text:
Leukopenia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Neutropenia
Synonyms
leukocytopenia, leucopenia
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Infectious disease, hematology
ICD-10
D70
ICD-9-CM
288.50
DiseasesDB
32396
MeSH
D007970
[edit on Wikidata]
Leukopenia (from Greek λευκός (leukos), meaning 'white', and πενία (penia), meaning 'deficiency') is a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) found in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of infection.
Neutropenia, a subtype of leukopenia, refers to a decrease in the number of circulating neutrophil granulocytes, the most abundant white blood cells. The terms leukopenia and neutropenia may occasionally be used interchangeably, as the neutrophil count is the most important indicator of infection risk. This should not be confused with agranulocytosis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes
1.1 Medical conditions
1.2 Medications
2 Diagnosis
3 References
4 External links
Causes[edit]
Medical conditions[edit]
Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as a cold or influenza. It has been associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production), stem cell transplant, bone marrow transplant, HIV, AIDS, and steroid use.
Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, Sjögren's syndrome and Lyme disease. It has also been shown to be caused by deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.
Pseudoleukopenia can develop upon the onset of infection. The leukocytes (predominately neutrophils, responding to injury first) start migrating toward the site of infection, where they can be scanned. Their migration causes bone marrow to produce more WBCs to combat infection as well as to restore the leukocytes in circulation, but as the blood sample is taken upon the onset of infection, it contains low amount of WBCs, which is why it is termed "pseudoleukopenia".
Medications[edit]
Certain medications can alter the number and function of white blood cells.
Medications that can cause leukopenia include clozapine, an antipsychotic medication with a rare adverse effect leading to the total absence of all granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils). The antidepressant and smoking addiction treatment drug bupropion HCl (Wellbutrin) can also cause leukopenia with long-term use. Minocycline, a commonly prescribed antibiotic, is another drug known to cause leukopenia. There are also reports of leukopenia caused by divalproex sodium or valproic acid (Depakote), a drug used for epilepsy (seizures), mania (with bipolar disorder) and migraine.
The anticonvulsant drug, lamotrigine, has been associated with a decrease in white blood cell count.[1]
The FDA monograph for metronidazole states that this medication can also cause leukopenia, and the prescriber information suggests a complete blood count, including differential cell count, before and after, in particular, high-dose therapy.
Immunosuppressive drugs, such as sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, ciclosporin, leflunomide and TNF inhibitors, have leukopenia as a known complication.[2] Interferons used to treat multiple sclerosis, such as interferon beta-1a and interferon beta-1b, can also cause leukopenia.
Chemotherapy targets cells that grow rapidly, such as tumors, but can also affect white blood cells, because they are characterized by bone marrow as rapid growing.[3] A common side effect of cancer treatment is neutropenia, the lowering of neutrophils (a specific type of white blood cell).[4]
Decreased white blood cell count may be present in cases of arsenic toxicity.[5]
Diagnosis[edit]
Leukopenia can be identified with a complete blood count.[6]
Below are blood reference ranges for various types leucocytes/WBCs.[7] The 2.5 percentile (right limits in intervals in image, showing 95% prediction intervals) is a common limit for defining leukocytosis.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nicholson, R J; Kelly, K P; Grant, I S (25 February 1995). "Leucopenia associated with lamotrigine". BMJ. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia induced by etanercept: two case reports and literature review". 52 (1): 110–2. PMID 22286650.
Jump up ^ "What causes low blood cell counts?". Retrieved March 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Managing a Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia)". Retrieved March 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/103/2/278
Jump up ^ http://ibdcrohns.about.com/od/diagnostictesting/p/testwbc.htm
Jump up ^ Specific references are found in article Reference ranges for blood tests#White blood cells 2.
