text:
Alexis (given name)
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Alexis
The name Alexis has been used in large part due to Saint Alexius of Rome
Gender
Unisex
Language(s)
Greek
Origin
Meaning
"helper, defender"
Other names
See also
Alexander, Alexandra, Alex, Lexi, Alejandro, Alejandra, Alexius, Lex
Alexis is a given name derived from several saints venerated by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, including Saint Alexis of Rome. Alexis (Greek ἀλέξω or aléxo) means "to help, defend". It was also used as a name for several members of the ruling house of Russia, including Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsarevich (heir apparent) Alexei Nikolaevich, and Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich.
The name is internationally male, at the same time in the United States it has been a predominantly girls' name since at least the 1940s, when actress Alexis Smith began appearing in films. It has been among the top 50 most popular names for girls in the United States since 1990. In the 2008 book 5-Star Baby Name Advisor, author Bruce Lansky writes that the girls' name has the image of a "sexy and seductive knockout."[1] The increase in popularity of the name is sometimes attributed to the notable character Alexis Colby from the American television series Dynasty. A 1978 film, Ice Castles, featured as the main character a blind figure skater named Alexis "Lexie" Winston.
Aleksi, a Finnish variant, was the third most popular name for boys born in Finland in 2007.[2] Alessia, an Italian feminine variant, was the second most common name for girls born in Italy in 2006.[3] Alesia, a feminine variant, and Aleksio, a masculine variant, are currently popular names for boys and girls in Albania.
Contents
1 Masculine variants
2 Feminine variants
3 People with the name
3.1 Actual people
3.2 Fictional people
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Masculine variants[edit]
Aleksi, Aleksis (Finnish)
Aleix (Catalan)
Aleixo (Galician), (Portuguese)
Alejo (Spanish)
Алексей (Alexei, Alexey, Aleksei, Aleksey), Алексий (Alexiy), Алёша (Alyosha), Лёша (Lyosha) (Russian)
Алекси, Aleksi (Bulgarian)
ალექსი, Aleksi (Georgian)
Aleks (Albanian)
Aleksije, Aleksej (Serbo-Croatian)
Aleksy (Polish)
Aleš (Czech), (Slovene)
Alessio (Italian)
Alexej (Czech)
Alexis (Spanish), (English), (French)
Αλέξιος (Alexios), Αλέξης (Alexis) (Greek)
Alexius (Latin)
Elek (Hungarian)
Lex (English)
Олексій (Oleksii, Oleksiy) (Ukrainian)
Feminine variants[edit]
Aleja (Spanish)
Alesia (Albanian)
Alessia (Italian)
Alexa (English)
Alexia (English), (Galician), (German), (Greek), (Spanish), (French)
Aléxia (Portuguese)
Alexina (English)
Alexis (English)
Lexa (English)
Lexia (English)
Lexi (English)
Lexie (English)
Lexis (English)
Lexus (English)
Lexy (English)
Олекса (Oleksa) (Ukrainian)
People with the name[edit]
Actual people[edit]
Alexis Alexiou, Greek footballer
Alexis Alexopoulos, Greek sprinter
Alexis Alexoudis, Greek footballer
Alexis Argüello (1952–2009), Nicaraguan boxer and politician
Alexis Arquette, American transgender actress and musician, of the Arquette acting family
Alexis Simon Belle (1674–1734), French portrait artist
Alexis Bledel, actress
Alexis Christoforous, WCBS-TV Wall Street reporter
Alexis Denisof, actor
Alexis de Tocqueville, French political thinker and historian
Alexis Dziena, actress
Alexis Galanos, Cypriot politician
Alexis Gavrilopoulos, Greek footballer
Alexis Georgoulis, Greek actor
Alexis Giraud-Teulon (1839–1916), French academic, lawyer and translator
Alexis Jordan (swimmer), Barbadian swimmer
Alexis Jordan, American singer
Alexis Kaufman (born 1991), birth name of American professional wrestler Alexa Bliss
Alexis Kochan, Ukrainian-Canadian musician and composer
Alexis Korner (1928–1984), musician
Alexis Laree, American professional wrestler
Alexis Loizidis, Greek footballer
Alexis Lykiard (born 1940), British writer of Greek heritage
Alexis Matias, Puerto Rican volleyball player
Alexis Méndez, Venezuelan track and road cyclist
Alexis Minotis, Greek theater actor and director
Alexis Ohanian, American internet entrepreneur and investor
Alexis Panselinos, Greek novelist and translator
Alexis Papahelas, Greek investigative journalist and newspaper editor
Alexis Rios, Puerto Rican baseball player
Alexis Rojas, Colombian road cyclist
Alexei Romanov (disambiguation), various members of the Romanov family
Alexis Ruano Delgado, Spanish footballer
Alexis Rykov, Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1930
Alexis Sánchez, Chilean footballer who plays for Manchester United FC
Alexis Skye, model
Alexis Smith, actress
Alexis Suárez Martín, Spanish footballer
Alexis Valido, Spanish volleyball player
Alexis Texas, American porn actress
Alexis Tipton, American voice actress
Alexis Tsipras, Greek politician
Fictional people[edit]
Alexis Colby, a fictional character played by Joan Collins on the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty
Alexis Meade, a fictional character played by Rebecca Romijn on the American television series Ugly Betty
