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Autumn
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For other uses, see Autumn (disambiguation).
"Fall" redirects here. For other uses, see Fall (disambiguation).
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Autumn, also known as fall in North American English,[1] is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere), when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and the temperature cools down considerably. One of its main features is the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees.
Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as "mid-autumn", while others with a longer temperature lag treat it as the start of autumn.[2] Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere)[3] use a definition based on Gregorian calendar months, with autumn being September, October, and November in the northern hemisphere,[4] and March, April, and May in the southern hemisphere.
In North America, traditionally autumn starts on September 21 and ends on December 21. It is considered to start with the September equinox (21 to 24 September)[5] and end with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December).[6] Popular culture in the United States associates Labor Day, the first Monday in September, as the end of summer and the start of autumn; certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date.[7] As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees shed their leaves.[8] In traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are September, October and November.[9] However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition.[citation needed] In Australia[10] and New Zealand, autumn officially begins on 1 March and ends on 31 May.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Associations
2.1 Harvest
2.2 Melancholia
2.3 Halloween
2.4 Other associations
3 Tourism
4 Paintings
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
Autumnal scene with yellow, orange and red leaves on trees and fallen on the ground
The word autumn comes from the ancient Etruscan root autu- and has within it connotations of the passing of the year.[11] It was borrowed by the neighbouring Romans, and became the Latin word autumnus.[12] After the Roman era, the word continued to be used as the Old French word autompne (automne in modern French) or autumpne in Middle English,[13] and was later normalised to the original Latin. In the Medieval period, there are rare examples of its use as early as the 12th century, but by the 16th century, it was in common use.
Before the 16th century, harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in other West Germanic languages to this day (cf. Dutch herfst, German Herbst and Scots hairst). However, as more people gradually moved from working the land to living in towns, the word harvest lost its reference to the time of year and came to refer only to the actual activity of reaping, and autumn, as well as fall, began to replace it as a reference to the season.[14][15]
The alternative word fall for the season traces its origins to old Germanic languages. The exact derivation is unclear, with the Old English fiæll or feallan and the Old Norse fall all being possible candidates. However, these words all have the meaning "to fall from a height" and are clearly derived either from a common root or from each other. The term came to denote the season in 16th-century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall of the year".[16]
During the 17th century, English emigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak, and the new settlers took the English language with them. While the term fall gradually became obsolete in Britain, it became the more common term in North America.
The name backend, a once common name for the season in Northern England, has today been largely replaced by the name autumn.[17]
Associations[edit]
Harvest[edit]
Harvest straw bales in a field of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Association with the transition from warm to cold weather, and its related status as the season of the primary harvest, has dominated its themes and popular images. In Western cultures, personifications of autumn are usually pretty, well-fed females adorned with fruits, vegetables and grains that ripen at this time. Many cultures feature autumnal harvest festivals, often the most important on their calendars. Still extant echoes of these celebrations are found in the autumn Thanksgiving holiday of the United States and Canada, and the Jewish Sukkot holiday with its roots as a full-moon harvest festival of "tabernacles" (living in outdoor huts around the time of harvest).[citation needed] There are also the many North American Indian festivals tied to harvest of ripe foods gathered in the wild, the Chinese Mid-Autumn or Moon festival, and many others. The predominant mood of these autumnal celebrations is a gladness for the fruits of the earth mixed with a certain melancholy linked to the imminent arrival of harsh weather.
This view is presented in English poet John Keats' poem To Autumn, where he describes the season as a time of bounteous fecundity, a time of 'mellow fruitfulness'.
In North America, while most foods are harvested during the autumn, foods particularly associated with the season include pumpkins (which are integral parts of both Thanksgiving and Halloween) and apples, which are used to make the seasonal beverage apple cider.
Melancholia[edit]
Autumn, especially in poetry, has often been associated with melancholia. The possibilities and opportunities of summer are gone, and the chill of winter is on the horizon. Skies turn grey, the amount of usable daylight drops rapidly, and many people turn inward, both physically and mentally.[18] It has been referred to as an unhealthy season.[19]
Similar examples may be found in Irish poet William Butler Yeats' poem The Wild Swans at Coole where the maturing season that the poet observes symbolically represents his own ageing self. Like the natural world that he observes, he too has reached his prime and now must look forward to the inevitability of old age and death. French poet Paul Verlaine's "Chanson d'automne" ("Autumn Song") is likewise characterised by strong, painful feelings of sorrow. Keats' To Autumn, written in September 1819, echoes this sense of melancholic reflection, but also emphasises the lush abundance of the season. The song, Autumn Leaves, which is based on a French song, " "Les Feuilles mortes", uses the melancholic atmosphere of the season and the end of summer as a simile to compare to the mood of being separated from a loved one.[20]
Halloween[edit]
Halloween pumpkins
Autumn is associated with Halloween (influenced by Samhain, a Celtic autumn festival),[21] and with it a widespread marketing campaign that promotes it. Halloween is in autumn in the northern hemisphere. The television, film, book, costume, home decoration, and confectionery industries use this time of year to promote products closely associated with such a holiday, with promotions going from early September to 31 October, since their themes rapidly lose strength once the holiday ends, and advertising starts concentrating on Christmas.