External links[edit]
11-135a. at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Professional Edition
[show]
v
t
e
Hematologic disease: Monocyte and granulocyte disease (CFU-GM/CFU-Baso/CFU-Eos), including immunodeficiency (D70-D71, 288)
Monocytes/
macrophages
↑
Histiocytosis
Chronic granulomatous disease
-cytosis:
Monocytosis
↓
-penia:
Monocytopenia
Granulocytes
↑
-cytosis:
granulocytosis
Neutrophilia
Eosinophilia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Basophilia
Bandemia
↓
-penia:
Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis (Neutropenia/Kostmann syndrome
Eosinopenia
Basopenia)
PBD
chemotaxis/degranulation:
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
LAD1
LAD2
Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency
respiratory burst:
Chronic granulomatous disease
Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
[show]
v
t
e
Immune disorders: Lymphoid and complement immunodeficiency (D80–D85, 279.0–4)
Primary
Antibody/humoral
(B)
Hypogammaglobulinemia
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
Dysgammaglobulinemia
IgA deficiency
IgG deficiency
IgM deficiency
Hyper IgM syndrome (1
2
3
4
5)
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Hyper-IgE syndrome
Other
Common variable immunodeficiency
ICF syndrome
T cell deficiency
(T)
thymic hypoplasia: hypoparathyroid (Di George's syndrome)
euparathyroid (Nezelof syndrome
Ataxia-telangiectasia)
peripheral: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
Hyper IgM syndrome (1)
Severe combined
(B+T)
x-linked: X-SCID
autosomal: Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Omenn syndrome
ZAP70 deficiency
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
Acquired
AIDS
Leukopenia:
Lymphocytopenia
Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
Complement
deficiency
C1-inhibitor (Angioedema/Hereditary angioedema)
Complement 2 deficiency/Complement 4 deficiency
MBL deficiency
Properdin deficiency
Complement 3 deficiency
Terminal complement pathway deficiency
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Complement receptor deficiency
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Dodgers–Yankees rivalry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dodgers–Yankees rivalry
Los Angeles Dodgers
New York Yankees
First meeting
October 1, 1941
Yankee Stadium (original) (World Series)
June 18, 2004
Dodger Stadium (regular season)
Latest meeting
September 14, 2016
Dodger Stadium
Dodgers 2, Yankees 0
Next meeting
TBD
Statistics
Meetings total
78 (World Series: 65, regular season: 13)
Regular season series
Dodgers, 7–6
Largest victory
12–2, Yankees (World Series–October 15, 1978)
6–0, Dodgers (regular season–June 19, 2013)
Longest win streak
Dodgers: 2 (June 19, 2013–July 30, 2013)
Yankees: 2 (June 27, 2010–June 19, 2013)
Current win streak
1, Dodgers
Post-season history
1941 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–1
1947 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–3
1949 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–1
1952 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–3
1953 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–1
1955 World Series: Dodgers defeat Yankees, 4–3
1956 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–3
1963 World Series: Dodgers defeat Yankees, 4–0
1977 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–2
1978 World Series: Yankees defeat Dodgers, 4–2
1981 World Series: Dodgers defeat Yankees, 4–2
The Dodgers–Yankees rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees. The Dodgers are a member club of the National League (NL) West division, and the Yankees are a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The rivalry between the Dodgers and Yankees is one of the most well-known rivalries in Major League Baseball.[1] The two teams have met 11 times in the World Series, more times than any other pair of teams from the American and National Leagues.[1] The initial significance was embodied in the two teams' proximity in New York City, when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn. After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958, the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States, and since the 1980s, the two largest cities in the United States. The Dodgers currently lead the regular season series 7-6. Although the rivalry's significance arose from the two teams' numerous World Series meetings,[1] the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981.[1] They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004, when they played a 3-game interleague series.[2] Nevertheless, games between the two teams have become quite popular and draw sellout crowds.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 While in New York
1.1 A new team in town, new stadiums built, Subway Series established
1.2 1941: First meeting between the Bronx Bombers and "Dem Bums"
1.3 1947-53: "Wait 'til next year!"
1.4 1955: "This IS next year!"
1.5 1956: A "perfect" rematch
2 Dodgers move to Los Angeles
2.1 1963: Los Angeles Dodger win
3 World Series appearances in the 1970s and 1981
3.1 1977: The Bronx is Burning
3.2 1978: Bucky Dent's Playoffs
3.3 1981: Changing of the Guard
4 Rivalry in the 21st Century
4.1 First Interleague matchup
4.2 The Yankee Years controversy
4.3 Back to the Bronx
5 See also
5.1 Histories
6 References
While in New York[edit]
A new team in town, new stadiums built, Subway Series established[edit]
Main articles: Subway Series and Giants–Yankees rivalry
At the dawn of the 20th century, the American League was in its infancy, and one of its charter franchises (which would eventually become the Yankees) was the original Baltimore Orioles. The league, however, recognized that it required a presence in New York City, the country's largest market, in order to survive. Hence, it moved the Orioles to New York, which was already the home of two National League franchises, the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants. The new team was eventually called the New York Highlanders due to their home field being Hilltop Park from 1903–1912.
After the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play at Hilltop Park when the latter's home stadium, the Polo Grounds, was undergoing reconstruction from a fire, the Giants invited the Highlanders to share the Polo Grounds with them. Since the Highlanders were no longer playing at higher elevations, they changed their name to the New York Yankees. The Dodgers also opened up their new field, Ebbets Field, in Brooklyn. Their opening game at the stadium was an exhibition game against the Highlanders on April 5, 1913 where future Yankee manager Casey Stengel had the game-winning hit for the Dodgers. The Highlanders would officially be called the Yankees later that year.