Alexis Castle, a fictional character played by Molly Quinn on the American crime drama television series Castle
Alexis Rhodes, a character in the anime Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
Alexis Zorbas, the protagonist of Zorba the Greek
Alexis Leonides, a fictional Greek writer who features in Geoffrey Trease's novels The Hills of Varna and The Crown of Violet
See also[edit]
Alexis (disambiguation), which includes people known by the mononym Alexis and people with the surname Alexis
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lansky, p. 16
Jump up ^ Helsingin Sanomat, October 16, 2007.Aino and Eetu top list of most popular children's names. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rosenkrantz, Linda, and Satran, Pamela Redmond (2008). Cool Names for Babies. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-37786-1, p. 21
References[edit]
Lansky, Bruce (2008). 5-Star Baby Name Advisor. Meadowbrook Press. ISBN 978-0-684-05784-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexis_(given_name)&oldid=852749489"
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text:
List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 October 2018.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This is a list of the tallest players in National Basketball Association history, topped by 7-foot-7-inch (2.31 m) Gheorghe Mureșan, taken by the Washington Bullets as the number 30 overall pick in the 1993 NBA draft.[1]
Through 2017, twenty five players have been listed at 7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m) or taller. Two are active as of the 2017–18 season; Kristaps Porziņģis of the New York Knicks and Boban Marjanović of the Los Angeles Clippers. The tallest player inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is 7-foot-6-inch (2.29 m) Yao Ming. In addition to Yao, Ralph Sampson and Arvydas Sabonis were the only other players 7'3" or taller selected to the Hall of Fame.
Yasutaka Okayama, a 7-foot-8-inch (2.34 m) Japanese basketball player picked 171st overall in the seventh round of the 1981 NBA Draft by the Golden State Warriors, is the tallest player to ever be drafted for the NBA.[2] He never played in the league.[3]
^ Active NBA player
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
GP Games played Pts Points PPG Points per game
FG% Field goal percentage FT% Free throw percentage Reb Rebounds
RPG Rebounds per game Blk Blocks BPG Blocks per game
Height
Weight
Player
Nationality
Teams
GP
Pts
PPG
FG%
FT%
Reb
RPG
Blk
BPG
Notes
7 ft 7 in (2.31 m) 315 lb (143 kg) Gheorghe Mureșan Romania Washington Bullets (1993–1997)
New Jersey Nets (1998–2000) 307 3,020 9.8 .573 .644 1,957 6.4 455 1.5 Generally considered slightly taller than Manute Bol. Bol was officially measured at 7 feet, 6 3/4 inches tall by the Guinness Book of World Records.
7 ft 6.75 in (2.31 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Manute Bol Sudan Washington Bullets (1985–1988, 1994)
Golden State Warriors (1988–1990, 1994)
Philadelphia 76ers (1990–1993, 1994)
Miami Heat (1994) 624 1,599 2.6 .407 .561 2,647 4.2 2,086 3.3 Played alongside the shortest player in NBA history, Muggsy Bogues, during the 1987–88 season for the Washington Bullets; their difference in height was 28 inches (71 cm). Only player in NBA history to have more blocked shots than points scored in his career. Weighed just 195 pounds (89 kg)[citation needed] when he entered the league in 1985.
7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) 275 lb (125 kg) Shawn Bradley U.S.
Germany Philadelphia 76ers (1993–1995)
New Jersey Nets (1995–1997)
Dallas Mavericks (1997–2005) 832 6,752 8.1 .457 .716 5,268 6.3 2,119 2.5 Born to American parents in the former West Germany.
7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) 310 lb (141 kg) Yao Ming* China Houston Rockets (2002–2011) 481 9,196 19.1 .525 .832 4,467 9.3 912 1.9 Tallest player to play in at least one All-Star Game. Also tallest player inducted into the Hall of Fame.
7 ft 5 in (2.26 m) 359 lb (163 kg) Sim Bhullar Canada Sacramento Kings (2015) 3 2 0.7 .500 — 1 0.3 1 0.3 First NBA player of Indian descent. Played 16 seconds in his debut on April 7, 2015.
7 ft 5 in (2.26 m) 250 lb (113 kg) Chuck Nevitt United States Houston Rockets (1982–1983, 1988–1990)
Los Angeles Lakers (1984–1985)
Detroit Pistons (1985–1988)
Chicago Bulls (1991)
San Antonio Spurs (1993) 155 251 1.6 .438 .589 239 1.5 111 0.7 Tallest player to be on an NBA Championship winning team.
7 ft 5 in (2.26 m) 305 lb (138 kg) Pavel Podkolzin Russia Dallas Mavericks (2004–2006) 6 4 0.7 .000 .500 9 1.5 1 0.1
7 ft 5 in (2.26 m) 294 lb (133 kg) Slavko Vraneš Montenegro Portland Trail Blazers (2004) 1 0 0.0 .000 — 0 0.0 0 0.0 Played in one game, on January 8, 2004 against the Minnesota Timberwolves. Played 3 minutes, with one shot attempt from the field (missed) and one personal foul. Vraneš was officially listed as 7'5" while playing in the NBA, and has since grown taller (7'6" or 2.30 m), according to most sources.
