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In-N-Out Burger
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In-N-Out Burgers, Inc.
In-N-Out headquarters at
University Tower in Irvine
Type
Private
Industry
Fast food restaurant
Founded
October 22, 1948; 68 years ago (1948-10-22)
Baldwin Park, California, U.S.
Founders
Harry Snyder
Esther Snyder
Headquarters
Irvine, California
Number of locations
326[citation needed]
Area served
California
Arizona
Nevada
Utah
Texas
Oregon
Key people
Lynsi Snyder, President
Mark Taylor, COO
Roger Kotch, CFO
Revenue
US$575 million (2014 estimate)[1]
Website
in-n-out.com
In-N-Out Burger is an American regional chain of fast food restaurants with locations primarily in the American Southwest and Pacific coast.[2] It was founded in Baldwin Park, California in 1948 by Harry Snyder and Esther Snyder. The chain is currently headquartered in Irvine, California and has slowly expanded outside Southern California into the rest of California, as well as into Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and Oregon. The current owner is Lynsi Snyder, the Snyders' only grandchild.
As the chain has expanded, it has opened several distribution centers in addition to its original Baldwin Park location. The new facilities, located in Lathrop, California; Phoenix, Arizona; Draper, Utah; and Dallas, Texas will provide for potential future expansion into other parts of the country.[3][4][5]
In-N-Out Burger has resisted franchising its operations or going public; one reason is the prospect of quality or customer consistency being compromised by excessively rapid business growth.[6] The company's business practices have been noted for employee-centered personnel policies. For example, In-N-Out is one of the few fast food chains in the United States to pay its employees more than state and federally mandated minimum wage guidelines – starting at US$11.00 per hour in California, as of May 2017.[7] The In-N-Out restaurant chain has developed a highly loyal customer base,[8][9][10] and has been rated as one of the top fast food restaurants in several customer satisfaction surveys.[11][12][13]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First generation
1.2 Second generation
1.3 The 21st century
2 Legal issues
2.1 Rich Boyd lawsuit (2006)
2.2 Chadder's infringement lawsuit (2007)
2.3 DoorDash lawsuit (2015)
3 Food safety
4 Products
5 Store design and layout
6 Advertising
7 Culture
7.1 Popularity
7.2 Art
7.3 Bible verses
8 The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation
9 Original restaurant
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
First generation[edit]
In-N-Out's first location was opened in the Los Angeles suburb of Baldwin Park, California in 1948 by the Snyders[6] at the southwest corner of what is now the intersection of Interstate 10 and Francisquito Avenue. The restaurant was the first drive-thru hamburger stand in California, allowing drivers to place orders via a two-way speaker system.[6] This was a new and unique idea, since in post-World War II California, carhops were used to take orders and serve food.[14]
A second In-N-Out was opened west of the intersection of Grand Avenue and Arrow Highway in Covina, California, three years later. The company remained a relatively small southern California chain until the 1970s. The Snyders managed their first restaurants closely to ensure quality was maintained.[15] The chain had 18 restaurants when Harry Snyder died in 1976, at the age of 63.[16]
Second generation[edit]
In 1976, 24-year-old Rich Snyder became the company president after his father's death. Along with his brother Guy, Rich had reportedly begun working in his father's In-N-Outs "from the ground floor" at an early age. Over the next 20 years, the chain experienced a period of rapid growth under Rich's leadership, expanding to 93[17] restaurants.[18]
The first location outside of the Los Angeles metropolitan area was opened in San Diego County in 1990, the 61st location in the chain.[19] In 1992, In-N-Out opened its first non-Southern California restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada. Its first Northern California location was opened the following year in Modesto.[20] Expansion then spread to Northern California, including the San Francisco Bay Area, while additional Las Vegas-area restaurants were added. However, after opening the 83rd In-N-Out restaurant in Fresno, California, on December 15, 1993, Rich Snyder and four other passengers died in a plane crash on approach to John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California. The charter aircraft they were on had been following a Boeing 757 in for landing, became caught in its wake turbulence, and crashed. The ensuing crash investigation led to the Federal Aviation Administration requirement for an adequate distance between heavy aircraft and following light aircraft to allow wake turbulence to diminish.
Upon Rich Snyder's death in 1993, Guy Snyder assumed the presidency and continued the company's aggressive expansion until he died from an overdose of painkillers in 1999.[9] He was president for six years, expanding In-N-Out from 83 to 140 locations.[18] His mother Esther subsequently took over the presidency.
The 21st century[edit]
In-N-Out Burger sign in Norwalk, California.
The company opened locations in Arizona in 2000 and added new restaurants in Reno, Sparks, and Carson City,[21] Nevada in late 2004. In-N-Out became a huge success in these new locations. In 2007, it opened its first restaurant in Tucson, Arizona. The store opening broke company records for the most burgers sold in one day and the most sold in one week.[22]
In 2008, In-N-Out expanded into a fourth state and opened a location in Washington, Utah, a suburb of St. George. By late 2009, the chain expanded into northern Utah with three new locations situated in Draper,[23] American Fork,[24] and Orem.[25][26] More locations opened in the spring of 2010 in West Valley City,[27] West Jordan, Centerville, and Riverton.[27]
In-N-Out Burger in Frisco, Texas, one of the first locations to open in Texas.