In 1920, the Giants notified the Yankees that they would have to find a new stadium of their own for the 1921 season.[4] The Giants rescinded that eviction notice and allowed the Yankees to stay until the end of the 1922 season, when the Giants renovated the Polo Grounds and increased seating capacity from 38,000 to 50,000.[4] Before that however, the 1921 World Series between the Giants and Yankees became the first Subway Series, as match-ups between the Dodgers and the Giants were not referred to as Subway Series. After losing to the Giants in that World Series and again the following year, the Yankees moved across the Harlem River to the original Yankee Stadium in the Bronx, where they captured their first ever World Series from the Giants in 1923.
1941: First meeting between the Bronx Bombers and "Dem Bums"[edit]
Main article: 1941 World Series
The rivalry between the Yankees and Brooklyn Dodgers began when the teams first met in the 1941 World Series. In Game 4, with the Yankees leading the series two games to one, the Dodgers led by one going to the top of the ninth inning and, with two outs, just barely missed getting the third out and wound up losing the game. With two outs, the Yankees' Tommy Henrich swung and missed with two strikes, but reached on a passed ball, as Dodger catcher Mickey Owen failed to hold on to the pitch. Henrich reached first base on the play. Owen recalled the incident:
It was a great breaking curve that I should have had, but I guess the ball hit the side of my glove. It got away from me, and by the time I got hold of it, near the corner of the Brooklyn dugout, I couldn't have thrown anybody out at first.[5]
Joe DiMaggio followed Henrich's at bat with a single before Charlie Keller hit a double to drive in both Henrich and DiMaggio and give the Yankees a 5-4 lead. After Bill Dickey walked, he and Keller scored on a Joe Gordon double to make the final score 7-4. The next day, the Yankees clinched the first series match-up between the two teams in the start of what would become a long-lasting rivalry.
1947-53: "Wait 'til next year!"[edit]
Main articles: 1947 World Series, 1949 World Series, 1952 World Series, and 1953 World Series
Six years later, the 1947 World Series had a dramatic moment in Game 6. The Dodgers' Al Gionfriddo was placed in left field for defensive purposes and robbed Joe DiMaggio of a game-tying three-run home run. DiMaggio was visibly disgusted by the outcome of the play when rounding the bases in one of the few emotional displays of his career. The Dodgers won the game and forced a do-or-die Game 7, only to fall.
Dazzling defensive plays would be seen again, this time by the Yankees in the 1952 contest, as Billy Martin came outside the camera coverage area to catch a pop-fly after Brooklyn had threatened to take the lead in Game 7. Martin would go on to be the hero once more in the 1953 series with a series record 12 hits, including the winning hit of the series-clinching game off of Clem Labine.
Brooklyn signed Jackie Robinson to not only break the color line, but to bolster the lineup. Robinson, along with outfielder Duke Snider and pitcher Don Newcombe, sparked Brooklyn to four National League pennants between 1947 and 1953. Each and every time during this period, however, the World Series ended in heartbreak for the Dodgers and gave the Dodger fans their rallying cry: "Wait 'til next year!"[6]
During the 1953 World Series, long time Dodgers announcer Red Barber refused to man the broadcast booth due to a compensation dispute with Gillette. Barber jumped ship to the Yankees and joined Mel Allen to call the games for the Yankees. Struggling to find a replacement, the Dodgers gave the call to a 25-year-old named Vin Scully, the youngest man to ever call a World Series game for a major network. Scully would go on to continue as a Dodgers broadcaster for another 6 decades.
1955: "This IS next year!"[edit]
Main article: 1955 World Series
Finally, in 1955 the Dodgers reversed matters, prevailing over the Yankees in seven games to win their only World Series in Brooklyn.[7] Thus came the slogan, This IS next year.
1956: A "perfect" rematch[edit]
Main articles: 1956 World Series and Don Larsen's perfect game
Brooklyn fell short of repeating the next season, falling in seven games to the Yankees. That year's team suffered some ignominy in being on the losing end of Don Larsen's perfect game in Game 5, which was the first of only two no-hitters ever pitched in postseason play and the only in the history of the World Series.
In both the 1955 and 1956 World Series, the home team won the first six games of the World Series, but lost Game 7. It would not be until 1987 when the home team won all seven games of a World Series.[8] However, the Yankees would meet the unfortunate fate of being the first American League team to lose a World Series in which the home team won all seven games, in 2001.[8][9]
The 1956 World Series would be the last Subway Series of the 1900s and the last to include one of the National League's charter franchises.
