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List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics
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This article is about all-time records. For a season-by-season statistical breakdown, see List of Chelsea F.C. seasons.
Chelsea Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Fulham, London. The club was established in 1905 and plays its home games at Stamford Bridge.
Chelsea have won six top-flight titles. Upon winning the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, Chelsea became the first English club to win all four European trophies and the only club to hold the Champions League and the Europa League at the same time.[1] The club's record appearance maker is Ron Harris, who made 795 appearances between 1961 and 1980. Frank Lampard is Chelsea's record goalscorer, scoring 211 goals in total.
Contents
1 Honours and achievements
1.1 EFL and Premier League
1.2 The FA
1.3 UEFA
1.4 Other
1.4.1 Wartime
1.4.2 Pre-season
2 Appearances
2.1 Individual records
2.2 All-time appearances
3 Goalscorers
3.1 Individual records
3.2 All-time top goalscorers
4 Club records
4.1 Attendances
4.2 Firsts
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Wins
4.3.2 Draws
4.3.3 Losses
4.4 Goals
4.5 Points
4.6 Clean sheets
4.7 Penalties
5 National/European records
6 Transfers
6.1 Highest transfer fees paid
6.2 Highest transfer fees received
7 References
Honours and achievements[edit]
In 2012, Chelsea became the fifth English team to win the UEFA Champions League.
Chelsea's first ever silverware was obtained in the 1915–16 season, when the team won the inaugural London Combination, which was originally established as a regional league for London clubs after first-class competition had been suspended due to World War I. The first major trophy came in 1955, when Chelsea became the national champions.[2] In the 2009–10 season, Chelsea won their first and only double after winning both the Premier League and the FA Cup.[3] Upon winning the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, Chelsea became the fourth club in history to have won the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European Cup Winners' Cup/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League.[4]
Chelsea's honours and achievements include the following:[5]
EFL and Premier League[edit]
First Division (until 1992) and Premier League
Winners (6): 1954–55, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17
Runners-up (4): 2003–04, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11
Second Division (until 1992)
Winners (2): 1983–84, 1988–89
Runners-up (5): 1906–07, 1911–12, 1929–30, 1962–63, 1976–77
Football League Cup
Winners (5): 1964–65, 1997–98, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2014–15
Runners-up (2): 1971–72, 2007–08
The FA[edit]
FA Cup
Winners (8): 1969–70, 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2017–18
Runners-up (5): 1914–15, 1966–67, 1993–94, 2001–02, 2016–17
FA Community Shield (FA Charity Shield before 2002)
Winners (4): 1955, 2000, 2005, 2009
Runners-up (9): 1970, 1997, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018
UEFA[edit]
UEFA Champions League (European Cup before 1992)
Winners (1): 2011–12
Runners-up (1): 2007–08
UEFA Europa League (UEFA Cup before 2009)
Winners (1): 2012–13
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (European Cup Winners' Cup before 1994)
Winners (2): 1970–71, 1997–98
UEFA Super Cup (European Super Cup before 1995)
Winners (1): 1998
Runners-up (2): 2012, 2013
Other[edit]
Full Members' Cup
Winners (2): 1985–86, 1989–90
London Challenge Cup
Winners (5): 1919–20, 1926–27, 1949–50, 1959–60, 1960–61
Runners-up (5): 1948–49, 1953–54, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65
Paisley Charity Cup
Winners (1): 1963
Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup
Winners (1): 1965
Middlesex Senior Charity Cup
Winners (3): 1989, 1990, 1992
Wartime[edit]
London Combination
Winners (2): 1915–16, 1917–18
National War Fund Cup
Winners (1): 1918
London Victory Cup
Winners (1): 1919
Football League War Cup – Southern Final
Winners (1): 1944–45
Runners-up (1): 1943–44
Football League War Cup – Overall Final
Runners-up (1): 1944–45
Pre-season[edit]
International Champions Cup[6]
Runners-up (1): 2013
Premier League Asia Trophy[7]
Winners (2): 2003, 2011
World Football Challenge[8]
Winners (1): 2009
World Series of Soccer[9]
Winners (1): 2005
Runners-up (1): 2007
Russian Railways Cup[10]
Third place (1): 2008
Stamford Bridge Trophy
Winners (5): 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1980
Umbro International Tournament[11][12]
Winners (2): 1996, 1997
Wembley International Tournament[13]
Winners (1): 1993
Third place (1): 1994
Cross Channel Trophy[14]
Winners (1): 1992
Coca-Cola Super Cup[15]
Winners (1): 2011
Singha 80th Anniversary Cup[16]
Winners (1): 2013
International Friendly Trophy[17]
Winners (1): 2013
BNI Cup[18]
Winners (1): 2013
Appearances[edit]
Individual records[edit]
Most appearances in total – 795, Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most League appearances – 655, Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most FA Cup appearances – 64, Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most League Cup appearances – 48, John Hollins (1963–1975 and 1983–1984) and Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most appearances in UEFA competitions – 124, John Terry (1998–2015)
Most consecutive appearances – 167, John Hollins, 14 August 1971 – 25 September 1974
Most consecutive League appearances – 164, Frank Lampard, 13 October 2001 – 26 December 2005
Most appearances in a single season – 64, Juan Mata, Oscar and Fernando Torres, 2012–13
Most internationally capped player – Frank Lampard, 103 while at Chelsea (106 in total), England
First Chelsea player to play for England – George Hilsdon, 16 February 1907
First Chelsea player to play for England at the World Cup – Roy Bentley, 1950 World Cup, 25 June 1950
First foreign (non-UK) player – Nils Middelboe (Denmark), 15 November 1913
Youngest player – Ian Hamilton, 16 years 138 days, vs. Tottenham Hotspur, First Division, 18 March 1967
Oldest player – Mark Schwarzer, 41 years and 218 days, vs. Cardiff City, Premier League, 11 May 2014
First substitute – John Boyle, who replaced George Graham vs. Fulham, First Division, 28 August 1965[19]
All-time appearances[edit]
Competitive matches only.
