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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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The Indian Rebellion of 1857 had diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes.
The sepoys, a generic term used for native Indian soldiers of the Bengal Army derived from the Persian word sepāhī (سپاهی) meaning "infantry soldier", had their own list of grievances against the British East Indian Company (BEIC) administration, caused mainly by the ethnic gulf between the European officers and their Indian troops. The spark that led to a mutiny in several sepoy companies was the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February, 1857. A rumour was spread that the cartridges were made from cow and pig fat. Loading the Enfield required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth. This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows were considered holy by Hindus while pigs were considered unclean by Muslims.[1] Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the BEIC were ignited by the sepoy mutineers and within weeks dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the East India Company, also rebelled against British rule. Another important discontent among the Indian rulers was that the british policies of conquest had created unrest among many indian rulers. The policies like the doctrine of lapse, Subsidiary Alliance deprived Indian rulers of their power and status.
Contents
[hide]
1 Frictions
2 Economics
3 Sepoys
4 The Enfield Rifle
5 Prophecies, omens, signs and rumours
6 Citations
7 References
8 External links
Frictions[edit]
Some Indians were upset with what they saw as the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernisation that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity.[2] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under BEIC control. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed women to remarry, like Christian women. He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had previously been denied by local practice.[3] Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion.[4]
Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the British East India Company, especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on May 11, 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith?"[5] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed.[6]
Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians).[5]
Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social 'reforms' has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible.[7]
Economics[edit]
Many Indians felt that the Company was asking for heavy tax from the locals. This included an increase in the taxation on land. This seems to have been a very important reason for the spread of the rebellion, keeping in view the speed at which the conflagration ignited in many villages in northern India where farmers rushed to get back their unfairly grabbed title deeds. The resumption of tax free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land.[8] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. He also resumed the practice of tax free lands in some areas. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were therefore able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers.
Sepoys[edit]
Subadar of the 21st Bengal Native Infantry (1819)
During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable — the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. The Company had an unbroken series of victories in India, against the Marathas, Mysore, north Indian states, and the Gurkhas, later against the Sikhs, and further afield in China and Burma. The Company had developed a military organisation where, in theory, fealty of the sepoys to the Company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community.[9]
Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment — the soldiers felt needed and that the Company would care for their welfare. The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honours in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule.[10]
Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgement and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible.[11]
Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the Company's rule. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted.[12] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society.[13]
There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labour.[14] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere.[15]
The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. At other times however the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest.[16]
Bengal Army sepoys considered the transfer of the numeral 66th from a regular battalion of Bengal Native Infantry, disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, to the 66th Regiment of Gurkhas (seen here in native costume) as a breach of faith by the East India Company.
The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. The transfer of the number 66th which was taken away from a regular Bengal sepoy regiment of the line disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, and given to a Gurkha battalion, was considered by the sepoys as a breach of faith by the Company.[17]
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. Sympathetic rulers, such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats, such as Lord Dalhousie, who despised the troops and the populace. As time passed, the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys.[18]
Finally, officers of an evangelical persuasion in the Company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity.[19]
In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel.[20]
The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horse and 42 of irregular infantry. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side.[21]
The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry, and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars.[22]
There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favourable opportunity to do so.[23]
The Enfield Rifle[edit]
India Pattern Brown Bess 3rd model smoothbore musket
Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musket
The two weapons which used the cartridge supposedly sealed with pig and cow fat
The rebellion was, literally, started over a gun. Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musket—a more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. One thing did not change in this new weapon — the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later.
To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF blackpowder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Minié ball.
Despite no discernible reason for a change in practice, some sepoys believed that the cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims and tallow (cow fat) which angered the Hindus as cows were equal to a goddess to them. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumours, and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, and grease these with beeswax and mutton fat. This reinforced the belief that the original issue cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow.
Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the Company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.[24]
Prophecies, omens, signs and rumours[edit]
There was rumour about an old prophecy that the Company's rule would end after a hundred years.[citation needed] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
Before the rebellion, there were reports that "holy men" were mysteriously circulating chapatis and lotus flowers among the sepoys. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief.[25][26]
After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[26]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.academia.edu/7205642/The_Greased_Cartridge_Affair_Re-Examining_the_Pattern_1853_Enfield_Cartridge_and_Its_Role_in_the_Indian_Mutiny_of_1857
Jump up ^ National Army Museum
Jump up ^ Priyadarshini, S. "History of India". HistoryDiscussion.Net. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Nayar, Pramod (2005). 1857 Reader. Penguin. p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b Dalrymple (2006), pp. 22–23
Jump up ^ Dalrymple (2006), p. 153
Jump up ^ Stokes (1973)
Jump up ^ Achyut Yagnik (24 August 2005). Shaping Of Modern Gujarat. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 105–109. ISBN 978-81-8475-185-7.
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), pages 203-204 A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Alavi (1998), p. 5
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), page 226 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Edwardes, p. 3
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), pages 186 and 313 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Hibbert (1978), pp. 51-54
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), pages 291-292 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Saul, David (2003), page 294 "The Indian Mutiny", Penguin Books, ISBN 0-141-00554-8
Jump up ^ Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
Jump up ^ Nayar. p. 9. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Wolpert (2009), p. 240
^ Jump up to: a b Pionke (2004), pp. 86-87
References[edit]
Messi, Lionel (1998), The Sepoys and the Company, Delhi: Oxford University Press
Dalrymple, William (2006), The Last Mughal, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-310243-5
Edwardes, Michael, Battles of the Indian Mutiny
Hibbert, Christopher (1978), The Great Mutiny, London: Allen Lane
Mason, Philip (1974), A matter of honour, London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-012911-7
National Army Museum, India Rising: Introduction
Pionke, Albert D. (2004), Plots of opportunity: representing conspiracy in Victorian England, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, ISBN 0-8142-0948-3
Stokes, Eric (February 1973), "The First Century of British Colonial Rule in India: Social Revolution or Social Stagnation?", Past and Present, 58: 136–160, doi:10.1093/past/58.1.136
Wolpert, Stanley (2009), A New History of India (8th ed.), New York, NY: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-533756-3
External links[edit]
Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny
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text:
List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hurricane Isabel, as seen from the International Space Station in September 2003.
A total of 33 recorded tropical cyclones have reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes of such intensity occur once every three years in this region on average.
Only six times—in the 1932, 1933, 1961, 2005, 2007, and 2017 hurricane seasons—has more than one Category 5 recorded hurricane formed. Only in 2005 have more than two Category 5 hurricanes formed, and only in 2007 and 2017 did more than one make landfall at Category 5 strength.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Systems
3 Listed by month
4 Landfalls
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Tracks of all known Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2014
A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is one that is considered by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC), to have had sustained wind speeds greater than 136 knots (157 mph; 252 km/h; 70 m/s) on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The NHC considers sustained wind speeds to be those that occur over a one-minute period at 10 metres (32.8 ft) above ground. These wind speeds are estimated by using a blend of data from a variety of sources, which include observations from nearby ships, reconnaissance aircraft, or automatic weather stations and pictures from various satellites.
Between 1924 and 2017, 33 hurricanes were recorded at Category 5 strength. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. The anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846. However, during major hurricane strikes the instruments as a whole were often blown away, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[2]
A reanalysis of weather data is ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade other Atlantic hurricanes currently listed at Categories 4 and 5.[3] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[4] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[5]
An October Category 5 that hit Cuba in 1924
Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939 (before naming began).[1]
Nine Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma and Maria—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions. However, no Atlantic hurricane has reached Category 5 intensity more than three times during its lifespan. The November 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for most time spent as a Category 5 (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for longest continuous span as a Category 5 in the satellite era.[1][6]
Thirty-three Category 5s have been recorded in the Atlantic basin since 1851, when records began. Only one Category 5 has been recorded in July, eight in August, nineteen in September, five in October, and one in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[1]
The July and August Category 5s reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[1][7]
September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[8] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[7] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde-type storms, which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water; or so-called Bahama busters, which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.[9]
All six Category 5s in October and November reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[7] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.