Other associations[edit]
Pumpkin pie is commonly served on and around Thanksgiving in North America
All Saints' Day at a cemetery in Sanok – flowers and lit candles are placed to honor the memory of deceased relatives. Poland, 1 November 2011
In some parts of the northern hemisphere, autumn has a strong association with the end of summer holiday and the start of a new school year, particularly for children in primary and secondary education. "Back to School" advertising and preparations usually occurs in the weeks leading to the beginning of autumn.
Easter falls in autumn in the southern hemisphere.
Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday celebrated in Canada, in the United States, in some of the Caribbean islands and in Liberia. Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States, and around the same part of the year in other places. Similarly named festival holidays occur in Germany and Japan.
Television stations and networks, particularly in North America, traditionally begin their regular seasons in their autumn, with new series and new episodes of existing series debuting mostly during late September or early October (series that debut outside the fall season are usually known as mid-season replacements). A sweeps period takes place in November to measure Nielsen Ratings.
American football is played almost exclusively in the autumn months; at the high school level, seasons run from late August through early November, with some playoff games and holiday rivalry contests being played as late as Thanksgiving. In many American states, the championship games take place in early December. College football's regular season runs from September through November, while the main professional circuit, the National Football League, plays from September through to early January. Summer sports, such as stock car racing, Major League Soccer, and Major League Baseball, wrap up their seasons in early to late autumn; MLB's championship World Series is known popularly as the "Fall Classic".[22] (Amateur baseball is usually finished by August.) Likewise, professional winter sports, such as professional ice hockey, basketball and most leagues of soccer football in Europe, are in the early stages of their seasons during autumn; American college basketball and college ice hockey play teams outside their athletic conferences during the late autumn before their in-conference schedules begin in winter.
The Christian religious holidays of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day are observed in autumn in the Northern hemisphere.
Since 1997, Autumn has been one of the top 100 names for girls in the United States.[23]
In Indian mythology, autumn is considered to be the preferred season for the goddess of learning Saraswati, who is also known by the name of "goddess of autumn" (Sharada).
In Asian mysticism, Autumn is associated with the element of metal, and subsequently with the colour white, the White Tiger of the West, and death and mourning.
Tourism[edit]
Maple leaves changing colour by a creek.
See also: Leaf peeping
Although colour change in leaves occurs wherever deciduous trees are found, coloured autumn foliage is noted in various regions of the world: most of North America, Eastern Asia (including China, Korea, and Japan), Europe, the forest of Patagonia, eastern Australia and New Zealand's South Island.
Eastern Canada and New England are famous for their autumnal foliage,[24][25] and this attracts major tourism (worth billions of US dollars) for the regions.[26][27]
Paintings[edit]
Otoño, Frederic Edwin Church, 1875. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza[28]
John Everett Millais, "Autumn Leaves"
Autumn, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1573
Autumn (1896) by Art Nouveau artist Alphonse Mucha
Autumn landscape in Rybiniszki, Latvia, watercolor by Stanisław Masłowski, 1902 (National Museum in Warsaw, Poland)
This 1905 print by Maxfield Frederick Parrish illustrated Keats' poem 'Autumn'
See also[edit]
Autumn portal
Autumn in New England
Diwali
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "article name needed". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
Jump up ^ "Oxford Dictionary on the North American usage of Fall". oxforddictionaries.com.
Jump up ^ "NOAA's National Weather Service - Glossary". Crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Weather and Climate, New Zealand Weather, Temperatures and Climate in New Zealand". Tourism.net.nz. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Weather Centre - Features - Understanding Weather - Autumn Forecasting". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ Kanalley, Craig (22 September 2010). "First Day Of Fall 2010: Autumn Equinox Photos". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
Jump up ^ "The First Day of Winter: Winter Solstice 2018". Old Farmer's Almanac.
Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick (September 8, 2009). "Why We Can't Wear White After Labor Day". Time. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Kathy (11 October 2010). "Travel". Fall in North America: autumn colour in New England and beyond. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Weather of Autumn 2007 (September, October & November summary)" (PDF). Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service Online. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/seasons.shtml
Jump up ^ Breyer, Gertraud (1993). Etruskisches Sprachgut im Lateinischen unter Ausschluss des spezifisch onomastischen Bereiches (in German). Peeters Publishers. pp. 412–413. ISBN 9068313355.
Jump up ^ Etymology of 'autumn' - New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1997 Edition
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, entry at automn.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "harvest". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "autumn". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "fall". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Revealed: How London accents have killed off local dialects across England". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Cyclical Regenerative Time - (c) Autumn (from 'Symbolism of Place', symbolism.org website)
Jump up ^ D'Alembert, Jean Le Rond (2013) [1751]. Holtrop, Ellen, ed. "Autumn". The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Michigan Publishing. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Original "Autumn Leaves"". Retrieved 8 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Halloween". Encarta. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Enders, Eric (2007). The Fall Classic: The Definitive History of the World Series. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 9781402747700. , et al.
Jump up ^ Popular Baby Names, Social Security Online.
Jump up ^ "Nova Scotia Capitalizes on Fall Tourism | Government of Nova Scotia". Gov.ns.ca. 21 September 1999. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
Jump up ^ Ross, Ben (14 September 2002). "The Complete Guide to Leaf-Peeping & Advice, Travel". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
Jump up ^ Shir Haberman. "Leaf peepers storm N.H., Maine". SeacoastOnline.com. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Record New England Rains Make Foliage `a Dud,' Hurt Tourism". Bloomberg L.P. 4 November 2005. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
Jump up ^ CM; Paloma. Alarcó. "Autumn - Frederic Edwin Church | Museo Thyssen". Madrid, Spain: museothyssen.org. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
External links[edit]
Look up autumn or fall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Autumn at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Fall at Wikiquote
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text:
Cups (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Cups"
Song by Lulu and the Lampshades
A-side
"Cold Water"
Released
February 2011
Genre
Folk-pop
a cappella
Label
Moshi Moshi
Songwriter(s)
A. P. Carter
Luisa Gerstein
Lulu and the Lampshades singles chronology
"Feet To The Sky" / "Rose Tint"
(2009) Feet To The SkyRose Tint2009 "Cold Water" / "Cups"
(2011) Cold WaterCups2011 "Insomniacs Club"
(2013) Insomniacs Club2013
"Cups" is a version of the 1931 Carter Family song "When I'm Gone", usually performed a cappella with a cup used to provide percussion, as in the cup game. It was first performed this way in a YouTube video by Lulu and The Lampshades in 2009 (under the title "You're Gonna Miss Me"). Composition of the song is credited to A. P. Carter and Luisa Gerstein of Lulu and the Lampshades.[1]
The song became popular after it was covered by Anna Kendrick in the 2012 film Pitch Perfect. That version also became the official theme song of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and release
2 Anna Kendrick version
2.1 Chart performance
2.2 Music video
2.3 Charts and certifications
2.3.1 Weekly charts
2.3.2 Certifications
2.3.3 Year-end charts
3 Cover parody
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin and release[edit]
The original song "When I'm Gone" was written by A. P. Carter, then recorded in 1931 by the Carter Family (not to be confused with their 1928 song "Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone?").[3] The song was reworked in 1937 by J. E. Mainer.[4] Over the years it has been recorded by many people including Mainer's Mountaineers and Charlie Monroe.[5] It can also be heard in the film Dan in Real Life.
Lulu and the Lampshades were the first to perform the song using the cup game for percussion. Their video went viral after a Reddit posting, prompting dozens of other budding musicians to record cover versions of the song using the Cup Clap technique. It was soon dubbed The Cup Song.[3]
Anna Kendrick version[edit]
"Cups (Pitch Perfect's "When I'm Gone")"
Single by Anna Kendrick
from the album Pitch Perfect (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Released
March 26, 2013
Recorded
2012
Genre
Folk-pop
a cappella
Length
2:07
Label
Republic
UMe
Songwriter(s)
A. P. Carter
Luisa Gerstein
Producer(s)
Ali Dee Theodore
Harvey Mason, Jr.
