text:
Biblical apocrypha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a class of books included in some Bibles. For other books generally excluded from Bibles, see Apocrypha.
This article is about biblical books printed apart from the New and Old Testaments. For books whose inclusion in the Old Testament canon is controversial, see Deuterocanonical books.
Part of a series on the
Bible
Canons and books
[hide]
Tanakh
Torah
Nevi'im
Ketuvim
Christian biblical canons
Hebrew Bible
Old Testament (OT)
New Testament (NT)
Deuterocanon
Antilegomena
Chapters and verses
Apocrypha
Jewish
OT
NT
Authorship and development
[show]
Authorship
Dating
Hebrew canon
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Documentary hypothesis
Mosaic authorship
Pauline epistles
Petrine epistles
Johannine works
Translations and manuscripts
[show]
Samaritan Torah
Dead Sea scrolls
Masoretic Text
Targumim
Peshitta
Septuagint
Vulgate
Gothic Bible
Vetus Latina
Luther Bible
English Bibles
Biblical studies[show]
Archeology
Artifacts
Dating

Historicity
Internal consistency

People
Places
Names
Novum Testamentum Graece
Documentary hypothesis
Synoptic problem
NT textual categories
Biblical criticism
Historical
Textual
Source
Form
Redaction
Canonical
Interpretation[show]
Hermeneutics
Pesher
Midrash
Pardes
Allegorical interpretation
Literalism
Prophecy
Inspiration
Perspectives[show]
Gnostic
Islamic
Qur'anic
Muhammad
Inerrancy
Infallibility
Criticism of the Bible
Outline of Bible-related topics
Bible book Bible portal
v
t
e
The Biblical apocrypha (from the Greek ἀπόκρυφος, apókruphos, meaning "hidden") denotes the collection of apocryphal ancient books found in some editions of Christian Bibles in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments[1] or as an appendix after the New Testament.[2] Some Christian Churches include some or all of the same texts within the body of their version of the Old Testament.
Although the term apocrypha had been in use since the 5th century, it was in Luther's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section.[3] To this date, the Apocrypha is "included in the lectionaries of Anglican and Lutheran Churches."[4] Moreover, the Revised Common Lectionary, in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians, lists readings from the Apocrypha in the liturgical kalendar, although alternate Old Testament scripture lessons are provided.[5]
The preface to the Apocrypha in the Geneva Bible explained that while these books "were not received by a common consent to be read and expounded publicly in the Church," and did not serve "to prove any point of Christian religion save in so much as they had the consent of the other scriptures called canonical to confirm the same," nonetheless, "as books proceeding from godly men they were received to be read for the advancement and furtherance of the knowledge of history and for the instruction of godly manners."[6] Later, during the English Civil War, the Westminster Confession of 1647 excluded the Apocrypha from the canon and made no recommendation of the Apocrypha above "other human writings",[7] and this attitude towards the Apocrypha is represented by the decision of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 19th century not to print it (see below). Today, "English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again" and they are often printed as intertestamental books.[8]
Most of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are called deuterocanonical by Catholics per the Council of Trent and all of them are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox per the Synod of Jerusalem. The Anglican Communion accepts "the Apocrypha for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine (Article VI in the Thirty-Nine Articles)",[9] and many "lectionary readings in The Book of Common Prayer are taken from the Apocrypha", with these lessons being "read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament".[10] The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (3 Esdras, 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical canon
2 Vulgate prologues
3 Apocrypha in editions of the Bible
3.1 Gutenberg Bible
3.2 Luther Bible
3.3 Clementine Vulgate
3.4 King James Version
3.5 The Bible and the Puritan revolution
3.6 Other early Bible editions
3.7 Modern editions
3.8 Anagignoskomena
4 Pseudepigrapha
5 Classification
6 Cultural impact
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Biblical canon[edit]
Main articles: Biblical canon, Christian biblical canons, Development of the Christian biblical canon, Protocanonical books, and Deuterocanonical books
Vulgate prologues[edit]
See also: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon and Development of the Old Testament canon
Jerome completed his version of the Bible, the Latin Vulgate, in 405. In the Middle Ages the Vulgate became the de facto standard version of the Bible in the West. The Vulgate manuscripts included prologues[12] that Jerome clearly identified certain books of the Vulgate Old Testament as apocryphal or non-canonical.
In the prologue to the books of Samuel and Kings, which is often called the Prologus Galeatus, he says:[13]
This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a “helmeted” introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings. Wisdom, therefore, which generally bears the name of Solomon, and the book of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, and Judith, and Tobias, and the Shepherd are not in the canon. The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style.
In the prologue to Esdras he mentions 3 and 4 Esdras as being apocrypha.[14] In his prologue to the books of Solomon, he says:[15]
Also included is the book of the model of virtue (παναρετος) Jesus son of Sirach, and another falsely ascribed work (ψευδεπιγραφος) which is titled Wisdom of Solomon. The former of these I have also found in Hebrew, titled not Ecclesiasticus as among the Latins, but Parables, to which were joined Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs, as though it made of equal worth the likeness not only of the number of the books of Solomon, but also the kind of subjects. The second was never among the Hebrews, the very style of which reeks of Greek eloquence. And none of the ancient scribes affirm this one is of Philo Judaeus. Therefore, just as the Church also reads the books of Judith, Tobias, and the Maccabees, but does not receive them among the canonical Scriptures, so also one may read these two scrolls for the strengthening of the people, (but) not for confirming the authority of ecclesiastical dogmas.
He mentions the book of Baruch in his prologue to the Jeremias and does not explicitly refer to it as apocryphal, but he does mention that "it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews".[16] In his prologue to the Judith he mentions that "among the Hebrews, the authority [of Judith] came into contention", but that it was "counted in the number of Sacred Scriptures" by the First Council of Nicaea.[17] In his reply to Rufinus, he affirmed that he was consistent with the choice of the church regarding which version of the deuterocanonical portions of Daniel to use, which the Jews of his day did not include:
What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the Story of Susanna and the Hymn of the Three Children, and the fables of Bel and the Dragon, which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible, the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us. (Against Rufinus, II:33 (AD 402)).[18]
According to Michael Barber, although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha, he later viewed them as Scripture as shown in his epistles. Barber cites Jerome's letter to Eustochium, in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13:2.;[19] elsewhere Jerome also refers to Baruch, the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture.[20][21][22]
Apocrypha in editions of the Bible[edit]
Apocrypha are well attested in surviving manuscripts of the Christian Bible. (See, for example, Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Vulgate, and Peshitta.) After the Lutheran and Catholic canons were defined by Luther (c. 1534) and Trent[23] (8 April 1546) respectively, early Protestant editions of the Bible (notably the Luther Bible in German and 1611 King James Version in English) did not omit these books, but placed them in a separate Apocrypha section apart from the Old and New Testaments to indicate their status.
Gutenberg Bible[edit]
This famous edition of the Vulgate was published in 1455. Like the manuscripts it was based on, the Gutenberg Bible lacked a specific Apocrypha section;[24] its Old Testament included the books that Jerome considered apocryphal, and those Clement VIII later moved to the appendix. The Prayer of Manasses was located after the Books of Chronicles, and 3 and 4 Esdras followed 2 Esdras (Nehemiah), and Prayer of Solomon followed Ecclesiasticus.
Luther Bible[edit]
Main articles: Luther Bible, Intertestamental period, and Luther's canon