Systems[edit]
Name
Dates as a
Category 5
Duration
( hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
Pressure
Areas affected
Deaths
Damage
(USD)
Refs
Cuba !"Cuba" 19241019 !October 19, 1924 7001120000000000000♠12 165 !165 mph (270 km/h) 7004910000000000000♠910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Central America, Mexico, Cuba
Florida, The Bahamas 7001900000000000000♠90 [10]
Okeechobee !"San Felipe II
Okeechobee" 19280913 !September 13–14, 1928 7001120000000000000♠12 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 7003400000000000000♠4,000 7008100000000000000♠$100 million
Bahamas !"Bahamas" 19320905 !September 5–6, 1932 7001240000000000000♠24 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004921000000000000♠921 hPa (27.20 inHg) The Bahamas, Northeastern United States 7001160000000000000♠16
Cuba !"Cuba" 19321105 !November 5–8, 1932 7001780000000000000♠78 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004915000000000000♠915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands
Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda 7003310300000000000♠3,103 7007400000000000000♠$40 million
Cuba–Brownsville !"Cuba–Brownsville" 19330830 !August 30, 1933 7001120000000000000♠12 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004930000000000000♠930 hPa (27.46 inHg) The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida
Texas, Tamaulipas 7002179000000000000♠179 7007279000000000000♠$27.9 million
Tampico !"Tampico" 19330921 !September 21, 1933 7001120000000000000♠12 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula 7002184000000000000♠184 7006500000000000000♠$5 million
Labor Day !"Labor Day" 19350903 !September 3, 1935 7001180000000000000♠18 185 !185 mph (295 km/h) 7004892000000000000♠892 hPa (26.34 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia 7002408000000000000♠408
New England ! "New England" 19380919 !September 19–20, 1938 7001180000000000000♠18 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004940000000000000♠940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Southeastern United States, Northeastern United States, Southwestern Quebec 7002682000000000000♠682 7008306000000000000♠$306 million
Carol 19530903 !September 3, 1953 7001120000000000000♠12 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada 7000500000000000000♠5 7006200000000000000♠$2 million
Janet 19550927 !September 27–28, 1955 7001180000000000000♠18 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004914000000000000♠914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Central America 7003102300000000000♠1,023 7007658000000000000♠$65.8 million [11]
Carla 19610911 !September 11, 1961 7001180000000000000♠18 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004931000000000000♠931 hPa (27.49 inHg) Texas, Louisiana, Midwestern United States 7001430000000000000♠43 7008325740000000000♠$326 million [12][13]
Hattie 19611030 !October 30–31, 1961 7001180000000000000♠18 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004920000000000000♠920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Central America 7002319000000000000♠319 7007603000000000000♠$60.3 million [14][15]
Beulah 19670920 !September 20, 1967 7001180000000000000♠18 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004923000000000000♠923 hPa (27.26 inHg) The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas 7002688000000000000♠688 7008207650000000000♠$208 million [16]
Camille 19690816 !August 16–18, 1969 † 7001300000000000000♠30 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004900000000000000♠900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 7002259000000000000♠259 7009142000000000000♠$1.42 billion [12][17]
Edith 19710909 !September 9, 1971 7000600000000000000♠6 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004943000000000000♠943 hPa (27.85 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, United States Gulf Coast 7001370000000000000♠37 7007254000000000000♠$25.4 million
Anita 19770902 !September 2, 1977 7001120000000000000♠12 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004926000000000000♠926 hPa (27.34 inHg) Mexico 7001110000000000000♠11 7000100000000000000♠ Extensive [18]
David 19790830 !August 30–31, 1979 7001420000000000000♠42 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004924000000000000♠924 hPa (27.29 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East coast 7003206800000000000♠2,068 7009154000000000000♠$1.54 billion [19][20]
Allen 19800805 !August 5–9, 1980 † 7001720000000000000♠72 190 !190 mph (305 km/h) 7004899000000000000♠899 hPa (26.55 inHg) The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, South Texas 7002269000000000000♠269 7009123760000000000♠$1.24 billion [19][21][22]
