle tickets from him. However, when Joe had given them a soda and thus indebted them to reciprocate, it made no difference whether the participants liked Joe or not, the rule of reciprocity overpowered liking.[14] Thus, individuals who we might not even like have the power to greatly increase our chances of doing them a favor simply by providing us with a small gift or favor prior to their request. Furthermore, we are obliged to receive these gifts and favors which reduces our ability to choose to whom we wish to be indebted.[1]
In 1976, Phillip Kunz demonstrated the automatic nature of reciprocity in an experiment using Christmas cards. In this experiment, Kunz sent out holiday cards with pictures of his family and a brief note to a group of complete strangers. While he expected some reaction, holiday cards came pouring back to him from people who had never met nor heard of him and who expressed no desire to get to know him any better.[15] The majority of these individuals who responded never inquired into Kunz's identity, they were merely responding to his initial gesture with a reciprocal action.
Politics is another area where the power of reciprocity is evident. While politicians often claim autonomy from the feelings of obligation associated with gifts and favors that influence everyone else, they are also susceptible. In the 2002 election, U.S. Congress Representatives who received the most money from special interest groups were over seven times more likely to vote in favor of the group that had contributed the most money to their campaigns.[1]
Fehr and Gächter (2000) showed that, when acting within reciprocal frameworks, individuals are more likely to deviate from purely self-interested behavior than when acting in other social contexts. Magnanimity is often repaid with disproportionate amounts of kindness and cooperation, and treachery with disproportionate amounts of hostility and vengeance, which can significantly surpass amounts determined or predicted by conventional economic models of rational self-interest. Moreover, reciprocal tendencies are frequently observed in situations wherein transaction costs associated with specific reciprocal actions are high and present or future material rewards are not expected. Whether self-interested or reciprocal action dominates the aggregate outcome is particularly dependent on context; in markets or market-like scenarios characterized by competitiveness and incomplete contracts, reciprocity tends to win out over self-interest.[16]
Positive and negative reciprocity[edit]
Positive reciprocity occurs when an action committed by one individual that has a positive effect on someone else is returned with an action that has an approximately equal positive effect.[17][18] For example, if someone takes care of another person's dog, the person who received this favor should then return this action with another favor such as with a small gift. However, the reciprocated action should be approximately equal to the first action in terms of positive value, otherwise this can result in an uncomfortable social situation.[19] If someone takes care of another person's dog and that person returns the favor by buying that individual a car, the reciprocated gift is inappropriate because it does not equal the initial gesture. Individuals expect actions to be reciprocated by actions that are approximately equal in value.[17]
One example of positive reciprocity is that waitresses who smile broadly receive more tips than waitresses who present a minimal smile.[20] Also, free samples are not merely opportunities to taste a product but rather invitations to engage in the rule of reciprocity. Many people find it difficult to accept the free sample and walk away. Instead, they buy some of the product even when they did not find it that enjoyable.[1]
Negative reciprocity occurs when an action that has a negative effect on someone is returned with an action that has an approximately equal negative effect.[18][21] For example, if an individual commits a violent act against a person, it is expected that person would return with a similar act of violence. If, however, the reaction to the initial negative action is not approximately equal in negative value, this violates the norm of reciprocity and what is prescribed as allowable.[19] Retaliatory aspects i.e. the aspects of trying to get back and cause harm, are known as negative reciprocity. This definition of negative reciprocity is distinct from the way negative reciprocity is defined in other domains. In cultural anthropology, negative reciprocity refers to an attempt to get something for nothing.[22] It is often referred to as "bartering" or "haggling" (see reciprocity (cultural anthropology) for more information).
Reciprocal concessions[edit]
There are more subtle ways of initiating the reciprocity rule than merely doing something nice for someone so you may expect something in return. One form of this more subtle form of reciprocity is the idea of reciprocal concessions in which the requester lowers his/her initial request, making the respondent more likely to agree to a second request. Under the rule of reciprocity, we are obligated to concede to someone who has made a concession to us.[1] That is, if an individual starts off by requesting something large and you refuse, you feel obligated to consent to their smaller request even though you might not be interested in either of the things they are offering. Robert Cialdini illustrates an example of this phenomenon by telling a story of a boy who asks him to buy five-dollar circus tickets and, when Cialdini refuses, asks him to buy some one dollar chocolate bars. Cialdini feels obligated to return the favor and consents to buying some of the chocolate bars.[1]
The rule of reciprocity operates in reciprocal concessions in two ways. First, an individual is pressured to reciprocate one concession for another by nature of the rule itself. Second, because the individual who initially concedes can expect to have the other person concede in return, this person is free to make the concession in the first place. If there were no social pressure to return the concession, an individual runs the risk of giving up something and getting nothing in return. Mutual concession is a procedure that can promote compromise in a group so that individuals can refocus their efforts toward achieving a common goal. Reciprocal concessions promote compromise in a group so that the initial and incompatible desires of individuals can be set aside for the benefit of social cooperation.[1]
The door in the face technique[edit]
The door in the face technique, otherwise known as the rejection-then-retreat technique, involves making an outrageous request that someone will almost certainly turn down, and then make the smaller request that was the favor of interest all along. If done skillfully, the second request is seen as a concession so compliance with the second request is obtained.[23][24][25] However, one must proceed with caution when using this technique. If the first request is so big that it is seen as unreasonable, the door in the face technique proves useless as the concession made after is not perceived as genuine.[26] The door in the face technique is not to be confused with the foot in the door technique where individuals getting a person to agree with a large request by first getting them to agree to a moderate request.[27]