Dodgers move to Los Angeles[edit]
1963: Los Angeles Dodger win[edit]
After the Dodgers' move to Los Angeles for the 1958 season, it would take them two dominating pitchers (Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale), a speedy shortstop (Maury Wills) and a great outfielder (Tommy Davis) to spark them to a pennant in 1963. They swept the aging Yankees (consisting of Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris, and Whitey Ford) in four straight games to win their second World Series since moving to Los Angeles, having won in 1959, with the Bronx Bombers not taking a single lead against the powerful Los Angeles pitching staff and being limited to just four runs in the entire series,[10] the very first meeting between teams from New York City and Los Angeles for a major professional sports championship.[10][11]
Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully said that although the Dodgers won four World Series titles in 10 years, he said that this championship was the biggest of those four because "the ultimate was not only beating the Yankees but sweeping them in four", but said that "to New York fans it was still the old Brooklyn Dodgers and there was a lot of bitterness toward them."[12]
World Series appearances in the 1970s and 1981[edit]
1977: The Bronx is Burning[edit]
Mr. October: Reggie Jackson hit three home runs in Game 6 of the 1977 World Series against the Dodgers to win the series for the Yankees.
After 14 years, sophomore manager Tommy Lasorda led a young Dodgers team to the 1977 World Series where they faced Billy Martin and the Yankees. The two managers were involved in a fist fight during the 1956 season while playing for the two teams they were now managing.[13] The Yankees were coming off a controversy ridden season. Furious at their loss to The Big Red Machine in the 1976 World Series, owner George Steinbrenner had signed slugger Reggie Jackson to the team. Jackson immediately created friction in the clubhouse between himself and Bill Martin as well as captain Thurman Munson, the defending AL MVP. New York City itself was going through a financial crisis under Mayor Abraham Beame and experienced the Son of Sam and a major blackout, all chronicled in The Bronx is Burning. Despite the controversy, the Yankees managed to play together and win the pennant to face the Dodgers in the World Series.
The Dodgers featured an infield of Steve Garvey at first, Davey Lopes at second, Ron Cey at third, and Bill Russell at shortstop, in addition to slugger Reggie Smith, and pitching duo (Don Sutton and Tommy John). In addition to Jackson and Munson, the Yankees had Bucky Dent and Graig Nettles, Cy Young Award-winning closer Sparky Lyle, young pitcher Ron Guidry, and speedsters Willie Randolph and Mickey Rivers. The Dodgers appeared primed to win the Series, but Reggie Jackson put on his "Mr. October" show as he hit three home runs in Game 6 off of 3 pitches to lead the Yanks to their first World Series championship since 1962.
1978: Bucky Dent's Playoffs[edit]
The next season, the Yankees won their division in thrilling fashion, thanks in large part to a timely home run from Bucky Dent in a one-game playoff against the Boston Red Sox. They went to the World Series for the third straight year where they faced the Dodgers for the second straight year. The Dodgers won the first two games of the Series thanks to rookie pitcher Bob Welch, but New York won the next four to take the 75th Fall Classic.
1981: Changing of the Guard[edit]
In 1981, the fortunes turned in LA's favor, as rookie pitcher Fernando Valenzuela won National League Rookie of the Year and Cy Young Award honors. But the Yankees had American League Rookie of the Year Dave Righetti (who was traded from the Rangers in exchange for Lyle) and daunting 1-2 relief punch of set-up man Ron Davis and closer Rich Gossage. The Yankees won the first two contests, but LA, led by Valenzuela and first baseman Steve Garvey, won the next four to claim their first World Series title since 1965 in a strike-shortened season.[10][14] Fallout from the series would eventually have Reggie Jackson be controversially dismissed a bit later and owner George Steinbrenner to start a public feud with Dave Winfield, who had a dismal performance in the series.[15] After the series ended, Steinbrenner issued a public apology to the City of New York for his team's performance, while at the same time assuring the fans that plans to put the team together for 1982 would begin immediately.[16][17] The Yankee owner was criticized heartily by players and press alike for doing so, as most people felt losing in the World Series was not something that needed to be apologized for.[7]
Lasorda said of the revenge for what Jackson did to the Dodgers in 1977 and 1978: "We were suffering and the guy was making a fool out of us. I was hoping and praying we would get another shot at him."[12]
This led to the Yankees not winning a World Series in the 1980s, the only decade they would not have won a championship since moving to the Bronx.[15][18][19] In contrast, the Dodgers were able to defeat the Oakland Athletics in the 1988 World Series.[20][21] It would be their last post-season meeting to date, the last time ever the Dodgers visited the old Yankee Stadium, and the last meeting between teams from New York City and Los Angeles for a major professional sports championship until the Rangers and the Kings squared off in the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals.[10][12]
Rivalry in the 21st Century[edit]
Yankees great Don Mattingly, then manager of the Dodgers.