Name
Years
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other1
Total
1 Ron Harris 1961–1980 655 64 48 27 1 795
2 Peter Bonetti 1959–1979 600 57 45 26 1 729
3 John Terry 1998–2017 492 58 37 124 6 717
4 Frank Lampard 2001–2014 429 58 34 117 10 648
5 John Hollins 1963–1975 & 1983–1984 465 51 48 27 1 592
6 Petr Čech 2004–2015 333 33 17 103 8 494
7 Dennis Wise 1990–2001 332 38 30 38 7 445
8 Steve Clarke 1987–1998 330 36 26 12 17 421
9 Kerry Dixon 1983–1992 335 20 41 0 24 420
10 Eddie McCreadie 1962–1974 331 41 22 16 0 410
1 Other appearances include: Charity/Community Shield, Football League play-offs, Full Members Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.
Goalscorers[edit]
Frank Lampard is Chelsea's all-time top goalscorer
Individual records[edit]
Most goals in total aggregate – 211, Frank Lampard (2001–2014)
Most goals in a season – 43, Jimmy Greaves (First Division, 1960–61)
Most goals in one match – 6, George Hilsdon v. Worksop Town, FA Cup, First Round, 11 January 1908
Most goals in one final – 3, David Speedie v. Manchester City, Full Members Cup Final, 23 March 1986
Most League goals in total aggregate – 164, Bobby Tambling (1959–1970)
Most League goals in a season – 41, Jimmy Greaves, (First Division, 1960–61)
Most times top goalscorer – 8, Roy Bentley
Most League goals in one match:
5, George Hilsdon v. Glossop, Second Division, 1 September 1906
5, Jimmy Greaves v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 30 August 1958
5, Jimmy Greaves v. Preston North End, First Division, 19 December 1959
5, Jimmy Greaves v. West Bromwich Albion, First Division, 3 December 1960
5, Bobby Tambling v. Aston Villa, First Division, 17 September 1966
5, Gordon Durie v. Walsall, Second Division, 4 February 1989
Most Premier League/First Division goals in total aggregate – 147, Frank Lampard (2001–2014)
Most Premier League goals in a season – 29, Didier Drogba, (2009–10)
Most Premier League goals in one match:
4, Gianluca Vialli v. Barnsley, Premier League, 24 August 1997
4, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink v. Coventry City, Premier League, 21 October 2000
4, Frank Lampard v. Derby County, Premier League, 12 March 2008
4, Frank Lampard v. Aston Villa, Premier League, 27 March 2010
Most FA Cup goals in total aggregate – 26, Frank Lampard (2001–2014)
Most FA Cup goals in a season – 8, Peter Osgood, (1969–70)
Most FA Cup goals in one match: – 6, George Hilsdon v. Worksop Town, FA Cup, First Round, 11 January 1908
Most FA Cup Final goals in total aggregate: – 4, Didier Drogba (2004–2015)
Most League Cup goals in total aggregate – 25, Kerry Dixon (1983–92)
Most League Cup goals in a season – 8, Kerry Dixon, (1984–85)
Most League Cup goals in one match: – 4, Kerry Dixon v. Gillingham, League Cup, First Round, First Leg, 13 September 1983
Most League Cup Final goals in total aggregate – 4, Didier Drogba (2004–12, 2014–15)
Most Cup Final goals in total aggregate – 9, Didier Drogba (2004–12, 2014–15)
Most European goals in total aggregate – 36, Didier Drogba (2004–12, 2014–15)[20]
Most European goals in a season – 9, Fernando Torres (UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League, 2012–13)
Most European goals in one match: – 5, Peter Osgood v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, First Round, Second Leg, 29 September 1971
Most hat-tricks – 13, Jimmy Greaves, (1957–1961)
Most international goals – Didier Drogba, 46 while at Chelsea (65 in total)
Oldest goalscorer – Dick Spence, 38 years 282 days v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 April 1947
Youngest goalscorer – Ian Hamilton, 16 years 138 days v. Tottenham Hotspur, First Division, 18 March 1967
Fastest goalscorer – 12 seconds, Keith Weller v. Middlesbrough, Football League Cup, 7 October 1970
All-time top goalscorers[edit]
Competitive matches only.