See also[edit]
Cooperation
Influence: Science and Practice
Norm of reciprocity
Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
Reciprocity (international relations)
Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Fehr and Gächter. Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity. Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Jump up ^ Fukuyama, F (1996). Trust: the Social Virtues and Creation of Prosperity. London: Free Press.
Jump up ^ R., Smith, Eliot. Social psychology. Mackie, Diane M., Claypool, Heather M. (Fourth ed.). New York. ISBN 9781848728936. OCLC 878812937.
Jump up ^ Batson, C. D., Duncan, B., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch, K. (1981). "Is empathetic emotion a source of altruistic motivation?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 40: 290–302. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.290. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Cialdini, R. B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., & Fultz, J. (1987). "Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (4): 749–758. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.749. PMID 3572736. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "The Code of Hammurabi: Hammurabi's Code of Laws: Paragraphs 100-199". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Greek Ideals". merkspages.com. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
Jump up ^ Homer (1990). The Iliad. (B. Knox, Ed. R. Fagles, Trans.). New York, NY: Penguin Classics.
Jump up ^ Saller, Richard P. (2002-05-09). Personal Patronage Under the Early Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521893923.
Jump up ^ Coffee, Neil (2013-01-01). Reciprocity. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah06274/full. ISBN 9781444338386.
Jump up ^ "leakey and lewin 1978 - Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
Jump up ^ Ridley, M. (1997). The origins of virtue. UK: Penguin UK.
Jump up ^ Paese, Paul W.; Gilin, Debra A. (2000-01-01). "When an Adversary is Caught Telling the Truth: Reciprocal Cooperation Versus Self-Interest in Distributive Bargaining". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 26 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1177/0146167200261008. ISSN 0146-1672.
^ Jump up to: a b Regan, Dennis T. (1971-11-01). "Effects of a favor and liking on compliance". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 7 (6): 627–639. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90025-4.
Jump up ^ Kunz, Phillip R; Woolcott, Michael (1976-09-01). "Season's greetings: From my status to yours". Social Science Research. 5 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(76)90003-X.
Jump up ^ Fehr, Ernst; Gächter, Simon (2000-01-01). "Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 14 (3): 159–181. doi:10.1257/jep.14.3.159. JSTOR 2646924.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trade: Chapter 125-7: Positive Reciprocity". internationalecon.com. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Caliendo, Marco; Fossen, Frank; Kritikos, Alexander (2012-04-01). "Trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity: Do these traits impact entrepreneurial dynamics?". Journal of Economic Psychology. Personality and Entrepreneurship. 33 (2): 394–409. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.005.
^ Jump up to: a b Chen, Ya-Ru; Chen, Xiao-Ping; Portnoy, Rebecca (2009-01-01). "To whom do positive norm and negative norm of reciprocity apply? Effects of inequitable offer, relationship, and relational-self orientation". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 45 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.024.
Jump up ^ Tidd, Kathi L.; Lockard, Joan S. (2013-11-14). "Monetary significance of the affiliative smile: A case for reciprocal altruism". Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 11 (6): 344–346. doi:10.3758/BF03336849. ISSN 0090-5054.
Jump up ^ "Trade: Chapter 125-8: Negative Reciprocity". internationalecon.com. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Sahlins, Marshall (1972). Stone Age Economics. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p. 195.
Jump up ^ "Reciprocal concessions procedure for inducing compliance: The door-in-the-face technique". APA PsycNET. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
Jump up ^ Pascual, Alexandre; Guéguen, Nicolas (2005-02-01). "Foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face: a comparative meta-analytic study". Psychological Reports. 96 (1): 122–128. doi:10.2466/pr0.96.1.122-128. ISSN 0033-2941.
Jump up ^ Tusing, Kyle James; Dillard, James Price (2000-03-01). "The Psychological Reality of the Door-in-the-Face It's Helping, not Bargaining". Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 19 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1177/0261927X00019001001. ISSN 0261-927X.
Jump up ^ Schwarzwald, Joseph; Raz, Moshe; Zvibel, Moshe (1979-12-01). "The Applicability of the Door-in-the Face Technique when Established Behavioral Customs Exist". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 9 (6): 576–586. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00817.x. ISSN 1559-1816.
Jump up ^ Burger, J.M. (1999). "The foot-in-the-door compliance procedure: A multiple-process analysis and review". Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 303-325.
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Ring a Ring o' Roses
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
Musical variations of '"Ring a Ring o' Roses", Alice Gomme, 1898.[1]
Nursery rhyme
Published
1881
Audio samples
Play Marlborough (help·info)
Yorkshire (help·info)
Sporle A (help·info)
Sporle B (help·info)
"Ring a Ring o' Roses" or "Ring Around the Rosie" or "Ring a Ring o' Rosie" is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game. It first appeared in print in 1881, but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925. Urban legend says the song originally described the plague, specifically the Great Plague of London, or the Black Death, but folklorists reject this idea.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
1.1 Early attestation
1.2 Other languages
2 Meaning
3 References
3.1 Sources
Lyrics[edit]
The cover of L. Leslie Brooke's Ring O' Roses (1922) shows nursery rhyme characters performing the game
It is unknown what the earliest version of the rhyme was or when it began. Many incarnations of the game have a group of children form a ring, dance in a circle around a person, and stoop or curtsy with the final line. The slowest child to do so is faced with a penalty or becomes the "rosie" (literally: rose tree, from the French rosier) and takes their place in the center of the ring.
Variations, corruptions, and vulgarized versions were noted to be in use long before the earliest printed publications. One such variation was dated to be in use in Connecticut in the 1840s.[3]