Gilbert 19880913 !September 13–14, 1988 7001240000000000000♠24 185 !185 mph (295 km/h) 7004888000000000000♠888 hPa (26.22 inHg) Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America, Hispaniola, Mexico 7002318000000000000♠318 7009710000000000000♠$7.1 billion [23][24]
Hugo 19890915 !September 15, 1989 7000600000000000000♠6 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004918000000000000♠918 hPa (27.11 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East Coast 7002107000000000000♠107 7010100000000000000♠$10 billion [17][25][26]
Andrew 19920823 !August 23–24, 1992 † 7001160000000000000♠16 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004922000000000000♠922 hPa (27.23 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast 7001650000000000000♠65 7010265000000000000♠$26.5 billion [17][27]
Mitch 19981026 !October 26–28, 1998 7001420000000000000♠42 180 !180 mph (285 km/h) 7004905000000000000♠905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida 7004193250000000000♠19,325 7009620000000000000♠$6.2 billion [28][29][30][31]
Isabel 20030911 !September 11–14, 2003 † 7001420000000000000♠42 165 !165 mph (270 km/h) 7004915000000000000♠915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Eastern United States, Ontario 7001510000000000000♠51 7009537000000000000♠$5.37 billion [17][32]
Ivan 20040909 !September 9–14, 2004 † 7001600000000000000♠60 165 !165 mph (270 km/h) 7004910000000000000♠910 hPa (26.87 inHg) The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast 7002124000000000000♠124 7010232800000000000♠$23.3 billion [17][33]
Emily 20050716 !July 16, 2005 7000600000000000000♠6 160 !160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas 7001170000000000000♠17 7009101400000000000♠$1.01 billion [34]
Katrina 20050828 !August 28–29, 2005 7001180000000000000♠18 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004902000000000000♠902 hPa (26.64 inHg) Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast 7003183600000000000♠1,836 7011108000000000000♠$108 billion [35]
Rita 20050921 !September 21–22, 2005 7001240000000000000♠24 180 !180 mph (285 km/h) 7004895000000000000♠895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 7002125000000000000♠125 7010120370000000000♠$12 billion [36]
Wilma 20071019 !October 19, 2005 7001180000000000000♠18 185 !185 mph (295 km/h) 7004882000000000000♠882 hPa (26.05 inHg) Greater Antilles, Central America, Florida 7001870000000000000♠87 7010294000000000000♠$29.4 billion [37][38][39][40]
Dean 20070818 !August 18–21, 2007 † 7001240000000000000♠24 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004905000000000000♠905 hPa (26.72 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America 7001450000000000000♠45 7009176000000000000♠$1.76 billion [19][41][42]
Felix 20070903 !September 3–4, 2007 † 7001240000000000000♠24 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Nicaragua, Honduras 7002133000000000000♠133 7008720000000000000♠$720 million [43][44][45][46]
Matthew 20161001 !October 1, 2016 7001120000000000000♠12 165 !165 mph (270 km/h) 7004934000000000000♠934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 7002603000000000000♠603 7010150900000000000♠$15.1 billion [47]
Irma 20170905 !September 5–9, 2017 † 7001750000000000000♠75 185 !185 mph (295 km/h) 7004914000000000000♠914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Cape Verde, The Caribbean, British Virgin Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands, Cuba, Florida 7002132000000000000♠132 >7010628700000000000♠$62.9 billion [48]
Maria 20170918 !September 18–20, 2017 † 7001300000000000000♠30 175 !175 mph (280 km/h) 7004908000000000000♠908 hPa (26.81 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands ≥7001780000000000000♠78 >7010911200000000000♠$91.1 billion [49]
Overall reference for Name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[1]
†Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened back to that classification at least once)
Listed by month[edit]
Month
Number of recorded storms
July 1
August 7
September 19
October 5
November 1
Source
National Hurricane Center[1]
Landfalls[edit]
Hurricane Camille, a landfalling Category 5
All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location at hurricane strength. Most Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic make landfall because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[50] Sixteen of the storms made landfall while at Category 5 intensity;[1] 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[1]
Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, or cooler waters near shore.[35] In southern Florida, the return period for a Category 5 hurricane is roughly once every 50 years.[51]
The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.
