text:
BET Awards 2017
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2017 BET Awards
Date
June 25, 2017
Location
Microsoft Theater,
Los Angeles, California
Country
United States
Presented by
BET Networks
Hosted by
Leslie Jones
Website
www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards.html
Television/radio coverage
Network
BET & Centric (simulcast partners)
Comedy Central
MTV
MTV2
Spike
VH1
Logo TV[1]
Runtime
3:02:45
← 2016
BET Awards
2018 →
The 2017 BET Awards was held on June 25, 2017, at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles. The ceremony celebrated achievements in entertainment and honors music, sports, television, and movies released between April 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017. The nominations were announced on May 15, 2017; Beyoncé led the nominees with 7, followed by Bruno Mars with 5. Beyoncé won the most awards with 5, including Album of the Year and Video of the Year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Performances
2 Presenters
3 Winners and Nominations
4 Special awards
5 References
6 External links
Performances[edit]
Artist(s)
Song(s)
Main show
Bruno Mars "Perm"
French Montana
Swae Lee "Unforgettable"
Post Malone
Quavo "Congratulations"
Migos "T-Shirt"
"Bad and Boujee"
Jessie Reyez "Figures"
Trey Songz "Nobody Else But You"
"Animal"
Chris Brown
Gucci Mane "Privacy"
"Party"
Mary J. Blige
A$AP Rocky "Set Me Free"
"Love Yourself"
Big Sean "Sacrifices"
"Moves"
"Bounce Back"
Khalid "Location"
Xscape "Understanding"
"Just Kickin' It"
"Who Can I Run To"
Future
Kendrick Lamar "Mask Off" (Remix)
Tamar Braxton "My Man"
Maxwell "Gods"
Roman GianArthur Tribute to Chuck Berry
"Johnny B. Goode"
Kamasi Washington
El Debarge Tribute to George Michael
"Careless Whisper"
The New Edition Story
Miniseries Cast
Tribute to New Edition
"Candy Girl"
"Sensitivity" (Ralph Tresvant)
"My, My, My" (Johnny Gill)
"My Prerogative" (Bobby Brown)
"Poison"
New Edition "Mr. Telephone Man"
"If It Isn't Love"
"Can You Stand the Rain"
SZA "Love Galore"
"The Weekend"
DJ Khaled
Quavo
Chance the Rapper
Lil Wayne "I'm The One"
Presenters[edit]
Solange
Yara Shahidi
Cardi B
Issa Rae
Jamie Foxx
La La Anthony
The Cast of Girls Trip (Regina Hall, Tiffany Haddish, with Jada Pinkett Smith and Queen Latifah)
Nomzamo Mbatha
Eva Marcille
Robin Thede
Trevor Noah
Demetrius Shipp Jr.
Logan Browning
Cari Champion
Deon Cole
Remy Ma
Irv Gotti
The Cast of Detroit (Algee Smith, Jason Mitchell, Laz Alonso and Jacob Latimore)
DeRay Davis
Karrueche Tran
Winners and Nominations[edit]
Album of the Year
Video of the Year
Lemonade – Beyoncé
24K Magic – Bruno Mars
4 Your Eyez Only – J. Cole
A Seat at the Table – Solange
Coloring Book – Chance the Rapper
Beyoncé – "Sorry" (tie)
Bruno Mars – "24K Magic" (tie)
Big Sean - "Bounce Back"
Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert – "Bad and Boujee"
Solange – "Cranes in the Sky"
Coca-Cola Viewers' Choice Award
Best New Artist
Beyoncé – "Sorry"
Bruno Mars – "24K Magic"
Drake – "Fake Love"
Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert – "Bad and Boujee"
Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane – "Black Beatles"
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk – "Starboy"
Chance the Rapper
21 Savage
Cardi B
Khalid
Young M.A.