Common British versions include:
Ring-a-ring o' roses,
A pocket full of posies,
A-tishoo! A-tishoo!
We all fall down.[4]
Cows in the meadows
Eating buttercups
A-tishoo! A-tishoo!
We all jump up.
Common American versions include:
Ring-a-round the rosie,
A pocket full of posies,
Ashes! Ashes!
We all fall down.[4]
Children's Dances by Hans Thoma.
The last two lines are sometimes varied to:
Hush! Hush! Hush! Hush!
We've all tumbled down.[4]
The Indian version of the poem is:[5]
Ringa ringa roses,
Pocket full of poses,
Hush-sha bush-sha,
All fall down.[4]
Early attestation[edit]
Kate Greenaway's illustration from Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes (1881), showing children playing the game
A reference to a young children's game named Ring o' Roses occurs in an 1846 article from the Brooklyn Eagle. A group of young children (the eldest being about seven) form a ring, from which a boy takes out a girl and kisses her.[6]
An early version of the rhyme occurs in a novel of 1855, The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens:
A ring – a ring of roses,
Laps full of posies;
Awake – awake!
Now come and make
A ring – a ring of roses.[7]
The novel goes on to describe a nineteenth-century Fourth of July celebration by children housed in a hospital in Roosevelt Island, New York (then known as "Blackwell's Island"): 'Then the little girls began to seek their own amusements. They played "hide and seek," "ring, ring a rosy," and a thousand wild and pretty games'.[8]
Another early printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway's 1881 edition of Mother Goose; or, the Old Nursery Rhymes:
Ring-a-ring-a-roses,
A pocket full of posies;
Hush! hush! hush! hush!
We're all tumbled down.[9]
In 1882, Godey's Lady's Book has the following version:
Ring around a rosy
Pocket full of posies.
One, two, three—squat![10]
Before the last line, the children stop suddenly, then exclaim it together, "suiting the action to the word with unfailing hilarity and complete satisfaction".[10]
In his Games and Songs of American Children (1883), William Wells Newell reports several variants, one of which he provides with a melody and dates to New Bedford, Massachusetts around 1790:
Ring a ring a Rosie,
A bottle full of posie,
All the girls in our town
Ring for little Josie.[11]
Newell writes that '[a]t the end of the words the children suddenly stoop, and the last to get down undergoes some penalty, or has to take the place of the child in the centre, who represents the "rosie" (rose-tree; French, rosier).'[11]
An 1883 collection of Shropshire folk-lore includes the following version:
A ring, a ring o' roses,
A pocket-full o' posies;
One for Jack and one for Jim and one for little Moses!
A-tisha! a-tisha! a-tisha![12]
On the last line "they stand and imitate sneezing".[12]
A manuscript of rhymes collected in Lancashire at the same period gives three closely related versions, with the now familiar sneezing, for instance:
A ring, a ring o' roses,
A pocket full o' posies-
Atishoo atishoo we all fall down.[13]
In 1892, folklorist Alice Gomme could give twelve versions.[14]
Other languages[edit]
Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith, from The Little Mother Goose (1912)
A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles "Ring a ring o'roses" in its first stanza[15] and accompanies the same actions (with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action):[16]
Ringel ringel reihen,
Wir sind der Kinder dreien,
sitzen unter'm Hollerbusch
Und machen alle Husch husch husch!
Loosely translated this says "Ringed, ringed row. We are three children, sitting under an elder bush. All of us going hush, hush, hush!" The rhyme is well known in Germany with the first line "Ringel, Ringel, Reihe" (as the popular collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn gave it); it has many local variants, often with "Husch, husch, husch" (which in German could mean "quick, quick") in the fourth line,[17] comparable to the "Hush! hush! hush! hush!" of the first printed English version. This popular variant is notable:[18]
Ringel, Ringel, Rosen,
Schöne Aprikosen,
Veilchen blau, Vergissmeinnicht,
Alle Kinder setzen sich!
The translation is "A ring, a ring of roses. Beautiful apricots. Blue violets, forget-me-nots. All children sit down."
Swiss versions have the children dancing round a rosebush.[19] Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include "Roze, roze, meie" ("Rose, rose, May") from The Netherlands with a similar tune to "Ring a ring o' roses"[20] and "Gira, gira rosa" ("Circle, circle, rose"), recorded in Venice in 1874, in which girls danced around the girl in the middle who skipped and curtsied as demanded by the verses and at the end kissed the one she liked best, so choosing her for the middle.[21]
In Croatian/Serbian/Bosnian language, there is a similar rhyme called "Ringe Ringe Raja":
Ringe-ringe-raja,
Doš'o čika Paja,
Pa pojeo jaja.
Jedno jaje muć,
A mi, djeco, čuč!
A rough translation is "Ringe Ringe Raya (doesn't mean anything, this is common in Croato-Serbian rhymes), uncle Ducky has came, and he ate all the eggs, one egg crashed, and we children squat!" On the last word, the children singing the rhyme jump or squat.
Meaning[edit]
Illustration by L. Leslie Brooke (1862–1940) for "All Tumble Down" from Anon, Ring O' Roses (1922)
The origins and meanings of the game have long been unknown and subject to speculation. In 1898, A Dictionary of British Folklore contained the belief that an explanation of the game was of pagan origin, based on the Sheffield Glossary comparison of Jacob Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie. The theory states that it is in reference to Pagan myths and cited a passage which states, "Gifted children of fortune have the power to laugh roses, as Freyja wept gold." Believing the first instance to be indicative of Pagan beings of light. Another suggestion is more literal, that it was making a "ring" around the roses and bowing with the all "fall down" as a curtsy.[22] In 1892, the American writer, Eugene Field wrote a poem titled Teeny-Weeny that specifically referred to fey folk playing ring-a-rosie.[23] According to Games and Songs of American Children, published in 1883, the "rosie" was a reference to the French word for rose tree and the children would dance and stoop to the person in the center.[3] Variations, especially more literal ones, were identified and noted with the literal falling down that would sever the connections to the game-rhyme. Addy's interpretation failed to account for the sneezing, which had not carried over to the United States and was losing ground in Britain, as another instance of the Pagan influence. Again in 1898, sneezing was then noted to be indicative of many superstitious and supernatural beliefs across differing cultures.[22]
Since the 20th century, the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665, or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England. Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this;[24] by 1951, however, it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom. Peter and Iona Opie, the leading authorities on nursery rhymes, remarked:
The invariable sneezing and falling down in modern English versions have given would-be origin finders the opportunity to say that the rhyme dates back to the Great Plague. A rosy rash, they allege, was a symptom of the plague, and posies of herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease. Sneezing or coughing was a final fatal symptom, and "all fall down" was exactly what happened.[25][26]
The line Ashes, Ashes in colonial versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies, the burning of victims' houses, or blackening of their skin, and the theory has been adapted to be applied to other versions of the rhyme.[2] In its various forms, the interpretation has entered into popular culture and has been used elsewhere to make oblique reference to the plague.[27]
Folklore scholars regard the theory as baseless for several reasons:
The plague explanation did not appear until the mid-twentieth century.[21]
The symptoms described do not fit especially well with the Great Plague.[26][28]
The great variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern form is the most ancient one, and the words on which the interpretation are based are not found in many of the earliest records of the rhyme (see above).[2][29]
European and 19th-century versions of the rhyme suggest that this "fall" was not a literal falling down, but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gomme, The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, p. 108.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (2007-07-12). "Ring Around the Rosie". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Newell, William (1883). "Games and Songs of American Children". Harper and Brothers. pp. 127–128. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Delamar (2001), pp. 38-9.
Jump up ^ "Ringa Ringa Roses".
Jump up ^ "Gleanings from the Writings of the late Wm. B. Marsh IV: Twilight Musings". Brooklyn Eagle. 1846-03-17. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Ann S. (1855). The Old Homestead. London: Sampson, Low, Son & Co. p. 213.
Jump up ^ Stephens, op. cit, pp. 215-216
Jump up ^ Greenaway, Kate (illustr.) (n.d.) [1881]. Mother Goose, or the Old Nursery Rhymes. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 52.
^ Jump up to: a b "Games". Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine. Philadelphia. cv (628): 379. October 1882.
^ Jump up to: a b Newell, William Wells (1884) [1883]. Games and Songs of American Children. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 127–8.
^ Jump up to: a b Burne, Charlotte Sophia (ed.) (1883). Shropshire Folk-Lore. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 511–512. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 222.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1951), p. 364.
Jump up ^ The one commonly sung according to Böhme (1897), p. 438.
Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), p. 438, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 225.
Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), pp. 438–41, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 227. Other rhymes for the same game have some similarity in the first line, e.g. "Ringel, ringel, Rosenkranz", less in other lines – see Böhme (1897), 442–5.
Jump up ^ "Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel. In Kassel aus Kindermund in Wort und Weise gesammelt von Johann Lewalter" (Kassel 1911), I Nr. 12. Hermann Dunger, "Kinderlieder und Kinderspiele aus dem Vogtlande" (Plauen 1874), p. 320. Böhme (1897)
Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), p. 439, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 225.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 227.
^ Jump up to: a b Opie and Opie (1985), p. 224.
^ Jump up to: a b Gomme, George Laurence (1898). A Dictionary of British Folklore. D. Nutt. pp. 110–111.
Jump up ^ "Children's Column". The Osage City Free Press (Osage City, Kansas). 25 August 1892. p. 6. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 221–2.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1951), p. 365.
^ Jump up to: a b Compare Opie and Opie (1985), p. 221, where they note that neither cure nor symptoms (except for death) feature prominently in contemporary or near contemporary accounts of the plague.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 221, citing the use of the rhyme to headline an article on the plague village of Eyam in the Radio Times, 7 June 1973; title of "Ashes" in the New Scientist review.
Jump up ^ J. Simpson and S. Roud, A Dictionary of English Folklore (Oxford: OUP, 2000), p. 296.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 222–3: "The following are the seven earliest reports known from in Britain ... In only four of these recordings is sneezing a feature". The point becomes stronger when American versions are also taken into account.
Jump up ^ See above, and Opie and Opie (1951), p. 365, citing Chants Populaire du Languedoc: "Branle, calandre, La Fille d'Alexandre, La pêche bien mûre, Le rosier tout fleuri, Coucou toupi – En disant 'coucou toupi', tous les enfants quie forment la ronde, s'accroupissent", roughly translated: "The peach well ripe, the rose all blooming, cuckoo humming - When 'cuckoo humming' is said, all the children forming the circle crouch down".
Sources[edit]
Böhme, F. M. (1897). Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel, Paperback (2011). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel (Nabu Press). pp. 438–445. ISBN 978-1248081532.
Delamar, Gloria T. (1987). Mother Goose, From Nursery to Literature, Paperback, (2001). Lincoln, Nebraska. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0595185771.
Gomme, Alice Bertha (1898). The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland: With Tunes, Singing-Rhymes, and Methods of Playing According to the Variants Extant and Recorded in Different Parts of the Kingdom, Volume 1, Paperback (210). London (Charleston, South Carolina). p. 108. ISBN 978-1142538484.
Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1951). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, 2nd edition (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press (Nabu Press). pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-0198600886.
Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1985). The Singing Game, Paperback edition (1888). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–225, 227. ISBN 978-0198600886.
Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 296.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sing a Song of Sixpence"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Three Little Kittens"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
"Stella Ella Ola"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
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The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The League of
Extraordinary Gentlemen