Name
Years
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other1
Total
1 Frank Lampard 2001–2014 147 26 12 25 1 211
2 Bobby Tambling 1959–1970 164 25 10 3 0 202
3 Kerry Dixon 1983–1992 147 8 25 0 13 193
4 Didier Drogba 2004–2012 & 2014–2015 104 12 10 36 2 164
5 Roy Bentley 1948–1956 128 21 0 0 1 150
5 Peter Osgood 1964–1974 & 1978–1979 105 19 10 16 0 150
7 Jimmy Greaves 1957–1961 124 3 2 3 0 132
8 George Mills 1929–1943 118 7 0 0 0 125
9 George Hilsdon 1906–1912 99 9 0 0 0 108
10 Eden Hazard 2012– 76 5 6 10 0 97
1 Includes the Charity/Community Shield, the Football League play-offs and the Full Members Cup.
Club records[edit]
Attendances[edit]
Highest home attendance (estimate): 100,000, against Dynamo Moscow, 13 November 1945
Highest home attendance (official): 82,905, against Arsenal, First Division, 12 October 1935
Highest home attendance (Second Division): 67,000, against Manchester United, 13 April 1906
Highest home attendance (FA Cup): 77,952, against Swindon Town, 13 March 1911
Highest home attendance (League Cup): 43,330, against Tottenham Hotspur, 22 December 1971
Highest home attendance (Europe): 59,541, against Milan, 16 February 1966
Highest season home aggregate: 1,014,352 (1954–55 season)
Highest league home average: 48,302 (1954–55 season)
Highest attendance for any Chelsea match: 105,826, against Real Madrid, Michigan Stadium, United States, 30 July 2016
Highest away attendance: 98,436, against Barcelona, UEFA Champions League Round of 16 second leg, 7 March 2006
Lowest home attendance: 3,000, against Lincoln City, Second Division, 17 February 1906
Source: Chelsea F.C. official website[21]
Firsts[edit]
First match – v. Stockport County, Second Division, 2 September 1905
First win – v. Liverpool, friendly match, 4 September 1905
First competitive goalscorer – John Robertson, v. Blackpool, Second Division, 9 September 1905
First FA Cup match – v. First Grenadier Guards, First Qualifying Round, 7 October 1905
First FA Cup match (proper) – v. Lincoln City, First Round, 12 January 1907
First League Cup match – v. Millwall, First Round, 10 October 1960
First European match – v. BK Frem, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, 30 September 1958
First Cup Winners' Cup match – v. Aris, First Round, 16 September 1970
First UEFA Champions League match – v. Skonto Riga, Third Qualifying Round, 11 August 1999
First UEFA Champions League match (proper) – v. Milan, First Group Stage, 15 September 1999
First FA Cup winners at the new Wembley Stadium – v. Manchester United, 2007 FA Cup Final, 19 May 2007
First domestic double – v. Portsmouth, 2010 FA Cup Final, 15 May 2010 (also winning the 2009–10 Premier League)
100 League goals in a season – 2009–10 Premier League season
The first English team to qualify for the UEFA European Cup, winning the 1954–55 First Division (Chelsea were not allowed to participate by the Football Association)
The first London based team to win the UEFA Champions League – 2011–12 season
The first UEFA Champions League holders to get knocked out in the group stage the following year – 2012–13 season
The first English team to win all three major UEFA competitions[1]
The first UEFA Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League the following year – 2012–13 season
The first team in history of the European competitions to be holders of the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League at the same time (winning the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final on 15 May 2013, and still being holders of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League until 25 May 2013)[1]
Results[edit]
Wins[edit]
Record win – 13–0 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971[22][23]
Record League and Premier League win – 8–0 v. Wigan Athletic, Premier League, 9 May 2010 and 8–0 v. Aston Villa, Premier League, 23 December 2012
Record FA Cup win – 9–1 v. Worksop Town, Round 1, 11 January 1908
Record League Cup win – 7–0 v. Doncaster Rovers, Round 3, 16 November 1960
Record European win – 13–0 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971[22][23]
Record European win (away) – 0–8 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 15 September 1971[22][23]
Record Champions League win (home) – 6–0 v. Maribor on 21 October 2014 and v. Qarabağ on 12 September 2017[22]
Record Champions League win (away) – 0–5 v. Galatasaray on 20 October 1999 and v. Schalke 04 on 25 November 2014[22]
Most consecutive League wins: – 13, 1 October 2016 – 31 December 2016[24]
Longest sequence without a League win – 21, 3 November 1987 – 2 April 1988
Most League wins in a season – 30 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2016–17[25]
Fewest League wins in a season – 5 in 42 matches, First Division, 1978–79
Draws[edit]
Highest scoring draw – 5–5 v. West Ham United, First Division, 17 December 1966
Most League draws in a season – 18 in 42 matches, First Division, 1922–23
Longest sequence of League draws – 6, 20 August 1969 – 13 September 1969
Losses[edit]
Record defeat – 1–8 v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 September 1953
Record League defeat – 1–8 v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 September 1953
Record FA Cup defeat – 0–6 v. Sheffield Wednesday, Round 2 Replay, 5 February 1913
Record League Cup defeat – 2–6 v. Stoke City, Round 3 Replay, 22 October 1974
Record European defeat – 0–5 v. Barcelona, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, semi-final replay, 25 May 1966
Record Champions League defeat – 1–5 (after extra time) v. Barcelona, quarter-final second leg, 18 April 2000[22]
Longest sequence of League defeats – 7, 1 November 1952 – 20 December 1952
Longest sequence of unbeaten matches:
23, 23 January 2007 – 28 April 2007
23, 4 April 2009 – 23 September 2009
23, 4 May 2014 – 6 December 2014
Longest sequence of unbeaten League matches – 40, 23 October 2004 – 29 October 2005
Longest sequence of unbeaten home matches in the Premier League – 86, 20 March 2004 – 26 October 2008
Most League defeats in a season – 27 in 42 matches, First Division, 1978–79
Fewest League defeats in a season – 1 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Goals[edit]
Most goals scored in one match – 13 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971
Most goals conceded in one match – 8 v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 September 1953
Most League goals scored in one season – 103 in 38 matches,Premier League, 2009–10
Fewest League goals scored in one season – 31 in 42 matches, First Division, 1923–24
Most League goals conceded in one season – 100 in 42 matches, First Division, 1960–61
Fewest League goals conceded in one season – 15 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Fewest League goals conceded at home in one season – 6 in 19 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Fewest League goals conceded away in one season – 9 in 19 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Most goal scorers in a single match in the league – 7 v. Aston Villa, Premier League, 23 December 2012
Points[edit]
Most points earned in a season (3 for a win) – 99 in 46 matches, Second Division, 1988–89
Fewest points earned in a season (3 for a win) – 42 in 40 matches, First Division, 1987–88
Most points earned in a season (2 for a win) – 57 in 38 matches, Second Division, 1906–07
Fewest points earned in a season (2 for a win) – 20 in 42 matches, First Division, 1978–79
Clean sheets[edit]
Most clean sheets in one season – 34 in 59 matches, (2004–05)
Fewest clean sheets in one season – 2 in 47 matches, (1960–61)
Most League clean sheets in one season – 25 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Fewest League clean sheets in one season – 1 in 42 matches, First Division, 1960–61
Longest run without a clean sheet – 31 games, November 1960 – August 1961
Most consecutive league clean sheets during a season – 10, 18 December 2004 – 12 February 2005
Most clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper – 228, Petr Čech (2004–2015)[26][27]
Most clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper in one season – 28, Petr Čech, (2004–05)[27]
Most Premier League clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper in one season – 24, Petr Čech, (2004–05)[28]
Most consecutive clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper – 9, William Foulke, (1905–06)
Most clean sheets overall in the Premier League – 162, Petr Čech (2004–2015)[29]
Penalties[edit]
Most penalties saved – 9, Reg Matthews
Most penalties scored by a single player – 49, Frank Lampard[30]
National/European records[edit]
Fewest goals conceded in a League season – 15 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05 (English top flight record)[31]
Fewest goals conceded away in a League season – 9 in 19 matches, Premier League, 2004–05 (English top flight record)[25]
Most consecutive clean sheets at the start of a season – 6, 14 August 2005 – 17 September 2005 (English top flight record)
Most clean sheets in a season – 25, Premier League, 2004–05 (Premier League record)[31]
Longest sequence of unbeaten home league matches – 86, 21 February 2004 – 26 October 2008 (English record)[25]
Highest aggregate scoreline in European competition – 21–0, v Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971 (joint record)[23]
Most consecutive League away wins – 11, 5 April 2008 – 22 December 2008 (Premier League joint record)[32]
Transfers[edit]
Note that transfers fees amounts are very sensitive to inflation which is not considered there and exchange rates between British pound and Euro or other rates.