Although the Yankees and the Dodgers haven't met in the playoffs since the 1981 World Series, interleague matchups between the two teams, whether in New York or Los Angeles, have become quite popular. Tickets in both cities have become exclusive shortly after going on sale and games between the two teams have drawn sell out crowds, as evidenced during the doubleheader at the new Yankee Stadium in June 2013, the first time the Dodgers visited the Bronx since interleague play was introduced and the first time they visited the new Yankee Stadium.[3]
First Interleague matchup[edit]
After 23 years of not facing the Yankees, LA hosted an interleague weekend series in June 2004 where they took two out of three contests. One ending had closer Éric Gagné strike out Bernie Williams for the final out. The third and final game was the ESPN Sunday Night game that weekend.
The rivalry was renewed when Joe Torre, who led the Yankees to four World Series championships, accepted a three-year, $13 million contract to manage the Dodgers on November 1, 2007.[22] He also brought along former Yankee first baseman Don Mattingly and Larry Bowa to his coaching staff. Coaches Rick Honeycutt and Mariano Duncan each played for both teams. Torre and left fielder Manny Ramirez, who had been a part of the fierce Yankees–Red Sox rivalry before being traded to the Dodgers mid-season, led the Dodgers to the 2008 West Division Pennant. The Yankees failed to make the 2008 Postseason, ending their 13-year consecutive postseason appearance streak with 12 of which were under Torre's.
The Yankee Years controversy[edit]
In 2009, Torre co-authored a book, The Yankee Years, about his time in New York that criticized principal owner George Steinbrenner and third baseman Alex Rodriguez.[1] The book cited that the term "A-Fraud" was used as a name for Alex Rodriguez's common nickname "A-Rod." The book specifically stated on p 245:
Back in 2004, at first Rodriguez did his best to try to fit into the Yankee culture – his cloying, B-grade actor best. He slathered on the polish. People in the clubhouse, including teammates and support personnel, were calling him ‘A-Fraud’ behind his back.
Torre would later explain the comments as being jestful and in good humor by Torre and Larry Bowa with Rodriguez.[23]
Both teams made it to the playoffs that year, but the Dodgers lost in the NLCS for the second straight year to the defending champion Philadelphia Phillies (whom the Dodgers beat in the NLCS in 1977 and 1978 before losing to the Yankees in the World Series in both years), who would lose to the Yankees in the World Series, giving New York their first championship since Torre left as manager.
The Yankees and Dodgers met again at Dodger Stadium for an interleague series from June 25–27, 2010.[1] Joe Torre and Don Mattingly played against the Yankees, who won the series two games to one, for the first time since joining the Dodgers and Torre's first meeting with Rodriguez since the writing of Torre's book.[24][25]
Back to the Bronx[edit]
Mattingly succeeded Torre as manager of the Dodgers after the 2010 season.[26][27] The Dodgers never played a regular season series at the original Yankee Stadium. The teams finally met up during the 2013 season.[28] The double header of June 19 was not just the Dodgers return to the Bronx after a long absence; it was also Mattingly's first return to the Bronx since he became Dodger manager (excluding Mattingly's visit to new Yankee Stadium on the night they honored George Steinbrenner with a monument in Monument Park).[29] Former Dodger pitcher Hiroki Kuroda won the first game for the Yankees while the Dodgers rebounded in the night cap behind the pitching of Chris Capuano. The two then split a 2-game series at Dodger stadium. Their most recent meeting occurred from September 12-14, 2016 at Yankee Stadium, where the Dodgers took two out of three games from the Yankees.
See also[edit]
Histories[edit]
Brooklyn Dodgers
Los Angeles Dodgers
New York Yankees
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Nightengale, Bob (June 25, 2010). "Oscars of interleague: Stars coming out for Yankees-Dodgers". USA Today. p. 4C.
Jump up ^ Antonen, Mel (June 18, 2004). "Dodgers play host to Yankees in classic old-rivalry series". USA Today. p. 1C.
^ Jump up to: a b "New York Vs. LA Can Be As Big As It Gets: 'It's Great For Hockey'". CBSLosAngeles.com. June 3, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2015. Interleague match-ups between the Dodgers and Yankees, in both markets, have proved to be largely popular, with tickets in Los Angeles becoming exclusive shortly after going on sale. A double-header in June 2013 in the Bronx also attracted sell out crowds at the new Yankees Stadium.