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Stephen Norrington
Produced by
Trevor Albert
Rick Benattar
Sean Connery
Mark Gordon
Don Murphy
Michael Nelson
Screenplay by
James Dale Robinson
Based on
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen by
Alan Moore
Kevin O'Neill
Starring
Sean Connery
Shane West
Stuart Townsend
Peta Wilson
Jason Flemyng
Music by
Trevor Jones
Cinematography
Dan Laustsen
Edited by
Paul Rubell
Production
companies
20th Century Fox
Angry Films
International Production Company
JD Productions
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
July 11, 2003 (2003-07-11)
Running time
110 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
Germany
Czech Republic
United States[2]
Language
English
German
Italian
Budget
$78 million[3]
Box office
$179.3 million[3]
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, also promoted as LXG, is a 2003 steampunk-dieselpunk superhero action film loosely based on the first volume of the comic book series of the same name by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill. It was released on July 11, 2003, in the United States, and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Stephen Norrington and starred Sean Connery, Naseeruddin Shah, Peta Wilson, Tony Curran, Stuart Townsend, Shane West, Jason Flemyng, and Richard Roxburgh.
As with the comic book source material, the film features prominent pastiche and crossover themes[4] set in the late 19th century, featuring an assortment of fictional literary characters appropriate to the period, who act as Victorian Era superheroes. It draws on the works of Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Bram Stoker, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, H. Rider Haggard, Ian Fleming, Herman Melville, Oscar Wilde, Robert Louis Stevenson, Edgar Allan Poe, Gaston Leroux, and Mark Twain, albeit all adapted for the film.
The film grossed over $175 million worldwide at the box office, rental revenue of $48.6 million, and DVD sales as of 2003 at $36.4 million.[5] It was intended to spawn a film franchise based on further titles in the original comic book series but there was little enthusiasm for a sequel. The film marked Sean Connery's last on-screen film appearance before his retirement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Lawsuit
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 Other media
7 Reboot
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1899, a terrorist group led by the Fantom cause international tension, breaking into the Bank of England to steal Leonardo da Vinci's blueprints of Venice's foundations, and then kidnap German scientists. The British Empire sends Sanderson Reed to Kenya to recruit adventurer and hunter Allan Quatermain. Quatermain, retired following the death of his son, at first refuses until a group of assassins are sent to kill him. In London, Quatermain meets "M", who is forming the latest generation of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. He reveals the Fantom plans to start a world war by bombing a secret meeting of world leaders in Venice. The new League consists of Quatermain, Captain Nemo, vampiric chemist Mina Harker, and invisible thief Rodney Skinner.
The League travel to the London docks to recruit Dorian Gray, Mina's former lover who is kept immortal thanks to a missing portrait. The Fantom's assassins attack, but the League fend them off, aided by U.S. Secret Service Agent Tom Sawyer. Dorian and Sawyer join the League. They then capture Edward Hyde in Paris and he joins the League after being offered amnesty, transforming back into his alter ego Dr. Jekyll. The League travel for Venice in Nemo's submarine, the Nautilus, but it soon becomes clear there may be a mole on board, a camera's flash powder being found in the wheelhouse, and one of Jekyll's transformation formulas disappears. Suspicion falls on the missing Skinner.
The Nautilus arrives in Venice just as the bombs go off, causing the city to start collapsing in a domino effect. Sawyer uses Nemo's automobile to stop the destruction, while Quatermain confronts the Fantom, who is unmasked as M. Dorian is also revealed to be the traitor, murdering Nemo's first mate Ishmael, and steals the Nautilus' exploration pod. M and Dorian leave a phonograph recording for the League, revealing their true goal is to ignite the world war and Dorian has been collecting physical elements of the League to create superhuman formulas and sell them off to the highest bidder. The Nautilus is damaged by bombs hidden on board, but Hyde saves it by draining the flooded engine rooms. Skinner sends a message to the League, revealing he has snuck aboard the exploration pod and to follow his heading.
The League reach northern Mongolia, reuniting with Skinner, where they plot to destroy M's factory with explosives. Nemo and Hyde rescue the scientists, Skinner sets the explosive charges, while Mina battles Dorian, killing him by exposing him to his portrait. Quatermain and Sawyer confront M, identifying him as Professor James Moriarty, taking on a new alias after his alleged death at the Reichenbach Falls. Sawyer is taken hostage by an invisible Reed, Quatermain shooting the latter, only for Moriarty to fatally stab him. Moriarty flees outside but Sawyer successfully shoots him, the formulas sinking into the icy water. Quatermain then dies.
Quatermain is buried beside his son in Kenya. The surviving League members recall how a witch doctor had blessed Quatermain for saving his village, promising that Africa would never let him die. The remaining League members depart agreeing to continue using their powers for good in the new century, and said witch doctor arrives, performing a ritual that summons an unnatural storm, with a bolt of lightning ambiguously striking the rifle Sawyer left on Quatermain's grave.
Cast[edit]
Sean Connery as Allan Quatermain
Shane West as Tom Sawyer
Stuart Townsend as Dorian Gray
Richard Roxburgh as Professor James Moriarty/Fantom/M
Peta Wilson as Wilhelmina "Mina" Harker
Tony Curran as Rodney Skinner/The Invisible Man II
Jason Flemyng as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Edward Hyde
Naseeruddin Shah as Captain Nemo
David Hemmings as Nigel
Max Ryan as Dante
Tom Goodman-Hill as Sanderson Reed
Terry O'Neill as Ishmael
Production[edit]
Principal photography took place in Hungary,[6] Malta, and the Czech Republic.[7]
A character named Eva Draper (Winter Ave Zoli), the daughter of German scientist Karl Draper, was removed during editing but remained in some of the promotional material. Eva had appeared in two scenes: one ended up on the cutting room floor, and she was digitally replaced with a different character in the other. A brief fight scene featuring Tom Sawyer and the replacement character was rotoscoped into the film. The deleted scenes which feature Draper appear on the DVD.
Connery reportedly had many disputes with director Stephen Norrington.[8] Norrington did not attend the opening party, and when was asked where the director could be, Connery is said to have replied, "Check the local asylum." Norrington reportedly did not like the studio supervision and was "uncomfortable" with large crews.[9]