Best Female R&B/Pop Artist
Best Male R&B/Pop Artist
Beyoncé
Kehlani
Mary J. Blige
Rihanna
Solange
Bruno Mars
Chris Brown
The Weeknd
Trey Songz
Usher
Best Female Hip Hop Artist
Best Male Hip Hop Artist
Remy Ma
Cardi B
Missy Elliott
Nicki Minaj
Kendrick Lamar
Big Sean
Chance the Rapper
Drake
Future
J. Cole
Young M.A
Best Duo/Group
Migos
2 Chainz & Lil Wayne
A Tribe Called Quest
Fat Joe & Remy Ma
Rae Sremmurd
Best Collaboration
BET Centric Award
Chance the Rapper featuring 2 Chainz & Lil Wayne – "No Problem" (tie)
Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert - "Bad and Boujee" (tie)
Beyoncé featuring Kendrick Lamar – "Freedom"
Chris Brown featuring Gucci Mane & Usher – "Party"
DJ Khaled featuring Beyoncé & Jay Z – "Shining"
Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane - "Black Beatles"
Solange – "Cranes in the Sky"
Fantasia – "Sleeping with the One I Love"
Kehlani – "Distraction"
Mary J. Blige – "Thick of It"
Syd – "All About Me"
Yuna featuring Usher - "Crush"
Video Director of the Year
Dr. Bobby Jones Best Gospel/Inspirational Award
Kahlil Joseph & Beyoncé Knowles-Carter (Beyoncé – "Sorry")
Benny Boom (Kehlani – "CRZY")
Bruno Mars & Jonathan Lia (Bruno Mars – "That's What I Like")
Director X (Zayn Malik – "Like I Would")
Hype Williams (Tyga featuring Desiigner – "Gucci Snakes")
Lecrae – "Can't Stop Me Now (Destination)"
CeCe Winans – "Never Have to Be Alone"
Fantasia featuring Tye Tribbett – "I Made It"
Kirk Franklin featuring Sarah Reeves, Tasha Cobbs & Tamela Mann – "My World Needs You"
Tamela Mann – "God Provides"
Best Actress
Best Actor
Taraji P. Henson
Gabrielle Union
Issa Rae
Janelle Monáe
Viola Davis
Mahershala Ali
Bryshere Y. Gray
Denzel Washington
Donald Glover
Omari Hardwick
YoungStars Award
Best Movie
Yara Shahidi
Ace Hunter
Caleb Mclaughlin
Jaden Smith
Marsai Martin
Hidden Figures
Get Out
Moonlight
Fences
The Birth of a Nation
Sportswoman of the Year
Sportsman of the Year
Serena Williams
Gabrielle Douglas
Simone Biles
Skylar Diggins
Venus Williams
Stephen Curry
LeBron James
Cam Newton
Odell Beckham Jr.
Russell Westbrook
Best International Act: Europe
Best International Act: Africa
Stormzy (UK)
Skepta (UK)
Giggs (UK)
Craig David (UK)
Wiley (UK)
Emeli Sandé (Scotland)
MHD (France)
Booba (France)
Wizkid (Nigeria)
Tekno (Nigeria)
Mr Eazi (Nigeria)
Davido (Nigeria)
Stonebwoy (Ghana)
AKA (SA)
Nasty C (SA)
Babes Wodumo (SA)
International Viewers' Choice Award
Rayvanny (Tanzania)
Jorja Smith (UK)
Dave (UK)
Changmo (South Korea)
Daniel Caesar (Canada)
Amanda Black (SA)
Remi (Australia)
Skip Marley (Jamaica)
Special awards[edit]
Lifetime Achievement Award: New Edition
Humanitarian Award: Chance the Rapper
Global Good Power Award: Yvonne Chaka Chaka
References[edit]
Jump up ^ sourcestaff (2016-06-25). "BET Awards Set To Go Live Across Six Networks Tomorrow". The Source. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
External links[edit]
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BET_Awards_2017&oldid=804821767"
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text:
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Battle of the Sexes I
Margaret Court vs. Bobby Riggs
Set
1
2
Margaret Court 2 1
Bobby Riggs 6 6
Date
May 13, 1973
Location
Ramona, California[1]
Battle of the Sexes II
Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs
Set
1
2
3
Billie Jean King 6 6 6
Bobby Riggs 4 3 3
Date
September 20, 1973
Location
Astrodome
Houston, Texas[2]
Battle of the Sexes III
Martina Navratilova vs. Jimmy Connors
Set
1
2
Martina Navratilova 5 2
Jimmy Connors 7 6
Date
September 25, 1992
Location
Caesars Palace
Las Vegas, Nevada[3]
In tennis, "Battle of the Sexes" is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman (or, in one case, a doubles match between two men and two women). Most famously, the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973, held at the Houston Astrodome, between 55-year-old Bobby Riggs and 29-year-old Billie Jean King,[4] which King won in three sets.[2][5] The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world; King's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women's tennis.
