text:
One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer
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"One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer"
Single by Amos Milburn
B-side
"What Can I Do?"
Released
August 1953 (1953-08)
Format
10-inch 78 rpm
Recorded
June 6, 1953
Studio
Audio-Video Recording, New York City
Genre
Blues
Length
2:54
Label
Aladdin (no. 3197)
Songwriter(s)
Rudy Toombs
Amos Milburn singles chronology
"Let Me Go Home Whiskey"
(1953) "One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer"
(1953) "Good Good Whiskey"
(1953)
"Let Me Go Home Whiskey"
(1953) "One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer"
(1953) "Good Good Whiskey"
(1953)
"One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer" (or "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer") is a blues song written by Rudy Toombs and recorded by Amos Milburn in 1953. It is one of several drinking songs recorded by Milburn in the early 1950s that placed in the top ten of the Billboard R&B chart.[1] Other artists released popular recordings of the song, including John Lee Hooker in 1966 and George Thorogood in 1977.
Contents
[hide]
1 Original song
2 John Lee Hooker version
3 George Thorogood version
4 Renditions by other artists
5 References
6 External links
Original song[edit]
Amos Milburn's "One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer" is a mid-tempo blues song, sometimes described as a jump blues,[2] with pop-style chord changes. It tells the story of a man who is "in a bar at closing time trying to get enough booze down his neck to forget that his girlfriend's gone AWOL, harassing a tired, bored bartender who simply wants to close up and go home into serving just one more round".[2] During the one break in the song, Milburn implores the bartender:
One more nip and make it strong
I got to find my baby if it takes all night long
One scotch, one bourbon, one beer
The song was a hit, reaching number two in the R&B chart during a fourteen-week stay in 1953.[1] The single lists the performers as "Amos Milburn and His Aladdin Chickenshackers" after his first number one single "Chicken Shack Boogie". Mickey Baker provided the guitar parts. Several of Milburn's contemporaries commented on his indulgence;[3] for his part, Milburn added "I practiced what I preached".[4]
John Lee Hooker version[edit]
John Lee Hooker recorded the song as "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" in 1966. Hooker transformed Milburn's song "into a vehicle for himself".[2] He used the storyline and chorus (but altered the order), but "edited the verse down to its essentials, filled in the gaps with narrative and dialogue, and set the whole thing to a rocking cross between South Side shuffle and signature boogie".[2] Part of Hooker's narrative included:
And then I sit there, drinkin', gettin' high, mellow, knocked out, feelin' good
About that time I looked on the wall, at the old clock on the wall
About that time it was ten-thirty then, I looked down the bar at the bartender, he said
'What do you want, Johnny?', one bourbon, one scotch, and one beer
Hooker's version is notated as a medium tempo blues with an irregular number of bars in 4/4 time in the key of E.[5] It was recorded in Chicago in 1966 with Hooker on vocal and guitar, pianist Lafayette Leake, guitarist Eddie "Guitar" Burns, drummer Fred Below, and an unknown bass player. The song was released on Hooker's 1966 The Real Folk Blues album and he later recorded several live renditions of the song. A live version with Muddy Waters' band recorded at the Cafe Au Go Go on August 30, 1966, has been described as "dark, slow, swampy-deep, and the degree of emotional rapport between Hooker and the band (particularly Otis Spann) [is] nothing less than extraordinary".[6]
George Thorogood version[edit]
"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer"
Song by George Thorogood
from the album George Thorogood and the Destroyers
Released
1977 (1977)
Recorded
1977
Studio
Dimension Sound, Jamaica Plain, Boston
Genre
Blues rock
Length
8:27
Label
Rounder
Songwriter(s)
Rudy Toombs
Producer(s)
Terry Manning and the Delaware Destroyers
Audio sample
file
help
George Thorogood recorded "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" for his 1977 debut album, George Thorogood and the Destroyers. His version is a medley of the song and another Hooker song, "House Rent Boogie",[7] which serves as a backstory to explain the singer's situation. According to Hooker, "He [Thorogood] told me he was gonna do that [and] I said, 'Okay, go ahead'".[8]
"House Rent Boogie" is written in the first person and details the events that transpire after the singer has lost his job. Unable to pay his rent and thrown out by his landlady, he tries and fails to obtain lodging at a friend's house. Lying to his landlady that he has obtained a new job, he gets access to his room and removes all his belongings. He then goes down to a tavern and repeatedly orders the three title drinks to drown his sorrows, staying until last call at 3:00 a.m.