Highest transfer fees paid[edit]
Name
From
Fee
Year
1 Kepa Arrizabalaga Athletic Bilbao £71,600,000[33] 2018
2 Álvaro Morata Real Madrid £58,000,000[34] 2017
3 Jorginho Napoli £57,000,000[35] 2018
4 Fernando Torres Liverpool £50,000,000[36] 2011
5 Tiémoué Bakayoko Monaco £40,000,000[37] 2017
6 Danny Drinkwater Leicester City £35,000,000[38] 2017
7 David Luiz Paris Saint-Germain £34,000,000[39] 2016
8 Michy Batshuayi Marseille £33,200,000[40] 2016
9 N'Golo Kanté Leicester City £32,000,000[41] 2016
Diego Costa Atlético Madrid £32,000,000[42] 2014
Eden Hazard Lille £32,000,000[43] 2012
Highest transfer fees received[edit]
Name
To
Fee
Year
1 Oscar Shanghai SIPG £60,000,000[44] 2017
2 Diego Costa Atlético Madrid £57,000,000[45] 2017
3 David Luiz Paris Saint-Germain £50,000,000[46] 2014
4 Nemanja Matić Manchester United £40,000,000[47] 2017
5 Juan Mata Manchester United £37,100,000[48] 2014
6 Thibaut Courtois Real Madrid £35,000,000[49] 2018
7 Romelu Lukaku Everton £28,000,000[50] 2014
8 Ramires Jiangsu Suning £25,000,000[51] 2016
9 Arjen Robben Real Madrid £24,000,000[52] 2007
10 André Schürrle VfL Wolfsburg £22,000,000[53] 2015
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General
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Glanvill, Rick (2006). Chelsea FC: The Official Biography - The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years. Headline Book Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7553-1466-2.
Hockings, Ron. 90 Years Of The Blues - A Statistical History Of Chelsea FC 1905–1995.
"Chelsea FC Club Details". Soccerbase.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Chelsea's Ramires joins Jiangsu Suning in £25m move". BBC Sport. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Rutledge, Lewis (23 August 2007). "Real secure Robben & Heinze". Sky Sports. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Andre Schurrle: Chelsea winger completes £22m Wolfsburg move". BBC Sport. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
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Portmanteau
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Portmanteau (disambiguation).
A portmanteau (/pɔːrtˈmæntoʊ/ ( listen), /ˌpɔːrtmænˈtoʊ/[a][b]) or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words,[1] in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word,[1][2][3] as in smog, coined by blending smoke and fog,[2][4] or motel, from motor and hotel.[5] In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph that represents two or more morphemes.[6][7][8][9]
The definition overlaps with the grammatical term contraction, but contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as do and not to make don't, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept. A portmanteau also differs from a compound, which does not involve the truncation of parts of the stems of the blended words. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a portmanteau, of star and fish; whereas a hypothetical portmanteau of star and fish might be stish.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Examples in English
2.1 Standard English
2.1.1 Formal
2.1.2 Informal
2.1.3 Business
2.2 Non-standard English
2.2.1 Name-meshing
3 Other languages
3.1 Arabic
3.2 Bulgarian
3.3 Filipino
3.4 French
3.5 Galician
3.6 German
3.7 Modern Hebrew
3.8 Portuguese
3.9 Hindi
3.10 Hungarian
3.11 Icelandic
3.12 Indonesian
3.13 Japanese
3.14 Spanish
3.15 Tibetan
4 Word/morph (linguistics)
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Origin[edit]
The word portmanteau was first used in this sense by Lewis Carroll in the book Through the Looking-Glass (1871),[10] in which Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of the unusual words in "Jabberwocky",[11] where slithy means "slimy and lithe" and mimsy is "miserable and flimsy". Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways:
You see it's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word.
In his introduction to The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll uses portmanteau when discussing lexical selection:
Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say "frumious."[11]
In then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. The etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau, from porter, "to carry", and manteau, "cloak" (from Old French mantel, from Latin mantellum).[12] In modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet, a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like.[13][14][15]
An occasional synonym for "portmanteau word" is frankenword, an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending "Frankenstein" and "word".[16]
Examples in English[edit]
Main article: List of portmanteaus
Standard English[edit]
Formal[edit]
The original "Gerrymander" pictured in an 1812 cartoon. The word is a portmanteau of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry's name with "salamander."
Many neologisms are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon.[11] In Punch in 1896, the word brunch (breakfast + lunch) was introduced as a "portmanteau word."[17] In 1964, the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name. Similarly Eurasia is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia.
Some city names are portmanteaus of the border regions they straddle: Texarkana spreads across the Texas-Arkansas border, while Calexico and Mexicali are respectively the American and Mexican sides of a single conurbation. A scientific example is a liger, which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger (a tigon or tiglon is a similar cross in which the male is a tiger).