Two other matches commonly referred to as a "battle of the sexes" include a match held four months earlier in 1973 between Riggs and Margaret Court, over the best of three sets,[1][6] and one in 1992 between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, over the best of three sets and hybrid rules favoring the female player, dubbed "The Battle of Champions".[3]
At least eight other exhibition matches have been played between notable male and female tennis players, starting in 1888, though only some of them were referred to at the time as a "battle of the sexes".
Contents
[hide]
1 1973: Riggs v Court
2 1973: Riggs v King
2.1 Allegations of match-throwing
2.2 Effects on women's tennis
2.3 In popular culture
3 1992: Navratilova v Connors
4 Other matches of men against women
4.1 1888: Ernest Renshaw vs Lottie Dod
4.2 1922: Bill Tilden vs Suzanne Lenglen
4.3 1933: Phil Neer vs Helen Wills
4.4 1975: Challenge of the Sexes
4.5 1985: Battle of the Sexes: The Challenge! (doubles)
4.6 1998: Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters
4.7 2003: Yannick Noah vs Justine Henin
4.8 2013: Novak Djokovic vs Li Na
5 Challenges that never came to be
6 References
1973: Riggs v Court[edit]
Riggs had been one of the world's top tennis players in the 1940s; he once held the top ranking and had won six major titles during his career. After he retired from professional tennis in 1951, Riggs remained a master promoter of himself and of tennis.[7] In 1973, he opined that the female game was inferior and that even at his current age of 55 he could still beat any of the top female players.[8]
Riggs first challenged Billie Jean King, but when she declined, Margaret Court stepped in. At the time in 1973, Court was 30 years old and the top female player in the world. On the day of their match on May 13,[9] 5,000 fans came to a Mother's Day match in Ramona, California.[6][1] Televised by CBS Sports,[10] Riggs descended the stadium steps and presented Court with Mother's Day flowers, which she accepted while curtsying.[11][12] Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep Court off balance. His quick victory (6–2, 6–1) landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time.[6][13]
1973: Riggs v King[edit]
Paraphernalia from the Billie Jean King vs Bobby Riggs match
Suddenly in the national limelight following his win over Court, Riggs taunted all female tennis players, prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match in prime time on ABC that the promoters dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes."[14][15] The match, which had a winner-take-all prize of $100,000,[16] was held in Texas at the Houston Astrodome on Thursday, September 20, 1973.[2][17][18][19]
Riggs was given $50,000 to wear a yellow Sugar Daddy jacket during the match, which he took off after three games. Riggs also placed many bets on and invested a lot of money in the match.[20][21] King entered the court in the style of Cleopatra, on a feather-adorned litter carried by four bare-chested muscle men dressed in the style of ancient slaves.[5] Riggs followed in a rickshaw drawn by a bevy of scantily clad models.[22] Riggs presented King with a giant Sugar Daddy lollipop, and she responded by giving him a squealing piglet,[21][23] symbolic of male chauvinism.[2]
King, who also competed in the Virginia Slims of Houston during the same week, won in straight sets, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3.[5] In the first set, she fell behind 3–2 when Riggs broke her serve.[24] In a 2015 interview, she said that most people do not remember that she was initially behind in the first set, and it looked bad for her in the early going. At this point, King realized that she "had to win" given the importance of the match,[25] and broke right back and again in the tenth game to close out the set.[24] She had learned from Court's loss and was ready for Riggs' game. Rather than playing her own usual aggressive game, King mostly stayed at the baseline, easily handling Riggs's lobs and soft shots, making him cover the entire court as she ran him from side to side and beat him at his own defensive style of play. After quickly failing from the baseline, where he had intended to play, Riggs dropped his comedic effect and showed a more serious demeanor, as he was forced to change to a serve-and-volley game.[26]
A few critics were less than impressed by King's victory; she was 26 years younger, and some experts claimed that it was more an age versus youth game. According to Jack Kramer, "I don't think Billie Jean played all that well. She hit a lot of short balls which Bobby could have taken advantage of had he been in shape. I would never take anything away from Billie Jean—because she was smart enough to prepare herself properly—but it might have been different if Riggs hadn't kept running around. It was more than one woman who took care of Bobby Riggs in Houston." Before the match, however, King had forced the American television network ABC to drop Kramer as a commentator. King said, "He doesn't believe in women's tennis. Why should he be part of this match? He doesn't believe in half of the match. I'm not playing. Either he goes—or I go."[27]
After the match, Pancho Segura declared that Riggs was only the third best senior player, behind himself and Gardnar Mulloy, and he challenged King to another match. King refused.[28] Despite some of the comments downplaying the loss by Riggs (or victory of King), following the match Riggs was "devastated" and isolated himself in his hotel room for four hours.