Live recordings of the medley are included on Live (1986) and 30th Anniversary Tour: Live (2004). In the 1986 performance, as he is being evicted, he makes sure to pack up his "John Lee Hooker record collection" before he heads off to the bar. Both the studio version and the live version of "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" have been included on several Thorogood compilations, which list the songwriter as Hooker.
Renditions by other artists[edit]
A variety of artists have recorded versions of the song, including: Snooks Eaglin, Prince Jazzbo, Thurston Harris, Champion Jack Dupree, John Lee Hooker Jr., Marcel Zanini, Alfred Brown, and Admiral Bailey and Chaka Demus.
For the "Blame It on the Alcohol" episode of the television series Glee, characters Will Schuester (played by Matthew Morrison) and Shannon Beiste (played by Dot-Marie Jones) sang the song at a honky tonk bar.
Bob Rivers recorded a parody version called "One Turban, One Scot, One Queer".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (1988). Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Record Research. p. 290. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Murray, Charles Shaar (2002). Boogie Man: The Adventures of John Lee Hooker in the American Twentieth Century. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-0-312-27006-3.
Jump up ^ Murray 2002, p. 312. "He [Milburn] was a good man, stayed drunk a-a-a-a-l-l the time. Nice gentleman, though".
Jump up ^ Laredo, Joseph F. (1993). The Best of Amos Milburn: Down the Road Apiece (CD booklet). Amos Milburn. EMI America. p. 3. 243 8 27229 2.
Jump up ^ The Blues. Hal Leonard. 1995. pp. 162–63. ISBN 0-7935-5259-1.
Jump up ^ Murray 2002, p. 312–322.
Jump up ^ Poling, Dean (March 19, 2010). "Bad to the Funny Bone: A Strange Conversation with George Thorogood". Valdosta Daily Times. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Murray 2002, p. 441.
External links[edit]
George Thorogood Live in Boston, 1982 version Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
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e
John Lee Hooker
Studio albums
1960
That's My Story
1966
It Serves You Right to Suffer
1971
Hooker 'n Heat
1971
Endless Boogie
1972
Never Get Out of These Blues Alive
1989
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1991
Mr. Lucky
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1966
"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer"
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1971
"Meet Me in the Bottom"
"Roll and Tumble"
1974
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?"
1987
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1991
"I Cover the Waterfront"
1997
"The Healing Game"
"Red House"
Related articles
Talking blues
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The Iron Man: The Musical by Pete Townshend
[show]
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George Thorogood and the Destroyers
Studio albums
George Thorogood and the Destroyers
Move It On Over
Better Than the Rest
More George Thorogood and The Destroyers
Bad to the Bone
Maverick
Nadine
Born to Be Bad
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Haircut
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Live albums
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Compilation albums
Greatest Hits: 30 Years of Rock
Singles
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"Treat Her Right"
Songs
"Madison Blues"
"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer"
"Move It On Over"
"Who Do You Love?"
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Discography
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National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
President Harry S. Truman receiving a Thanksgiving turkey (this one a Bronze) from members of the Poultry and Egg National Board and other representatives of the turkey industry, outside the White House on November 16, 1949.
National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation is a ceremony that takes place at the White House every year shortly before Thanksgiving. The President of the United States is presented with a live domestic turkey by the National Turkey Federation, usually of the Broad Breasted White variety. The early years also included a joint presentation with the Poultry and Egg National Board. The ceremony dates back to the 1940s, with presidents occasionally sparing the bird presented to them; since 1989, during George H. W. Bush's first Thanksgiving as president, it has been an annual tradition for the president to "pardon" the turkey.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Selection process
3 List of turkeys pardoned
3.1 Reagan Presidency
3.2 Clinton Presidency
3.3 George W. Bush Presidency
3.4 Obama Presidency
3.5 Trump presidency
4 State ceremonies
5 Popular culture
6 Gallery
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
“If they’d given me a different answer on Charlie and his future, I would have pardoned him.” ―Ronald Reagan, 1987.