In May 2010, In-N-Out announced plans to expand into Texas, specifically within the Dallas–Fort Worth area with the first two locations opening in Frisco and Allen on May 11, 2011.[28] The chain opened its first location in Austin in December 2013.[29] There are 21 restaurant locations in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, and four in the Austin area.[citation needed] These new locations in Texas required the company to build a new patty production facility and distribution center in the state,[30] according to company vice president Carl Van Fleet.[31] In March 2014, the company confirmed its first location in San Antonio.[32] The fall of 2014 saw the restaurant open its 22nd Texas location in Killeen.[33] On November 20, 2014, In-N-Out opened its first location in San Antonio[34] followed by its first location in Waco in November 2015.[35][36] In January 2017, In-N-Out announced plans to expand into Houston with multiple sites planned in the area.[37][38]
In-N-Out in Medford, Oregon, the first in the state.
The company opened its first location in Oregon on September 9, 2015 (the same day as Harry Snyder's birthday) in Medford.[39] It is supplied from the Lathrop, California distribution center that was completed in 2006.[40] President Lynsi Snyder stated during the opening that they will continue to expand.
While the company grew, it struggled to maintain its family roots. Esther Snyder died in 2006 at the age of 86 and passed the presidency to Mark Taylor, former vice president of operations. Taylor became the company's fifth president and first non-family member to hold the position, although he does have ties to the family. The company's current heiress is Lynsi Snyder, daughter of Guy and only grandchild of Esther and Harry Snyder. Snyder, who was 23 years old and known as Lynsi Martinez at her grandmother's death, owns the company through a trust. She gained control of 50% of the company in 2012 when she turned 30, and nearly full control at 35 in May 2017.[41]
After participating in various roles in the company, Snyder assumed the presidency in 2010, becoming the company's sixth president. However, most major decisions are made by a seven-member executive team. Snyder does not intend to franchise nor sell, and plans to pass on ownership of the company to her children.[42]
Counties with at least one In-N-Out location.[43] Since 1992, In-N-Out has expanded beyond California to Arizona, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and most recently Oregon.
Legal issues[edit]
Rich Boyd lawsuit (2006)[edit]
In 2006, a lawsuit exposed a possible family feud over the chain's corporate leadership. Richard Boyd, one of In-N-Out's vice presidents and co-trustee of two-thirds of the company stock, accused Lynsi Martinez and allied corporate executives of trying to force out Esther Snyder and attempting to fire Boyd unreasonably. Pre-empting the suit, Martinez, Snyder and Taylor appeared in a December video message to employees, telling them not to believe everything they hear.[8] The company then responded with a lawsuit of its own, alleging Boyd had construction work done on his personal property and charged it to the company, as well as favoring contractors with uncompetitive bids.[9] Boyd was then suspended from his role as co-trustee and Northern Trust Bank of California took his place (as co-trustee) until a hearing set for May 10, 2006. However, in April, the judge dismissed two of In-N-Out's claims against Boyd. A trial date of October 17, 2006, was set but never occurred, and a settlement was reached out of court.[44] Ultimately, Boyd was permanently removed from his role as an employee and co-trustee.[45]
Chadder's infringement lawsuit (2007)[edit]
In June 2007, the company filed a lawsuit against an American Fork, Utah, restaurant named Chadder's for trademark infringement, claiming that the "look and feel" of the restaurant too closely resembled that of In-N-Out, and that the restaurant violated trademarked menu items, such as "Animal Style", "Protein Style", "Double-Double", and so forth.[46]
The company was tipped off by Utah customers contacting the customer service department asking if In-N-Out opened a location in Utah under a different name or if they had any affiliation with the restaurant in any way. Several customers stated they ordered trademarked items such as Animal and Protein styles.[47]
On June 7, 2007, In-N-Out's general counsel visited the Chadders restaurant in American Fork and "viewed the premises and operations and ordered a meal that was not listed on its menu. He requested an 'Animal style Double-Double with Animal fries,' and his order was filled."[48] Utah District court Judge Ted Stewart issued a temporary restraining order against the look-alike. Chadder's opened another location near the Salt Lake City area and one in Provo.
In 2009, In-N-Out opened a restaurant in American Fork less than a mile from the Chadder's restaurant.[46][49][50] Per their website, Chadder's started selling a "Stubby Double" instead of "Double Double".[51] The Chadder's restaurants in Utah have gone out of business since In-N-Out restaurants have opened in Utah.