7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) 290 lb (132 kg) Mark Eaton United States Utah Jazz (1982–1993) 875 5,216 6.0 .458 .649 6,939 7.9 3,064 3.5 He set records for most blocked shots per game in a single season (5.56 bpg in 1984–85) and for an entire career (3.50 bpg) - both marks still stand today.
7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) 250 lb (113 kg) Rik Smits Netherlands Indiana Pacers (1988–2000) 867 12,871 14.8 .507 .773 5,277 6.1 1,111 1.3 One-time NBA All-Star.
7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) 235 lb (107 kg) Ralph Sampson* United States Houston Rockets (1983–1987)
Golden State Warriors (1987–1989)
Sacramento Kings (1989–1991)
Washington Bullets (1991–1992) 456 7,039 15.4 .486 .661 4,011 8.8 752 1.6 Three time College national player of the year, #1 pick in the 1983 NBA draft, four-time All-Star, member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) 325 lb (147 kg) Priest Lauderdale United States Atlanta Hawks (1996–1997)
Denver Nuggets (1997–1998) 74 255 3.4 .472 .554 143 1.9 26 0.4
7 ft 3.5 in (2.22 m) 293 lb (133 kg) Boban Marjanović^ Serbia San Antonio Spurs (2015–2016)
Detroit Pistons (2016–2018)
Los Angeles Clippers (2018–present) 89 488 5.5 .578 .779 324 3.6 35 0.4
7 ft 3.5 in (2.22 m) 290 lb (132 kg) Peter John Ramos Puerto Rico Washington Wizards (2004–2005) 6 11 1.8 .500 .500 4 0.7 1 0.2
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 263 lb (119 kg) Randy Breuer United States Milwaukee Bucks (1983–1990)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1990–1992)
Atlanta Hawks (1992–1993)
Sacramento Kings (1993) 681 4,599 6.8 .467 .628 2,986 4.4 750 1.1
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 212 lb (96 kg) Keith Closs United States Los Angeles Clippers (1997–2000) 130 502 3.9 .471 .606 372 2.9 163 1.3 During his collegiate career, Closs averaged 5.9 blocks per game, which is the NCAA Division I record.
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 235 lb (107 kg) Swede Halbrook United States Syracuse Nationals (1960–1962) 143 786 5.5 .347 .591 949 6.6 — —
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 260 lb (118 kg) Žydrūnas Ilgauskas Lithuania Cleveland Cavaliers (1997–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2011) 771 10,616 13.8 .475 .780 5,904 7.7 1,269 1.6
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 250 lb (113 kg) Aleksandar Radojević Bosnia & Herzegovina
Montenegro Toronto Raptors (1999–2000)
Utah Jazz (2004–2005) 15 26 1.7 .308 .625 36 2.4 3 0.2
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 292 lb (132 kg) Arvydas Sabonis* Lithuania Portland Trail Blazers (1995–2001, 2002–2003) 470 5,629 12.0 .500 .786 3,436 7.3 494 1.1 Sabonis was originally drafted into the NBA in 1986 (Rd. 1, #24 overall), but was not allowed to play in the NBA for most of his career due to restrictions set by the former Soviet Union.
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 305 lb (138 kg) Ha Seung-Jin South Korea Portland Trail Blazers (2005–2006) 46 70 1.5 .519 .500 67 1.5 13 0.3 Only Korean player to play in the NBA.
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 290 lb (132 kg) Hasheem Thabeet^ Tanzania Memphis Grizzlies (2009–2011)
Houston Rockets (2011–2012)
Portland Trail Blazers (2012)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2012–2014) 224 483 2.2 .567 .578 595 2.7 184 0.8 Only Tanzanian player to play in the NBA.
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 256 lb (116 kg) Tibor Pleiß Germany Utah Jazz (2015–2016) 12 24 2.0 .440 1.000 15 1.3 2 0.2
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 265 lb (120 kg) Walter Tavares Cape Verde Atlanta Hawks (2015–2016)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017) 13 33 2.5 .625 .273 32 2.5 12 0.9 Only Cape Verdean player to play in the NBA.
7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) 240 lb (109 kg) Kristaps Porziņģis^ Latvia New York Knicks (2015–Present) 138 2,224 16.1 .436 .811 1001 7.3 263 1.9 Was measured at 7'1" during the NBA Draft Combine. Is the tallest winner of the Taco Bell Skills Challenge.
See also[edit]
List of tallest people
List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history
NBA records
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1993 NBA Draft". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Former NBA player, humanitarian Manute Bol dies at age 47". NY Daily News. Daily News, L.P. June 19, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kim, Randy (June 19, 2003). "Draft Oddities". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
"Player Season Finder: For combined seasons; played in the NBA/BAA; in the regular season; from 1946-47 to 2010-11; 7-3 or taller; sorted by descending height". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
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Seventeen (Ladytron song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Seventeen"
Single by Ladytron
from the album Light & Magic
Released
2002
Format
CD, 12" vinyl
Recorded
2002
Genre
Electroclash[1]
Length
3:31
Label
Telstar
Songwriter(s)
Ladytron
Producer(s)
Ladytron
Ladytron singles chronology
"The Way That I Found You"
(2001) "Seventeen"
(2002) "Blue Jeans"
(2003)
"The Way That I Found You"
(2001) "Seventeen"
(2002) "Blue Jeans"
(2003)
Music video
"Seventeen" on YouTube
"Seventeen" is a song by English electronic music group Ladytron. It was released as the first single from their second album Light & Magic (2002).
