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Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
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Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, India
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Nickname(s): yes boss
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
Location in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, India
Coordinates: 16°18′N 78°59′E / 16.300°N 78.983°E / 16.300; 78.983Coordinates: 16°18′N 78°59′E / 16.300°N 78.983°E / 16.300; 78.983
Country
India
State
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
District
Kurnool, Guntur, Prakasam, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda
Established
1983
Area
• Total
3,728 km2 (1,439 sq mi)
Elevation
917 m (3,009 ft)
Languages
• Official
Telugu
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
Nearest city
Srisailam, Kurnool, Hyderabad (316 km (196 mi))
IUCN category
IV
Visitation
restricted tourism
Governing body
Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Project Tiger
Precipitation
1,000 millimetres (39 in)
Avg. summer temperature
43 °C (109 °F)
Avg. winter temperature
16 °C (61 °F)
Website
projecttiger.nic.in/nagarjunasagar.htm
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve is the largest tiger reserve in India . The reserve spreads over five districts, Kurnool District, Prakasam District, Guntur District, Nalgonda District and Mahbubnagar district. The total area of the tiger reserve is 3,728 km2 (1,439 sq mi).[1] The core area of this reserve is 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi). The reservoirs and temples of Srisailam are major attraction for many tourists and pilgrims.[2]
Contents
1 Geography
2 Ancient history
3 Modern history
4 Flora
5 Fauna
6 Threats
7 Villages
8 Management
9 Future
10 References
Geography[edit]
Map of Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
This reserve is located between longitude: 78°30' to 79°28' east and latitude: 15°53' to 16°43' north. Elevation varies from 100 m (330 ft) to 917 m (3,009 ft) above mean sea level
Average annual rainfall is 1,000 mm (39 in) The multipurpose reservoirs, Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar, are located in the reserve.
The area consists mostly of Nallamala Hills but varies from plains to precipitous cliffs. More than 80 per cent of the area is gently rolling to hilly. High hills, deep valleys and gorges are characteristic features. The hill ranges contain number of plateau of which Amrabad, Srisailam, Peddacheruvu, Sivapuram, Nekkanti are noteworthy.
Nagarjunasagar receives rains from the southwest monsoon which is active from second half of June to the end of September. After a dry spell of one month during October, the northeast monsoon becomes active. The wildlife is generally confined to plateaues during monsoon and in valleys during summer.
The perennial water sources are generally located in the valleys and the plateaus suffer from acute scarcity for water during summer. The Krishna river cuts its basin almost 200 m (660 ft) deep over a distance of 130 km (81 mi) through the reserve. There are several waterfalls in the reserve such as the Ethipothala Falls, Pedda Dukudu, Gundam and Chaleswaram.[2]
Ancient history[edit]
The ancient temples at Srisailam of Lord Mallikarjuna and his consort goddess Bhramaramba, an incarnation of Parvathi as the fair-complexioned boon from Brahma, contain one of the twelve sacred Shaiva Jyotirlingas and one of the eighteenMaha Shakthi peethas in India.
This area contains ruins of the ancient Nagarjuna Viswa Vidyalayam run by the great Buddhist scholar Nagarjunacharya (150 AD), a southern Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism who is believed to have been responsible for the Buddhist activity in the area. The site was once the location of many Buddhist universities and monasteries.
The ruins of a fort of the 3rd century BCE Indian ruler, Ikshwaku Chandragupta overlook the Nirjivapuram (Lifeless city) valley. The ancient fort of king Pratap Rudra of the Kakatiya dynasty and several other forts are visible on the banks of the Krishna River. An ancient 105 mi (169 km) wall constructed there by the Kakateeyas is an impressive historic feature.
