text:
Blood type
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Blood type (disambiguation).
"Type O" redirects here. It is not to be confused with type 0.
Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells.
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system.[1] Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).[2] The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with +, − or Null denoting RhD status).
Contents
[hide]
1 Blood group systems
1.1 ABO blood group system
1.2 Rh blood group system
1.3 ABO and Rh distribution by country
1.4 Other blood group systems
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Blood transfusion
2.2 Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
2.3 Blood products
2.4 Red blood cell compatibility
2.5 Plasma compatibility
2.6 Universal donors and universal recipients
3 Antibody-free blood typing
4 Blood group genotyping
5 History
6 Society and culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Blood group systems[edit]
A complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on the surface of red blood cells, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens.[3] Across the 35 blood groups, over 600 different blood-group antigens have been found.[4]Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease.[5][6][7][8] Another more common cause in blood type change is a bone marrow transplant. Bone-marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and lymphomas, among other diseases. If a person receives bone marrow from someone who is a different ABO type (e.g., a type A patient receives a type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type will eventually convert to the donor's type.
Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the Kell antigen is sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome.[9] Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen.[10] The Duffy antigen, presumably as a result of natural selection, is less common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria.[11]
ABO blood group system[edit]
ABO blood group system: diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group
Main article: ABO blood group system
In human blood there are two antigens and antibodies. The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B. The antigens are present on the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum. Regarding the antigen property of the blood all human beings can be classified into 4 groups, those with antigen A (group A), those with antigen B (group B), those with both antigen A and B (group AB) and those with neither antigen (group O). The antibodies present together with the antigens are found as follows:
1. Antigen A with antibody B
2. Antigen B with antibody A
3. Antigen AB has no antibodies
4. Antigen nil (group O) with antibody A and B.
There is an agglutination reaction between similar antigen and antibody (for example, antigen A agglutinates the antibody A and antigen B agglutinates the antibody B). Thus, transfusion can be considered safe as long as the serum of the recipient does not contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens of the donor.
The ABO system is the most important blood-group system in human-blood transfusion. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually immunoglobulin M, abbreviated IgM, antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses.[citation needed] The original terminology used by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 for the classification was A/B/C; in later publications "C" became "O".[12] "O" is often called 0 (zero, or null) in other languages.[12][13]
Phenotype
Genotype
A AA or AO
B BB or BO
AB AB
O OO
Rh blood group system[edit]
Main article: Rh blood group system
The Rh system (Rh meaning Rhesus) is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen, because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the five main Rh antigens. It is common for D-negative individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-D antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, D-negative individuals can produce IgG anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive RBCs.[14] Rh disease can develop in these cases.[15] Rh negative blood types are much less common in Asian populations (0.3%) than they are in European populations (15%).[16] The presence or absence of the Rh(D) antigen is signified by the + or − sign, so that, for example, the A− group is ABO type A and does not have the Rh (D) antigen.
ABO and Rh distribution by country[edit]
Main article: Blood type distribution by country
As with many other genetic traits, the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups varies significantly between populations.
Other blood group systems[edit]
Main article: Human blood group systems
Thirty-three blood-group systems have been identified by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the common ABO and Rh systems.[17] Thus, in addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB, D positive, and at the same time M and N positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Lea or Leb negative (Lewis system), and so on, being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen. Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.
Clinical significance[edit]
Blood transfusion[edit]
Main article: Blood transfusion
Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups, along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other blood products. Across the world, blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor (licensed physician or surgeon) in a similar way as medicines.
Main symptoms of acute hemolytic reaction due to blood type mismatch.[18][19]
Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe as possible. If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient, a severe acute hemolytic reaction with hemolysis (RBC destruction), renal failure and shock is likely to occur, and death is a possibility. Antibodies can be highly active and can attack RBCs and bind components of the complement system to cause massive hemolysis of the transfused blood.
Patients should ideally receive their own blood or type-specific blood products to minimize the chance of a transfusion reaction. Risks can be further reduced by cross-matching blood, but this may be skipped when blood is required for an emergency. Cross-matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient's serum with a sample of the donor's red blood cells and checking if the mixture agglutinates, or forms clumps. If agglutination is not obvious by direct vision, blood bank technicians usually check for agglutination with a microscope. If agglutination occurs, that particular donor's blood cannot be transfused to that particular recipient. In a blood bank it is vital that all blood specimens are correctly identified, so labelling has been standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128.
The blood group may be included on identification tags or on tattoos worn by military personnel, in case they should need an emergency blood transfusion. Frontline German Waffen-SS had blood group tattoos during World War II.
Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals. For example, Duffy-negative blood occurs much more frequently in people of African origin,[20] and the rarity of this blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of Duffy-negative blood for these patients. Similarly for RhD negative people, there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare, particularly East Asia, where blood services may endeavor to encourage Westerners to donate blood.[21]
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)[edit]
Main article: Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Pregnant women may carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own. In those cases, the mother can make IgG blood group antibodies. This can happen if some of the fetus' blood cells pass into the mother's blood circulation (e.g. a small fetomaternal hemorrhage at the time of childbirth or obstetric intervention), or sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion. This can cause Rh disease or other forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in the current pregnancy and/or subsequent pregnancies. Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis.[22] If a pregnant woman is known to have anti-D antibodies, the Rh blood type of a fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma to assess the risk to the fetus of Rh disease.[23] One of the major advances of twentieth century medicine was to prevent this disease by stopping the formation of Anti-D antibodies by D negative mothers with an injectable medication called Rho(D) immune globulin.[24][25] Antibodies associated with some blood groups can cause severe HDN, others can only cause mild HDN and others are not known to cause HDN.[22]
Blood products[edit]
To provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks fractionate some whole blood into several products. The most common of these products are packed RBCs, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). FFP is quick-frozen to retain the labile clotting factors V and VIII, which are usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease, overdose of anticoagulant, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Units of packed red cells are made by removing as much of the plasma as possible from whole blood units.
Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for hemophilia, as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided.
Red blood cell compatibility[edit]
Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but cannot donate blood to any group other than AB. They are known as universal recipients.
Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB.
Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB.
Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Therefore, a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i.e., A, B, O or AB). If a patient in a hospital situation needs a blood transfusion in an emergency, and if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a detrimental delay, O negative blood can be issued. Because it is compatible with anyone, O negative blood is often overused and consequently is always in short supply.[26] According to the American Association of Blood Banks and the British Chief Medical Officer’s National Blood Transfusion Committee, the use of group O RhD negative red cells should be restricted to persons with O negative blood, women who might be pregnant, and emergency cases in which blood-group testing is genuinely impracticable.[26]
Red blood cell compatibility chart
In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.
Red blood cell compatibility table[27][28]
Recipient[1]
Donor[1]
O−
O+
A−
A+
B−
B+
AB−
AB+
O−
Y N N N N N N N
O+
Y Y N N N N N N
A−
Y N Y N N N N N
A+
Y Y Y Y N N N N
B−
Y N N N Y N N N
B+
Y Y N N Y Y N N
AB−
Y N Y N Y N Y N
AB+
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Table note
1. Assumes absence of atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, as is usual for blood selected by cross matching.
An Rh D-negative patient who does not have any anti-D antibodies (never being previously sensitized to D-positive RBCs) can receive a transfusion of D-positive blood once, but this would cause sensitization to the D antigen, and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn. If a D-negative patient has developed anti-D antibodies, a subsequent exposure to D-positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. Rh D-positive blood should never be given to D-negative women of child bearing age or to patients with D antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rh-negative blood for these patients. In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of D-negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, D-positive blood might be given to D-negative females above child-bearing age or to Rh-negative males, providing that they did not have anti-D antibodies, to conserve D-negative blood stock in the blood bank. The converse is not true; Rh D-positive patients do not react to D negative blood.
This same matching is done for other antigens of the Rh system as C, c, E and e and for other blood group systems with a known risk for immunization such as the Kell system in particular for females of child-bearing age or patients with known need for many transfusions.
Plasma compatibility[edit]
Plasma compatibility chart
In addition to donating to the same blood group; plasma from type AB can be given to A, B and O; plasma from types A, B and AB can be given to O.
Blood plasma compatibility is the inverse of red blood cell compatibility.[29] Type AB plasma carries neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies and can be transfused to individuals of any blood group; but type AB patients can only receive type AB plasma. Type O carries both antibodies, so individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any blood group, but type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients.
Plasma compatibility table[28]
Recipient
Donor[1]
O
A
B
AB
O
Y Y Y Y
A
N Y N Y
B
N N Y Y
AB
N N N Y
Table note
1. Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma
Rh D antibodies are uncommon, so generally neither D negative nor D positive blood contain anti-D antibodies. If a potential donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor (or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the product would need to be appropriately labeled); therefore, donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies, and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible.[citation needed]
Universal donors and universal recipients[edit]
A hospital corpsman with the Blood Donor Team from Naval Medical Center Portsmouth takes samples of blood from a donor for testing
In transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors. Those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients. However, these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens. One exception is individuals with hh antigen system (also known as the Bombay phenotype) who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors, because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells.[30][31]
Blood donors with exceptionally strong anti-A, anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody may be excluded from blood donation. In general, while the plasma fraction of a blood transfusion may carry donor antibodies not found in the recipient, a significant reaction is unlikely because of dilution.