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Music video
3 Legacy
4 Track listing
5 Charts
6 References
7 External links
Content[edit]
The song is known for its minimalistic lyrics, that consist only of: "They only want you when you're seventeen / When you're twenty-one, you're no fun / They take a Polaroid and let you go / Say they'll let you know, so come on".
A new version "Seventeen 05", made by the band, featured on "Destroy Everything You Touch" single.
Music video[edit]
The music video of "Seventeen" featured the band playing the song in a special black room, that includes some neon lights. The black room is separated by a wide window from another larger grey room. In the grey room is a weighing scale, a telephone and a stand with an old television and another device that looks like a VCR. Mira Aroyo and Helen Marnie are in front of the black room near that window, and Daniel Hunt and Reuben Wu are in the back. Each member wears a black uniform and plays a synthesizer.
The video starts with a group of schoolgirls and a female professor entering the grey room from a long lobby. The girls start dancing while the band performs the song and also looks at them through that wide window. From time to time the professor removes one of the girls. At the end of the song, there's only one girl left in the grey room. Then she starts staring at the band through the window.
Legacy[edit]
"Seventeen" was used in the 2003 movie Party Monster. It was used on the mix albums Fabric 09 by Slam, A Bugged Out Mix by Felix da Housecat and on Most of the Remixes by Soulwax. In 2015, the song was used in the BBC Three documentary Secrets of China.
Track listing[edit]
CD
"Seventeen (Original Mix)" – 4:41
"Seventeen (The Droyds Mix)" – 6:27
"Seventeen (Soulwax Mix)" – 4:47
"Seventeen (Radio Edit)" – 3:31
12" vinyl
"Seventeen (Original Mix)"
"Seventeen (Manntraxx Mix)"
"Seventeen (The Droyds Mix)"
"Seventeen (Soulwax Mix)"
Charts[edit]
"Seventeen"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Chart (2002/2003)
Peak
Position
Australian Singles Chart 45[2]
UK Singles Chart 68[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ PopMatters Review
Jump up ^ Ladytron - Seventeen (Song) Australian Chart Online. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Chart Log UK : DJ Steve L. – LZ Love". Zobbel. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
External links[edit]
"Seventeen" at Discogs (list of releases)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
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Discography
Crystal World
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Korova
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text:
Government of Virginia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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The government of Virginia combines the three branches of authority in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The current Governor of Virginia is Ralph Northam. The State Capitol building in Richmond was designed by Thomas Jefferson, and the cornerstone was laid by Governor Patrick Henry in 1785. Virginia currently functions under the 1971 Constitution of Virginia. It is the Commonwealth's seventh constitution. Under the Constitution, the government is composed of three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial.
Contents
[hide]
1 Executive branch
1.1 Cabinet
2 Legislative branch
3 Judiciary
4 Local government
4.1 Structure and authority
4.2 Officers
5 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Executive branch[edit]
The statewide elected officials are governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general.
All three officers are separately elected to four-year terms in years following Presidential elections (1997, 2001, 2005, etc.) and take office in January of the following year. Virginia is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd numbered years (the others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and New Jersey). The last gubernatorial election was in 2017, and the next will occur in 2021.
The governor serves as chief executive officer of the Commonwealth and as commander-in-chief of its militia. The Constitution does not allow a governor to succeed himself in office (though a governor is allowed to serve multiple non-consecutive terms). The Lieutenant Governor, who is not elected on the same ticket as the governor, serves as president of the Senate of Virginia and is first in the line of succession to the governor. The Lieutenant Governor is allowed to run for reelection. The Attorney General is chief legal advisor to the governor and the General Assembly, chief lawyer of the Commonwealth and the head of the Department of Law. The attorney general is second in the line of succession to the governor. Whenever there is a vacancy in all three executive offices of governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general, then the Speaker of the House of the Virginia House of Delegates becomes governor.
Cabinet[edit]
The Virginia Governor's Cabinet is a body of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch, responsible for advising the Governor. It is composed of the following offices,[1] nominated by the Governor and then presented to the Virginia General Assembly for confirmation:
The Virginia Department of Highways Building in Richmond, headquarters of the Department of Transportation
Chief of Staff
Deputy Chief of Staff
Secretary of the Commonwealth
Secretary of Administration
Secretary of Agriculture and Forestry
Secretary of Commerce and Trade
Secretary of Education
Secretary of Finance
Secretary of Health and Human Resources
Secretary of Natural Resources
Secretary of Public Safety
Secretary of Technology
Secretary of Transportation
Secretary of Veterans Affairs and Homeland Security
Many executive branch agencies have the authority to promulgate regulations. Proposals to create or amend state regulations are often subject to review by the executive branch.
Legislative branch[edit]
Main article: Virginia General Assembly
The Senate Chamber of the Virginia State Capitol
The legislative branch or state legislature is the General Assembly. The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Virginia, with 40 members. Combined together, the General Assembly consists of 140 elected representatives from an equal number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond.