DoorDash lawsuit (2015)[edit]
On November 6, 2015, In-N-Out filed a lawsuit against food delivery startup, DoorDash, claiming trademark infringement and unfair competition. The complaint states:
"Defendant’s use of Plaintiff’s famous trademarks implies that Defendant not only delivers In-N-Out products to its customers, but that the quality and services offered by Defendant is the same as if consumers had made purchases directly from Plaintiff. Upon information and belief, the quality of services offered by Defendant does not at all comport with the standards that consumers expect from Plaintiff’s goods and services. Further, Plaintiff has no control over the time it takes Defendant to deliver Plaintiff’s goods to consumers, or over the temperature at which the goods are kept during delivery, nor over the food handling and safety practices of Defendant’s delivery drivers. While Plaintiff adheres to the Food Code, on information and belief, Defendant does not adhere to such regulations, including with regard to compliance with required food safety and handling practices." [52]
Food safety[edit]
On May 9, 2017, the In-N-Out Burger in Livermore, California, temporarily closed its doors after nine members of a college softball team reported getting sick after eating at that particular restaurant. The Alameda County Department of Environmental Health is investigating the incident and suspects norovirus was the cause of the illnesses, but will not be able to confirm the cause until laboratory tests are completed.[53][54]
The location had been cited for a "high risk" health code violation in December 2016, with minor citations for the same problem in April 2017. In-N-Out representatives said they had no indications of any issues at the location but have cleaned and disinfected it along with reviewing procedures with employees.[55]
On May 12, 2017, the Alameda County Department of Environmental Health reported that they now believe that the members of the college softball team may have already been infected with the virus prior to entering the Livermore restaurant. As a precaution, the DEH are continuing their laboratory tests on In-N-Out employees to conclusively rule them out as a possible source of the infection.[56]
Products[edit]
Main article: In-N-Out Burger products
Cheeseburgers and hamburger
The In-N-Out menu consists of three burger varieties: hamburger, cheeseburger, and "Double-Double" (two hamburger patties and two slices of cheese). French fries and fountain drinks are available, as well as three flavors of milkshakes. The hamburgers come with lettuce, tomato, with or without onions (the customer is asked upon ordering, and may have them fresh or grilled), and a sauce, which is called "spread" (a Thousand Island dressing variant).
There are, however, additional named items not on the menu, but available at every In-N-Out. These variations reside on the chain's "secret menu," though the menu is accessible on the company's web site. These variations include 3x3 (which has three patties and three slices of cheese), 4x4 (four patties and four slices of cheese), Neapolitan shakes, grilled cheese sandwich (consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except the meat, plus two slices of melted cheese), Protein style (wrap with lettuce; consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except buns), and Animal Style. Both Protein and Animal Style are house specialties that the company has trademarked because of their association with the chain. Animal Style fries come with two slices of melted cheese, spread, and grilled onions on top. Animal style burgers are cooked in a thin layer of mustard, and in addition to the lettuce and tomato it also includes pickles, grilled onions, and extra spread. Whole or sliced chili peppers are also available by request.[57]
Until 2004 In-N-Out accommodated burger orders of any size by adding patties and slices of cheese at an additional cost. A particularly famous incident involving a 100x100 (100 patties, 100 slices of cheese) occurred in 2004.[58] Once word got out of the massive sandwich, In-N-Out management disallowed anything larger than a 4x4.[59] One can also order what is called a "Flying Dutchman" which consists of two meat patties and two slices of cheese by itself (no bun, condiments, or vegetables).[60]
Store design and layout[edit]
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In-N-Out restaurant in Pinole, California near Interstate 80 with one drive-thru lane and an indoor dining area. Note the crossed palm trees in the back.
The signature colors for In-N-Out are white, red, and yellow. The white is used for the buildings' exterior walls and the employees' basic uniform. Red is used for the buildings' roofs and the employees' aprons and hats. Yellow is used for the decorative band on the roof and iconic zig-zag in the logo. However, variations in the color scheme do occur.
The first In-N-Outs' had a common design, placing the kitchen "stand" between two lanes of cars. The "front" lane is nearest the street, and the "back" lane away from the street. A metal awning provides shade for several tables for customers desiring to park and eat, but there is no indoor dining. A walk-up window faces the parking area. These restaurants store food and supplies in a separate building, and it is not uncommon for a driver to be asked to wait a moment while employees carry supplies to the kitchen across the rear lane.
This simpler design is a popular image on In-N-Out ads and artwork, which often shows classic cars such as 1965 Mustangs and 1968 Firebirds visiting the original restaurants. The original Covina restaurant, located on Arrow Highway west of Grand Avenue, was forced to close in the early 1990s due to re-engineering and development of the area. A modern design, drive-up/dining room restaurant was built a few hundred feet away. The new building is much larger (approximately half the size of the entire lot upon which the earlier restaurant sat), and is often filled to capacity.
The famous In-N-Out Burger at the corner of Gayley and Le Conte in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus, designed by Kanner Architects
Like many chain restaurants, newer In-N-Out restaurants are based on a set of templates or "cookie-cutter" blueprints, which are chosen based on available space and expected traffic levels. While external appearance of its buildings may vary to meet local zoning and architectural requirements, the interior floor plan and decor in most recently constructed In-N-Out restaurants are identical. However, some restaurants are designed to stand out, such as the restaurants at Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco and Westwood, Los Angeles.