Jordan Yaeger
Music video
"Cups" on YouTube
Though the song had been popular online for years, mainstream success came when it was incorporated into the film Pitch Perfect in 2012. In the film it is performed by the main character, Beca Mitchell (Anna Kendrick) during an audition for a college a cappella group. Unlike the soundtrack version, the single version of the song was re-produced with additional instrumentation (notably the banjo) by American Music Award-winning music producer Ali Dee Theodore, Jordan Yaeger and Harvey Mason, Jr.. The single version was extended by an additional minute.[6] Prior to the single's release, covers of the song as well as tutorials on how to do the song (using cups) went viral. Kendrick has stated that she learned the song and its cup percussion from watching and doing many times on Reddit prior to being cast in Pitch Perfect, and it was therefore written into the film.[7]
Chart performance[edit]
Prior to the song's release as a single in March 2013, the song debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 12, 2013. Afterward, the single was released and the song began a slow but steady ascent up the chart. In its 32nd week on the chart, the song reached number 6, its peak position to date. By October 2013, all versions of the song had sold 2.5 million downloads in the US.[8]
On May 4, 2013, "Cups" returned to the top 50 of the ARIA Charts at a new peak of number 44, achieved in part due to the DVD of Pitch Perfect being released in Australia on April 13, 2013. It originally made it to number 48 in January 2013.
Music video[edit]
The song's music video was shot the fourth week of March 2013, and it was directed by Pitch Perfect's director Jason Moore.[9] It was released on April 13, 2013 on Anna Kendrick's Vevo channel; as of October 2017 it had over 370 million views.[10]
It opens with Anna Kendrick in a restaurant's kitchen cutting dough into biscuits with a tall cup, while looking up longingly at some postcards of far-away places, such as Scotland, stuck to the refrigerator.[10] She puts the buns in the oven, sets a timer, and dusts her hands off with an oscillating fan, before pausing a moment, and then starts the song using the cup on the table. In a long continuous shot, she washes her hands, takes a plate of food from the chef, makes her way out into the dining area, where all the customers are drumming the cups in various ways. The camera then follows her singing and collecting dirty dishes, etc. before it pans around and back out wide, showing the entire diner doing the routine, during the bridge section. It then cuts back to her walking back to the kitchen, passing the chef now drumming with a cup instead of wooden utensils, and follows back to her at the table. As the song ends the timer rings, and she looks back up, out towards the dining area where everyone is now normal (realizing it was all her imagination). Taking one last look at the chef, she smiles and escapes out the back door.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[11] 44
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[12] 75
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[13] 11
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[14] 2
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[15] 12
Canada AC (Billboard)[16] 2
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[17] 32
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[18] 13
France (SNEP)[19] 181
Ireland (IRMA)[20] 26
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[21] 11
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[22] 14
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[23] 26
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24] 71
US Billboard Hot 100[25] 6
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[26] 1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[27] 2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[28] 8
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[29]
Platinum 70,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[30]
Gold 7,500[31]
United States (RIAA)[32]
3× Platinum 2,500,000[8]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.[33]
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[34]
39
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[35]
67
Netherlands (Mega Single Top 100)[36]
48
US Billboard Hot 100[37]
21
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[38]
11
US Adult Pop Songs (Billboard)[39]
13
US Pop Songs (Billboard)[40]
42
Cover parody[edit]
The Maccabeats, a Jewish a capella group from Yeshiva University, covered Kendrick's version and parodied her music video with group members sitting around a Shabbat table singing the Shabbat morning table song "D'ror Yikra" while performing the cups routine.[41]
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2013 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect Soundtrack". IMDB. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sam Wilbur (2 April 2013). "Anna Kendrick, 'Cups' – New Song". AOL Radio Blog. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cups, You're Gonna Miss Me: Evolution of a Song". Archived from the original on December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/comprehensive-history-of-the-cups-phenomenon.html
Jump up ^ Russell, Tony (2004). Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921-1942. Oxford University Press. pp. 189, 582, 632. ISBN 0-19-513989-5.
Jump up ^ Jeff Benjamin (March 15, 2013). "Anna Kendrick's "Cups": Is the 'Pitch Perfect' Song a Radio Hit?".
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^ Jump up to: a b "Anna Kendrick Tops AC Chart With 'Cups'". Billboard. October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Chart Notes: Anna Kendrick Finally 'Pitch Perfect' For Radio". Billboard. March 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cups (Pitch Perfect's "When I'm Gone") (Director's Cut)". Vevo. April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Anna Kendrick – Cups". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
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Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 32, 2012". Irish Singles Chart.
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Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Anna Kendrick – Cups" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Anna Kendrick – Cups". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Anna Kendrick – Cups". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ Singles Archived 2012-03-27 at WebCite at NZ Top 40
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Jump up ^ "New From the Maccabeats: Dror Yikra (Cups)". Jewish Music Report. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
External links[edit]
You're Gonna Miss Me (Cups) Anna Burden's performance of the Lulu and the Lampshades version (YouTube)
Preceded by
"More"
by Usher CONCACAF Gold Cup theme song
2013 Succeeded by
"Sun Goes Down"
by Robin Schulz and Jasmine Thompson
[show]
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