The House of Delegates is presided over by the Speaker of the House, while the Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. The House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Virginia's clerk is known as the "Clerk of the Senate" (instead of as the "Secretary of the Senate," the title used in the United States Senate). The General Assembly also selects the Commonwealth's Auditor of Public Accounts. The statutory law enacted by the General Assembly is codified in the Code of Virginia.
Judiciary[edit]
Main article: Judiciary of Virginia
The Supreme Court building in Richmond
The judiciary of Virginia is defined under the Constitution and law of Virginia and is composed of the Supreme Court of Virginia and subordinate courts, including the Court of Appeals, the Circuit Courts, and the General District Courts. Its administration is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Judicial Council, the Committee on District Courts, the Judicial Conferences, and various other officers.
Local government[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Virginia
The political subdivisions of Virginia are the areas into which the state is divided for political and administrative purposes. In Virginia, the political subdivisions have only the legal powers specifically granted to them by the General Assembly and set forth under the Code of Virginia.
Some are local governments; others are not. However, all local governments (cities, counties, and incorporated towns) are political subdivisions of the state. All public school divisions are political subdivisions of the state, although each has local and some controlling relationships of varying types with the counties, cities and/or towns they serve. Some political subdivisions are defined geographically; others by function. Many authorities (such as water, or transportation districts) are created by specific legislation as political subdivisions of the state.
Structure and authority[edit]
Richmond City Hall
Every location in Virginia is within a county or an independent city, but never both. The 95 counties and the 39 independent cities all have their own governments. Cities are governed by an elected Mayor or city council which choose a city manager or county administrator to serve as a professional, non-political chief administrator under the council-manager form of government, while counties are governed by a county board of supervisors.[2] Many specifics are set forth in "charters", specific legislation adopted by the General Assembly. Other forms of local government are also provided by statute.[3]
Virginia limits the authority of cities and counties to enact ordinances by what is known as the Dillon's Rule. Counties and cities may only pass laws expressly allowed by the state legislature or which are necessary to effect powers granted by the state.[4] Dillon's Rule will invalidate local ordinances that exceed authority granted by the state.[5]
There are exceptions to the general structure for counties and cities, notably the City of Richmond, which has a popularly elected mayor who serves as chief executive separate from the city council, an innovative arrangement which has caused some local turmoil under the first mayor so elected, former Governor Lawrence D. Wilder. As of November 2007, the courts were in the process of clarifying the duties and powers, and limitations thereupon in response to multiple lawsuits filed by other locally elected officials.[6]
Officers[edit]
The Fairfax County Government Center
Local government consists of city and county officers, as well as people who are known as constitutional officers. The positions of these constitutional officers are provided for by the Virginia Constitution. Article 7, Section 4 of the Virginia constitution provides, "There shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county and city a treasurer, a sheriff, an attorney for the Commonwealth, a clerk, who shall be clerk of the court in the office of which deeds are recorded, and a commissioner of revenue." The local constitutional offices are not appointed by the city or county. The Judges of the Circuit Court, the General District Court and the Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court are appointed by the State legislature. The constitutional officers have salaries set by the state through its compensation board,[7] although the locality may supplement the salaries.[8] This structure allows those officers a measure of independence within the local government setting.
The Commonwealth's Attorney is the elected prosecuting attorney for the locality.[9] The Sheriff is the law enforcement officer for localities without a police department. Where a police department has been established, the Sheriff remains authorized to enforce the criminal laws.[10] The Sheriff, however, is responsible for the operation of the local jail, courthouse security and service of civil papers and may also execute criminal warrants.[11]
History[edit]
Founded in 1619, the Virginia General Assembly is still in existence as the oldest legislature in the New World. In colonial Virginia, the lower house of the legislature was called the House of Burgesses. Together with the Governor's Council, the House of Burgesses made up the "General Assembly". The Governor's Council was composed of 12 men appointed by the British Monarch to advise the Governor. The Council also served as the "General Court" of the colony, a colonial equivalent of a Supreme Court. Members of the House of Burgesses were chosen by all those who could vote in the colony. Each county chose two people or burgesses to represent it, while the College of William and Mary and the cities of Norfolk, Williamsburg and Jamestown each chose one burgess. The Burgesses met to make laws for the colony and set the direction for its future growth; the Council would then review the laws and either approve or disapprove them. The approval of the Burgesses, the Council, and the governor was needed to pass a law. The idea of electing burgesses was important and new. It gave Virginians a chance to control their own government for the first time. At first, the burgesses were elected by all free men in the colony. Women, indentured servants, and Native Americans could not vote. Later the rules for voting changed, making it necessary for men to own at least fifty acres (200,000 m²) of land in order to vote.
Like many other states, by the 1850s Virginia featured a state legislature, several executive officers, and an independent judiciary. By the time of the Constitution of 1901, which lasted longer than any other state constitution, the General Assembly continued as the legislature, the Supreme Court of Appeals acted as the judiciary, and the eight executive officers were elected: the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of the Commonwealth, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration. The Constitution of 1901 was amended many times, notably in the 1930s and 1950s, before it was abandoned in favor of more modern government, with fewer elected officials, reformed local governments and a more streamlined judiciary.