This area contains several rock shelters and cave temples including: Akka Mahadevi Bhilam, Dattatreya Bhilam, Umaa Maheswaram, Kadalivanam, and Palankasari.[2]
Modern history[edit]
The Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Sanctuary was notified in 1978 and came under the protection of Project Tiger in 1983. The reserve was renamed as Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary in 1992. Before Indian independence in 1947, the southern half of the reserve was under control of the British in India while the northern half was controlled by the rulers of the princely State of Hyderabad, who maintained it as a hunting reserve for royalty and their guests.[2][3]
In 1983 there were 40 tigers in the reserve. The habitat suffered severely due to high frequency of poaching, grazing, fires and exploitation of trees and bamboo. Improvements in water resources, check dams, artificial troughs, new fire lines, salt licks and better protection has helped restore the habitat. In 1989 the tiger numbers were put at 94 an increase of 130% in 6 years. There was no other census till 1993 due to extremist interference in the area.present population of tigers by September 2016 is 110.[4]
Flora[edit]
The main types of forest biomes in the reserve are: southern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest, Hardwickia forest and Deccan thorn scrub forests with much Euphorbia scrub. Important plant species here are: Anogeissus latifolia (axlewood), Cleisthanthus collinus (odcha), Terminalia spp., Pterocarpus marsupium, Hardwickia binata (anjan tree), Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense or salai), Tectona grandis (teak), Mundulea sericea and Albizia spp. (silkplants).[2]
Fauna[edit]
The main mammals in the reserve are: Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, sloth bear, Ussuri dhole, Indian pangolin, chital, sambar deer, chevrotain, blackbuck, chinkara and chowsingha. Lesser fauna include mugger crocodile, Indian python, Naja naja, Ptyas mucosa, Bengal monitor, Indian Star tortoise and Indian peafowl.[2]
Threats[edit]
The presence of armed extremists in this forest is a serious problem to the effective management of this area and the tigers. The subordinate staff are scared to move freely in the interior and little communication exists. The forest is an oasis for five surrounding districts and meets their demand for timber and fuel. The smugglers operate in the interior areas and move timber to the plains.
There is a considerable grazing pressure on the fringe areas, that also affects the core. If not contained this pressure can make serious inroads into the core.
Attacks by tigers on cattle and humans are a problem that require solutions, and it all concerns the pressures on this natural resource.[4]
Villages[edit]
About 200 villages are situated in and around the reserve of which 120 villages are within the sanctuary limits. There are 24 villages in the core area of the reserve, comprising 557 families with a population of 2,285 mostly Chenchu people. 8,432 families with a population of 43,978 live within the sanctuary limits outside the core. 80 villages with 24,531 families consisting of 122,751 people live in the fringe areas. The overall population density of the reserve is 0.2 persons per km2. The population grew at the rate of 1.3 per cent over the inter-census period 1981-1991.
There are about 15,000 domestic animals in the villages in the core area. The annual growth is around 400. Livestock population in non-core part of the reserve is 43,350. Around 300,000 migratory cattle enter into the reserve from the plains, immediately after the onset of monsoons.[2]
One village has been relocated in 10 years. Efforts to relocate other villagers have been made but it is felt that these Chenchu tribals could also co-exist with the natural system since their needs are basic and simple. In this situation it is better to work with the people to protect the forest. There is a village on the Srisailam highway that is expanding into agriculture, and serious attention should be given to its relocation in the future, before major encroachments are made into the forest.[4]
Management[edit]
Administratively this Project Tiger circle has staff drawn from 5 adjoining districts and under prevailing rules they have to be posted in the area of their districts. If management strategies are to be strengthened all the buffer area must be in the control of the field director. The forest staff face serious obstacles due to the presence of extremists in the day-to-day management of the area and it is to their credit that they have managed to shoulder their work with courage. Low herbivore populations and the question of cattle lifting by tigers needs to be researched, and a detailed analysis of the prey base is essential.[4]
Future[edit]
The future plans of the park management include: water resources development, welfare measure for people, pasture plantations, bio-gas plants, solar pump sets, smokeless chullahs have been organised to some extent but much more is required through the offices of Project Tiger. Boats, jeeps and wireless networks are required to deal with smugglers and extremists. More pasture lands need to be created and a restocking of the denuded and depleted hill slopes is needed. Fire fighting squads need to be increased.
The park has an environmental educational centre that is functioning and will be enhanced further to increase an awareness to nature. Unless extremist activity is brought under control, serious management and research in this the largest Project Tiger reserve will suffer tremendously. So far no research project has taken place and without serious information the problems will not find solutions.[4]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve.