Many company or brand names are portmanteaus, including Microsoft, a portmanteau of microcomputer and software; the cheese "Cambozola" combines a similar rind to "Camembert" with the same mold used to make "Gorgonzola"; passenger rail company "Amtrak", a portmanteau of "America" and "track"; "Velcro", a portmanteau of the French "Velours" (velvet) and "Crochet" (hook); "Verizon," a portmanteau of "veritas" (Latin for truth) and "horizon"; and ComEd (a Chicago-area electric utility company), a portmanteau of "Commonwealth" and Edison (Thomas Edison).
"Jeoportmanteau!" is a recurring category on the American television quiz show Jeopardy!. The category's name is itself a portmanteau of the words "Jeopardy" and "portmanteau." Responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together.
Informal[edit]
Portmanteau words may be produced by joining together proper nouns with common nouns, such as "gerrymandering", which refers to the scheme of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry for politically contrived redistricting; the perimeter of one of the districts thereby created resembled a very curvy salamander in outline. The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms bjelkemander and playmander.
Oxbridge is a common portmanteau for the UK's two oldest universities, those of Oxford and Cambridge.
A spork
Many portmanteau words receive some use but do not appear in all dictionaries. For example, a spork is an eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork, and a skort is an item of clothing that is part skirt, part shorts. On the other hand, turducken, a dish made by inserting a chicken into a duck, and the duck into a turkey, was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2010.
Similarly, the word refudiate was first used by Sarah Palin when she misspoke, conflating the words refute and repudiate. Though initially a gaffe, the word was recognized as the New Oxford American Dictionary's "Word of the Year" in 2010.[18]
Brexit is a recent (2016) example, referring to Britain's planned exit from the European Union.
Business[edit]
The business lexicon is replete with newly coined portmanteau words like "permalance" (permanent freelance), "advertainment" (advertising as entertainment), "advertorial" (a blurred distinction between advertising and editorial), "infotainment" (information about entertainment or itself intended to entertain by virtue of its manner of presentation), and "infomercial" (informational commercial).
A company name may also be portmanteau (e.g., Timex is a portmanteau of Time (referring to Time magazine) and Kleenex)[19] as well as a product name (e.g., Renault markets its Twingo, a combination of twist, swing and tango).[20]
Non-standard English[edit]
Name-meshing[edit]
Two proper names can also be used in creating a portmanteau word in reference to the partnership between people, especially in cases where both persons are well-known, or sometimes to produce epithets such as "Billary" (referring to former United States president Bill Clinton and his wife, former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton). In this example of recent American political history, the purpose for blending is not so much to combine the meanings of the source words but "to suggest a resemblance of one named person to the other"; the effect is often derogatory, as linguist Benjamin Zimmer states.[21] By contrast, the public, including the media, use portmanteaus to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to "...giv[e] people an essence of who they are within the same name."[22] This is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real-life "supercouples". An early known example, Bennifer, referred to film stars Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez. Other examples include Brangelina (Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie) and TomKat (Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes).[22] "Desilu Productions" was a Los Angeles, California-based company jointly owned by couple and actors Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball. Miramax is the combination of the first names of the parents of the Weinstein brothers. On Wednesday, June 28, 2017, The New York Times crossword included the quip, "How I wish Natalie Portman dated Jacques Cousteau, so I could call them 'Portmanteau'."[23]
Holidays are another example, as in Thanksgivukkah, a portmanteau neologism given to the convergence of the American holiday of Thanksgiving and the first day of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah on Thursday, 28 November 2013.[24][25]
For the Disney film Big Hero 6, there is a location called "San Fransokyo", a fusion between San Francisco and Tokyo.
Other languages[edit]
Arabic[edit]
In vernacular Arabic, contractions are a pretty common phenomenon, in which mostly prepositions are added to other words to create a word with a new meaning. For example, the Hejazi word for "not yet" is لسع/لسه (lessa/lessaʕ), which is a combination of the words لـ (li, for) and الساعة (assaʕa,the hour). Other examples in Hejazi Arabic include:
إيش (ʔēš , what), from أي (ʔay, which) and شيء (šayʔ, thing).
ليش (lēš, why), from لـ (li, for) and أي (ʔay, which) and شيء (šayʔ, thing).
معليش (maʕlēš, is it ok?/sorry), from ما (mā, nothing) and عليه (ʕalayh, on him) and شيء (šayʔ, thing).
فين (fēn, where), from في (fī, in) and أين (ʔayn, where).
دحين (daḥēn or daḥīn, now), from ذا (ḏā, this) and الحين (alḥīn, part of time).
إلين (ʔilēn, until), from إلى (ʔilā, to) and أن (ʔan, that).
بعدين (baʕdēn, later), from بَعْد (baʕd, after) and أََيْن (ʔayn, part of time).
علشان/عشان (ʕašān/ʕalašān, because), from على (ʕalā, on) and شأن (šaʔn, matter).
كمان (kamān, also/more), from كما (kamā as) and أن (ʔan that).
إيوه (ʔīwa, yes), from إي (ʔī, yes) and و (wa, swear to or promise by) and الله (allāh, God).[26][clarification needed]
A few rare or facetious examples would include:
لعم[pronunciation?] from ("naʕm", yes) and ("la", no), implying you are not sure
متشائل[pronunciation?] ("mutashaʔim", pessimist) and ("mutafaʔil", optimist), the title of a novel published by Emile Habibi in 1974. The title is translated in English to "The Pessoptimist."
كهرماء ("kahramaʔ", utilities) coined from كهرباء ("kahrabaʔ", electricity) and ماء ("maʔ", water), the national utilities company of Qatar
كهرطيسي ("kahratisi", electromagnetic) coined from كهرباء ("kahrabaʔ", electricity) and مغناطيسي[pronunciation?]("magnetic")
Bulgarian[edit]
In the Bulgarian language, the most common use of portmanteau is as a part of advertising campaigns. One such example is the word gintuition (джинтуиция pronounced dzhintuitsia), which is made up from the words gin and intuition. This one, in particular, is used, not surprisingly, as a part of a gin commercial. Another example is the word charomat, which consists of the words чар (the Bulgarian word for charm) and аромат (meaning aroma), made popular by an ad about a coffee brand.