See also[edit]
Politics of Virginia
Elections in Virginia
Republican Party of Virginia
Democratic Party of Virginia
Law of Virginia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Governor's Cabinet". Office of the Governor of Virginia. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Code of Virginia § 15.2-102
Jump up ^ Code of Virginia § 15.2-301
Jump up ^ "Dillon's Rule stipulates that municipal corporations have only those powers expressly granted by statute, those necessarily implied therefrom, and those that are essential and indispensable to the exercise of those expressly granted. In Virginia, a corollary rule provides that boards of supervisors of counties are similarly limited to those powers conferred expressly or by necessary implication by statute. Our cases refer to these principles collectively as the Dillon Rule". Advanced Towing Co. v. Fairfax County Board, 280 Va. 187, 193, 694 S.E.2d 621, ___ (2010)
Jump up ^ "Thus, '[w]hen a local ordinance exceeds the scope of this authority, the ordinance is invalid.' City of Chesapeake, 253 Va. at 246, 482 S.E.2d at 814; see also Board of Supervisors v. Reed's Landing Corp., 250 Va. 397, 400, 463 S.E.2d 668, 670 (1995)...." Schefer v. City Council of Falls Church, 279 Va. 588, 593, 691 S.E.2d 778, ___ (2010)
Jump up ^ Judge will rule on Wilder's power - politics - inRich.com Archived August 23, 2007, at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Code of Virginia § 15.2-1636.16
Jump up ^ Code of Virginia § 15.2-1605.1
Jump up ^ Code of Virginia § 15.2-1627
Jump up ^ Code of Virginia § 19.2-81
Jump up ^ Code of Virginia § 15.2-1609
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government of Virginia.
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text:
God's Word Is Our Great Heritage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
God's Word Is Our Great Heritage, is the title of a popular hymn sung in many churches, especially the Lutheran Church. This hymn was inspired by Psalm 16:6: "...yea, I have a goodly heritage." KJV[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Text
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
God's Word Is Our Great Heritage was written in 1817 by N. F. S. Grundtvig, a Danish Lutheran Pastor. Gruntvig wrote the hymn as the 5th verse to Martin Luther's Ein feste Burg [1]. The hymn was translated into English by Ole Gulbrand Belsheim in 1909. In 1916, Friedrich Otto Reuter, then a professor at Dr. Martin Luther College, put the hymn to a tune of his creation. Many hymnals use this arrangement, including The Lutheran Hymnal, Lutheran Service Book (LCMS) and Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal (WELS), though the Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary (ELS) has retained the original melody to the hymn. The hymn is also the school hymn of Michigan Lutheran Seminary. Click here to view Michigan Lutheran Seminary's Concert Choir sing this hymn.
Text[edit]
Original Danish:

Guds ord det er vort arvegods,
det skal vort afkoms være;
Gud, giv os i vor grav den ros,
vi holdt det højt i ære!
Det er vor hjælp i nød,
vor trøst i liv og død,
o Gud, ihvor det går,
lad dog, mens verden står,
det i vor æt nedarves! English:

God’s Word is our great heritage
And shall be ours forever;
To spread its light from age to age
Shall be our chief endeavor.
Through life it guides our way,
In death it is our stay.
Lord, grant while worlds endure,
We keep its teachings pure
Throughout all generations.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Holy Bible (King James Version). London: Thomas Nelson Publishers.
Cyber Hymnal
Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary Handbook
External links[edit]
Reuter's tune MIDI
Ein feste Burg MIDI
Michigan Lutheran Seminary Concert Choir Performance

[hide]
v
t
e
Lutheran hymnody
Hymns
List of hymns by Martin Luther
Passion Hymns
"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"
"Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein"
"Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid"
"Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr"
"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir"
"Christ lag in Todesbanden"
"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"
"Christe, du Lamm Gottes"
"Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein"
"Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot"
"Du meine Seele singe"
"Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort"
"Es ist das Heil uns kommen her"
"Es ist ein Ros entsprungen"
"Es woll uns Gott genädig sein"
"Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud"
"Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ"
"God's Word Is Our Great Heritage"
"Herr Christ, der einig Gotts Sohn"
"Herr Gott, dich loben wir"
"Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend"
"Herr Jesu Christ, wahr Mensch und Gott"
"Herzlich lieb hab ich dich, o Herr"
"Herzlich tut mich verlangen"
"Herzliebster Jesu"
"Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn"
"Ich singe dir mit Herz und Mund"
"Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der den Tod überwand"
"Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt"
"Jesus Loves Me"
"Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott"
"Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin"
"Mitten wir im Leben sind"
"Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist"
"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
"Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren"
"Now Thank We All Our God"
"O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig"
"O Sacred Head, Now Wounded"
"O Welt, sieh hier dein Leben"
"Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele"
"Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn"
"Such, wer da will, ein ander Ziel"
"Valet will ich dir geben"
"Vater unser im Himmelreich"
"Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"
"Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit"
"Warum sollt ich mich denn grämen"
"Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern"
"Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält"
"Was willst du dich betrüben"
Hymnals
First Lutheran hymnal (1524)
Erfurt Enchiridion (1524)
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn (1524)
Praxis pietatis melica (1640/47)
Evangelisches Gesangbuch
Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary
Evangelical Lutheran Worship
Hymns of Zion
Lutheran Book of Worship
Lutheran Hymnal
Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement
Christian Worship Hymnal
Lutheran Service Book
Lutheran Worship
Service Book and Hymnal
Lutheran hymnal (Finland)
Topics
Cantata
Chorale
Chorale cantata (Bach)
Chorale prelude
Hymn of the day
Passion music
People
Johann Sebastian Bach
Dieterich Buxtehude
Elisabeth Cruciger
Johann Crüger
Simon Dach
Paul Gerhardt
Bartholomäus Gesius
N. F. S. Grundtvig
Claus Harms
Johann Heermann
Valerius Herberger
Nikolaus Herman
Sebald Heyden
Justus Jonas
Balthasar Kindermann
Martin Luther
Hemminki of Masku
Felix Mendelssohn
Philipp Nicolai
Johann Pachelbel
Hallgrímur Pétursson
Michael Praetorius
Sigfrid Karg-Elert
Christian Heinrich Postel
Martin Rinkart
Johann von Rist
Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer
Carl Schalk
Cyriakus Schneegass
Heinrich Schütz
Paul Speratus
Melchior Teschner
N. Samuel of Tranquebar
Jaroslav Vajda
Johann Walter
Michael Weiße
Catherine Winkworth
Johannes Zahn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Word_Is_Our_Great_Heritage&oldid=794005682"
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Danish Christian hymns
Lutheran hymns
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text:
Use of force continuum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Operations Specialist 1st Class Dennis Marholz apprehends a mock suspect after being hit with pepper spray while Aviation Electronic Technician 1st Class Pete Ingram keeps close watch during a pepper spray testing evaluation that marked the final stage in a three-week series of training involving non-lethal weapons and the use of force continuum.