On various occasions, turkeys had been donated to the President as gifts from private citizens. Henry Vose, a Rhode Island turkey farmer, presented a turkey to the President each year from 1873 until his death in 1913.[2]
The official presentation of a turkey to the President each year began in 1947 under President Harry Truman, and many sources erroneously attribute the origin of the turkey pardon to Truman. However, the Truman Library says that no documents, speeches, newspaper clippings, photographs or other contemporary records are known to exist that specify that he ever "pardoned" a turkey; there are records that he publicly admitted to eating at least some of them.[1][3] The presentation was partially borne out of a lobbying campaign: the Truman Administration, in an effort to conserve grain for foreign aid campaigns, began promoting "Meatless Tuesdays" and "Poultryless Thursdays" in the autumn of 1947. Not only did American citizens quickly grow frustrated with the (voluntary, but strongly encouraged) restrictions and begin disregarding them in short order, the National Poultry and Egg Board, incensed at the attack on their industry, noted that not only was Thanksgiving on a Thursday (thus making the annual Thanksgiving turkey a taboo), but Christmas and New Year's Day also landed on a Thursday that year. A truce was called in the dispute in early November, before the Thanksgiving holiday, but "Eggless Thursdays" continued to be promoted for the rest of the year, meaning that pumpkin pie, another Thanksgiving staple, was still on the forbidden foods list.[4]
The Eisenhower Presidential Library says documents in their collection reveal that President Dwight Eisenhower ate the birds presented to him during his two terms. President John F. Kennedy spontaneously spared a turkey on November 18, 1963, just four days before his assassination. The bird was wearing a sign reading, "Good Eating Mr. President." Kennedy returned the massive 55-pound (25 kg) turkey to the farm, saying "we'll let this one grow."[5] Scattered reports in The Washington Post and Los Angeles Times referred to it as a pardon, but Kennedy did not refer to it as such.[6] Likewise, Richard Nixon also spared some of the turkeys given to him during his time as President.[7][8]
The first President on record issuing a "pardon" to his turkey was Ronald Reagan. Reagan had been sending the turkeys presented to him to farms and zoos since at least 1982,[8] and 1987's turkey, Charlie, was likewise headed to a petting zoo. At the time, Reagan was facing questions over the Iran-Contra affair, on whether or not he would consider pardoning Oliver North (who had yet to be tried for his involvement in the affair); Reagan conjured the notion of the turkey pardon as a joke to deflect those questions.[1][9] Reagan did not pardon a turkey in his final year as President in 1988, but his successor, George H. W. Bush, instituted the turkey pardon as a permanent part of the presentation beginning his first year in office, 1989, in response to the protests of animal rights activists.[2]
The phrase "presidential pardon" in that ceremony was apparently inserted by a speechwriter; Bush initially was indifferent to the terminology, saying "‘Reprieve,’ ‘keep him going,’ or ‘pardon’: it's all the same for the turkey, as long as he doesn't end up on the president's holiday table.”[8] Since then, at least one of the turkeys presented to the President has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life. For many years the turkeys were sent to Frying Pan Farm Park in Fairfax County, Virginia. From 2005 to 2009, the pardoned turkeys were sent to either the Disneyland Resort in California or the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, where they served as the honorary grand marshals of Disney's Thanksgiving Day Parade. In 2010, 2011 and 2012,[10] the turkeys were sent to live at Mount Vernon, the estate and home of George Washington; Mount Vernon stopped displaying and accepting the turkeys due to the fact that they violated the estate's policy of maintaining its own historical accuracy (Washington never farmed turkeys). The 2013, 2014 and 2015 turkeys were sent to Morven Park in Leesburg, Virginia, the estate of former Virginia governor (and prolific turkey farmer) Westmoreland Davis.[11] Virginia Polytechnic Institute housed the 2016 pardoned turkey[12] as well as the 2017 turkeys; Virginia Tech was chosen because of the college's poultry science program, and the National Turkey Federation wanted to begin a tradition of cooperation between the turkey industry and universities.[13]
Selection process[edit]
The turkeys are raised in the same fashion as turkeys designated for slaughter and are fed a grain-heavy diet of fortified corn and soybeans to increase the birds' size.[11] A flock of approximately 80 birds, typically from the farm of the current National Turkey Federation chairperson, are selected to be acclimated to handle loud noises, flash photography and large crowds; from the flock of 80, the 20 best-preened and best-behaved are chosen and eventually narrowed down to two finalists, whose names are chosen by the White House staff from suggestions by school children from the state where they were raised.[14] Thanksgiving turkeys are bred and raised to provide more meat than those of the 1960s. Turkey hens are usually marketed at 14 weeks and weigh 15.5 pounds (7.0 kg) when processed. This compares to the tom, which takes 18 weeks to reach a market weight of 38 pounds (17 kg).[15] The turkeys for the National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation are usually 21 week-old toms (males) weighing 45 pounds by the time of their White House visit, compared to the shorter growing period for turkeys destined for market.