Filipino[edit]
Certain portmanteaus in Filipino have come into use to describe popular combinations of items in a Filipino breakfast. An example of such a combination order is kankamtuy: an order of kanin (rice), kamatis (tomatoes) and tuyo (dried fish). Another is tapsi: an order of tapa and sinangág. Other examples include variations using a silog suffix, usually some kind of meat served with sinangág and itlog (egg). The three most commonly seen silogs are tapsilog (having tapa as the meat portion), tocilog (having tocino as the meat portion), and longsilog (having longganisa as the meat portion). Other silogs include hotsilog (with a hot dog), bangsilog (with bangus (milkfish)), dangsilog (with danggit (rabbitfish)), spamsilog (with Spam), adosilog (with adobo), chosilog (with chorizo), chiksilog (with chicken), cornsilog (with corned beef), and litsilog (with lechon/litson). An establishment that specializes in such meals is called a tapsihan or "tapsilugan".
The name of a common Filipino mongrel dogs askal is derived from Tagalog words "asong kalye" or "street dog" because these dogs are commonly seen in streets. Askals are also called "aspins", a combination of "asong Pinoy" or "Philippine Dog".
Another Filipino portmanteau is a popular but slightly dated female name Luzviminda derived from the Philippines' three major island groups Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
Many Filipinos are very fond of speaking in Tagalog with some English words and thus are actually speaking in Taglish. Tagalog is a dialect in the island of Luzon and the basis for the national language Filipino.
French[edit]
Despite its French etymology (modern spelling: portemanteau), portmanteau is not used in French in this context. It is indeed a false friend. It refers to a coat stand or coat hook (literally a "coat support"), but in the past, it could also refer to a cloth drape knights would use to pack their gear. It was in this context that it first came to its English use, and the metaphorical use of a linguistic phenomenon (putting one word inside another, as into a case) is an English coinage. The French linguistic term mot-valise, literally a "suitcase-word", is a relatively recent back-translation from English, attested only since 1970.
Although French of France is regulated by the Académie française (which has had a conservative attitude to neologisms) it produced a number of portmanteau words such as franglais (frenglish) or courriel (courrier électronique = email) and has used the technique in literature (Boris Vian) or to create brands: Transilien (Transports franciliens = Île-de-France transportation system).[27]
French in Canada has a second regulatory body, named OQLF, an agency of the Government of Quebec, which is independent of the Académie. It has a tendency to produce neologisms in order to replace anglicisms. It created the portmanteaus courriel and clavardage (clavier + bavardage), for example.[clarification needed] Another example in Quebec (but made outside of OQLF) is Centricois, which means person from the region Centre-du-Québec (winner of a contest organised by the SSJB of Centre-du-Québec in 1999).[citation needed]
Galician[edit]
Galician has many portmanteaus, some existing also in Portuguese but many others not (or only in the North of Portugal, close to Galicia), which can be explained by its popular origin: carambelo (frozen candy), from caramelo (candy) and carámbano (icicle); martabela (a kind of dead bolt), from martelo (hammer) and tarabela (a kind of drill bit); rabuñar (to scratch with a fingernail, for instance a cat or a person), from rabuxa (a small tail, and also a common ill in tails) and rañar (to scratch); millenta ("many thousands", also common in Portuguese milhenta), from milleiro (one thousand) and cento (one hundred); runxir (to crackle, applied to some things only), from ruxir (to howl) and renxer (to grind the teeth), or vagamundo (tramp), from vagabundo (wanderer) and mundo (world), currently "vagamundo" and "vagabundo" mean the same, and the former is considered a vulgarism[clarification needed].
German[edit]
Kofferwort, a German synonym for portmanteau, is a recent literal translation of French mot-valise, attested since 1983. However, the phenomenon is well known in German poetry. A modern example of German portmanteau is 'Teuro', combining 'teuer' (expensive) and 'Euro'. Other examples are Mainhattan, a Central business district in Frankfurt on the river Main like Manhattan, New York and Kreuzkölln, the Berlin area bordering between Kreuzberg and Neukölln. 'Jein' is a widely used contraction of 'Ja' (yes) and 'Nein' (no), to indicate a combination of the two.
Modern Hebrew[edit]
Modern Hebrew abounds with European mechanisms such as blending: Along with קומפקט דיסק (kompaktdisk, compact disc), Hebrew has the blend תקליטור (taklitor), which consists of the Jewish-descent תקליט (taklít, record) and אור (or, light). Modern Hebrew is full of portmanteau blends, such as the following:[28]
ערפיח (arpíakh, smog), from ערפל (arafél, fog) and פיח (píakh, soot)
מדרחוב (midrakhov, (pedestrian) promenade), from מדרכה (midrakhá, footpath) and רחוב (rekhóv, street)
מחזמר (makhazémer, musical), from מחזה (makhazé, play [noun]) and זמר (zémer, song)
Other blends include the following:
מגדלור (migdalór, lighthouse), from מגדל (migdál, tower) and אור (or, light)
רמזור (ramzór, traffic light), from רמז (rémez, signal) and אור (or, light)
Sometimes the root of the second word is truncated, giving rise to a blend that resembles an acrostic:
תפוז (tapúz, orange (fruit), from תפוח (tapúakh, apple) and זהב (zaháv, gold)
Portuguese[edit]
On Brazilian Portuguese, portmanteaus are usually slangs, some of them include:
Cantriz, from cantora (female singer) and atriz (actress), which defines women that both sing and act.[29][30]
Aborrescente, from aborrecer (annoy) and adolescente (teenager), which is a pejorative term for teenagers.[31][32]
Pescotapa, from pescoço (neck) and tapa (slap), which defines a slap on the back of the neck.[33] [34]
On European Portuguese, there is the word telemóvel, which means mobile phone, comes from telefone (telephone) and móvel (mobile).[35]
Hindi[edit]
A portmanteau common in both Hindi and English is Hinglish, which refers to the vernacular of the people in (the Hindi-speaking regions of) North India, where they mix Hindi and English in the spoken language.