A use of force continuum is a standard that provides law enforcement officers and civilians with guidelines as to how much force may be used against a resisting subject in a given situation. In some ways, it is similar to the U.S. military's escalation of force (EOF). The purpose of these models is to clarify, both for law enforcement officers and civilians, the complex subject of use of force. They are often central parts of law enforcement agencies' use of force policies. Various criminal justice agencies have developed different models of the continuum, and there is no universal or standard model.[1] Generally, each different agency will have their own use of force policy. Some agencies may separate some of the hand-to-hand based use of force. For example, take-downs and pressure point techniques may be one step before actual strikes and kicks. Also, for some agencies the use of aerosol pepper spray and electronic control devices (TASER) may fall into the same category as take-downs, or the actual strikes.
The first examples of use of force continuum were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s.[2] Early models were depicted in various formats, including graphs, semicircular "gauges", and linear progressions. Most often the models are presented in "stair step" fashion, with each level of force matched by a corresponding level of subject resistance, although it is generally noted that an officer need not progress through each level before reaching the final level of force. These progressions rest on the premise that officers should escalate and de-escalate their level of force in response to the subject's actions.[3]
Although the use of force continuum is used primarily as a training tool for law enforcement officers, it is also valuable with civilians, such as in criminal trials or hearings by police review boards. In particular, a graphical representation of a use of force continuum is useful to a jury when deciding whether an officer's use of force was reasonable.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Example model
2 Subject classifications
3 Reasonableness standard
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 External links
Example model[edit]
While the specific progression of force varies considerably (especially the wide gap between empty hand control and deadly force) among different agencies and jurisdictions, one example of a general use of force continuum model cited in a U.S. government publications on use of force is shown below.[5]
Officer presence – the professionalism, uniform, and utility belt of the law enforcement officer and the marked vessel or vehicle the officer arrives in. The visual presence of authority is normally enough for a subject to comply with an officer's lawful demands. Depending on the totality of the circumstances, a call/situation may require additional officers or on scene officers may request assistance in order to gain better control of the situation and ensure a more safe environment for all involved. It also will depend on the circumstances of the situation. For example, depending on how many people are at the scene with the officer, a larger presence may be required. However, if 10 officers arrive at a scene with only a single suspect, the public may perceive the situation as an excessive use of officer presence within the use of force continuum. [6][7][8]
Verbal commands/cooperative controls – clear and understandable verbal direction by an officer aimed at the subject. In some cases, it is necessary for the officer to include a consequence to the verbal direction so that the subject understands what will happen if the subject refuses to comply with the officer’s direction. The verbal command and the consequence must be legal and not considered excessive according to the continuum. For example, an officer could not order a disabled person in a wheel chair to stand up or be sprayed by Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Pepper Spray.[7][7][9]
Empty-hand submission techniques, PPCT – Pressure Point Control Tactics, Control Tactics, techniques – a level of force that has a low probability of causing soft connective tissue damage or bone fractures. This would include joint manipulation techniques, applying pressure to pressure points and normal application of hand-cuffs.[7][9][10]
Hard control Techniques/Aggressive response techniques – the amount of force that has a probability of causing soft connective tissue damage or bone fractures or irritation of the skin, eyes, and mucus membranes. This would include kicks, punches, stuns and use of aerosol sprays such as oleoresin capsicum (OC) pepper spray. Some models split these techniques between empty hand, soft control and intermediate weapon techniques but only include 5 levels of the continuum.[7][9][11][12]
Intermediate weapons – an amount of force that would have a high probability of causing soft connective tissue damage or bone fractures. (e.g. expandable baton, baton, pepper spray, Taser, beanbag rounds, rubber fin stabilized ammunition, Mace (spray), police dogs, etc.) Intermediate weapon techniques are designed to impact muscles, arms and legs, and intentionally using an intermediate weapon on the head, neck, groin, knee caps, or spine would be classified as deadly or lethal force.[7][9][11]
Lethal force/Deadly force – a force with a high probability of causing death or serious bodily injury. Serious bodily injury includes unconsciousness, protracted or obvious physical disfigurement, or protracted loss of or impairment to the function of a bodily member, organ, or the mental faculty. A firearm is the most widely recognized lethal or deadly force weapon, however, an automobile or weapon of opportunity could also be defined as a deadly force utility.[7][9][10]
The U.S. Navy teaches a six-step model: Officer presence, Verbal commands, Soft controls, Hard controls, Intermediate Weapons, and Lethal force. Hard controls includes the use of tools such as hand-cuffs, while soft controls equates to empty hand above, describing techniques where the officer may engage a resisting detainee. When escalating, voluntary submission to cuffs is a viable way to prevent the need for empty hand submission techniques which place the officer and the detainee at physical risk. When de-escalating, hard controls (i.e.: cuffs and isolation in the rear seat of a cruiser) gives officers a reasonable and achievable goal after altercation with a detainee during which higher levels of force may have been required.[9][13][14]
Subject classifications[edit]
In all use of force continuum models, the actions of the subject is classified in order for the officer to quickly determine what level of force is authorized and may be necessary to apprehend or compel compliance from the individual. Listed below are examples of how subjects are classified.