Martin Luther translated the Bible into German during the early part of the 16th century, first releasing a complete Bible in 1534. His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called Apocrypha. Books and portions of books not found in the Masoretic Text of Judaism were moved out of the body of the Old Testament to this section.[25] Luther placed these books between the Old and New Testaments. For this reason, these works are sometimes known as inter-testamental books. The books 1 and 2 Esdras were omitted entirely.[26] Luther was making a polemical point about the canonicity of these books. As an authority for this division, he cited St. Jerome, who in the early 5th century distinguished the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments,[27] stating that books not found in the Hebrew were not received as canonical. Although his statement was controversial in his day,[28] Jerome was later titled a Doctor of the Church and his authority was also cited in the Anglican statement in 1571 of the Thirty-Nine Articles.[29]
Luther also expressed some doubts about the canonicity of four New Testament books, although he never called them apocrypha: the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, and the Revelation to John. He did not put them in a separate named section, but he did move them to the end of his New Testament.[30]
Clementine Vulgate[edit]
See also: Books of the Latin Vulgate
In 1592, Pope Clement VIII published his revised edition of the Vulgate, referred to as the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate. He moved three books not found in the canon of the Council of Trent from the Old Testament into an appendix "lest they utterly perish" (ne prorsus interirent).[31]
Prayer of Manasses
3 Esdras (1 Esdras in the King James Bible)
4 Esdras (2 Esdras in the King James Bible)
The protocanonical and deuterocanonical books he placed in their traditional positions in the Old Testament.
King James Version[edit]
The English-language King James Version (KJV) of 1611 followed the lead of the Luther Bible in using an inter-testamental section labelled "Books called Apocrypha", or just "Apocrypha" at the running page header.[32] The KJV followed the Geneva Bible of 1560 almost exactly (variations are marked below). The section contains the following:[33]
1 Esdras (Vulgate 3 Esdras)
2 Esdras (Vulgate 4 Esdras)
Tobit
Judith ("Judeth" in Geneva)
Rest of Esther (Vulgate Esther 10:4 – 16:24)
Wisdom
Ecclesiasticus (also known as Sirach)
Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy ("Jeremiah" in Geneva) (all part of Vulgate Baruch)
Song of the Three Children (Vulgate Daniel 3:24–90)
Story of Susanna (Vulgate Daniel 13)
The Idol Bel and the Dragon (Vulgate Daniel 14)
Prayer of Manasses (Daniel)
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Included in this list are those books of the Clementine Vulgate that were not in Luther's canon. These are the books most frequently referred to by the casual appellation "the Apocrypha". These same books are also listed in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England.[34] Despite being placed in the Apocrypha, in the table of lessons at the front of some printings of the King James Bible, these books are included under the Old Testament.
The Bible and the Puritan revolution[edit]
The British Puritan revolution of the 1600s brought a change in the way many British publishers handled the apocryphal material associated with the Bible. The Puritans used the standard of Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone) to determine which books would be included in the canon. The Westminster Confession of Faith, composed during the British Civil Wars (1642–1651), excluded the Apocrypha from the canon. The Confession provided the rationale for the exclusion: 'The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture, and therefore are of no authority in the church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings' (1.3).[35] Thus, Bibles printed by English Protestants who separated from the Church of England began to exclude these books.
Other early Bible editions[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
All English translations of the Bible printed in the sixteenth century included a section or appendix for Apocryphal books. Matthew's Bible, published in 1537, contains all the Apocrypha of the later King James Version in an inter-testamental section. The 1538 Myles Coverdale Bible contained an Apocrypha that excluded Baruch and the Prayer of Manasseh. The 1560 Geneva Bible placed the Prayer of Manasseh after 2 Chronicles; the rest of the Apocrypha were placed in an inter-testamental section. The Douay-Rheims Bible (1582–1609) placed the Prayer of Manasseh and 3 and 4 Esdras into an Appendix of the second volume of the Old Testament.
In the Zürich Bible (1529–30) they are placed in an Appendix. They include 3 Maccabees, along with 1 Esdras & 2 Esdras. The 1st edition omitted the Prayer of Manasseh and the Rest of Esther, although these were included in the 2nd edition. The French Bible (1535) of Pierre Robert Olivétan placed them between the Testaments, with the subtitle, "The volume of the apocryphal books contained in the Vulgate translation, which we have not found in the Hebrew or Chaldee".
In 1569 the Spanish Reina Bible, following the example of the pre-Clementine Latin Vulgate, contained the deuterocanonical books in its Old Testament. Following the other Protestant translations of its day, Valera's 1602 revision of the Reina Bible moved these books into an inter-testamental section.
Modern editions[edit]
All King James Bibles published before 1666 included the Apocrypha,[36] though separately to denote them as not equal to Scripture proper, as noted by Jerome in the Vulgate, to which he gave the name, "The Apocrypha."[37] In 1826,[38] the National Bible Society of Scotland petitioned the British and Foreign Bible Society not to print the Apocrypha,[39] resulting in a decision that no BFBS funds were to pay for printing any Apocryphal books anywhere. Since that time most modern editions of the Bible and reprintings of the King James Bible omit the Apocrypha section. Modern non-Catholic reprintings of the Clementine Vulgate commonly omit the Apocrypha section. Many reprintings of older versions of the Bible now omit the apocrypha and many newer translations and revisions have never included them at all.
There are some exceptions to this trend, however. Some editions of the Revised Standard Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible include not only the Apocrypha listed above, but also the third and fourth books of Maccabees, and Psalm 151.
The American Bible Society lifted restrictions on the publication of Bibles with the Apocrypha in 1964. The British and Foreign Bible Society followed in 1966.[40] The Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate (the printed edition, not most of the on-line editions), which is published by the UBS, contains the Clementine Apocrypha as well as the Epistle to the Laodiceans and Psalm 151.
Brenton's edition of the Septuagint includes all of the Apocrypha found in the King James Bible with the exception of 2 Esdras, which was not in the Septuagint and is no longer extant in Greek.[41] He places them in a separate section at the end of his Old Testament, following English tradition.
In Greek circles, however, these books are not traditionally called Apocrypha, but Anagignoskomena (ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα), and are integrated into the Old Testament. The Orthodox Study Bible, published by Thomas Nelson Publishers, includes the Anagignoskomena in its Old Testament, with the exception of 4 Maccabees. This was translated by the Saint Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology, from the Rahlfs Edition of the Septuagint using Brenton's English translation and the RSV Expanded Apocrypha as boilerplate. As such, they are included in the Old Testament with no distinction between these books and the rest of the Old Testament. This follows the tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church where the Septuagint is the received version of Old Testament scripture, considered itself inspired in agreement with some of the Fathers, such as St Augustine, rather than the Hebrew Masoretic text followed by all other modern translations.[42]
Anagignoskomena[edit]
The Septuagint, the ancient and best known Greek version of the Old Testament, contains books and additions that are not present in the Hebrew Bible. These texts are not traditionally segregated into a separate section, nor are they usually called apocrypha. Rather, they are referred to as the Anagignoskomena (ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα, "things that are read" or "profitable reading"). The anagignoskomena are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira (Sirach), Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah (in the Vulgate this is chapter 6 of Baruch), additions to Daniel (The Prayer of Azarias, Susanna and Bel and the Dragon), additions to Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, i.e. all of the Deuterocanonical books plus 3 Maccabees and 1 Esdras.[43]
Some editions add additional books, such as Psalm 151 or the Odes (including the Prayer of Manasses). 2 Esdras is added as an appendix in the Slavonic Bibles and 4 Maccabees as an appendix in Greek editions.[43]
Pseudepigrapha[edit]
Technically, a pseudepigraphon is a book written in a biblical style and ascribed to an author who did not write it. In common usage, however, the term pseudepigrapha is often used by way of distinction to refer to apocryphal writings that do not appear in printed editions of the Bible, as opposed to the texts listed above. Examples[44] include:
Apocalypse of Abraham
Apocalypse of Moses
Letter of Aristeas
Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah
Joseph and Aseneth
Life of Adam and Eve
Lives of the Prophets
Ladder of Jacob
Jannes and Jambres
History of the Captivity in Babylon
History of the Rechabites
Eldad and Modad
History of Joseph
Odes of Solomon
Prayer of Joseph
Prayer of Jacob
Vision of Ezra
Often included among the pseudepigrapha are 3 and 4 Maccabees because they are not traditionally found in western Bibles, although they are in the Septuagint. Similarly, the Book of Enoch, Book of Jubilees and 4 Baruch are often listed with the pseudepigrapha although they are commonly included in Ethiopian Bibles. The Psalms of Solomon are found in some editions of the Septuagint.
Classification[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Apocrypha of the King James Bible constitutes the books of the Vulgate that are present neither in the Hebrew Old Testament nor the Greek New Testament. Since these are derived from the Septuagint, from which the old Latin version was translated, it follows that the difference between the KJV and the Roman Catholic Old Testaments is traceable to the difference between the Palestinian and the Alexandrian canons of the Old Testament. This is only true with certain reservations, as the Latin Vulgate was revised by Jerome according to the Hebrew, and, where Hebrew originals were not found, according to the Septuagint. Furthermore, the Vulgate omits 3 and 4 Maccabees, which generally appear in the Septuagint, while the Septuagint and Luther's Bible omit 2 Esdras, which is found in the Apocrypha of the Vulgate and the King James Bible. Luther's Bible, moreover, also omits 1 Esdras. It should further be observed that the Clementine Vulgate places the Prayer of Manasses and 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in an appendix after the New Testament as apocryphal.
It is hardly possible to form any classification not open to some objection. Scholars are still divided as to the original language, date, and place of composition of some of the books that come under this provisional attempt at order. (Thus some of the additions to Daniel and the Prayer of Manasseh are most probably derived from a Semitic original written in Palestine, yet in compliance with the prevailing opinion they are classed under Hellenistic Jewish literature. Again, the Slavonic Enoch goes back undoubtedly in parts to a Semitic original, though most of it may have been written by a Greek Jew in Egypt.)
A distinction can be made between the Palestinian and the Hellenistic literature of the Old Testament, though even this is open to serious objections. The former literature was written in Hebrew or Aramaic, and seldom in Greek; the latter in Greek.
Next, within these literatures there are three or four classes of subject material.
Historical,
Legendary (Haggadic),
Apocalyptic,
Didactic or Sapiential.
The Apocrypha proper then would be classified as follows:
Palestinian Jewish Literature
Historical
1 Esdras (i.e. Greek Ezra).
1 Maccabees.
Legendary
Book of Baruch
Book of Judith
Apocalyptic
2 Esdras (see also Apocalyptic literature)
Didactic
Sirach (also known as Ecclesiasticus)
Tobit
Hellenistic Jewish Literature:
Historical and Legendary
Additions to Daniel
Additions to Esther
Epistle of Jeremiah
2 Maccabees
Prayer of Manasseh
Didactic
Book of Wisdom
Cultural impact[edit]
Christopher Columbus was said to have been inspired by "Six parts hast Thou dried up." from 4 Esdras 6:42 to undertake his hazardous journey across the Atlantic.[45]
The introitus, "Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them", of the traditional Requiem in the Catholic Church is loosely based on 4 Esdras 2:34–35.
The alternative introitus for Quasimodo Sunday in the Roman rite of the Catholic Church is loosely based on 4 Esdras 2:36–37.
The Story of Susanna is perhaps the earliest example of a courtroom drama, and perhaps the first example of an effective forensic cross-examination (there are no others in the Bible: except perhaps Solomon's judgement at 1 Kings 3:25).
Bel and the Dragon is perhaps the earliest example of a locked room mystery.
Shylock's reference in The Merchant of Venice to "A Daniel come to judgment; yea, a Daniel!" refers to the story of Susanna and the elders.
The theme of the elders surprising Susanna in her bath is a common one in art, such as in paintings by Tintoretto and Artemisia Gentileschi, and in Wallace Stevens' poem Peter Quince at the Clavier.
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, the title of James Agee's 1941 chronicle of Alabama sharecroppers, was taken from Ecclesiasticus 44:1: "Let us now praise famous men, and our fathers that begat us."
In his spiritual autobiography Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, John Bunyan recounts how God strengthened him against the temptation to despair of his salvation by inspiring him with the words, "Look at the generations of old and see: did any ever trust in God, and were confounded?"
“ At which I was greatly encouraged in my soul. ... So coming home, I presently went to my Bible, to see if I could find that saying, not doubting but to find it presently. ... Thus I continued above a year, and could not find the place; but at last, casting my eye upon the Apocrypha books, I found it in Ecclesiasticus, chap. ii. 10. This, at the first, did somewhat daunt me; because it was not in those texts that we call holy and canonical; yet, as this sentence was the sum and substance of many of the promises, it was my duty to take the comfort of it; and I bless God for that word, for it was of good to me. That word doth still ofttimes shine before my face.[46] ”
See also[edit]
New Testament apocrypha
References[edit]
Jump up ^ As in the original King James or Authorized Version, and in modern Bibles such as the New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha, 4th Expanded Edition: New Revised Standard Version
Jump up ^ See the English Standard Version with the Apocrypha, and the New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha, 3rd Revised and Expanded Edition: Revised Standard Version
Jump up ^ Bruce, F.F. "The Canon of Scripture". IVP Academic, 2010, Location 1478–86 (Kindle Edition).
Jump up ^ Readings from the Apocrypha. Forward Movement Publications. 1981. p. 5.
Jump up ^ "The Revised Common Lectionary" (PDF). Consultation on Common Texts. 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015. In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books (The Apocrypha) is listed, an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided.
Jump up ^ Geneva Bible, 1560. Full preface available online: http://www.bible-researcher.com/canon2.html
Jump up ^ "The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the Canon of the Scripture; and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings." For more details see Development of the Old Testament canon#Church of England.
Jump up ^ Ewert, David (11 May 2010). A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations. Zondervan. p. 104. ISBN 9780310872436. English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT. Coverdale (1535) called them "Apocrypha". All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha. Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), the Geneva Bible (1560), the Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Bible (1611) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America (1782–83) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826 the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again.
Jump up ^ Ewert, David (11 May 2010). A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations. Zondervan. p. 104. ISBN 9780310872436.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Owen C.; Wondra, Ellen K. (1 July 2002). Introduction to Theology, 3rd Edition. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 56. ISBN 9780819218971.
Jump up ^ Henze, Matthias; Boccaccini, Gabriele (20 November 2013). Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch: Reconstruction after the Fall. Brill. p. 383. ISBN 9789004258815. Why 3 and 4 Esdraas (called 1 and 2 Esdras in the NRSV Apocrypha) are pushed to the front of the list is not clear, but the motive may have been to distinguish the Anglican Apocrypha from the Roman Catholic canon affirmed at the fourth session of the Council of trent in 1546, which included all of the books in the Anglican Apocrypha list except 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. These three texts were designated at Trent as Apocrypha and later included in an appendix to the Clementine Vulgate, first published in 1592 (and the standard Vulgate text until Vatican II).
Jump up ^ "The Bible".
Jump up ^ "Jerome's Preface to Samuel and Kings".
Jump up ^ "St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra: English translation".
Jump up ^ "Jerome, Prologue to the Books of Solomon (2006)".
Jump up ^ Kevin P. Edgecomb, Jerome’s Prologue to Jeremiah
Jump up ^ "Jerome’s Prologue to Judith".
Jump up ^ Jerome, "Apology Against Rufinus (Book II)", in Philip Schaff, Henry Wace, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, 3 (1892 ed.), Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. (retrieved from New Advent)
Jump up ^ Barber, Michael (2006-03-06). "Loose Canons: The Development of the Old Testament (Part 2)". Retrieved 2007-08-01.