Jump up ^ http://nstr.in/facts.php?page=facts
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g National Tiger Conservation Authority. "Nagarjunasagar Tiger Reserve". Reserve Guide - Project Tiger Reserves in India. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India.
Jump up ^ "Mahboob Ali Khan's palace in Srisailam Tigers' Reserves neglected". Siasat Daily. 30 June 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e National Tiger Conservation Authority (1993). "Nagarjunasagar - Srisailam Tiger Reserve". PT status '93. Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
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Appius Claudius Caecus
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Appius Claudius Caecus
Born
340 BC
Died
273 BC (aged 67)
Memorial inscription of Appius Claudius C. F. Caecus, "Appius Claudius Caecus, son of Gaius."
Appius Claudius Caecus ("the blind"; c. 340 BC – 273 BC) was a Roman politician from a wealthy patrician family. He was the son of Gaius Claudius Crassus.[1] As censor he was responsible for the construction of Rome's first aqueduct and major road project.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 Censorship
1.2 Later
1.3 Literary output
2 Descendants
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Censorship[edit]
Appius Claudius Crassus was a censor in 312 BC, although he had not previously been consul which later was effectively a prerequisite for the office.[2][further explanation needed] He sought support from the lower classes, allowing sons of freedmen to serve in the Senate, and extending voting privileges to men in the rural tribes who did not own land. During the Second Samnite War, he advocated the founding of Roman colonies (colonia) throughout Latium and Campania to serve as fortifications against the Samnites and Etruscans.
Appius is best known for two undertakings he began as censor: the Appian Way (Latin: Via Appia), the first major Roman road, running between Rome and Beneventum to the south; and the first aqueduct in Rome, the Aqua Appia.[3] He also supported Gnaeus Flavius, who published for the first time a list of legal procedures and the legal calendar, knowledge of which, until that time, had been reserved for the pontifices, a college of priests.
Later[edit]
He later served as consul twice, in 307 BC and 296 BC, and in 292 BC and 285 BC he was appointed Dictator. According to Livy, he had gone blind because of a curse. In 279,[4] he gave a famous speech against Cineas, an envoy of Pyrrhus of Epirus, declaring that Rome would never surrender.[5] This is the earliest known political speech in Latin, and is the source of the saying "every man is the architect of his own fortune" (Latin: quisque faber suae fortunae).[6]
Literary output[edit]
Appius wrote a book called Sententiae, based upon a verse of Greek model. It was "the first Roman book of literary character".[4] He was also concerned with literature and rhetoric, and instituted reforms in Latin orthography, allegedly ending the use of the letter Z.[6]
Descendants[edit]
His sons included Gaius Claudius Centho and the first Tiberius Claudius Nero, (grandfather of the consul of 202 BC, Tiberius Claudius Nero). Centho, his son, was the consul in 240 BC and father of Appius Claudius Caudex and Publius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 249 BC and the first of the Claudii to be given the cognomen "Pulcher" ("handsome").
Appius Claudius Caecus is used in Cicero's Pro Caelio as a stern and disapproving ancestor to Clodia. Cicero assumes the voice of Caecus in a scathing prosopopoeia, where Caecus is incensed at Clodia for associating with Caelius, a member of the middle equestrian class instead of the upper patrician class. Caecus's achievements, such as the building of the Appian Way and the Aqua Appia, are mentioned as being defiled by Clodia's actions.
See also[edit]
Claudius (gens)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ George Converse Fiske (1902). "The Politics of the Patrician Claudii". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Harvard University Press. XIII: 26.
Jump up ^ Livy, ix.29.