Another modern day example is the BrahMos missile, whose name is a portmanteau of two rivers, Brahmaputra and Moskva.
Compounds displaying Sanskritic sandhi are extremely commonplace in Hindi, but as compounds showing sandhi still consist of multiple morphemes, these are not portmanteaus.
Hungarian[edit]
In Hungarian language, the first decades of the 19th century saw the language-reforming movement (Hungarian: nyelvújítás), when some authors and poets, like Ferenc Kazinczy, Pál Bugát, Mihály Fazekas, Miklós Révai and others created approximately 10,000 new words and phrases in order to develop Hungarian language to a modern and progressive tongue. Among these new phrases there are some portmanteaus:
gyufa (safety matches), consists of gyújtó (burner) and fa (wood).
Icelandic[edit]
There is a tradition of linguistic purism in Icelandic, and neologisms are frequently created from pre-existing words. For example, Tölva ("computer") is a portmanteau of tala ("digit; number") and völva ("oracle or seeress").[36]
Indonesian[edit]
In Indonesian, portmanteaus are often used as both formal and informal acronyms and referrals. Many organizations and government bodies use them for brevity. Journalists often create portmanteaus for particular historical moments. Examples include:
Formal and journalism uses:
Golput: voters who abstain from voting, from Golongan Putih, "blank party" or "white party".[37]
Jagorawi: a motorway linking the cities of Jakarta, Bogor and Ciawi.
Jabodetabek: the neighboring cities of Jakarta, consisting of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, and sometimes Cianjur (Jabodetabekjur).
The Suramadu Bridge connects the cities of Surabaya and Madura
"Malari": refers to "Malapetaka 15 Januari" – a social riot that happened on 15 January 1974.
Military units, e.g. Kopassus army special forces unit, from Komando Pasukan Khusus, "special forces command". Another example is the Kopaska navy frogman unit, from Komando Pasukan Katak, "Frogman Command".
Governmental bodies, e.g. "Kemdikbud", refers to "Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan" (Education and Culture Ministry), where the ministry leader is called "Mendikbud", "Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan" (Minister of Education and Culture).
Informal uses, for example:
Asbun = Asal bunyi: carelessly speaking
Mafia = matematika + fisika + kimia: math, physics, and chemistry, three school subjects that are often related with arithmetic
Caper = cari perhatian: attention seeker
Warnet = warung internet: internet cafe
Alay = anak layangan: unfashionable people
Copas = Copy paste: copying other people's work without permission
Ropang = roti panggang: toasted bread
Nasgor = nasi goreng
Japanese[edit]
A very common type of portmanteau in Japanese forms one word from the beginnings of two others (that is, from two back-clippings).[38] The portion of each input word retained is usually two morae, which is tantamount to one kanji in most words written in kanji.
The inputs to the process can be native words, Sino-Japanese words, gairaigo (later borrowings), or combinations thereof. A Sino-Japanese example is the name 東大 (Tōdai) for the University of Tokyo, in full 東京大学 (Tōkyō daigaku). With borrowings, typical results are words such as パソコン (pasokon), meaning personal computer (PC), which despite being formed of English elements does not exist in English; it is a uniquely Japanese contraction of the English personal computer (パーソナル・コンピュータ, pāsonaru konpyūta). Another example, Pokémon (ポケモン), is a contracted form of the English words pocket (ポケット, poketto) and monsters (モンスター, monsutā).[39] A famous example of a blend with mixed sources is karaoke (カラオケ, karaoke), blending the Japanese word for empty (空, kara) and the English word orchestra (オーケストラ, ōkesutora).
Some Anime titles also are portmanteaus, such as Hetalia (ヘタリア). It came from Hetare (ヘタレ) which means "idiot" and Itaria (イタリア) which means Italy, and for the anime Servamp which came from English word Servant (サヴァント)　and Vampire (ヴァンパイア).
Spanish[edit]
Although not very common in Spanish[citation needed] (except for a pair of compulsory contractions, 'a el'='al' and 'de el'='del'), portmanteaus are finding their way into the language mainly through marketing and media efforts, such as in Mexican Spanish 'cafebrería' from 'cafetería' and 'librería', or Teletón from 'televisión' and 'maratón'. However, it is very frequent in commercial brands of any type (for instance, "chocolleta", from "chocolate" + "galleta", cookie), and above all family-owned business (of small size, for instance: Rocar, from "Roberto" + "Carlos", and Mafer, from "Maria" + "Fernanda"). Such usages are obviously prompted by the registering of a distinguishable trademark, but with time is common that a specific trademark became the name of the all similar products, like in Cola Cao, a name which is very common to use to refer any similar product. Examples of a portmanteau in Spanish includes the word ofimática (office automation), a blend of the words oficina (office) and informática (computing).
A somewhat popular example in Spain is the word Gallifante[40], a portmanteau of Gallo y Elefante (Cockerel and Elephant). It was the prize on the Spanish version of the children TV show Child's Play (Juego de niños)[41][better source needed] that ran on the public television channel La 1 of Television Española (TVE) from 1988 to 1992.[42]
Tibetan[edit]
Neologisms are also frequently created from pre-existing words in the Tibetan languages. For example, kubkyab (the common word for "chair") combines the words kub ("butt"), kyag ("a stand"), and gyab nye ("cushion," often for the back). Gyabnye is itself a blend of gyabten ("back support") and nyeba, the verb for "lean against, recline, rest on." Thus the word for chair is "a standing support for one's butt and back to rest on." Tibetan also employs portmanteaus frequently in names of important figures and spiritual practices, such as His Holiness Penor Rinpoche, with Penor being pema norbu ("lotus jewel"), and the Buddhist practice of Dzogchen, or dzogpa chenpo, the "Great Perfection." Tibetan is rich with portmanteaus.
Word/morph (linguistics)[edit]
In linguistics, the term blend is used to refer to the general combination of words, and the term portmanteau is reserved for the narrow sense of combining two or more morphemes in one morph[citation needed]. E.g. in the Latin word animalis the ending -is is a portmanteau morph because it is used for two morphemes: the singularity and the genitive case. In English two separate morphs are used (of an animal).