Jump up ^ Jerome, To Paulinus, Epistle 58 (AD 395), in NPNF2, VI:119.: "Do not, my dearest brother, estimate my worth by the number of my years. Gray hairs are not wisdom; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says: "wisdom is the gray hair unto men.’ [Wisdom 4:9]" Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed, and to select them not for their years but for their discretion [Num. 11:16]? And, as a boy, Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age [Daniel 13:55–59 aka Story of Susannah 55–59]"
Jump up ^ Jerome, To Oceanus, Epistle 77:4 (AD 399), in NPNF2, VI:159.:"I would cite the words of the psalmist: 'the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit,’ [Ps 51:17] and those of Ezekiel 'I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death,’ [Ez 18:23] and those of Baruch, 'Arise, arise, O Jerusalem,’ [Baruch 5:5] and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets."
Jump up ^ Jerome, Letter 51, 6, 7, NPNF2, VI:87–8: "For in the book of Wisdom, which is inscribed with his name, Solomon says: "God created man to be immortal, and made him to be an image of his own eternity." [Wisdom 2:23]...Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them, behold I have given you seven"
Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Canon of the Old Testament". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. section titled "The Council of Florence 1442": "...contains a complete list of the books received by the Church as inspired, but omits, perhaps advisedly, the terms canon and canonical. The Council of Florence therefore taught the inspiration of all the Scriptures, but did not formally pass on their canonicity."
Jump up ^ "Gutenberg Bible: View the British Library's Digital Versions Online".
Jump up ^ "1945 Edition of the Luther Bible on-line".
Jump up ^ Preface to the Revised Standard Version Common Bible
Jump up ^ See the Theological Glossary of the Jerusalem Bible Reader's Edition: "One tradition within the Church excluded the Greek books, and this tradition was taken up by the 15th century {sic} Reformers, who relegated these books to the Apocrypha. 1 Maccabees 12:9." Note that the JB is explicitly approved by the CBCEW (the Bishop's Conference of England and Wales)
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopaedia, "St. Jerome evidently applied the term to all quasi-scriptural books which in his estimation lay outside the canon of the Bible, and the Protestant Reformers, following Jerome's catalogue of Old Testament Scriptures—one which was at once erroneous and singular among the Fathers of the Church—applied the title Apocrypha to the excess of the Catholic canon of the Old Testament over that of the Jews. Naturally, Catholics refuse to admit such a denomination, and we employ "deuterocanonical" to designate this literature, which non-Catholics conventionally and improperly known as the Apocrypha".
Jump up ^ "And the other books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine."
Jump up ^ Six Points On Luther's "Epistle of Straw", 3 April 2007
Jump up ^ Introductory material to the appendix of the Vulgata Clementina, text in Latin
Jump up ^ "Apocrypha," King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Apocrypha-Books/
Jump up ^ The Bible: Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha, Oxford World's Classics, 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-283525-3
Jump up ^ Article VI at episcopalian.org Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "WCF and MESV in Parallel Columns".
Jump up ^ Sir Frederic G. Kenyon, Dictionary of the Bible edited by James Hastings, and published by Charles Scribner's Sons of New York in 1909
Jump up ^ Grudem, Wayne (29 February 2012). Understanding Scripture: An Overview of the Bible's Origin, Reliability, and Meaning. US: Crossway. p. 90. ISBN 978-1433529993. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Howsam, Leslie (2002). Cheap Bibles. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-52212-0.
Jump up ^ Flick, Dr. Stephen. "Canonization of the Bible". Christian heritage fellowship. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
Jump up ^ A Brief History of the United Bible Societies
Jump up ^ "2 Esdras".
Jump up ^ "The Orthodox Study Bible" 2008, Thomas Nelson Inc. p. xi
^ Jump up to: a b Vassiliadis, Petros (2005). "Canon and authority of Scripture". In S. T. Kimbrough. Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice. Crestwood, N.Y: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-88141-301-4.
Jump up ^ The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Volume 2, James H. Charlesworth
Jump up ^ Dotterer, Janet L. "Christopher Columbus: Motivations to Reach the Indies by Sailing West". Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved November 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Gilmore, George William (1916). Selections from the World's Devotional Classics. Funk & Wagnalls company. p. 63.
Texts
Robert Holmes and James Parsons, Vet. Test. Graecum cum var. lectionibus (Oxford, 1798–1827)
Henry Barclay Swete, Old Testament in Greek, i.-iii. (Cambridge, 1887–1894)
Otto Fridolinus Fritzsche, Libri Apocryphi V. T. Graece (1871).
Commentaries
O. F. Fritzsche and Grimm, Kurzgef. exeget. Handbuch zu den Apok. des A.T. (Leipzig, 1851–1860)
Edwin Cone Bissell, Apocrypha of the Old Testament (Edinburgh, 1880)
Otto Zöckler, Die Apokryphen des Alten Testaments (Munchen, 1891)
Henry Wace, The Apocrypha ("Speaker's Commentary") (1888)
Introduction and General Literature:
Emil Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes, vol. iii. 135 sqq., and his article on "Apokryphen" in Herzog's Realencykl. i. 622–53
Porter, Frank C. (1898). "Apocrypha". In James Hastings. A Dictionary of the Bible. I. pp. 110–23.
Metzger, Bruce M. An Introduction to the Apocrypha. [Pbk. ed.]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977, cop. 1957. ISBN 0-19-502340-4
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deuterocanonical books.
"The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments" by Robert C. Dentan formerly at orthodoxanglican.net, now at thefishersofmenministries.com
"Lutheran Cyclopedia: Apocrypha" at lcms.org
"Apocrypha" in the Catholic Encyclopaedia at newadvent.org/cathen
https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/111-the-apocrypha-inspired-of-god
[show]
v
t
e
Books of the Bible
Principal
divisions
Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament Protocanon
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanon
and Apocrypha
Catholic
Orthodox
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel
Susanna
Song of the Three Children
Bel and the Dragon)
Orthodox only
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes
Tewahedo Orthodox
Enoch
Jubilees
1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
Broader canon
Syriac
Letter of Baruch
2 Baruch
Psalms 152–155
New Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation
Subdivisions
Chapters and verses
Pentateuch
Wisdom
Major / Minor prophets
Gospels
Synoptic
Epistles
Pauline
Johannine
Pastoral
Catholic
Apocalyptic literature
Development
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Antilegomena
Jewish canon
Christian canon
Manuscripts
Dead Sea Scrolls
Samaritan Pentateuch
Septuagint
Targum
Diatessaron
Muratorian fragment
Peshitta
Vetus Latina
Masoretic Text
New Testament manuscript categories
New Testament papyri
New Testament uncials
See also
Biblical canon
Authorship
English Bible translations
Other books referenced in the Bible
Pseudepigrapha
list)
New Testament apocrypha
Studies
Synod of Hippo
Textual criticism
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Christianity
Jesus
Christ
Jesus in Christianity
Virgin birth
Crucifixion
Resurrection
Son of God
Foundations
Church
Creed
Gospel
New Covenant
Bible
Books
Canon
Old Testament
New Testament
Theology
God
Trinity
Father
Son
Holy Spirit
Apologetics
Baptism
Catholicism
Christology
Ecclesiology
History of theology
Mission
Salvation
History and
tradition
Mary
Joseph
Apostles
Peter
Paul
Fathers
Early
Constantine
Ecumenical councils
Augustine
East–West Schism
Crusades
Aquinas
Reformation
Luther
Denomi-
nations
and
traditions
(list)
Western
Adventist
Anabaptist
Anglican
Baptist
Calvinist
Catholic
Charismatic
Evangelical
Holiness
Lutheran
Methodist
Pentecostal
Protestant
Eastern
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
Assyrian Church of the East ("Nestorian")
Eastern Catholic Churches
Nontrinitarian
Jehovah's Witnesses
Latter Day Saint movement
Oneness Pentecostalism
Related topics
Art
Criticism
Culture
Ecumenism
Liturgy
Music
Other religions
Prayer
Sermon
Symbolism
Category
Christianity portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 185088718
LCCN: n81065639
GND: 4002434-9
SUDOC: 03537165X
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_apocrypha&oldid=803293422"
Categories:
Old Testament apocrypha
Christian terminology
Development of the Christian biblical canon
Hidden categories:
Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 errors: dates
Articles to be expanded from May 2008
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Articles needing additional references from June 2011
All articles needing additional references
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Use dmy dates from January 2011
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gàidhlig
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Kiswahili
Latina
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 October 2017, at 17:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: tr