The match had an audience of an estimated 50 million in the U.S. and 90 million worldwide. The attendance in the Houston Astrodome was 30,472;[2] as of 2012, it remained the largest audience to see a tennis match in the United States.[29]
Allegations of match-throwing[edit]
There was also widespread speculation, based on Riggs' unusually poor play and large number of unforced errors, that Riggs had purposely lost the match in order to win large sums of money that he had bet against himself, as a way to pay off his gambling debts.[30] ESPN's Outside the Lines on August 25, 2013 featured a man who had been silent for 40 years who said he heard several members of the mafia talking about Riggs throwing the match in exchange for cancelling his gambling debt to the mob.[30] On the other hand, the article says Riggs' close friend and estate executor Lornie Kuhle vehemently denied he was ever in debt to the mob or received a payoff from them. The article also quotes Riggs' son who claims his father felt he had made a terrible mistake and was depressed for six months following the match. Riggs wanted a rematch but not King. He considered suing her as a rematch had been part of the contract. King and Riggs would appear together spoofing their rivalry less than two months after the match on an episode of The Odd Couple (titled "The Pig Who Came To Dinner") and they became good friends.[citation needed]
Kramer wrote, however, that "Billie Jean beat him fair and square. A lot of men—especially around our age—were so stunned when he lost that they figured he must have tanked. Budge is convinced of that. But what motive would Riggs have for that? Bobby Riggs, the biggest ham in the world, gets his greatest audience—and purposefully looks bad? There's no way. If he had beaten Billie Jean, he could have kept the act going indefinitely. Next they would have had him play Chrissy on clay." Selena Roberts claimed in her book documenting the match, A Necessary Spectacle, that Riggs later undertook a public polygraph test to prove he did not throw the match.[31]
Effects on women's tennis[edit]
King viewed the match as more than a publicity stunt, feeling that beating Riggs was important both for women's tennis and for the women's liberation movement as a whole. She said later, "I thought it would set us back 50 years if I didn't win that match. It would ruin the women's tour and affect all women's self-esteem."[32] She believed that she had a destiny to work for gender equality in sports.[33]
Billie Jean was part of the Original 9, which formed the Virginia Slims Series, created because the women wanted to end inequality of pay between male and female victors.[34] These nine women created their own tournaments and played wherever they could. Eventually this turned into the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA).[33]
In popular culture[edit]
In 2001, ABC aired a television film about the match between King and Riggs titled When Billie Beat Bobby, starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver as King and Riggs respectively.
In 2013, New Black Films released the documentary movie Battle of the Sexes in cinemas, with television broadcast following soon after. It was directed by James Erskine and Zara Hayes. The film was released on DVD in 2014.