^ Jump up to: a b http://sabr.org/bioproj/park/58d80eca
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Larry (November 19, 2003). "Great Subway Series moments". ESPN Classic. ESPN Internet Ventures.
Jump up ^ Swan, Lisa. "Who's a Bum? For Once, the Yanks". New York: www.nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Dave (October 26, 2003). "Yanks Are Now 0-4 on the Brink at the Stadium". New York Times. p. 8.4.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Ben (November 5, 2001). "Diamondbacks 3, Yankees 2". Associated Press. The other two all-home victory Series were both won by Minnesota, 1987 and 1991.
Jump up ^ Olney, Buster (November 5, 2001). "In Final Twist, New York Falls in Ninth". New York Times. p. A1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barnes, Mike (June 1, 2014). "Stanley Cup Final: Kings vs. Rangers in L.A.-New York Championship Duel". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Branch, John (June 5, 2014). "New York vs. Los Angeles: Rivalry Revived". The New York Times. p. B11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dahlberg, Tim (June 3, 2014). "New York vs. LA a long time in the making, especially in hockey". FoxNews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Video". CNN. September 30, 1985. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (October 29, 1981). "Dodgers Beat Yanks, 9-2, To Win the World Series". New York Times. p. A1.
^ Jump up to: a b Curry, Jack (August 7, 1994). "Flashback to '81: Another Lead, Another Strike". The New York Times. p. A1.
Jump up ^ "Steinbrenner Makes an Apology to the Fans for How Yankees Played". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. October 29, 1981. p. G1.
Jump up ^ Gross, Jane (October 29, 1981). "Steinbrenner Issues an Apology to Fans". New York Times. p. B13.
Jump up ^ Costello, Brian (August 8, 2004). "'94 Yanks Cut Short". New York Post. p. 58.
Jump up ^ Amore, Dom (May 15, 2005). "Buck". The Hartford Courant. p. E8.
Jump up ^ "The Impossible Dream: Dodgers World Champs!". Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1988. p. 1.
Jump up ^ McManis, Sam (October 21, 1988). "It's a Title Out of the Blue". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Torre succeeds Little as Dodgers manager". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kepner, Tyler (February 4, 2009). "Torre Tries to Spin 'A-Fraud' Controversy". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Shpigel, Ben (June 28, 2010). "The Yankees Rally to Tie and Homer to Win". New York Times. p. D1.
Jump up ^ Costa, Brian (June 28, 2010). "Mattingly Refuses to Play the What-If Game". Wall Street Journal. p. A30.
Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken (September 17, 2010). "Mattingly to replace Torre as Dodgers' skipper". MLB.com. dodgers.com.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Dylan (September 18, 2010). "Dodgers: Changing of the Guard; Torre Out, Mattingly in As Dodgers Manager". Los Angeles Times. p. C1.
Jump up ^ "Dodgers Schedule (June 2013)". Mlb.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Joe Torre, Don Mattingly Among Those To Honor George Steinbrenner Tonight". bleacherreport.com. Bleacher Report. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
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New York Yankees 1941 World Series champions
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2 Frankie Crosetti
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2 Frankie Crosetti
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Los Angeles Dodgers 1963 World Series champions
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Manager
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2 Leo Durocher
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New York Yankees 1977 World Series champions
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6 Roy White
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11 Fred Stanley
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New York Yankees 1978 World Series champions
2 Paul Blair
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11 Fred Stanley
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54 Goose Gossage
Manager
21 Bob Lemon
Coaches
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34 Dick Howser
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Los Angeles Dodgers 1981 World Series champions
6 Steve Garvey
7 Steve Yeager (World Series MVP)
8 Reggie Smith
10 Ron Cey (World Series MVP)
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14 Mike Scioscia
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Manager
2 Tommy Lasorda
Coaches
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Forbidden fruit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Forbidden fruit (disambiguation).
Depiction of the original sin by Pieter Paul Rubens
Forbidden fruit is a phrase that originates from the Book of Genesis concerning Adam and Eve in Genesis 2:16–17. In the narrative, Adam and Eve eat the fruit of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden, which they had been commanded not to do by God. As a metaphor, the phrase typically refers to any indulgence or pleasure that is considered illegal or immoral.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical narrative
2 Identifications and depictions
2.1 Quince
2.2 Apple
2.3 Grape
2.4 Fig
2.5 Pomegranate
2.6 Wheat
2.7 Mushroom
3 Parallel concepts
3.1 Ancient Greeks
4 Other views
4.1 Islamic tradition
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Biblical narrative[edit]
Main articles: Tree of the knowledge of good and evil and Original sin
The narrative of the Book of Genesis places the first man and woman (Adam and Eve) in a garden where they may eat the fruit of many trees but are forbidden by God to eat from the "tree of knowledge of good and evil".