value: th

values:
/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg
image
The Malmesbury Bible

values: Development of the Christian biblical canon

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: List of artifacts in biblical archaeology

values: List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

values:
/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament
mw-redirect
Gnosticism and the New Testament

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values:
/wiki/Christian_Bible
mw-redirect
Christian Bible

values:
/wiki/Intertestamental_literature
mw-redirect
Intertestamental literature

values:
/wiki/Scripture_lesson
mw-redirect
Scripture lesson

values:
/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles
mw-redirect
Thirty-Nine Articles

values:
/wiki/The_Book_of_Common_Prayer
mw-redirect
The Book of Common Prayer

values: The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

values: Edit section: Apocrypha in editions of the Bible

values:
/wiki/Clement_VIII
mw-redirect
Clement VIII

values:
/wiki/Epistle_of_Jeremy
mw-redirect
Epistle of Jeremy

values:
/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate
mw-redirect
Clementine Vulgate

values: Edit section: The Bible and the Puritan revolution

values:
/wiki/Sola_Scriptura
mw-redirect
Sola Scriptura

values:
/wiki/British_Civil_Wars
mw-redirect
British Civil Wars

values:
/wiki/English_Protestant
mw-redirect
English Protestant

values: Edit section: Other early Bible editions

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Matthew%27s_Bible
mw-redirect
Matthew's Bible

values:
/wiki/Douai_Bible
mw-redirect
Douai Bible

values:
/wiki/Bible_Society
mw-redirect
Bible Society

values:
/wiki/St_Augustine
mw-redirect
St Augustine

values:
/wiki/Masoretic_text
mw-redirect
Masoretic text

values:
/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah
mw-redirect
The Prayer of Azariah

values:
/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasses
mw-redirect
Prayer of Manasses

values:
/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Moses
mw-redirect
Apocalypse of Moses

values:
/wiki/Martyrdom_and_Ascension_of_Isaiah
mw-redirect
Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Additions_to_Esther
mw-redirect
Additions to Esther

values:
/wiki/Epistle_of_Jeremiah
mw-redirect
Epistle of Jeremiah

values:
/wiki/Quasimodo_Sunday
mw-redirect
Quasimodo Sunday

values:
/wiki/Locked_room_mystery
mw-redirect
Locked room mystery

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=224

values: wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Canon of the Old Testament

values:
nofollow
external text
http://lutherbibel.net/biblia2

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.biblesociety.org/history.htm

values:
/wiki/Robert_Holmes_(Biblical_scholar)
mw-redirect
Robert Holmes (Biblical scholar)

values: James Parsons (Biblical scholar) (page does not exist)

values: Edwin Cone Bissell (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Henry_Wace_(Anglican_priest)
mw-redirect
Henry Wace (Anglican priest)

values:
/wiki/Speaker%27s_Commentary
mw-redirect
Speaker's Commentary

values:
/wiki/Minor_prophet
mw-redirect
Minor prophet

values: Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg
image
Principal symbol of Christianity

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: navigation navbox Christianity padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/185088718

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4002434-9

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/03537165X

values: Category:Development of the Christian biblical canon

values: Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from May 2008

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2011

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: أبوكريفا – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrif
Apokrif – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: Апокрыф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokryf
Apokryf – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values: Απόκρυφα – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifoj
Apokrifoj – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: اسفار مشکوک – Persian

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokryf
Apokryf – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrif
Apocrif – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ապոկրիֆ – Armenian

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifi
Apokrifi – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrifo
Apocrifo – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: ბიბლიის აპოგრიფები – Georgian

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifa
Apokrifa – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha
Apocrypha – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifas
Apokrifas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values: അപ്പോക്രിഫ – Malayalam

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrief
Apocrief – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokryfer
Apokryfer – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: Dei apokryfe skriftene – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokryf
Apokryf – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrif
Apocrif – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Апокриф – Russian

values: Апокриф – Serbian

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokripa
Apokripa – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: คัมภีร์นอกสารบบ – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrif
Apokrif – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Апокрифічна література – Ukrainian