The 2017 film Battle of the Sexes, directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris, is about the King/Riggs match, and stars Emma Stone and Steve Carell as King and Riggs, respectively.[35]
1992: Navratilova v Connors[edit]
Nineteen years later, a third "Battle of the Sexes" match, entitled Battle of Champions, was played in 1992.[36] Outdoors at Caesars Palace in Paradise, Nevada, it matched forty-year-old Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, age 35. Navratilova had previously turned down invitations to take on John McEnroe and Ilie Năstase, as she considered them undignified.[37] The promoters initially tried to match Connors with the then top-ranked female player, Monica Seles. Connors called the match 'war.' Navratilova, on the other hand, called it a battle of egos.[38]
A pay-per-view telecast,[36][39] the match was played on Friday night, September 25, under hybrid rules to make it more competitive; Connors was allowed only one serve per point, and Navratilova was allowed to hit into half of the doubles alleys.[36][39] Each player received a $650,000 guarantee, with a further $500,000 for the winner.[39][40] Connors won 7–5, 6–2,[41] as Navratilova made eight double faults and 36 unforced errors. Connors, too, was nervous and there was a rumor that he had placed a bet on himself to win at 4:1.[42] According to Connors' book The Outsider, he placed a million-dollar bet that he would lose no more than eight games.[43]
Other matches of men against women[edit]
1888: Ernest Renshaw vs Lottie Dod[edit]
In 1888, the Wimbledon's men's champion, Ernest Renshaw, played a handicap match against the ladies' champion, Lottie Dod, where Dod was starting each game with a 30–0 advantage. The match was played in Exmouth, England, and ended with Renshaw's victory—2–6, 7–5, 7–5.[44]
1922: Bill Tilden vs Suzanne Lenglen[edit]
On May 27, 1921 Bill Tilden and Suzanne Lenglen played a match at Saint Cloud, France. It was only a single set but Tilden prevailed 6–0. When later asked about the match, Lenglen said, "Someone won 6–0, but I don't recall who it was."[45]
1933: Phil Neer vs Helen Wills[edit]
Former NCAA champion Phil Neer played a two-set match against Helen Wills on January 28, 1933, in San Francisco. Neer had been ranked nationally as high as No. 20 and had occasionally played mixed doubles with Wills. Wills had won at Wimbledon the year prior. Though Neer was only 32, Wills won the match 6–3, 6–4.[46][47]
1975: Challenge of the Sexes[edit]
October 26, 1975 a Challenge of the Sexes event was held in Mission Viejo, CA televised on CBS. It involved male and female athletes from various sports, such as Laura Baugh and Jane Blalock vs. Hale Irwin and Doug Sanders in golf, and Jerry West vs. Karen Logan in basketball. The tennis event pitted future Wimbledon champion Virginia Wade vs. Bjorn Borg, and Nastase vs. Evonne Goolagong. A single set was played where the men were limited to one serve and the women had the added area of the alleys for shot placement. Borg, Wade, and Goolagong entered the court in standard attire and demeanor, while Nastase entered wearing a dress. With Martina Navratilova also in the packed audience, Borg defeated Wade 6–2, but Goolagong defeated Nastase 7–5.[48]
1985: Battle of the Sexes: The Challenge! (doubles)[edit]
On August 23, 1985, at age 67, Riggs returned to the tennis spotlight when he partnered with Vitas Gerulaitis, at the time a top-20 player, to launch another challenge to female players. He challenged Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver to a doubles match. Navratilova said that she accepted because she believed she and Pam had no weaknesses when playing doubles, and that they were going to 'do a Billie' and win, especially given Riggs' age. The match took place at The Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Riggs' health had deteriorated somewhat from his last outing as he was now deaf and wore glasses. Moreover, because Riggs was a finesse player and not a power player, the women expected that defeating him would be easier than a retired power player.[37] Riggs' return was short lived when the women won 6–3, 6–2, 6–4.[49]
Mike Penner (of The Los Angeles Times) wrote: "The great misconception about 'The Challenge!' was that it might actually serve as a legitimate proving ground for the sexes." The sports writer went on to point out that there were things keeping this match from being seriously viewed as a legitimate challenge. "First, it was a doubles match, not a one-on-one competition. The strategy is different in doubles, weaknesses can be more easily masked and stamina is not nearly so critical a factor." The other point to be made: "Riggs amounted to a 67-year-old ball-and-chain shackled to the ankle of Gerulaitis. Riggs couldn't serve, couldn't return serves, couldn't hit overheads with any amount of force. Older than the combined ages of Navratilova and Shriver, Riggs was painfully out of place in this match. Even John McEnroe, on his finest day, would be an underdog against Navratilova and Shriver if Riggs were his partner."[50]
1998: Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters[edit]