The term may also be extended to include (written) contractions. Examples of such combinations include:
Language
Combination
Portmanteau
Portuguese a o ao
a a à
de o do
de a da
a aquele àquele
a aquela àquela
a aquilo àquilo
de ela dela
de ele dele
de eles deles
de elas delas
em uma numa
em um num
em uns nuns
em umas numas
em a na
em o no
em as nas
em os nos
French à le au
à les aux
de le du
de les des
en les ès
German in das ins
in dem im
von dem vom
an dem am
an das ans
zu dem zum
zu der zur
Irish de an den
do an don
Spanish a el al
de el del
Italian a il al
a la alla
a lo allo
a l' all'
a i ai
a gli agli
a le alle
di il del
di la della
di lo dello
di l' dell'
di i dei
di gli degli
di le delle
da il dal
da la dalla
da lo dallo
da l' dall'
da i dai
da gli dagli
da le dalle
Cornish a an a'n
Welsh i ein i'n
o ein o'n
West Frisian bist do bisto
yn de yn 'e
This usage has been referred to as "portmanteau morph".[6]
While in Portuguese, French, Spanish and Italian the use of the short forms is obligatory (with the exception of ès in French, which is archaic in most senses), German and Cornish speakers theoretically may freely choose the form they use. In German, portmanteaus clearly dominate in spoken language, whilst in written language, both forms are in use.
See also[edit]
Linguistics portal
Blend word
List of geographic names derived from portmanteaus
Hybrid word
List of portmanteaus
Neologism
Syllabic abbreviation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pronounced port-MAN-toh or PORT-man-TOH
Jump up ^ Pronounced -tohz
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Garner's Modern American Usage Archived 27 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine., p. 644
^ Jump up to: a b "Portmanteau". Merriam-Webster Offline Dictionary. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Portmanteau word". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Archived from the original on 26 November 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "portmanteau word". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Cleveland: Wiley. 2010. ISBN 0-7645-7125-7.
Jump up ^ "Portmanteau word". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is a portmanteau morph?". LinguaLinks Library. 2003. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Thomas, David (1983). "An invitation to grammar". Summer Institute of Linguistics. Bangkok: Mahidol University: 9.
Jump up ^ Crystal, David (1985). "A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics" (2nd ed.). New York: Basil Blackwell: 237.
Jump up ^ Hartmann, R.R.K.; Stork, F.C. (1972). "Dictionary of language and linguistics". London: Applied Science: 180.
Jump up ^ "portmanteau, n.". Oxford English Dictionary, third edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. (2007) An Introduction to Language, Eighth Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 1-4130-1773-8.
Jump up ^ "Portmanteau." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
Jump up ^ Petit Robert: portemanteau – "malle penderie" (suitcase in which clothes hang)
Jump up ^ "PORTEMANTEAU : Définition de PORTEMANTEAU". cnrtl.fr. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Such a "coat bag" is mentioned in Chapter 12 of Alexander Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo.
Jump up ^ "Frankenwords: They're Alive!" The Guardian, 5 February, 2016 Archived 10 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Punch, 1 August 1896, 58/2
Jump up ^ "NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY'S 2010 WORD OF THE YEAR IS..." Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Shawn Tully (7 March 2015). "The crazy, true-life adventures of Norway's most radical billionaire". Fortune. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. A few years later Thomas Olsen would rechristen the company Timex. He hatched the iconic name from an unusual confluence of sources. Recalls Fred: “My father always loved to noodle with words. He liked to read Time magazine, and he used a lot of Kleenex, so he put the two names together and got Timex.”
Jump up ^ "Twist, Swing and Tango — it's the new Renault Twingo". MotorTorque.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (1 November 2005). "A perilous portmanteau?". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Winterman, Denise (3 August 2006). "What a mesh". BBC News Magazine. Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Daily Crossword". 28 June 2017. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Christine Byrne (2 October 2013). "How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah, The Best Holiday Of All Time". Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Stu Bykofsky (22 October 2012). "Thanks for Thanukkah!". Philly.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Wallah (Arabic)
Jump up ^ The name also combines the word lien (link)
Jump up ^ See p. 62 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns, Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2 (2009), pp. 40–67.
Jump up ^ "A hora das cantrizes - ISTOÉ Independente". ISTOÉ Independente (in Portuguese). 2010-10-04. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
Jump up ^ ""Consegui realizar meu grande sonho: ser cantriz!"". Tititi (in Portuguese). 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
Jump up ^ "O que é uma palavra-valise?". Kid Bentinho. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Significado de Aborrescente". www.dicionarioinformal.com.br. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
Jump up ^ ""Pescotapa" de Ciro Gomes repercute nas redes; apoiadores afirmam que vídeo foi manipulado - Brasil - BOL Notícias". noticias.bol.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Significado de Pescotapa". www.dicionarioinformal.com.br. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
Jump up ^ "telemóvel - English translation – Linguee". Linguee.com. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
Jump up ^ Kristján Árnason; Sigrún Helgadóttir (1991), "Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy", Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet, Nordterm 5, Nordterm-symposium, pp. 7–21
Jump up ^ "Golput – Schott's Vocab Blog – NYTimes.com". The New York Times. 17 February 2009. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "What are contracted words like rimokon?". Sljfaq.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Eric. "Japanese loanword accentuation: epenthesis and foot form interacting through edge-interior alignment∗" (PDF). University of British Columbia. sfu.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/para-todos-la-2/gallifantes/1030400//
Jump up ^ es:Juego de niños (programa de televisión)
Jump up ^ https://elpais.com/diario/1988/06/04/radiotv/581378404_850215.html
External links[edit]
Look up portmanteau, portmanteau word, or Category:English blends in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Lexiconcept.com—an online portmanteau generator
Portmanteaur.com—a tool for making portmanteaus
Portmanteau tool – Invent new words (with definition)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portmanteau&oldid=842837757"
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