values: بائبلی ایپوکریفا – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Biblical_apocrypha rootpage-Biblical_apocrypha vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Ovulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ovulation
Following a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an oocyte (immature egg cell) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male's sperm. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase.
Identifiers
MeSH
D010060
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.[1] After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm. In addition, the uterine lining (endometrium) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed during menstruation.[2]
Contents
1 In humans
1.1 Follicular phase
1.2 Ovulation
1.3 Luteal phase
2 Clinical presentation
3 Disorders
4 Induction and suppression
4.1 Induced ovulation
4.2 Suppressed ovulation
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
In humans[edit]
Ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase, and is followed by the luteal phase. Note that ovulation is characterized by a sharp spike in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting from the peak of estrogen levels during the follicular phase.
This diagram shows the hormonal changes around the time of ovulation, as well as the inter-cycle and inter-female variabilities in its timing.
In humans, ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase. The few days surrounding ovulation (from approximately days 10 to 18 of a 28-day cycle), constitute the most fertile phase.[3][4][5][6] The time from the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) until ovulation is, on average, 14.6[7] days, but with substantial variation between females and between cycles in any single female, with an overall 95% prediction interval of 8.2 to 20.5[7] days.
The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).[8] In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle will undergo a series of transformations called cumulus expansion, which is stimulated by FSH. After this is done, a hole called the stigma will form in the follicle, and the secondary oocyte will leave the follicle through this hole. Ovulation is triggered by a spike in the amount of FSH and LH released from the pituitary gland. During the luteal (post-ovulatory) phase, the secondary oocyte will travel through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized secondary oocyte or ovum may implant there 6–12 days later.[9]
Follicular phase[edit]
See also: Folliculogenesis
The follicular phase (or proliferative phase) is the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature. The follicular phase lasts from the beginning of menstruation to the start of ovulation.[10][11]
For ovulation to be successful, the ovum must be supported by the corona radiata and cumulus oophorous granulosa cells. The latter undergo a period of proliferation and mucification known as cumulus expansion. Mucification is the secretion of a hyaluronic acid-rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum after ovulation and has been shown to be necessary for fertilization.[12][13]
An increase in cumulus cell number causes a concomitant increase in antrum fluid volume that can swell the follicle to over 20 mm in diameter. It forms a pronounced bulge at the surface of the ovary called the blister.[citation needed]
Ovulation[edit]
Estrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary.[14]
Through a signal transduction cascade initiated by LH, proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the follicle that degrade the follicular tissue at the site of the blister, forming a hole called the stigma. The secondary oocyte leaves the ruptured follicle and moves out into the peritoneal cavity through the stigma, where it is caught by the fimbriae at the end of the fallopian tube. After entering the fallopian tube, the oocyte is pushed along by cilia, beginning its journey toward the uterus.[8]
By this time, the oocyte has completed meiosis I, yielding two cells: the larger secondary oocyte that contains all of the cytoplasmic material and a smaller, inactive first polar body. Meiosis II follows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and will so remain until fertilization. The spindle apparatus of the second meiotic division appears at the time of ovulation. If no fertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation.[15] Approximately 1-2% of ovulations release more than one oocyte. This tendency increases with maternal age. Fertilization of two different oocytes by two different spermatozoa results in fraternal twins.[8]
The mucous membrane of the uterus, termed the functionalis, has reached its maximum size, and so have the endometrial glands, although they are still non-secretory.[citation needed]
Luteal phase[edit]
Main article: Luteal phase
The follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs. The action of progesterone increases basal body temperature by one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius (one-half to one degree Fahrenheit). The corpus luteum continues this paracrine action for the remainder of the menstrual cycle, maintaining the endometrium, before disintegrating into scar tissue during menses.[16]
Clinical presentation[edit]
Further information: Concealed ovulation, Fertility awareness, and Mittelschmerz
The start of ovulation can be detected by signs. Because the signs are not readily discernible by people other than the female, humans are said to have a concealed ovulation. In many animal species there are distinctive signals indicating the period when the female is fertile. Several explanations have been proposed to explain concealed ovulation in humans.
Females near ovulation experience changes in the cervical mucus, and in their basal body temperature. Furthermore, many females experience secondary fertility signs including Mittelschmerz (pain associated with ovulation) and a heightened sense of smell, and can sense the precise moment of ovulation.[17][18]
Many females experience heightened sexual desire in the several days immediately before ovulation.[19] One study concluded that females subtly improve their facial attractiveness during ovulation.[20]
Chance of fertilization by day relative to ovulation.[21]
Symptoms related to the onset of ovulation, the moment of ovulation and the body's process of beginning and ending the menstrual cycle vary in intensity with each female but are fundamentally the same. The charting of such symptoms — primarily basal body temperature, mittelschmerz and cervical position — is referred to as the sympto-thermal method of fertility awareness, which allow auto-diagnosis by a female of her state of ovulation. Once training has been given by a suitable authority, fertility charts can be completed on a cycle-by-cycle basis to show ovulation. This gives the possibility of using the data to predict fertility for natural contraception and pregnancy planning.
The moment of ovulation has been photographed.[22]
Disorders[edit]
Disorders of ovulation are classified as menstrual disorders and include oligoovulation and anovulation:
Oligoovulation is infrequent or irregular ovulation (usually defined as cycles of greater than 36 days or fewer than 8 cycles a year)
Anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal female). Anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding. Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the following classification of ovulatory disorders:[23]
WHO group I: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis failure
WHO group II: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction. WHO group II is the most common cause of ovulatory disorders, and the most common causative member is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).[24]
WHO group III: Ovarian failure
WHO group IV: Hyperprolactinemia
Induction and suppression[edit]
Induced ovulation[edit]
Main article: Ovulation induction
Ovulation induction is a promising assisted reproductive technology for patients with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and oligomenorrhea. It is also used in in vitro fertilization to make the follicles mature before egg retrieval. Usually, ovarian stimulation is used in conjunction with ovulation induction to stimulate the formation of multiple oocytes.[25] Some sources[25] include ovulation induction in the definition of ovarian stimulation.
A low dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may be injected after completed ovarian stimulation. Ovulation will occur between 24–36 hours after the HCG injection.[25]
By contrast, induced ovulation in some animal species occurs naturally, ovulation can be stimulated by coitus.[26]
Suppressed ovulation[edit]
Contraception can be achieved by suppressing the ovulation.[citation needed]