Another event dubbed a "Battle of the Sexes" took place during the 1998 Australian Open[51] between Karsten Braasch and the Williams sisters. Venus and Serena Williams had claimed that they could beat any male player ranked outside the world's top 200, so Braasch, then ranked 203rd, challenged them both. Braasch was described by one journalist as "a man whose training regime centered around a pack of cigarettes and more than a couple bottles of ice cold lager".[52][51] The matches took place on court number 12 in Melbourne Park,[53] after Braasch had finished a round of golf and two shandies. He first took on Serena and after leading 5–0, beat her 6–1. Venus then walked on court and again Braasch was victorious, this time winning 6–2.[54] Braasch said afterwards, "500 and above, no chance". He added that he had played like someone ranked 600th in order to keep the game "fun".[55] Braasch said the big difference was that men can chase down shots much easier, and that men put spin on the ball that the women can't handle. The Williams sisters adjusted their claim to beating men outside the top 350.[51]
2003: Yannick Noah vs Justine Henin[edit]
In December 2003, Yannick Noah and Justine Henin played a friendly match at the Forest National in Brussels. Noah donned a dress for much of the match. He played predominantly trick shots and slices, but still ended up winning 4–6, 6–4, 7–6.[56]
2013: Novak Djokovic vs Li Na[edit]
In October 2013, Novak Djokovic and Li Na played a light-hearted exhibition mini set in Beijing, China to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the China Open. Djokovic clowned to the amusement of the crowd, and at one point swapped places with a ballboy. Li was given a 30–0 advantage at the start of each service game, and she went on to win 3–2.[57]
Challenges that never came to be[edit]
In 2013, Andy Murray responded to a Twitter user who asked whether he would consider challenging Serena Williams, saying "I’d be up for it. Why not?" Williams also reacted positively to the suggestion, remarking "That would be fun. I doubt I’d win a point, but that would be fun."[58]
In August 2015, John McEnroe was interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. At that time, McEnroe was 56 years old but still active on the seniors tennis circuit, Serena Williams was 34 years old and in the chase for a "calendar-year" Grand Slam. McEnroe mentioned to Kimmel that about 15 years prior, Donald Trump had suggested that he would like to put together a "battle of the sexes" match between McEnroe and Williams. McEnroe said he would face Williams but that Trump was not offering a big enough payout. McEnroe boasted that he believed he could take Williams in a tennis match, but he joked that he would not be so confident if it were a boxing match.[59]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Riggs "Courts" Margaret - then hustles a victory". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. May 14, 1973. p. 28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Billie Jean slam-bangs Riggs to defeat". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 21, 1973. p. 1, sec. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Martina's miscues aid Connors' win". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 26, 1992. p. 1B.
Jump up ^ Jares, Joe (September 10, 1973). "Riggs to riches - take two". p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkpatrick, Curry (October 1, 1973). "There she is, Ms. America". Sports Illustrated. p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkpatrick, Curry (May 21, 1973). "Mother's Day Ms. match". Sports Illustrated. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Daily Comprehension: February. Remedia Publications – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "How Bobby Runs and Talks, Talks, Talks". Time. September 10, 1973. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Husar, John (May 13, 1973). "Riggs challenges Court in tennis match today". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 3.
Jump up ^ "Can middleaged Bobby back up his big boast". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. May 13, 1973. p. 3C.
Jump up ^ The Battle of the Sexes. Performed by Amanda Edwards, Billie Jean King, Bobby Riggs. United Kingdom, 2013. Film.
Jump up ^ "Mother's Day Massacre: Margaret Court vs Bobby Riggs". YouTube. (CBS Sports). May 13, 1973. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Time Magazine Cover: Bobby Riggs—September 10, 1973".
Jump up ^ "Battle of the Sexes". Chicago Tribune. (advertisement). September 20, 1973. p. 5, sec. 3.
Jump up ^ "Riggs hopes to make it a King's ransom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (New York Times). September 20, 1973. p. 24.
Jump up ^ "Riggs already winner - for talking". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. September 20, 1973. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Markus, Robert (September 20, 1973). "'Hogston' turns into Roman circus". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 3.
Jump up ^ Kleiman, Carol (September 20, 1973). "Better sex wins". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 1.
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil (December 17, 2010). "Was the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs fixed?". The Straight Dope.
Jump up ^ "First look at their period tennis drama 'Battle of the Sexes'".
^ Jump up to: a b Berkow, Ira (July 27, 1982). "PLAYERS; RIGGS SEES DOUBLE". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Selena (September 20, 2008). "A ray of progress for women as Battle of the Sexes turns 35". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Greenspan, Jesse (September 20, 2013). "Billie Jean King Wins the 'Battle of the Sexes,' 40 Years Ago". History.