And Jehovah God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.
—  Genesis 2:16–17[1]
In Genesis 3, a serpent tempts the woman:
And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: for God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as God, knowing good and evil.
—  Genesis 3:4–5[2]
Desiring this wisdom, the woman eats the forbidden fruit and gives some to the man who also eats it. They become aware of their "nakedness" and make fig-leaf clothes, and hide themselves when God approaches. God curses the man and woman (and the serpent), and expels them from the garden and thereby from eternal life.
Identifications and depictions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The word fruit appears in Hebrew as פֶּ֫רִי (pərî ). As to which fruit may have been the fabled forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden, possibilities include grape, pomegranate,[3] fig,[4] carob,[3] etrog or citron,[3] pear, mushrooms, and quince. The pseudepigraphic Book of Enoch describes the tree of knowledge: "It was like a species of the Tamarind tree, bearing fruit which resembled grapes extremely fine; and its fragrance extended to a considerable distance. I exclaimed, How beautiful is this tree, and how delightful is its appearance!" (1 Enoch 31:4).
An alternative view is that the forbidden fruit is metaphorical, possibly the fruit of the womb, i.e. sex and procreation from the tree of life. In his Autobiography of a Yogi, Hindu spiritual teacher Paramhansa Yogananda cites an interpretation by his master Swami Sri Yuktiswar that the Garden of Eden refers to man's body, with the fruit in the center being that of the sexual organs.[5]
Quince[edit]
Apple[edit]
In Western Europe, the fruit was often depicted as an apple. This was possibly because of a misunderstanding of – or a pun on – mălum, a native Latin noun which means evil (from the adjective malus), and mālum, another Latin noun, borrowed from Greek μῆλον, which means apple. In the Vulgate, Genesis 2:17 describes the tree as de ligno autem scientiae boni et mali : "but of the tree [literally wood ] of knowledge of good and evil" (mali here is the genitive of malum).
The larynx, specifically the laryngeal prominence that joins the thyroid cartilage, in the human throat is noticeably more prominent in males and was consequently called an Adam's apple, from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit getting stuck in Adam's throat as he swallowed it.[6]
Grape[edit]
Rabbi Meir says that the fruit was a grape, made into wine.[7] The Zohar explains similarly that Noah attempted (but failed) to rectify the sin of Adam by using grape wine for holy purposes.[8][9] The midrash of Bereishit Rabah states that the fruit was grape,[10] or squeezed grapes (perhaps alluding to wine).[11]
Fig[edit]
See also: Figs in the Bible
The Bible states in the book of Genesis that Adam and Eve had made their own fig leaf clothing: "And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves girdles".[12] Based on that reference, the forbidden fruit may have been the fig.
Rabbi Nechemia, based on the Talmud, supports the idea that the fruit was a fig, as it was from fig leaves that God made garments for Adam and Eve upon expelling them from the Garden. "By that with which they were made low were they rectified."[13]
Since the fig is a long-standing symbol of female sexuality, it enjoyed a run as a favorite understudy to the apple as the forbidden fruit during the Italian Renaissance. The most famous depiction of the fig as the forbidden fruit was painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti in his masterpiece fresco on the Sistine Chapel ceiling.[14]
Pomegranate[edit]
Proponents of the theory that the Garden of Eden was located somewhere in what is now known as the Middle East suggest that the fruit was actually a pomegranate, a plant indigenous from Iraq to the Himalayas and cultivated since ancient times.[15] The association of the pomegranate with knowledge of the underworld as provided in the Ancient Greek legend of Persephone may also have given rise to an association with knowledge of the otherworld, tying-in with knowledge that is forbidden to mortals.