Example of In-N-Out's crossed palm trees
Today's typical location has an interior layout that includes a customer service counter with registers in front of a kitchen and food preparation area. There are separate storage areas for paper goods (napkins, bags, etc.) and "dry" food goods (potatoes, buns, etc.), as well as a walk-in refrigerator for perishable goods (lettuce, cheese, spread etc.), and a dedicated meat refrigerator for burger patties. The customer area includes an indoor dining room with a combination of booths, tables, and bar-style seating. Outside seating is usually available as well, with tables and benches. Most newer restaurants contain a one-lane drive-through.
There are other design elements common among today's In-N-Out locations. Matching In-N-Out's California-inspired palm tree theme, palm trees are sometimes planted to form an "X" in front of the restaurants. This is an allusion to founder Harry Snyder's favorite movie, Stanley Kramer's It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, in which the characters look for a hidden treasure and find it under "the big W" made by four palm trees, with the middle two forming an "X".[61]
Advertising[edit]
A typical interior with the company's motto, "Quality you can taste"
In-N-Out Burger sign in Los Angeles.
Like other fast food chains, In-N-Out uses roadside billboards that attract customers to the nearest location. Billboard ads typically display an image of the trademarked Double-Double burger. The chain uses short radio commercials, often limited to the jingle, "In-N-Out, In-N-Out. That's what a hamburger's all about." Television commercials, which are less common, feature the hamburger's visual appeal. In-N-Out seldom uses celebrities in ads, although John Cleese and John Goodman have voiced radio spots. In the past, the Snyders' also sponsored Christmas music programming with voice-overs expressing the meaning of the holiday. Such commercials offended Robert J. Elisberg of the Huffington Post.[62]
In addition to conventional, paid advertising, In-N-Out benefits from positive word of mouth spread by enthusiastic fans. For many years, it has given customers free bumper stickers which simply say "In-N-Out Burger".[63] The company helps devoted customers advertise its brand by selling souvenir clothing with the In-N-Out logo.[64] Celebrity fans and free endorsements in mass media also promote the business. When Heisman Trophy winner and Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith raved about In-N-Out cheeseburgers during a press conference before the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, a senior executive said, "It does not get much better than that for us. We're kind of a small company, and we do not have any celebrity endorsers. But I think we just got the best one we could have."[65] Huell Howser was allowed, in what is believed to be a first, to film with his television cameras inside a store for a California's Gold Special. The show also included a behind-the-scenes tour of the In-N-Out Headquarters.[66]
Culture[edit]
Popularity[edit]
The In-N-Out Burger sign at Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco
In-N-Out offers mobile catering in some Southern California markets.
Mobile POS systems are used during peak hours in order to help curb long drive thru lines.
The burger chain has achieved widespread popularity which has led to celebration by some when brought to new locations, and the opening of a new restaurant often becomes an event. When one opened in Scottsdale, Arizona, there was a four-hour wait for food, and news helicopters whirled above the parking lot.[67]
The chain's image has also made it popular in more non-traditional ways. For example, In-N-Out is still considered acceptable in some areas with a strong opposition to corporate food restaurants, such as McDonald's. Local business leaders in San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf district said they opposed every other fast food chain except In-N-Out, because they wanted to maintain the flavor of family-owned, decades-old businesses in the area, with one saying locals would ordinarily "be up in arms about a fast-food operation coming to Fisherman's Wharf," but "this is different."[10] California native and Colorado Rockies player Jason Giambi would often visit In-N-Out Burger when on the West Coast with his former team, the New York Yankees. He said he tried to open an In-N-Out Burger restaurant in New York, but was unsuccessful.[68]
The chain also has fans in a number of renowned chefs including Gordon Ramsay, Thomas Keller, Julia Child, Anthony Bourdain, and Mario Batali.[17] Famous London chef/restaurateur Ramsay ate In-N-Out for the first time when taping Hell's Kitchen in Los Angeles, and it soon became one of his favorite spots for take-out.[69] Ramsay was quoted, saying about the experience: "In-N-Out burgers were extraordinary. I was so bad, I sat in the restaurant, had my double cheeseburger then minutes later I drove back round and got the same thing again to take away."[69] Thomas Keller, a fan of In-N-out, celebrated with In-N-Out burgers at the anniversary party of his restaurant, The French Laundry.[70] Keller also plans on opening his own burger restaurant inspired by his Los Angeles experience of In-N-Out.[71] Julia Child, one of the first celebrities to champion the chain, admitted to knowing every location of the restaurant between Santa Barbara and San Francisco.[72] Child also had the burgers delivered to her during a hospital stay.[70] Anthony Bourdain reportedly said that In-N-Out was his favorite fast food meal;[70] later naming the restaurant as "the best restaurant in Los Angeles."[73][74] In-N-Out was one of the very few restaurant chains given a positive mention in the book Fast Food Nation. The book commended the chain for using natural and fresh ingredients and for looking after the interests of employees regarding pay and benefits.[75] An In-N-Out food truck catered Vanity Fair's 2012 Academy Awards after party.[76]
Art[edit]
Richard Bunkall painting commissioned by Haenel family of In-N-Out Burger.