Broad Breasted White turkeys are bred for size at the expense of longer life, making them prone to health problems associated with obesity such as heart disease, respiratory failure and joint damage. For many years, the pardoned turkeys were documented to have very short lives after their pardoning, frequently dying within a year of being pardoned;[11][16] for comparison, a wild or heritage turkey has a lifespan of at least five years.[17] The lifespans of the pardoned turkeys have steadily improved in recent years, frequently having lifespans of over two years and occasionally reaching three years of age, an improvement attributed to better choices of homes after the pardons; rather than serving solely as tourist attractions, the turkeys are now placed in the care of experts who make conscious efforts to maintain the turkeys' health for as long as possible.
List of turkeys pardoned[edit]
Play media
President Barack Obama grants the traditional turkey pardon to Liberty during the ceremony at the North Portico of the White House on November 23, 2011. Liberty was one of the few to survive more than a year after being pardoned.
Reagan Presidency[edit]
1987: "Charlie", the pardoned turkey, was sent to a petting zoo in 1987.[1]
Clinton Presidency[edit]
1999: "Harry the Turkey" is the first in the record of the formal pardon process to have been given an official name.[18]
2000: "Jerry the Turkey", a 45-pounder (20 kg) from Barron, Wisconsin. The pardoned turkey (the eighth in Clinton's presidency) and its unnamed alternate were both sent to Kidwell Farm's petting zoo in Herndon, Virginia.[19]
George W. Bush Presidency[edit]
2001: Liberty and his back-up Freedom, so named in the wake of 9/11 attacks. They weighed 48 and 52 pounds (22 and 24 kg), respectively.[20]
2002: Katie, the first-ever female turkey pardoned. The 30-pound (14 kg) bird bred by Ron Prestage, chairman of the National Turkey Federation, as well as alternate bird Zack. The turkeys were named after Prestage's children.[21]
2003: Stars and backup Stripes. [22]
2004: Biscuits and backup Gravy.
2005: Marshmallow and alternate bird Yam, raised in Henning, Minnesota. Beginning in 2005 pardoned birds were sent to Disneyland to live, and serve as the "honorary grand marshal" of that year's thanksgiving day parade, following concerns raised by animal rights groups that the birds had not survived for long. For the previous 15 years they had been sent to Frying Pan Farm Park near Herndon, Virginia.[23] Names were generally chosen in online votes taken at the White House website.
2006: Flyer and alternate bird Fryer, raised in Missouri.[24]
2007: 45-pound (20 kg) May and backup Flower, raised in Indiana.[25]
2008: 45-pound backup "vice" turkey named Pumpkin, after the number one turkey Pecan fell ill the night before the ceremony. Both turkeys were allowed to live.[26][27]
Obama Presidency[edit]
2009: Courage, a 45-pound turkey provided by the National Turkey Federation, and alternate bird Carolina, raised in North Carolina.[28]
2010: Apple, a 45-pound turkey from Foster Farms in Modesto, California; and alternate bird Cider.[29] Both had died of natural causes by Thanksgiving 2011.[16]
2011: A 45-pound turkey named Liberty and an alternate bird named Peace, both of which were raised in Willmar, Minnesota.[30] Peace survived until shortly before Thanksgiving 2012, when he was euthanized.[31] Liberty survived until being euthanized April 26, 2013 at the age of 2.[32]
2012: Cobbler and Gobbler, both 40-pound (18 kg) turkeys from Rockingham County, Virginia.[33][34] Gobbler died suddenly in February 2013; Cobbler was euthanized on August 22 of that year.[5][32]
2013: Popcorn, a 38-pound (17 kg) turkey from Badger, Minnesota. Popcorn won an online contest over its identically sized stablemate Caramel, which was also spared.[35] Popcorn died of heatstroke in summer 2014. Caramel survived much longer; it outlived one of the next year's turkeys and did not die until October 2015, spending most of its two years of life at Morven Park as the companion of a brown heritage turkey named Franklin.[36][37]
2014: Cheese and alternate bird Mac, both of which were 48-pound (22 kg) turkeys from Fort Recovery, Ohio.[38][39] Mac died of suspected heatstroke in July 2015; Cheese remains alive as of November 2015, with the surviving Franklin as its companion.[37] Cheese was implied dead some time before June 2017, as the Morven Park Web site mentioned only housing the 2015 turkeys by that time.[40]
2015: Abe, a 43-pound (20 kg) turkey again presented by Foster Farms. The alternate was 42-pound (19 kg) Honest.[41][42] Morven Park reported that both were still alive as of November 2016[43] and were still listed as alive on Morven Park's Web site in November 2017.[40]
2016: Tater and Tot, 40-pound and 39½-pound (18 kg respectively) turkeys from Storm Lake, Iowa.[44][45] Both were reported as still alive and healthy but showing signs of old age as of November 2017.[46]