^ Jump up to: a b "King whips Riggs in straight sets". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. (Florida). Associated Press. September 21, 1973. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ "Billie Jean King." CNN Special Presentation—The 70s: Battle Of The Sexes. August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sport: How King Rained on Riggs' Parade". Time. October 1, 1973. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Buzinski, Jim. "King a True Pioneer, HBO Hits an Ace with Tennis Documentary". OutSports.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "USTA Northern California celebrates National Hispanic Heritage Month". USTA Northern California. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Riggs Vs. Billie Jean King". Essortment.com. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Natta Jr., Don (August 25, 2013). "The Match Maker". ESPN. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ A Necessary Spectacle. Roberts, Selena. Crown Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4000-5146-5
Jump up ^ Greenspan, Jesse (September 20, 2013). "Billie Jean King Wins the 'Battle of the Sexes,' 40 Years Ago". History.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Larry. "Billie Jean Won For All Women". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Billie Jean King." PBS. September 10, 2013. Accessed March 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jr, Mike Fleming (April 20, 2015). "Game, Set Match? Searchlight Serves Up 'Battle Of The Sexes;' Dayton & Faris Direct Emma Stone As Billie Jean King, Steve Carell As Bobby Riggs". deadline.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Connors, Martina get set for Battle of the Sexes". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 25, 1992. p. 3B.
^ Jump up to: a b Penner, Mike (March 10, 1985). "Navratilova, Shriver vs. Riggs, Gerulaitis: At Least, It's Different". The Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Meyers, Kate (September 25, 1992). "Serve them up in Sin City". EW.com. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Newman, Bruce (October 5, 1992). "Scorecard: Double faux". Sports Illustrated. p. 9.
Jump up ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE: TENNIS; Connors-Navratilova for $500,000". New York Times. July 29, 1992.
Jump up ^ "1992 Tennis Jimmy Connors Martina Navratilova B". YouTube. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Scorecard: Double Faux". Sports Illustrated. October 5, 1992.
Jump up ^ Cronin, Matt (May 15, 2013). "Connors admits to million-dollar bet in match vs. Navratilova". Tennis. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Conner, Floyd (2002). "Battle of the Sexes". Tennis's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Baseline Blunders, Clay Court Wonders, and Lucky Lobs. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-363-3.
Jump up ^ Conner, Floyd (2002). Tennis's Most Wanted. Potomac Books.
Jump up ^ "USA Today: This day in sports". Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ohnsorg, Roger (2011). Robert Lindley Murray: The Reluctant U.S. Tennis Champion. Trafford Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Goolagong ‘Conquers’ Nastase". New York Times. 1975.
Jump up ^ Sarni, Jim (August 24, 1985). "Women Win War Of Sexes". South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Penner, Mike (September 1, 1985). "Tennis: Navratilova Admits she is no match for men.". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How to... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon". The Guardian. September 2, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Serena Williams still savouring Andy Roddick 'win' 16 years on", OnTennis.com, posted January 22, 2009
Jump up ^ "Sister Act falls in Battle of Sexes". The Free Lance Star. January 27, 1998. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "How to... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon". September 1, 2001. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Dispatch Online". Dispatch.co.za. November 12, 2010. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gilbert says Henin no match for low-ranked men". Tennis X.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic, Li Na put on a show in Battle of the Sexes at China Open". Sports Illustrated. October 10, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hart, Simon (27 June 2013). "Wimbledon 2013: Serena Williams believes playing Andy Murray in a battle of the sexes 'would be fun'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Marszal, Andrew (21 August 2015). "John McEnroe: I could still beat Serena Williams". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
[show]
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text:
Here's Where the Strings Come In
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Here's Where the Strings Come In
Studio album by Superchunk
Released
September 19, 1995
Recorded
May 25 – June 4, 1995
Genre
Indie rock
Length
47:58
Label
Merge
Superchunk chronology
Incidental Music 1991–95
(1995)Incidental Music 1991–951995 Here's Where the Strings Come In
(1995) Indoor Living
(1997)Indoor Living1997
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
NME 7/10[2]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [3]
Spin 8/10[4]
Here's Where the Strings Come In is the fifth studio album by American indie rock band Superchunk. It was recorded at Fort Apache Studios from May 25 to June 4, 1995. The album was released by Merge Records on September 19, 1995.