The majority of hormonal contraceptives and conception boosters focus on the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle because it is the most important determinant of fertility. Hormone therapy can positively or negatively interfere with ovulation and can give a sense of cycle control to the female.[citation needed]
Estradiol and progesterone, taken in various forms including combined oral contraceptive pills, mimics the hormonal levels of the menstrual cycle and engage in negative feedback of folliculogenesis and ovulation.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Anovulatory cycle
Corpus luteum
Folliculogenesis
Menstrual cycle
Oogenesis
Mittelschmerz
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ovulation Test at Duke Fertility Center. Retrieved July 2, 2011
Jump up ^ Young, Barbara (2006). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 359. ISBN 9780443068508. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Chaudhuri, S.K. (2007). "Natural Methods of Contraception". Practice of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual, 7/e. Elsevier India. p. 49. ISBN 9788131211502. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Allen, Denise (2004). Managing Motherhood, Managing Risk: Fertility and Danger in West Central Tanzania. University of Michigan Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780472030279. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. p. 322. ISBN 9780618755714. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi (1996). "Cultural Notions of Fertility in South Asia and Their Influence on Sri Lankan Family Planning Practices". In Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi. Anthropology & International Health: South Asian Case Studies. Psychology Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN 9782884491716. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Geirsson RT (1991). "Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x. PMID 12797075. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Marieb, Elaine (2013). Anatomy & physiology. Benjamin-Cummings. p. 915. ISBN 9780321887603.
Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999). "Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy". New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (23): 1796–1799. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID 10362823.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Lynna A.; Engebretson, Joan C. Maternity Nursing Care. Cengage Learning. p. 195. ISBN 9781401811921. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Ramesh C. (2011). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780123820334. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Can You Get Pregnant after Ovulation?". coveville.com. Retrieved 3 Feb 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fertilization: your pregnancy week by week". medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016.
Jump up ^ Watson, Stephanie & Stacy, Kelli Miller (2010). "The Endocrine System". In McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems. Greenwood. pp. 201–202. ISBN 9780313391750. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Depares J, Ryder RE, Walker SM, Scanlon MF, Norman CM. "Ovarian ultrasonography highlights precision of symptoms of ovulation as markers of ovulation". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 292: 1562. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1562. PMC 1340563  . PMID 3087519. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Usually, it occurs between the 10th and 20th day of your menstrual cycle". momjunction. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Navarrete-Palacios E, Hudson R, Reyes-Guerrero G, Guevara-Guzmán R (July 2003). "Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle". Biol Psychol. 63 (3): 269–79. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00076-0. PMID 12853171.
Jump up ^ Beckmann, Charles R.B., ed. (2010). Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 306–307. ISBN 9780781788076. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Susan B. Bullivant; Sarah A. Sellergren; Kathleen Stern; et al. (February 2004). "Female's sexual experience during the menstrual cycle: identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (1): 82–93 (in online article, see pp.14–15, 18–22). doi:10.1080/00224490409552216. PMID 15216427. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Roberts S, Havlicek J, Flegr J, Hruskova M, Little A, Jones B, Perrett D, Petrie M (August 2004). "Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle". Proc Biol Sci. 271 (Suppl 5:S): 270–2. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174. PMC 1810066  . PMID 15503991.
Jump up ^ Dunson, D.B.; Baird, D.D.; Wilcox, A.J.; Weinberg, C.R. (1999). "Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation". Human Reproduction. 14 (7): 1835–1839. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835. ISSN 1460-2350.
Jump up ^ "article in BBC News". BBC. 2008-06-12.
Jump up ^ Page 54 in: Guillebaud, John; Enda McVeigh; Roy Homburg (2008). Oxford handbook of reproductive medicine and family planning. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920380-6.
Jump up ^ "Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory female". Human Reproduction Update. 18 (5): 586–599. 2012. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms019. PMID 22611175.
^ Jump up to: a b c IVF.com > Ovulation Induction Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010
Jump up ^ Bakker, J.; Baum, M. J. (July 2000). "Neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH release in induced ovulators". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 21 (3): 220–262. doi:10.1006/frne.2000.0198. ISSN 0091-3022. PMID 10882541.
Further reading[edit]
Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA (July 2003). "A new model for ovarian follicular development during the human menstrual cycle". Fertil. Steril. 80 (1): 116–22. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00544-2. PMID 12849812.
Chabbert Buffet N, Djakoure C, Maitre SC, Bouchard P (July 1998). "Regulation of the human menstrual cycle". Front Neuroendocrinol. 19 (3): 151–86. doi:10.1006/frne.1998.0167. PMID 9665835.
Fortune JE (February 1994). "Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals". Biol. Reprod. 50 (2): 225–32. doi:10.1095/biolreprod50.2.225. PMID 8142540. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
Guraya SS, Dhanju CK (November 1992). "Mechanism of ovulation—an overview". Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30 (11): 958–67. PMID 1293040.
Klowden, Marc J. (2009). "Oviposition Behavior". In Resh, Vincent H. & Carde, Ring T. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080920900. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Ovulation Calculator== External links ==
Human egg makes accidental debut on camera
Ovulation moment caught on camera
show
v
t
e
Human physiology of sexual reproduction
Menstrual cycle
Menarche
Menstruation
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
spermatogonium
spermatocyte
spermatid
sperm)
Oogenesis (oogonium
oocyte
ootid
ovum)
Germ cell
gonocyte
gamete)
Human sexual activity
Sexual arousal
Sexual intercourse
Masturbation
Erection
Orgasm
Ejaculation
Insemination
Fertilization / Fertility
Implantation
Pregnancy
Postpartum period
Mechanics of sex
Development of the reproductive system
Sexual differentiation
Sexual dimorphism
Feminization
Virilization)
Puberty
Gonadarche
Tanner scale
Pubarche
Menarche
Spermarche
Adrenarche)
Maternal age / Paternal age
Menopause
Egg
Ovum
Oviposition
Oviparity
Ovoviviparity
Vivipary
Reproductive endocrinology
and infertility
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
Andrology
Hormone
Breast
Thelarche
Development
Lactation
Breastfeeding
show
v
t
e
Menstrual cycle
Events and phases
Menstruation
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Life stages
Menarche
Menopause
Tracking
Signs
Basal body temperature
Cervical mucus
Mittelschmerz
Systems
Fertility awareness
Calendar-based methods
Billings Ovulation Method
Creighton Model
Suppression
Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
Lactational amenorrhea
Disorders
Amenorrhea
Anovulation
Dysmenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea
Irregular menstruation
Menometrorrhagia
Menorrhagia
Metrorrhagia
Oligomenorrhea
Related events
Folliculogenesis
Menstrual synchrony
Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Sexual activity
In culture and religion
Chhaupadi
Menstrual hygiene day
Menstrual taboo
Niddah
Authority control
NDL: 00575224
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovulation&oldid=854419155"
Categories:
Menstrual cycle
Human reproduction
Midwifery
Human female endocrine system
Theriogenology
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پښتو
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
Татарча/tatarça
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
ייִדיש
中文
37 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 06:15 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: i