Trump presidency[edit]
2017: Drumstick, a 36-pound (16 kg) turkey,[47] who was chosen over alternate Wishbone, a 47-pound (21 kg) turkey;[48] both were from Alexandria, Minnesota.[46] Two pre-slaughtered turkeys from Orefield, Pennsylvania were also presented, with those turkeys being donated to Martha's Table.[49]
State ceremonies[edit]
A number of U.S. states have similar turkey-pardoning events, including Minnesota.[50] The pardoning ceremonies have also been extended to other holidays; for instance, Erie County, New York's county executive facetiously pardons a butter lamb during Holy Week.[51]
Popular culture[edit]
In The West Wing episode "Shibboleth," when C.J. learns the alternate turkey is to be slaughtered, she appeals to President Bartlet to save it. He points out that he cannot pardon a turkey, as it had committed no crime and he has no "judicial jurisdiction over birds". So, he drafts the turkey into military service to spare its life. In real life, both the turkey and the alternate are spared.
The animated film Free Birds centers around a turkey who was pardoned, then is recruited to go back in time in an attempt to change history and remove turkey from the menu of the first Thanksgiving dinner at Plymouth Colony.
In David Mamet's play November, an incumbent president losing his bid for reelection uses the yearly tradition to extort the turkey manufacturers to add to his lacking campaign fund.
Gallery[edit]
President Harry Truman receives a turkey from a private citizen in 1946.
President John F. Kennedy spares the turkey presented to him, 1963, only three days before his assassination.
President Lyndon Johnson accepting a non-pardoned turkey, 1967.
President Richard Nixon spares the turkey presented to him, 1971.
President Gerald Ford accepting a non-pardoned turkey, 1975.
President Ronald Reagan accepting a turkey, 1983.
President George H.W. Bush at the 3rd annual pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey, 1991.
President Bill Clinton at the 11th annual pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey, 1999.
President George W. Bush at the 20th annual pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey, 2008.
President Barack Obama pardoned a turkey called "Courage" on November 25, 2009.
Obama, Sasha Obama and Malia Obama look upon pardoned turkey "Mac" in 2014.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hesse, Monica. 2007. Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend. The Washington Post, November 21. (accessed November 22, 2007).
^ Jump up to: a b Kirkpatrick, Melanie. The turkey pardoning tradition may have started with a raccoon. The New York Post (November 20, 2016). Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Cynthia. 2003. Did Truman pardon a Turkey? http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trivia/turkey.htm (accessed November 24, 2007).
Jump up ^ Humes, Michele (November 23, 2009). "The Way We Ate: The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie". Diner's Journal. The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bruce, Mary (November 22, 2013). Obama pardons turkeys ... then they die. ABC News. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Presidential turkey pardons not as long a history as you might think. NBC News. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lee, Jolie (November 25, 2014). Thanksgiving traditions: Turkey pardoning explained. USA Today. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Monkman, Betty. "Pardoning the Thanksgiving turkey". White House Historical Association. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ The actual, surprising origin of presidential turkey pardoning. MSNBC. November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ [1] NTF Chairman Presents President Obama with the National Thanksgiving Turkey]. National Turkey Federation. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Merica, Dan (November 27, 2013). Where pardoned turkeys go to die. CNN. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pardoned National Thanksgiving Turkey to Reside at Virginia Tech". The Roanoke Star. November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Korth, Robby. Trump-pardoned turkeys to live out days at Virginia Tech. The Roanoke Times. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ 10 things you didn't know about Presidential turkey pardons. Time. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ [2]
^ Jump up to: a b Fox, Lauren (November 23, 2011). 2010 Turkeys Pardoned By Obama Died This Year. U.S. News. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Definition of a Heritage Turkey". albc-usa.org. American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ History of Names. Note that this source cites this Wikipedia article as a source, but Harry's name was not listed on this article until after this page was posted.