Jack Schmidt was the first person commissioned to paint the original In-N-Out located in Baldwin Park, CA for In-N-Out Burger Inc.[77] His paintings were later reproduced on advertisements, shirts, and other consumer products. His paintings capture the car culture, beautiful weather, and the easy-speed of In-N-Out Burger[77] The art pieces illustrate the beautiful climate that is associated with Southern California. Beautiful sunsets, sunny blue skies, and towering palm trees are always present.
Bible verses[edit]
Bible reference on the bottom of an In-N-Out drink cup
Bible reference on wrapper of an In-N-Out Double-Double
In-N-Out prints Bible citations in small print on areas of packaging. This practice began in the 1980s during Rich Snyder's presidency,[61] a reflection of the Christian beliefs held by the Snyder family.
On the Season 5 premiere episode of Secret Lives of the Super Rich, Lynsi Snyder, the then-33 year old heir to the In-N-Out chain, revealed that she had two Biblical-related tattoos. One of Matthew 6:10 in Aramaic: “Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.” The other of Hebrew characters to represent the word "hated," which reportedly refer to John 15:18: “If the world hates you, know that it hated me before.”
The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation[edit]
The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation, was established as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in March 1995,[78] and classified as a "Human Services: Fund Raising & Fund Distribution" organization under the NTEE system.[79] Based in Irvine, California, the foundation "supports organizations that provide residential treatment, emergency shelter, foster care, and early intervention for children in need." Its grant-making activities are restricted to eligible nonprofit groups that are located or provide services in areas where In-N-Out has a presence.[80] Consequently, grant proposals are only accepted from applicants in a limited number of counties in Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Texas.[81] In 2010, the most recent year for which financial reporting is publicly available (and before the opening of the company's Texas locations),[82] the foundation contributed $1,545,250 to 231 grantees in Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.[83] Grant-making is funded through donor contributions and In-N-Out-sponsored fundraisers; typical grants are between $2,000 and $20,000.[81]
Original restaurant[edit]
The first In-N-Out restaurant that opened in 1948 was demolished when the Interstate 10 (then U.S. 60/70/99, the Ramona Freeway) San Bernardino Freeway was built from downtown Los Angeles to the San Gabriel Valley. The freeway runs over the original location. A new restaurant was completed in 1954 near the original Baldwin Park, California location, but was closed in November 2004 and demolished on April 16, 2011 despite discussions about using it as an In-N-Out museum chronicling the origins and history of the company.[84] In-N-Out built a replacement restaurant on the other side of the freeway next to the original In-N-Out University (opened in 1984). A new In-N-Out University was built on the property. The University building houses the training department, which was moved from Irvine, California. In addition, the company restaurant was moved from In-N-Out's Baldwin Park headquarters to the new lot, which holds the restaurant and university, less than a thousand feet away. In 2014, a replica of the 1948 In-N-Out was built in Baldwin Park.[85]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Companies portal
Burger Wars
Fast food
List of hamburger restaurants
List of restaurant chains in the United States
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Jump up ^ "In-N-Out Road Trip Location Guide" (PDF). In-N-Out. May 22, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (April 6, 2006). "In-N-Out ordered to alter some claims in lawsuit". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out, former VP reach secretive settlement". TMC News. August 6, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Leer, Twila (June 30, 2007). "In-N-Out wins one over Chadders". Deseret News.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Amanda (June 18, 2007). "In-N-Out Burger sues American Fork Restaurant". KSL-TV.
Jump up ^ In-N-Out Burgers v. Chadders Restaurant et al. (Utah District Court June 29, 2007). Text
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out coming to American Fork". Daily Herald (Utah). February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out Burger Suing American Fork Burger Joint". Fox News. June 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Laura (May 14, 2010). "Chadder's Sued For Not Opening". Deseret News.
Jump up ^ In-N-Out Burgers vs. DoorDash (United States District Court, Central District of California). Text
Jump up ^ Sernoffsky, Evan (May 10, 2017). "Livermore In-N-Out Burger temporarily closes after diners sickened". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Chris (May 10, 2017). "Livermore In-N-Out Burger voluntarily closes after customers reportedly got sick". KGO-TV.
Jump up ^ Cestone, Vince (May 10, 2017). "VIDEO: Livermore In-N-Out Burger temporarily closed after group of customers complain of flu-like symptoms". KRON-TV.
Jump up ^ Cestone, Vince (May 12, 2017). "Health Officials: Group of customers did not get sickened at Livermore In-N-Out, restaurant reopens". KRON-TV.
Jump up ^ "Not So Secret Menu". In-N-Out Burger.
Jump up ^ "A 100x100 at In-N-Out". Super Sized Meals. January 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ Pollack, Neal (July 23, 2009). "Welcome to Burger Heaven". Maxim. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Marcotte, John (February 25, 2005). "In-N-Out's Secret Menu". Badmouth.
^ Jump up to: a b Savio, Kelly (August 9, 2006). "The Ins and Outs of In-N-Out". Gilroy Dispatch.
Jump up ^ Elisberg, Robert J. (July 13, 2011). "The World's Only Hamburger That's Good for You". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Perman, Stacy (2010). In-N-Out Burger: A Behind-the-Counter Look at the Fast-Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules. Harper Collins. pp. 149–50. ISBN 9780061872143.