Wheat[edit]
Rabbi Yehuda proposes that the fruit was wheat, because "a baby does not know to call its mother and father until it tastes the taste of grain."[7]
In Hebrew, wheat is "khitah", which has been considered to be a pun on "khet", meaning "sin".[3]
Although commonly confused with a seed, in the study of botany a wheat berry is technically a simple fruit known as a caryopsis, which has the same structure as an apple. Just as an apple is a fleshy fruit that contains seeds, a grain is a dry fruit that absorbs water and contains a seed. The confusion comes from the fact that the fruit of a grass happens to have a form similar to some seeds.[16]
Mushroom[edit]
A fresco in the 13th-century Plaincourault Abbey in France depicts Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, flanking a Tree of Knowledge that has the appearance of a gigantic Amanita muscaria, a psychoactive mushroom.[17] Terence McKenna proposed that the forbidden fruit was a reference to psychotropic plants and fungi, specifically psilocybin mushrooms, which played a central role, he theorized, in the evolution of the human brain.[18] Earlier, in a well-documented and heavily criticized study,[19][20] John M. Allegro proposed the mushroom as the forbidden fruit.[21]
Parallel concepts[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017)
Ancient Greeks[edit]
The similarities of the story to the story of Pandora's box were identified by early Christians such as Tertullian, Origen, and Gregory of Nazianzus.[22]
Other views[edit]
Islamic tradition[edit]
See also: Adam and Eve § Islamic tradition, and Original sin § Islamic view
According to the Quran, Surah Al-A'raf 7:19 describes Adam and his wife in Paradise where they may eat what is provided, except that they may not eat from one particular tree, should they be considered Zalimun (wrongdoers).[23] Surah Ibrahim 14:26 describes the forbidden tree as an evil tree that is forbidden for guidance.[24]
Surah Al-A'raf 7:22 describes the ˈibliːs (Satan) who misled them with deception, and then it was Adam who initiated eating from the forbidden tree. Then when they tasted of the tree, that which was hidden from them of their shame became manifest to them and they began to cover themselves with the leaves of Paradise. And their Lord called out to them: "Did I not forbid you that tree and tell you; Verily, Shaitân is an open enemy unto you?" (Quran 7:19). The Quran holds both Adam and his wife accountable for eating the forbidden fruit. As punishment, they were forced to leave the garden, banished from Heaven and sent to the Earth where they were forgiven after repenting.
See also[edit]
Grapefruit, originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.[25]
Apple (symbolism)
Pomme D'Adammo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Genesis Chapter 2". Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Genesis Chapter 3". Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Straight Dope: Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an apple?
Jump up ^ The Fig: its History, Culture, and Curing, Gustavus A. Eisen, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1901
Jump up ^ "Autobiography of a Yogi, Chapter 16, Outwitting the Stars (Paramhansa Yogananda)".
Jump up ^ E. Cobham Brewer (1810–1897). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. "Adam's Apple"
^ Jump up to: a b Berachot 40a; Sanhedrin 70a.
Jump up ^ Zohar Noah 73a
Jump up ^ The Zohar: The First Ever Unabridged English Translation, with Commentary; Rabbi Michael Berg, ed., Vol. 2, pp.388-390
Jump up ^ Bereishit Rabah 15:7
Jump up ^ Bereishit Rabah 19:5
Jump up ^ http://biblehub.com/jps/genesis/3.htm
Jump up ^ Berachos 40a; Sanhedrin 70a
Jump up ^ High Art: Were Botticelli's Venus And Mars Stoned? : NPR
Jump up ^ "POMEGRANATE Fruit Facts". www.crfg.org. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ James D. Mauseth (2014). Botany. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4496-4884-8. Perhaps the simplest of fruits are those of grasses (all cereals such as corn and wheat)...These fruits are caryopses.
Jump up ^ William Dudley Gray (1973). The Use of Fungi as Food and in Food Processing, Part 2. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-8493-0118-1.
Jump up ^ "Food Of The Gods (Terence McKenna) [FULL]". YouTube. 24 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "John Allegro, 65; Aided Deciphering of Dead Sea Scrolls", obit., NY Times
Jump up ^ John Marco Allegro: The Maverick of the Dead Sea Scrolls, by Judith Anne Brown, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company (1 March 2005), ISBN 978-0-8028-6333-1, pp. xii-xiii
Jump up ^ Allegro, John M. (1970). The Sacred Mushroom and The Cross: A study of the nature and origins of Christianity within the fertility cults of the ancient Near East. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. , re-released in a new edition by Gnostic Media Research & Publishing in 2009
Jump up ^ Charles W. Durham; Kristin A. Pruitt (eds.). "Reassembling Truth: Twenty-first-century Milton". google.co.uk. p. 37.
Jump up ^ Quran 7:19; "And O Adam! Dwell you and your wife in Paradise, and eat thereof as you both wish, but approach not this tree otherwise you both will be of the Zâlimûn (unjust and wrong-doers)."
Jump up ^ Quran 14:26: "And the simlitude/parable (مۡثَالَ )of an evil word is that of an evil tree uprooted from the surface of earth having no stability."
Jump up ^ Dowling, Curtis F.; Morton, Julia Frances (1987). Fruits of warm climates. Miami, FL: J.F. Morton. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0. OCLC 16947184. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Genesis 2:16–17 – English–Hebrew comparison at mechon-mamre.org
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values: The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (film)

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