Jump up ^ "The Romans: From Village to Empire: A History of Rome from Earliest Times to the End of the Western Empire" by M. Boatwright, et al. 2nd edition. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Boak, Arthur E. R. & Sinnigen, William G. History of Rome to A.D. 565. 5th Edition. The Macmillan Company, 1965. Print. pg. 95
Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/biography/Appius-Claudius-Caecus
^ Jump up to: a b James Grout: Appius Claudius Caecus and the Letter Z, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Appius Claudius Caecus at Wikiquote
Political offices
Preceded by
Publius Decius Mus II
and Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus III Consul of the Roman Republic
307 BC
with Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens Succeeded by
Quintus Marcius Tremulus
and Publius Cornelius Arvina
Preceded by
Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus IV
and Publius Decius Mus III Consul of the Roman Republic
296 BC
with Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens II Succeeded by
Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus V
and Publius Decius Mus IV
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 15580018
LCCN: nr95020971
GND: 11942598X
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appius_Claudius_Caecus&oldid=803931535"
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Bill (law)
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A graphic representation of the legislative procedure in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth Countries. (The names of Legislative Chambers vary throughout the Commonwealth.) In the circumstances of republics, Royal Assent is substituted with Presidential Assent.[citation needed]
A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature.[1] A bill does not become law until it is passed by the legislature and, in most cases, approved by the executive. Once a bill has been enacted into law, it is called an act of the legislature, or a statute.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
2 Preparation
3 Introduction
4 Legislative stages
5 Enactment and after
5.1 Approval
5.2 Afterwards
6 Numbering of bills
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
9.1 Hong Kong
9.2 India
9.3 Ireland
9.4 New Zealand
9.5 United Kingdom
9.6 United States
Usage[edit]
The term bill is primarily used in Anglophone nations. In the United Kingdom, the parts of a bill are known as clauses, until it has become an act of parliament, from which time the parts of the law are known as sections.[2]
In Francophone nations a proposed law may be known as a projet de loi or proposition de loi.
Preparation[edit]
The preparation of a bill may involve the production of a draft bill prior to the introduction of the bill into the legislature.[3] In the United Kingdom, draft bills are frequently considered to be confidential.[4]
Introduction[edit]
In the Westminster system, where the executive is drawn from the legislature and usually holds a majority in the lower house, most bills are introduced by the executive (government bill). In principle, the legislature meets to consider the demands of the executive, as set out in the Queen's Speech or Speech from the Throne.
While mechanisms exist to allow other members of the legislature to introduce bills, these are subject to strict timetables and usually fail unless a consensus is reached. In the US system, where the executive is formally separated from the legislature, all bills must originate from the legislature. Bills can be introduced using the following procedures:
Leave: A motion is brought before the chamber asking that leave be given to bring in a bill. This is used in the British system in the form of the Ten Minute Rule motion. The legislator has 10 minutes to propose a bill, which can then be considered by the House on a day appointed for the purpose. While this rule remains in place in the rules of procedure of the US Congress, it is seldom used.
Government motion: In jurisdictions where the executive can control legislative business a bill may be brought in by executive fiat.
Legislative stages[edit]
Main article: Reading (legislature)
Bills are generally considered through a number of readings. This refers to the historic practice of the clerical officers of the legislature reading the contents of a bill to the legislature. While the bill is no longer read, the motions on the bill still refer to this practice.
In the British/Westminster system, a bill is read the first time when it is introduced. This is accompanied by an order that the bill be printed and considered again. At the second reading the general merits of the bill are considered – it is out of order to criticise a bill at this stage for technical defects in drafting. After the second reading the bill is referred to a committee, which considers the bill line by line proposing amendments. The committee reports to the legislature, at which stage further amendments are proposed. Finally a third reading debate at which the bill as amended is considered in its entirety. In a bicameral legislature the process is repeated in the other house, before the Bill is submitted to the executive for approval.
Enactment and after[edit]
Where a piece of primary legislation is termed an act, the process of a bill becoming law may be termed enactment. Once a bill is passed by the legislature, it may automatically become law, or it may need further approval, in which case enactment may be effected by the approver's signature or proclamation.
Approval[edit]
Bills passed by the legislature usually require the approval of the executive such as the monarch, president, or governor to become law.[5] Exceptions are the Irish Free State from the abolition of the Governor-General in December 1936 to the creation of the office of President in December 1937, and Israel from its formation until today, during which period bills approved by the Oireachtas and Knesset respectively became/become law immediately (Though, in Israel's case, the laws are ceremonially signed after their passage by the President).
In parliamentary systems, approval is normally a formality, since the head of state is directed by an executive controlled by the legislature. In constitutional monarchies, this approval is called royal assent. In rare cases approval may be refused or "reserved" by the head of state's use of a reserve power. The legislature may have significantly less power to introduce bills on such issues and may require the approval beforehand. In Commonwealth realms the royal prerogative informs this. In the United Kingdom, for example, cases include payments to the royal family, succession to the throne, and the monarch's exercise of prerogative powers.