Jump up ^ Staff and Wire Reports (November 22, 2000). "Clinton spares 'Jerry' the turkey in annual Thanksgiving rite". CNN.
Jump up ^ Bijal P. Trivedi (November 20, 2001). "Where Do Turkeys Go After Being Pardoned by the President?". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ Elisabeth Bumiller (November 27, 2002). "In New Spin on Tradition, Turkey Pardon Goes to 'Katie'". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Pardoned turkeys may not live happily ever after". cnn. November 26, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Bush sends pardoned turkeys to Disneyland". New Zealand Herald. November 23, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Bush Pardons Turkeys, But PETA Wants Better After-Care". Fox News. November 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Bush Gobbles Up Tradition In Turkey Pardon:Turkeys Head To Disney World". KERO. November 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Bush pardons Thanksgiving turkey". Associated Press. November 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Manuel Roig-Franzia (November 27, 2008). "Thankfully, Bush Never Had an Ax To Grind". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Peter Grier (November 25, 2009). "Obama pardons 'Courage,' the Thanksgiving turkey". Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ Heim, Joe (November 25, 2010). "At White House, President Obama's pardons prevent turkeys' 'shellacking'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Dave (November 23, 2011). Obama pardons turkey — unilaterally. The Washington Times. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ahlers, Mike (November 21, 2012). Pardoned turkey's death untimely? Only to the naive. CNN.com. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwab, Nikki (November 19, 2013). All of President Obama's pardoned turkeys are dead. U.S. News. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Obama to pardon Thanksgiving turkey. Associated Press. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ President Obama Pardons Turkey. United Press International, Inc. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jackson, David (November 27, 2013). "Obama pardons Thanksgiving turkey (and tells jokes)". USA Today. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Turkey Pardoned From Death By Obama Last Year Is Still Gobbling Up The Good Life. The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Klein, Kerry (November 25, 2015). The Post-Pardon Life of the Presidential Turkey. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Decision 2014 redux: Ohio turkey farmers narrow down choice birds for presidential pardon. New York Daily News. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kim, Eun Kyung (November 26, 2014). No Thanksgiving Mac and Cheese: Obama pardons turkeys in annual ritual. Today. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.morvenpark.org/explore/turkey-hill-farm/
Jump up ^ Wolf, Ali (November 20, 2015). Meet the Modesto Turkey Chosen for Presidential Pardon. Fox 40 Sacramento. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Turkey pardon saves Honest, Abe: Obama saves birds in time for Thanksgiving. Today. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/morvenpk/photos/a.184664231572350.37611.180696458635794/1231294596909303/?type=3&theater
Jump up ^ https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/11/22/president-obama-final-turkey-pardon
Jump up ^ Yes We Cran: Obama pardons turkeys for last time as POTUS
^ Jump up to: a b Dziemanowicz, Joe. Presidential turkey pardon prep underway and last year’s survivors ‘doing well’. New York Daily News. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seyler, Matt (November 21, 2017). "President Trump spares turkey in second pardon of administration". ABC News. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Minnesota-bred turkey heads to DC for a Thanksgiving pardon from President Trump
Jump up ^ "Trump will pardon his first turkey next week". CBS News. November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cassie Crowe & Becky Nahm (November 24, 2009). "Turkey Celebrates Pardon at State Capitol". kstp.
Jump up ^ Erie County Executive Pardons Butter Lamb. WGRZ (April 16, 2014). Retrieved April 16, 2014.
External links[edit]
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Official Web site of the presidential turkey
Official photo gallery of Presidents pardoning Turkeys
President Abraham Lincoln Pardoned Jack, the White House Turkey
Truman Trivia: Did Truman pardon a Turkey?
The Ungobbled Gobbler
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