Passive compliant – a person who recognizes the authority of the officers presence and follows the verbal commands of the officer.[9][15][16]
Passive resistor – a person who refuses to follow the verbal commands of the officer but does not resist attempts by officers to take positive physical control over them.[9][15][16]
Active resistor – a person who does not follow verbal commands, resist attempts by the officer to take positive physical control over them, and does not try to inflict harm on the officer.[9][15][16]
Active aggressor – a person who does not follow verbal commands, resists attempts by the officer to take positive physical control over them and attempts to cause harm to the officer or others.[9][15][16]
Generally, the passive subjects and active resistors fall under levels 1–3 of the use of force continuum, while active aggressors fall under levels 4–6. The officers are trained to apply the proper measure of force within the continuum based on the actions and classification of the subject.[17]
Reasonableness standard[edit]
The United States Supreme Court, in the case of Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, (1989), held that when engaged in situations where the use of force is necessary to effect an arrest, or to protect an officer's life or that of another, a law enforcement officer must act as other reasonable officers would have acted in a similar, tense, rapidly evolving situation.[18] Such situations, once known as use of force incidents, are now commonly referred to as response to resistance incidents, because a law enforcement officer must respond to resistance offered by another. In order to determine what actions officers find reasonable in similar situations, some experts utilize surveys with law enforcement officers, who are provided with certain scenarios to determine what actions they would take if placed in certain situations. Knowing what other officers and citizens deem reasonable helps to craft a solid response to resistance continuum.[19]
See also[edit]
Friedrich Glasl's model of conflict escalation
Reasonable force
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Stetser, 2001, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Stetser, 2001, pp. 36-37.
Jump up ^ Stetser, 2001, p.38.
Jump up ^ Grossi, 2um006.
Jump up ^ "Garner and Maxwell" (PDF). ncjrs.gov. p. 37.
Jump up ^ "The Use-of-Force Continuum". National Institution of Justice Statistics. August 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g McGoey, Chris. "Use of Force, Security Guards, use of force, Chris McGoey, security guards expert". crimedoctor.com. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Use- of Force" (PDF). cops.usdoj.gov. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Use- of Force" (PDF). cops.usdoj.gov. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Use-of-Force Continuum". National Institute of Justice. August 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Use of Force Paradigm for Enforcement and Corrections". pss.cc.
Jump up ^ "The Use-of-Force Continuum". National Institute of Justice Statistics. August 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Use of Force". crimedoctor.com.
Jump up ^ "Escalation of Force - Non-Lethal Effects". marinecorpsconceptsandprograms.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Use of Force" (PDF). cops.usdoj.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The (Original) Use of Force Model". pss.cc. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Use of Force" (PDF). cops.usdoj.gov.
Jump up ^ Faulkner, S. (2007). "Response to resistance - Defining what is objectively reasonable". responsetoresistance.com.
Jump up ^ Faulkner, S. (2007). "Response to resistance - Defining what is objectively reasonable". responsetoresistance.com.
References[edit]
Garner, Joel H.; Maxwell, Christopher D. "Measuring the Amount of Force Used By and Against the Police in Six Jurisdictions" (PDF). National Institute of Justice. Retrieved 2006-09-26.
Grossi, Mark (June 2, 2006). "Setting the record straight on force continuums". The Police Marksman Magazine. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
Stetser, Merle (2001). The Use of Force in Police Control of Violence: Incidents Resulting in Assaults on Officers. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing L.L.C. ISBN 1-931202-08-7.
Law of War, Rules of Engagement, and Escalation of Force Guide, Marine Corps Center for Lessons Learned. 31 August 2007.
Marine Corps
marinecorpsconceptsandprograms.com
External links[edit]
Law Enforcement Police Integrity - United States Department of Justice
integratedbyaardvark.com
marinecorpsconceptsandprograms.com
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