For the script, the character "The Invisible Man" was changed to "An Invisible Man" since Fox was unable to obtain the rights to the title character of H. G. Wells' The Invisible Man, and his name was changed from "Hawley Griffin" to "Rodney Skinner". The Fu Manchu character was also dropped from the script. At Fox's request, the character of Tom Sawyer was added for American audiences and to give the movie some "youth appeal". Producer Don Murphy, who described the request as a "stupid studio note", later said that the move to add Sawyer was "brilliant".[9]
The studio put pressure on the filmmakers for a summer release. Some staff at Fox wanted it to be released in the fall, but according to the Los Angeles Times, Fox already had Master and Commander lined up for the fall. The production ran into trouble when a special effects set did not pan out as intended, forcing the filmmakers to have to quickly look for another effects shop.[9]
Connery was paid USD$17 million for his role, which left the filmmakers little money to attract other big-name stars for the ensemble cast.[9]
In an interview with The Times, Kevin O'Neill, illustrator of the comics, said he believed the film failed because it was not respectful of the source material. He did not recognize the characters when reading the screenplay and claimed that Norrington and Connery did not cooperate. Finally, O'Neill said that the comic book version of Allan Quatermain was a lot better than the movie version and that marginalising Mina Murray as a vampire "changed the whole balance".[10] The author of the comics Alan Moore was cynical of the film from early in its development, seeing that the two works bore little resemblance, distancing himself from the film altogether. "As long as I could distance myself by not seeing them," he said, he could profit from the films while leaving the original comics untouched, "assured no one would confuse the two. This was probably naïve on my part."[11]
Lawsuit[edit]
In 2003, Larry Cohen and Martin Poll filed a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox, claiming the company had intentionally plagiarized their script Cast of Characters. According to the BBC, the lawsuit alleged "that Mr Cohen and Mr Poll pitched the idea to Fox several times between 1993 and 1996, under the name Cast of Characters,"[12][13][14] and that Fox had solicited the comics series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen as a smoke screen.[12][13][14] It noted that the films shared public domain characters who did not appear in the comic book series.[15] Although Fox denied the allegations as "absurd nonsense",[14] the case was settled out of court, a decision Alan Moore, according to The New York Times "took ... as an especially bitter blow, believing that [he] had been denied the chance to exonerate [himself]."[16]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film opened at #2 behind Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.[17] The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen grossed an estimated $66,465,204 in Canada and the United States, $12,603,037 in the United Kingdom, and $12,033,033 in Spain. Worldwide, the film took $179,265,204.[18]
Critical response[edit]
Critical reaction to the film was generally unfavorable, with Empire magazine giving it two stars out of five while criticizing the film's exposition and lack of character depth, saying it 'flirts dangerously close with one-star ignominy'.[19] A 30/100 approval rating on Metacritic is based on 36 reviews.[20] Rotten Tomatoes reports 17% of 177 reviews being positive, with an average rating of 4/10.[21] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of a possible four stating "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen assembles a splendid team of heroes to battle a plan for world domination, and then, just when it seems about to become a real corker of an adventure movie, plunges into ... inexplicable motivations, causes without effects, effects without causes, and general lunacy."[22]
Other media[edit]
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen earned a total of $48,640,000 in rentals with $14,810,000 from video rentals and $33,830,000 from DVD rentals.[23] DVD sales meanwhile gathered revenue of $36,400,000.[23]
A novelization of the movie was written by Kevin J. Anderson and released shortly before the movie.
The soundtrack album was also released internationally but not in the United States.[citation needed]
Reboot[edit]
The Tracking Board reported on May 26, 2015, that 20th Century Fox and Davis Entertainment had agreed to develop a reboot with hopes of launching a franchise. The report stated that a search was underway for a director who could help "continue to develop the reboot."[24] John Davis told Collider in an interview that the reboot will be a female centric film,[25] like the original source material is.
See also[edit]
Penny Dreadful - a Showtime series involving famous figures from literary horror.
Anno Dracula - a mashup novel by Kim Newman
Bungou Stray Dogs - a Japanese manga with a similar premise.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY GENTLEMEN (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. July 11, 2003. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". British Film Institute. London. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) – Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ Tobey, Matthew. "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Allmovie. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Numbers: Box Office Data". Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Movies; Hungary plans huge studio, luring film world :[HOME EDITION]. " Los Angeles Times [Los Angeles, Calif.] June 4, 2004, E.13. Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Bill Desowitz. "Movies; Bonds, James Bonds; Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton and Pierce Brosnan: 007s who've saved the world in her majesty's service :[HOME EDITION]. " Los Angeles Times. November 17, 2002,E.6. Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Stuart (30 September 2004). "Has Sean Made His Last Movie?: Mystery as 007 Legend Quits Film Role", Daily Mirror (SCOTS Edition), London (UK), Page 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d John Horn. "Heroic effort?; Audiences are the last hurdle for a beleaguered 'League'". July 14, 2003, Los Angeles Times, Page E1.
Jump up ^ Vaughan, Owen (February 25, 2009). "Interview: Kevin O'Neill reveals the secrets of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen and Marshal Law". Times Online. Times Newspapers Limited. They changed the whole balance by marginalising Mina and making her a vampire. (registration required)
Jump up ^ Johnston, Rich (May 23, 2005). "Lying in the Gutters". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved January 7, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gentlemen lands Fox in $100m lawsuit", Saturday, September 27, 2003. Calcutta Telegraph.