Jump up ^ Pellegrini, Frank (August 21, 2000). "Restaurant Review: The In-N-Out Burger". Time. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Briggs, David (January 8, 2007). "Smith Stays In, Buckeyes Worth Big Bucks". The Lantern. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Howser, Huell (2009). "California's Gold #146 - IN-N-OUT BURGER". California's Gold. Episode 146. PBS. KCET. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNichol, Tom (August 14, 2002). "The Secret Behind A Burger Cult". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ Olney, Buster (January 6, 2009). "Jason Giambi, Oakland Athletics on verge of one-year deal". ESPN.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott, Jill (April 20, 2008). "Gordon Ramsay admits secret passion for fast food burgers". Daily Record (Scotland).
^ Jump up to: a b c Luna, Nancy (March 2011). "Attack of the Double Double". D Magazine. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Stein, Joshua David (April 13, 2010). "Thomas Keller: His fantasy burger restaurant". Eater. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Parsons, Russ (August 7, 2002). "A day in the life at 90". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 7, 2002.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Marcy (January 13, 2015). "Anthony Bourdain: Unofficial Spokesperson for In-N-Out Burger". The Braiser. Abrams Media Network. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ DeJesus, Erin (January 8, 2015). "Watch Anthony Bourdain Extoll the Virtues of In-N-Out Burger". Eater. Vox Media. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schlosser, Eric (2002). Fast Food Nation. HarperCollins. p. 259. ISBN 0-06-093845-5.
Jump up ^ Heyman, Marshall (February 28, 2012). "Mixing It Up at Oscar After-Parties". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 11, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b Perman, Stacy (2009). In-n-out Burger: A Behind-the-Counter Look at the Fast-Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules. New York: Collins Business. ISBN 9780061872143. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Child Abuse Foundation: History". In-N-Out Burger. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out Burgers Foundation". National Center for Charitable Statistics. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Child Abuse Foundation: Eligibility". In-N-Out Burger. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Child Abuse Foundation: About The Grants". In-N-Out Burger. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (May 5, 2011). "In-N-Out Burger: 2 Texas restaurants to open next week". OC Register. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Form 990" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved September 12, 2012 – via Foundation Center. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Pool, Bob & Kim, Victoria (April 16, 2011). "Historic In-N-Out Burger stand is Down-N-Out". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (February 26, 2014). "SoCal institution In-N-Out opens replica 1948 burger stand". OC Register. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Hawn, Carleen (August 7, 2006). "In-N-Out Burger is giving McDonald's a run for its money". fastcompany.com.
Perman, Stacy (2009). In-N-Out Burger: A Behind-the-Counter Look at the Fast-Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules. New York: HarperBusiness. ISBN 978-0-06-134671-2. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to In-N-Out Burger.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America.
Official website
The In-N-Out Burger Opening Day Phenomenon!
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Red flag (idiom)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Red flag (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Naval Encounter between Dutch and Spanish Warships by Cornelis Verbeeck. c. 1618/1620. A solid red flag, signifying the ship’s intent to engage in combat with a Spanish galleon (left ship), flies at the Dutch warship's stern (right ship).[1]
The term red flag could mean either a literal flag used for signaling or, as a metaphor, a sign of some particular problem requiring attention.[2]
The earliest citation for "red flag" in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1602 and shows that at that time the flag was used by military forces to indicate that they were preparing for battle.[nb 1]
The earliest citation of "red flag" in the sense of a warning is dated 1777 and refers to a flag warning of flood.[nb 2]
The term and the expression "to raise the red flag" come from various usages of real flags throughout history. The semaphore red flag (or red light) on railways means an immediate stop, while a red flag is frequently flown by armed forces to warn the public of live fire exercises in progress, and is sometimes flown by ships carrying munitions (in this context it is actually the flag for the letter B in the International maritime signal flag alphabet, a red swallow-tailed flag). In many countries a red flag is flown to signify that an outdoor shooting range is in use. The United States Air Force refers to its largest annual exercise as red flag operation. Red flags are used for various signals in team sailing races (see Racing Rules of Sailing). A red flag warning is a signal of high wildfire danger and a red flag on the beach warns of dangerous water conditions (double red flags indicate beach closure). Red flags of various designs indicate dangerous wind and wave conditions for mariners. In auto racing, a red flag indicates a stop to the race due to dangerous conditions.
A signal of danger or a problem can be referred to as a red flag, a usage that originated in the 18th century. The term "red flag" is used, e.g., during screening of communications, and refers to specific words or phrases encountered that might indicate relevance to the case. For example, email spam filters make use of such "red flags".
See also[edit]
Racing flags § Red flag
Red Flags Rule
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 1602 Thomas Dekker, Satiromastix, Wks. 1873 I. 233 ″What, dost summon a parlie, my little Drumsticke? tis too late: thou seest my red flag is hung out.″
1666 Lond. Gaz. No. 91/4 ″That the Red Flag was out, both Fleets in sight of each other, expecting every hour fit weather to Engage.″
Jump up ^ 1777 Philip Thicknesse, Year's Journey I. iii. 23 There is a red flag hoisted gradually higher and higher, as the water flows into the harbour [at Calais].