"Green Flowers, Blue Fish" was originally recorded for the 1995 film Johnny Mnemonic. "Hyper Enough" is also featured in the video game NCAA Football 06 and the 2008 film Yes Man. The video for "Hyper Enough" depicted a dysfunctional Superchunk seeking help from a therapist.
Track listing[edit]
"Hyper Enough" – 3:31
"Silverleaf and Snowy Tears" – 5:16
"Yeah, It's Beautiful Here Too" – 3:45
"Iron On" – 3:51
"Sunshine State" – 5:00
"Detroit Has a Skyline" – 2:50
"Eastern Terminal" – 5:54
"Animated Airplanes Over Germany" – 4:13
"Green Flowers, Blue Fish" – 3:51
"Here's Where the Strings Come In" – 3:52
"Certain Stars" – 5:54
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Here's Where the Strings Come In – Superchunk". AllMusic. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Superchunk: Here's Where the Strings Come In". NME: 46. October 7, 1995.
Jump up ^ Wolk, Douglas (2004). "Superchunk". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 795–96. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ Rotter, Jeffrey (October 1995). "Superchunk: Here's Where the Strings Come In". Spin. 11 (7): 112–14. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
[hide]
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Superchunk
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This 1990s indie rock album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Gun laws in Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of Texas in the United States
Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 Firearms possession
3 Firearms carry
3.1 License to Carry
3.2 College Carry Laws
3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry
3.3.1 30.06 signage
3.4 Open Carry
3.4.1 30.07 signage
4 Castle Doctrine
4.1 Stand Your Ground
4.2 Civil Immunity
5 Motorists Protection Act
6 National Firearms Act
7 State preemption of local laws
8 See also
9 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Owner license required? No No
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine capacity restriction? No No
Carry license required? No Yes GC Ch. 411.172[1] Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.
Open carry? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.
Concealed carry on college campus? No Yes May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes LGC §229.001. State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.
NFA weapons restricted? No No PC 46.01, PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]
Peaceable journey laws? Yes Yes PC 46.02, PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).
Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.
Background checks required for private sales? No No
A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin, Texas prohibits concealed handguns. This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required, and is no longer enforceable under current law.[3]
Firearms possession[edit]
Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.
In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.
Firearms carry[edit]
There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.
License to Carry[edit]
The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.
The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]
This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.
"Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.
An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]
College Carry Laws[edit]
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]
While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)
30.06 signage[edit]
TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.
Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:
In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:
"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]
In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".
Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:
License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.
Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.
Open Carry[edit]
As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.
Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.
Exceptions to Open Carry
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]
30.07 signage[edit]
This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.
TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)
The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.
Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.
Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:
Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"
[16]
Castle Doctrine[edit]
On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).
Stand Your Ground[edit]
Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).
Civil Immunity[edit]
In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.
This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.
Motorists Protection Act[edit]
Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]
Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.
National Firearms Act[edit]
Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]
State preemption of local laws[edit]
Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law.
In 2015, the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law [26].
Furthermore, Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county (i.e. county legislative body) is not authorized to regulate the transfer, ownership, possession, or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms [27]
More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale, transfer, ownership, possession, etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7, Subtitle A, Chapter 229, Subchapter A [28]
Further Attorney General decisions also exist. For example, in August 1995 under DM-0364, Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun: "...we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks" [29]
Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm. [30]
See also[edit]
Gun violence and gun control in Texas
Law of Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Texas Government Code - Section 411.172". Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
Jump up ^ "NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas". ammoland.com. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "NRA/ILA Firearms Laws for Texas" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws" (PDF). Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23. ]
Jump up ^ "Welcome | License To Carry A Handgun | Texas.gov". Txapps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Texas: Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
Jump up ^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16, Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Texas CCW information" (PDF). Handgunlaw.us. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS – Agreements with other states". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "TEX PE. CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06: TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing". www.dps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30. BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Texas Legislature Online – History of Senate Bill 378". Capitol.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86. LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83. USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Texas H.B. 1815". Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on". Usacarry.com. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "DA warns handgun law won't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2005-08-30. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas". Texasgunlaws.org. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.411.htm
Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.235.htm
Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.229.htm
Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1995/pdf/dm0364.pdf
Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1991/pdf/dm0071.pdf
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