^ Jump up to: a b "Producer and Writer File $100 Million Lawsuit Against 20th Century-Fox", September 25, 2003. Business Wire. Archived on 2008-05-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Studio sued over superhero movie". BBC. September 26, 2003. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) on 2008-05-16.
Jump up ^ Barber, Nicholas, "Notices: Cinema opening this week". The Independent on Sunday (London); October 26, 2003; p. 39
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, David (March 12, 2006). "The Vendetta Behind 'V for Vendetta'". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen – Foreign Gross". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Empire magazine. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Metacritic. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen – Box Office Data, Movie News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
Jump up ^ "{TB EXCLUSIVE} Fox Enters Development on "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" Reboot – The Tracking Board". The Tracking Board.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt (August 13, 2015). "'League of Extraordinary Gentlemen' Reboot to Be Female-Centric". Collider.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film).
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen on IMDb
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen at Box Office Mojo
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen at Rotten Tomatoes
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen at Metacritic
Article at FilmForce about the film
"Early review of the "LXG" script". Archived from the original on December 14, 2000.
Stax's review at IGN of a revised version of the script
Internet Movie Firearms Database: Description of firearms used in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
Zone Troopers: Website about the different Allan Quatermain and King Solomon's Mine films
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Stephen Norrington
Death Machine (1994)
Blade (1998)
The Last Minute (2001)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
[show]
v
t
e
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
Alan Moore
Kevin O'Neill
Bill Oakley
Jess Nevins
Volumes and stories
Volume I
"Allan and the Sundered Veil"
Volume II
"The New Traveller's Almanac"
Black Dossier
Volume III: Century
Nemo Trilogy
Adaptation
Film
Novel
Soundtrack
Main characters
Wilhelmina Murray
Captain Nemo
Allan Quatermain
Henry Jekyll / Edward Hyde
Hawley Griffin
Orlando
History of the League
World
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Live-action films based on DC Comics
Serials
Adventures of Captain Marvel
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Red
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See also
DC Extended Universe
Justice League Mortal
[show]
v
t
e
Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Character
Adaptations
Films
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
The Head of Janus (1920)
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957)
The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959)
The Ugly Duckling (1959)
My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Nutty Professor (1963)
Karutha Rathrikal (1967)
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971)
I, Monster (1971)
Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972)
Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976)
Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979)
Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980)
Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981)
Chehre Pe Chehra (1981)
Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995)
Mary Reilly (1996)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006)
The Mummy (2017)
Animation
The Impatient Patient (1942)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947)
Motor Mania (1950)
Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954)
Hyde and Hare (1955)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
The Pagemaster (1994)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein (2008)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Video games
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988)
Jekyll and Hyde (2001)
Van Helsing (2004)
Music
"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983)
"Bubba Hyde" (1995)
Jekyll and Hyde (2003)
Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004)
Theatre
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897)
Jekyll & Hyde (1990)
Television
Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998)
Jekyll (2007)
Once Upon a Time (2011–present)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Jekyll and Hyde (2015)
Comics
Mister Hyde (introduced 1963)
Batman: Two Faces (1998)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999–present)
Novels
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824)
Knots and Crosses (1987)
Mary Reilly (1990)
Radio
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1932)
[show]
v
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Bram Stoker's Dracula
Characters
Original novel
Count Dracula
Abraham Van Helsing
Jonathan Harker
Mina Harker
Lucy Westenra
Arthur Holmwood
Dr. John Seward
Quincey Morris
Renfield
Brides
Other works
Adri Nital
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Doctor Sun
Eva
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Janus
Postmortem
Turac
Historical
Vlad Călugărul
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Films
Universal
series
Dracula (1931 English-language)
Drácula (1931 Spanish-language)
Dracula's Daughter (1936)
Son of Dracula (1943)
House of Frankenstein (1944)
House of Dracula (1945)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Hammer
series
Dracula (1958)
The Brides of Dracula (1960)
Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966)
Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968)
Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970)
Scars of Dracula (1970)
Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972)
The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973)
The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (1974)
Dracula
2000
Dracula 2000 (2000)
Dracula II: Ascension (2003)
Dracula III: Legacy (2005)
Parodies
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Batman Fights Dracula (1967)
Blacula (1972)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
Blood for Dracula (1974)
Vampira (1974)
Son of Dracula (1974)
Dracula in the Provinces (1975)
Dracula and Son (1976)
Love at First Bite (1979)
The Halloween That Almost Wasn't (1979)
Fracchia contro Dracula (1985)
The Monster Squad (1987)
Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf (1988)
Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995)
Monster Mash (1995)
Monster Mash (2000)
Zora the Vampire (2000)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)
Other
Dracula's Death (1921)
Nosferatu (1922)
The Return of the Vampire (1943)
Drakula İstanbul'da (1953)
Blood of Dracula (1957)
The Return of Dracula (1958)
Batman Dracula (1964)
Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966)
Dracula (1968)