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cornelius Verbeeck. "A Naval Encounter" (PDF). Nga.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Red Flag | Definition of Red Flag by Merriam-Webster". I.word.com. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_flag_(idiom)&oldid=833022156"
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text:
Phototropism
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The light from the lamp (1.) functions as a detectable change in the plant's environment. As a result, the plant exhibits a reaction of phototropism--directional growth (2.) toward the light stimulus.
Auxin distribution controls phototropism. 1. Sunlight strikes the plant from directly above. Auxin (pink dots) encourages growth straight up. 2, 3, 4. Sunlight strikes the plant at an angle. Auxin is concentrated on one side, encouraging growth at an angle from the preceding stem.
The Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) is regulated by blue to UV light.
Phycomyces, a fungus, also exhibit phototropism
Example on a Phalaenopsis
Play media
Example on Azuki beans
Ravenalas growing between two buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The plane (here perpendicular to the north-south axis) of these two plants is orientated to maximize daylight absorption.
Phototropism is the growth of an organism which responds to a light stimulus. It is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a chemical called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on the farthest side from the light. Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is called positive phototropism, while growth away from light is called negative phototropism (skototropism).[1] Most plant shoots exhibit positive phototropism, and rearrange their chloroplasts in the leaves to maximize photosynthetic energy and promote growth.[2][3] Roots usually exhibit negative phototropism, although gravitropism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them. The combination of phototropism and gravitropism allow plants to grow in the correct direction.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism
1.1 Five models of auxin distribution in phototropism
2 Effects of wavelength
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Mechanism[edit]
There are several of signaling molecules that help the plant determine where the light source is coming from which helps the plant, and this activates several genes, which change the hormone gradients allowing the plant to grow towards the light. The very tip of the plant known as the coleoptile is necessary in light sensing.[2] The middle portion of the coleoptile is the area where the shoot curvature occurs. The Cholodny–Went hypothesis, developed in the early 20th century, predicts that in the presence of asymmetric light, auxin will move towards the shaded side and promote elongation of the cells on that side to cause the plant to curve towards the light source.[5] Auxins activate proton pumps, decreasing the pH in the cells on the dark side of the plant. This acidification of the cell wall region activates enzymes known as expansins which break bonds in the cell wall structure, making the cell walls less rigid. In addition, the acidic environment causes disruption of hydrogen bonds in the cellulose that makes up the cell wall. The decrease in cell wall strength causes cells to swell, exerting the mechanical pressure that drives phototropic movement.
A second group of genes, PIN genes, have been found to play a major role in phototropism. They are auxin transporters, so it is thought that they are responsible for the polarization of auxin. Specifically PIN3 has been identified as the primary auxin carrier.[6] It is possible that phototropins receive light and inhibit the activity of PINOID kinase (PID), which then promotes the activity of PIN3. This activation of PIN3 leads to asymmetric distribution of auxin, which then leads to asymmetric elongation of cells in the stem. pin3 mutants had shorter hypocotyls and roots than the wild-type, and the same phenotype was seen in plants grown with auxin efflux inhibitors.[7] Using anti-PIN3 immunogold labeling, movement of the PIN3 protein was observed. PIN3 is normally localized to the surface of hypocotyl and stem, but is also internalized in the presence of Brefeldin A (BFA), an exocytosis inhibitor. This mechanism allows PIN3 to be repositioned in response to an environmental stimulus. PIN3 and PIN7 proteins were thought to play a role in pulse-induced phototropism. The curvature responses in the "pin3" mutant were reduced significantly, but only slightly reduced in "pin7" mutants. There is some redundancy among "PIN1", "PIN3", and "PIN7", but it is thought that PIN3 plays a greater role in pulse-induced phototropism.[8]
There are phototropins that are highly expressed in the upper region of coleoptiles. The two main phototropins are phot1 and phot2. phot2 single mutants have phototropic responses like that of the wild-type, but phot1 phot2 double mutants do not show any phototropic responses.[4] The amounts of PHOT1 and PHOT2 present are different depending on the age of the plant and the intensity of the light. There is a high amount of PHOT2 present in mature Arabidopsis leaves and this was also seen in rice orthologs. The expression of PHOT1 and PHOT2 changes depending on the presence of blue or red light. There was a downregulation of PHOT1 mRNA in the presence of light, but upregulation of PHOT2 transcript. The levels of mRNA and protein present in the plant were dependent upon the age of the plant. This suggests that the phototropin expression levels change with the maturation of the leaves.[9] Mature leaves contain chloroplasts that are essential in photosynthesis. Chloroplast rearrangement occurs in different light environments to maximize photosynthesis. There are several genes involved in plant phototropism including the NPH1 and NPL1 gene. They are both involved in chloroplast rearrangement.[3] The nph1 and npl1 double mutants were found to have reduced phototropic responses. In fact, the two genes are both redundant in determining the curvature of the stem.
Five models of auxin distribution in phototropism[edit]
In 2012, Sakai and Haga[10] outlined how different auxin concentrations could be arising on shaded and lighted side of the stem, giving birth to phototropic response. Five models in respect to stem phototropism have been proposed, using Arabidopsis thaliana as the study plant.