In presidential systems, the need to receive approval can be used as a political tool by the executive, and its refusal is known as a veto. The legislature may be able to override the veto by means of a supermajority vote.
Afterwards[edit]
A bill may come into force as soon as it becomes law, or it may specify a later date to come into force, or it may specify by whom and how it may be brought into force; for example, by ministerial order. Different parts of an act may come into force at different times.
An act is typically promulgated by being published in an official gazette. This may be required on enactment, coming into force, or both.
Numbering of bills[edit]
Legislatures give bills numbers as they progress.
In the United States, all bills originating in the House of Representatives begin with "H.R." and all bills originating from the Senate begin with an "S.". Every two years, at the start of odd-numbered years, the United States Congress recommences numbering from 1, though for bills the House has an order reserving the first 20 bill numbers and the Senate has similar measures for the first 10 bills. Joint resolutions also have the same effect as bills, and are titled as "H. J. Res." or "S. J. Res." depending on whether they originated in the House or Senate, respectively. This means that two different bills can have the same number. Each two-year span is called a congress, tracking the terms of Representatives elected in the nationwide biennial House of Representatives elections, and each congress is divided into year-long periods called sessions.[6]
In the United Kingdom, for example, the Coroners and Justice Act in 2009 started as Bill 9 in the House of Commons. Then it became Bill 72 on consideration by the Committee, after that it became House of Lords Bill 33. Then it became House of Lords Bill 77, returned to the House of Commons as Bill 160 before finally being passed as Act no. 29.[7][8] Parliament recommences numbering from one at the beginning of each session. This means that two different bills may have the same number. Sessions of parliament usually last a year. They begin with the State Opening of Parliament, and end with Prorogation.
In the Irish Oireachtas, bills are numbered sequentially from the start of each calendar year. Bills originating in the Dáil and Seanad share a common sequence. There are separate sequences for public and private bills, the latter prefixed with "P". Although acts to amend the constitution are outside the annual sequence used for other public acts, bills to amend the constitution are within the annual sequence of public bills.[9]
See also[edit]
Legislative act
List of legislatures by country (most legislature articles have information on their processes)
Resolution (law)
White paper
Bill (United States Congress) (stub created to clean up this article)
Private bill
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] - Education 2020: Government course; topic House of Representatives (USA), definition of bill: "A proposed law presented to a legislative body for consideration."
Jump up ^ UK Parliament http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/clause/. Retrieved 15 July 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Hilaire Barnett. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Second Edition. Cavendish. 1998. Page 537.
Jump up ^ Bradley and Ewing. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Twelfth Edition. Longman. 1997. Page 718.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "GovTrack: Search Legislation in Congress". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Coroners and Justice Bill 2008–09". Archived from the original on 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Coroners and Justice Act 2009" (PDF). Office of Public Sector Information. 12 November 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ For example, the list of Oireachtas bills for 2002 includes numbers 31 and 32 (constitutional amendments) 45 and 47 (originating in Seanad) 46 (originating in Dáil) and P1 (private).
External links[edit]
Hong Kong[edit]
Bills Committees of the Legislative Council
India[edit]
The Indian Constitution
Government of India Laws
Ireland[edit]
How laws are made
Find bills and acts (since 1922; partial)
Bills (since 1997; complete)
New Zealand[edit]
Parliamentary Counsel Office—Terminology: What are Acts, Bills, regulations, and Supplementary Order Papers (SOPs)?
List of current bills
United Kingdom[edit]
UK Parliament Guide: Passage of a Bill
BBC Parliament Guide:
Making new law
Types of bill
Bill procedure
First reading
Second reading
Commons committee stage
Lords committee stage
Report stage
Third reading
Passage through the other House
Royal assent
Delegated legislation
United States[edit]
Bills, Resolutions at THOMAS
Government 101: How a bill becomes a law at Project Vote Smart
Federal legislation at GovTrack
How a law is made at the North Carolina General Assembly
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