Name
Year
Category 5 Category 4 Category 3 Category 2 Category 1 Tropical storm Tropical depression References
Cuba !"Cuba" 1924 Cuba Florida The Bahamas [1][52]
Okeechobee !"Okeechobee" 1928 Puerto Rico Guadeloupe, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, & Florida South Carolina
Bahamas !"Bahamas" 1932 The Bahamas
Cuba !"Cuba" 1932 Little Cayman & Cuba The Bahamas Martinique
Cuba !"Cuba–Brownsville" 1933 The Bahamas Cuba & Texas
Tampico !"Tampico" 1933 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico
Labor Day !"Labor Day" 1935 Florida Keys Northwest Florida The Bahamas
New England !"New England" 1938 New York & Connecticut
Carol 1953 Canada
Janet 1955 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico
Carla 1961 Texas
Hattie 1961 Belize Mexico
Beulah 1967 Texas Yucatán Peninsula
Camille 1969 Mississippi Cuba
Edith 1971 Nicaragua Louisiana Belize & Mexico
Anita 1977 Mexico
David 1979 Dominican Republic Dominica Florida Cuba, The Bahamas, & Georgia
Allen 1980 Texas
Gilbert 1988 Quintana Roo Jamaica & Tamaulipas [23]
Hugo 1989 Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, & South Carolina Puerto Rico [25]
Andrew 1992 Eleuthera & Florida Berry Islands Louisiana [27]
Mitch 1998 Honduras Campeche & Florida [28]
Isabel 2003 North Carolina [32]
Ivan 2004 Alabama Louisiana [33]
Emily 2005 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Grenada [34]
Katrina 2005 Louisiana & Mississippi Florida [35]
Rita 2005 Louisiana [36]
Wilma 2005 Cozumel & Quintana Roo Florida [37]
Dean 2007 Quintana Roo Veracruz [41]
Felix 2007 Nicaragua Grenada [43]
Matthew 2016 Haiti, Cuba & Grand Bahama South Carolina [47]
Irma 2017 Barbuda, Saint Martin, Ginger Island, Tortola, Little Inagua & Cuba Florida Keys Southwest Florida [53][54][55][56][57][58]
Maria 2017 Dominica Puerto Rico [59]
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
Weather portal
List of Atlantic hurricanes
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e National Hurricane Center (April 1, 2014). "Re-analysis of 1969's Hurricane Camille Completed — Catastrophic hurricane now ranks as second strongest on record" (PDF) (Press release). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Université Catholique de Louvain (2007). "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database for the Caribbean". Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
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^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Gilbert B (October 26, 1988). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gilbert (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 9. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 47. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawrence, Miles B (November 15, 1989). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hugo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–2, 7. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Max (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 118 (5): 1175. ISSN 1520-0493. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rappaport, Edward N (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16 – 28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Guiney, John L; Lawrence, Miles B (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Mitch: October 22 - November 5, 1998 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780". United States National Climatic Data Center. 2004. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b Stewart, Stacy R (December 16, 2004). Hurricane Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Knabb, Richard D; Brown, Daniel P; Rhome, Jamie R (March 17, 2006). Hurricane Rita: September 18 - 26, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). UUnited States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
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External links[edit]
NHC web site
[hide]
v
t
e
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
1920s
"Cuba (1924)"
"Okeechobee" (1928)
1930s
"Bahamas" (1932)
"Cuba (1932)"
"Cuba–Brownsville" (1933)
"Tampico" (1933)
"Labor Day" (1935)
"New England" (1938)
1950s
Carol (1953)
Janet (1955)
1960s
Carla (1961)
Hattie (1961)
Beulah (1967)
Camille (1969)
1970s
Edith (1971)
Anita (1977)
David (1979)
1980s
Allen (1980)
Gilbert (1988)
Hugo (1989)
1990s
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2000s
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