Five models showing how auxin is transported in the plant Arabidopsis.
First model
In the first model incoming light deactivates auxin on the light side of the plant allowing the shaded part to continue growing and eventually bend the plant over towards the light.[10]
Second model
In the second model light inhibits auxin biosynthesis on the light side of the plant, thus decreasing the concentration of auxin relative to the unaffected side.[10]
Third model
In the third model there is a horizontal flow of auxin from both the light and dark side of the plant. Incoming light causes more auxin to flow from the exposed side to the shaded side, increasing the concentration of auxin on the shaded side and thus more growth occurring.[10]
Fourth model
In the fourth model it shows the plant receiving light to inhibit auxin basipetal down to the exposed side, causing the auxin to only flow down the shaded side.[10]
Fifth model
Model five encompasses elements of both model 3 and 4. The main auxin flow in this model comes from the top of the plant vertically down towards the base of the plant with some of the auxin travelling horizontally from the main auxin flow to both sides of the plant. Receiving light inhibits the horizontal auxin flow from the main vertical auxin flow to the irradiated exposed side. And according to the study by Sakai and Haga, the observed asymmetric auxin distribution and subsequent phototropic response in hypocotyls seems most consistent with this fifth scenario.[10]
Effects of wavelength[edit]
Phototropism in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana is directed by blue light receptors called phototropins.[11] Other photosensitive receptors in plants include phytochromes that sense red light[12] and cryptochromes that sense blue light.[13] Different organs of the plant may exhibit different phototropic reactions to different wavelengths of light. Stem tips exhibit positive phototropic reactions to blue light, while root tips exhibit negative phototropic reactions to blue light. Both root tips and most stem tips exhibit positive phototropism to red light. Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that absorb blue/ UV-A light, and they help control the circadian rhythm in plants and timing of flowering. Phytochromes are photoreceptors that sense red/far-red light, but they also absorb blue light. The combination of responses from phytochromes and cryptochromes allow the plant to respond to various kinds of light.[14] Together phytochromes and cryptochromes inhibit gravitropism in hypocotyls and contribute to phototropism.[2]
See also[edit]
Scotobiology
Cholodny–Went model
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Strong & Ray 1975.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goyal, A., Szarzynska, B., Fankhauser C. (2012). Phototropism: at the crossroads of light-signaling pathways. Cell 1-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Sakai, T., Kagawa, T., Kasahara, M., Swartz, T.E., Christie, J.M., Briggs, W.R., Wada, M., Okada, K. (2001). Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation. PNAS 98(12), 6969-6974.
^ Jump up to: a b Liscum, E. (2002). Phototropism: Mechanisms and Outcomes. Arabidopsis Book 1-21.
Jump up ^ Christie, J.M., and Murphy, A.S. (2013). Shoot phototropism in higher plants: New light through old concepts. American Journal of Botany 100(1), 35-46.
Jump up ^ Ding, Z., Galván-Ampudia, C.S., Demarsy, E., Langowski, L., Kleine-Vehn, J., Fan, Y., Morita, M.T., Tasaka M., Fankhauser, C., Offringa, R., Friml, J. (2011). Light-mediated polarization of the PIN3 auxin transporter for the phototropic response in Arabidopsis Nature Cell Biology 13(4), 447-453.
Jump up ^ Friml, J., Wisniewska, J., Benkova, E., Mendgen, K., Palme, K. (2002). Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis. Nature 415, 806-809.
Jump up ^ Haga, K., and Sakai, T. (2012). PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers Are Necessary for Pulse-Induced But Not Continuous Light-Induced Phototropism in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 160, 763-776.
Jump up ^ Labuz, J., Sztatelman, O., Banas, A. K., Gabrys H. (2012). The expression of phototropins in Arabidopsis leaves: developmental and light regulation. Journal of Experimental Botany 63(4), 1763-1771.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sakai, T; Haga, K (2012). "Molecular genetic analysis of phototropism in Arabidopsis". Plant & cell physiology. 53 (9): 1517–34. PMC 3439871  . PMID 22864452. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcs111.
Jump up ^ "Phototropins: Photoreceptors that provide a novel photochemical mechanism for signaling". Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Phytochrome". plantphys.info. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
Jump up ^ Eckardt, N. A. (1 May 2003). "A Component of the Cryptochrome Blue Light Signaling Pathway". The Plant Cell Online. 15 (5): 1051–1052. doi:10.1105/tpc.150510.
Jump up ^ McCoshum, S., Kiss, J.Z. (2011). Green light affects blue-light based phototropism in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana. Torrey Botanical Society 138(4), 409-417.
Bibliography[edit]
Strong, Donald R.; Ray, Thomas S. (1 January 1975). "Host Tree Location Behavior of a Tropical Vine (Monstera gigantea) by Skototropism". Science. 190 (4216): 804–806. doi:10.1126/science.190.4216.804.
External links[edit]
Media related to Phototropism at Wikimedia Commons
Time lapse films, Plants-In-Motion

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Plant movements
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