attrs: colspan style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

attrs: scope style

attrs: rel class href

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Last_menstrual_period
mw-redirect
Last menstrual period

values:
/wiki/Fallopian_tubes
mw-redirect
Fallopian tubes

values:
/wiki/Ovarian_follicles
mw-redirect
Ovarian follicles

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Secondary_oocyte
mw-redirect
Secondary oocyte

values:
/wiki/Ovarian_failure
mw-redirect
Ovarian failure

values:
/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization
mw-redirect
In vitro fertilization

values:
/wiki/Egg_retrieval
mw-redirect
Egg retrieval

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12797075

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199906103402304

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10362823

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1562

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3087519

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853171

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15216427

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15503991

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2350

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dms019

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22611175

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ivf.com/ovind.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006/frne.2000.0198

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-3022

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10882541

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12849812

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006/frne.1998.0167

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665835

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod50.2.225

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8142540

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1293040

values:
nofollow
https://www.pailuanri.com.cn/
external text

values: Template talk:Human reproductive physiology

values: Reproductive endocrinology and infertility

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive

values:
/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene_day
mw-redirect
Menstrual hygiene day

values:
/wiki/Menstrual_taboo
mw-redirect
Menstrual taboo

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ovulation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: إباضة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Овулация – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulace
Ovulace – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovolado
Ovolado – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obulazio
Obulazio – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: تخمک‌گذاری – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation
Ovulation – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: अण्डोत्सर्ग – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulacija
Ovulacija – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulasi
Ovulasi – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Овуляция – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovilasyon
Ovilasyon – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Овулација – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: അണ്ഡോത്‌സർഗം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulatie
Ovulatie – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: تخمه ګزاري – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owulacja
Owulacja – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Овуляция – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulacija
Ovulacija – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulacija
Ovulacija – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulaatio
Ovulaatio – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obulasyon
Obulasyon – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: Овуляция – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: Тухмакгузорӣ – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Овуляція – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: אוואולאציע – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ovulation rootpage-Ovulation skin-vector action-view