Blood of Dracula's Castle (1969)
Count Dracula (1970)
Los Monstruos del Terror (1970)
Cuadecuc, vampir (1971)
Vampyros Lesbos (1971)
Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1973)
Count Dracula's Great Love (1974)
Count Dracula (1977)
Dracula's Dog (1978)
Doctor Dracula (1978)
Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979)
Dracula (1979)
Nocturna: Granddaughter of Dracula (1979)
Dracula's Widow (1988)
To Die For (1989)
Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat (1989)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
Nadja (1994)
Shadow of the Vampire (2000)
Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula (2000)
Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary (2002)
Dracula (2002)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
Dracula 3000 (2004)
The Vulture's Eye (2004)
Blade: Trinity (2004)
The Batman vs. Dracula (2005)
Bram Stoker's Dracula's Curse (2006)
Dracula (2006)
Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest (2008)
The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice (2008)
House of the Wolf Man (2009)
Young Dracula (2011)
Dracula Reborn (2012)
Dracula 3D (2012)
Saint Dracula 3D (2012)
Dracula 2012 (2013)
Dracula: The Dark Prince (2013)
Dracula Untold (2014)
Television
Series
Draculas ring (1978)
Cliffhangers (1979)
Drak Pack (1980)
Count Duckula (1988–1993)
Dracula: The Series (1990–1991)
Little Dracula (1991–1999)
Ace Kilroy (2011–2012)
Young Dracula (2006–2014)
characters
episodes
Dracula (2013–2014)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Episodes
"Treehouse of Horror IV" (1993)
"Treehouse of Horror XXI" (2010)
"Buffy vs. Dracula" (2000)
Other
novels
The Dracula Tape and sequels (1975–2002)
Anno Dracula series (1992–present)
Anno Dracula
The Bloody Red Baron
Dracula Cha Cha Cha
Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories (1914)
The Revenge of Dracula (1978)
Little Dracula (1986)
Dracula the Undead (1997)
The Historian (2005)
The Book of Renfield (2005)
Bloodline (2005)
Young Dracula and Young Monsters (2006)
Fangland (2007)
Dracula the Un-dead (2009)
Plays
Dracula (1924)
Dracula (1995)
Dracula (1996)
Musicals
Dracula (Czech musical) (1995)
Dracula: A Chamber Musical (1997)
Dracula, the Musical (2004)
Dracula – Entre l'amour et la mort (2006)
Dracula: the Musical (2010)
Dracula – L'amour plus fort que la mort (2011)
Comics
The Tomb of Dracula
Dracula (Marvel Comics)
Dracula (Dell Comics)
Dracula Lives
Hellsing
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
Sword of Dracula
Batman & Dracula: Red Rain
Victorian Undead
Wolves at the Gate
X-Men: Apocalypse vs. Dracula
Purgatori
Video
games
The Count (1981)
Ghost Manor (1983)
Castlevania series
1986–present
Dracula
Dracula (1986)
Dracula the Undead (1991)
Dracula Hakushaku (1992)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1993)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld) (1993)
Dracula Unleashed (1993)
Dracula: Resurrection (2000)
Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary (2000)
Van Helsing (2004)
Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon (2008)
Dracula: Origin (2008)
Vampire Season Monster Defense (2012)
Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon (2013)
Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy (2013)
The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing (2013)
Drac's Night Out (unreleased)
Pinball
Dracula (1979)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1993)
Monster Bash (1998)
Other games
The Fury of Dracula
Castles
Castle Dracula
Bran Castle
Poenari Castle
Corvin Castle
Albums
Dracula
Dracula 2000
Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001
Perfect Selection: Dracula Battle
Transylvania
Van Helsing
Songs
"Love Song for a Vampire"
Audio dramas
Legend of the Cybermen
Related topics
Dracula in popular culture
Don Dracula
Transylvanian Society of Dracula
Dracula Society
Dracula tourism
Lugosi v. Universal Pictures
"Dracula/The Rose"
[show]
v
t
e
H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines
Characters
Allan Quatermain
Sir Henry Curtis
José Silvestre
Sequels & prequels
Allan Quatermain (1887)
Maiwa's Revenge (1888)
Allan's Wife (1889)
Marie (1912)
Child of Storm (1913)
The Holy Flower (1915)
The Ivory Child (1916)
Finished (1917)
The Ancient Allan (1920)
She and Allan (1921)
Allan and the Ice-gods (1927)
Films
King Solomon's Mines (1937)
King Solomon's Mines (1950)
Watusi (1959 sequel)
King Solomon's Treasure (1979)
King Solomon's Mines (1985)
Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold (1986)
King Solomon's Mines (2004)
Allan Quatermain and the Temple of Skulls (2008)
Related
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
[show]
v
t
e
Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray
Films
Dorian Grays Portræt (1910)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1913)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1915)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1916)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1917)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1918)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)
Dorian Gray (1970)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1976)
Dorian Gray (2009)
Adaptations
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1969)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Penny Dreadful (2014-2016)
Literature
The Happy Hypocrite
Dorian, an Imitation
A Portrait of Dorian Gray
Stage
Matthew Bourne's Dorian Gray
The Picture of Dorian Gray (opera)
Inspirations
John Gray
"The Oval Portrait"
Related
Dorian Gray syndrome
Cultural references
Adaptations
"Look Back in Anger"
Phantom of the Paradise
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 225724698
LCCN: no2004002971
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)&oldid=814262340"
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values: দ্য লীগ অফ এক্সট্রাঅর্ডিনারি জেন্টলম্যান – Bangla

values: Лигата на необикновените – Bulgarian

values: Det hemmelighedsfulde selskab (film) – Danish

values: Die Liga der außergewöhnlichen Gentlemen – German

values: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (película) – Spanish

values: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (filma) – Basque

values: انجمن نجیب‌زادگان عجیب (فیلم) – Persian

values: La Ligue des gentlemen extraordinaires (film) – French

values: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (filme) – Galician

values: Երևելի ջենտլմենների լիգա – Armenian

values: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film) – Indonesian

values: La leggenda degli uomini straordinari – Italian

values: ג'נטלמנים מובחרים – Hebrew

values: Filem The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen – Malay

values: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film) – Dutch

values: リーグ・オブ・レジェンド/時空を超えた戦い – Japanese

values: ਦ ਲੀਗ ਆਫ਼ ਐਕਸਟਰਾਆਰਡੀਨਰੀ ਜੈਂਟਲਮੈੱਨ (2003 ਫਿਲਮ) – Punjabi

values: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen – Portuguese

values: Лига выдающихся джентльменов (фильм) – Russian

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