Additionally, red blood cell surface antigens other than A, B and Rh D, might cause adverse reactions and sensitization, if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response. Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own systems of surface antigens, and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion.
For transfusions of plasma, this situation is reversed. Type O plasma, containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, can only be given to O recipients. The antibodies will attack the antigens on any other blood type. Conversely, AB plasma can be given to patients of any ABO blood group, because it does not contain any anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Antibody-free blood typing[edit]
Typically, blood type tests are performed through addition of a blood sample to a solution containing antibodies corresponding to each antigen. The presence of an antigen on the surface of the blood cells is indicated by agglutination. An alternative system for blood type determination involving no antibodies was developed in 2017 at Imperial College London which makes use of paramagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles with affinity for specific blood antigens.[32] In these tests, rather than agglutination, a positive result is indicated by decolorization as red blood cells which bind to the nanoparticles are pulled toward a magnet and removed from solution.
Blood group genotyping[edit]
In addition to the current practice of serologic testing of blood types, the progress in molecular diagnostics allows the increasing use of blood group genotyping. In contrast to serologic tests reporting a direct blood type phenotype, genotyping allows the prediction of a phenotype based on the knowledge of the molecular basis of the currently known antigens. This allows a more detailed determination of the blood type and therefore a better match for transfusion, which can be crucial in particular for patients with needs for many transfusions to prevent allo-immunization.[33][34]
History[edit]
Karl Landsteiner
Two blood group systems were discovered by Karl Landsteiner during early experiments with blood transfusion: the ABO group in 1901[35][full citation needed] and in co-operation with Alexander S. Wiener the Rhesus group in 1937.[36][37] Development of the Coombs test in 1945,[38] the advent of transfusion medicine, and the understanding of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups, and now 33 human blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT),[3] and in the 33 blood groups, over 600 blood group antigens have been found;[4] many of these are rare or are mainly found in certain ethnic groups.
Czech serologist Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O) in 1907, which remains in use today. Blood types have been used in forensic science and were formerly used to demonstrate impossibility of paternity (e.g., a type AB man cannot be the father of a type O infant), but both of these uses are being replaced by genetic fingerprinting, which provides greater certainty.[39]
According to the Austrian Federal Ministry of Health[full citation needed] the original terminology used by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 for the classification is A, B and 0 (zero); the "O" (oh) found in the ABO group system is actually a subsequent variation occurred during the translation process, probably due to the similar shape between the number 0 and the letter O.
Society and culture[edit]
Main article: Blood type personality theory
A popular belief in Japan is that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others. This belief is also widespread in South Korea[40] and Taiwan. The theory reached Japan in a 1927 psychologist's report, and the government of the time commissioned a study aimed at breeding better soldiers.[40] Interest in the theory faded in the 1930s. Ultimately, the discovery of DNA in the following decades indicated that DNA instead had an important role in both heredity generally and personality specifically. Interest in the theory was revived in the 1970s by Masahiko Nomi, a broadcaster with a background in law rather than science.[40] The theory is widely accepted in Japanese and South Korean popular culture.[41]
See also[edit]
hh blood group
Blood type (non-human)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
Jump up ^ "Table of blood group systems v4.0" (PDF). International Society of Blood Transfusion. November 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Table of blood group systems". International Society of Blood Transfusion. October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "American Red Cross Blood Services, New England Region, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont". American Red Cross Blood Services – New England Region. 2001. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-15. there are more than 600 known antigens besides A and B that characterize the proteins found on a person's red cells
Jump up ^ Dean 2005, The ABO blood group "... A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype ..."
Jump up ^ Stayboldt C, Rearden A, Lane TA (1987). "B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum". Transfusion. 27 (1): 41–4. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1987.27187121471.x. PMID 3810822.
Jump up ^ Matsushita S, Imamura T, Mizuta T, Hanada M (November 1983). "Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer". The Japanese Journal of Surgery. 13 (6): 540–2. doi:10.1007/BF02469500. PMID 6672386.
Jump up ^ Kremer Hovinga I, Koopmans M, de Heer E, Bruijn J, Bajema I (2007). "Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lancet. 369 (9557): 186–7; author reply 187. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3. PMID 17240276.
Jump up ^ Chown B.; Lewis M.; Kaita K. (October 1957). "A new Kell blood-group phenotype". Nature. 180 (4588): 711. doi:10.1038/180711a0. PMID 13477267.
Jump up ^ Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinniss MH (August 1976). "The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 295 (6): 302–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM197608052950602. PMID 778616.
Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski DP (August 2005). "How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria". American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (2): 171–92. doi:10.1086/432519. PMC 1224522  . PMID 16001361. The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, ovalocytosis, and the Duffy-negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria
^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt, P; Okroi, M (2001), "Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'", Infus Ther Transfus Med, 28 (4): 206–8, doi:10.1159/000050239
Jump up ^ "Your blood – a textbook about blood and blood donation" (PDF). p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ Talaro, Kathleen P. (2005). Foundations in microbiology (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 510–1. ISBN 0-07-111203-0.
Jump up ^ Moise KJ (July 2008). "Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 112 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817d453c. PMID 18591322.
Jump up ^ "Rh血型的由來". Hospital.kingnet.com.tw. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ Joshua E. Brown (22 February 2012). "Blood Mystery Solved". University Of Vermont. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Possible Risks of Blood Product Transfusions from American Cancer Society. Last Medical Review: 03/08/2008. Last Revised: 01/13/2009
Jump up ^ 7 adverse reactions to transfusion Pathology Department at University of Michigan. Version July 2004, Revised 11/5/08
Jump up ^ Nickel RG; Willadsen SA; Freidhoff LR; et al. (August 1999). "Determination of Duffy genotypes in three populations of African descent using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotides". Human Immunology. 60 (8): 738–42. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(99)00039-7. PMID 10439320.
Jump up ^ Bruce, MG (May 2002). "BCF – Members – Chairman's Annual Report". The Blood Care Foundation. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-15. As Rhesus Negative blood is rare amongst local nationals, this Agreement will be of particular value to Rhesus Negative expatriates and travellers
^ Jump up to: a b E.A. Letsky; I. Leck; J.M. Bowman (2000). "Chapter 12: Rhesus and other haemolytic diseases". Antenatal & neonatal screening (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262826-8.
Jump up ^ Daniels G, Finning K, Martin P, Summers J (September 2006). "Fetal blood group genotyping: present and future". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1075: 88–95. doi:10.1196/annals.1368.011. PMID 17108196.
Jump up ^ "Use of Anti-D Immunoglobulin for Rh Prophylaxis". Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. May 2002. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Pregnancy – routine anti-D prophylaxis for D-negative women". NICE. May 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b American Association of Blood Banks (24 April 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Association of Blood Banks, retrieved 25 July 2014 , which cites
The Chief Medical Officer’s National Blood Transfusion Committee (c. 2008). "The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells" (PDF). National Health Service. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "RBC compatibility table". American National Red Cross. December 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Blood types and compatibility bloodbook.com
Jump up ^ "Blood Component ABO Compatibility Chart Red Blood Cells and Plasma". Blood Bank Labsite. University of Michigan. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Fauci, Anthony S.; Eugene Braunwald; Kurt J. Isselbacher; Jean D. Wilson; Joseph B. Martin; Dennis L. Kasper; Stephen L. Hauser; Dan L. Longo (1998). Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill. p. 719. ISBN 0-07-020291-5.
Jump up ^ "Universal acceptor and donor groups". Webmd.com. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ Piletsky SS, Rabinowicz S, Yang Z, Piletska EV, Guerreiro A, Piletsky SA (2017). "Development of molecularly imprinted polymers specific for blood antigens for application in antibody-free blood typing". Chemical Communications (11): 1793–96. doi:10.1039/C6CC08716G.
Jump up ^ Anstee DJ (2009). "Red cell genotyping and the future of pretransfusion testing". Blood. 114 (2): 248–56. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-11-146860. PMID 19411635.
Jump up ^ Avent ND (2009). "Large-scale blood group genotyping: clinical implications". Br J Haematol. 144 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07285.x. PMID 19016734.
Jump up ^ Landsteiner K (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zentralblatt Bakteriologie. 27: 357–62.
Jump up ^ Farr AD (April 1979). "Blood group serology—the first four decades (1900–1939)". Medical History. 23 (2): 215–26. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051383. PMC 1082436  . PMID 381816.
Jump up ^ Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1940). "An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 43: 223–4. doi:10.3181/00379727-43-11151.
Jump up ^ Coombs RR, Mourant AE, Race RR (1945). "A new test for the detection of weak and incomplete Rh agglutinins". Br J Exp Pathol. 26: 255–66. PMC 2065689  . PMID 21006651.
Jump up ^ Johnson P, Williams R, Martin P (2003). "Genetics and Forensics: Making the National DNA Database". Science Studies. 16 (2): 22–37. PMC 1351151  . PMID 16467921.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Despite scientific debunking, in Japan you are what your blood type is". MediResource Inc. Associated Press. 2009-02-01. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ Nuwer, Rachel. "You are what you bleed: In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality". Scientific American. Retrieved 16 Feb 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Dean, Laura (2005). Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens, a guide to the differences in our blood types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy. Bethesda MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. ISBN 1-932811-05-2. NBK2261.
Mollison PL, Engelfriet CP, Contreras M (1997). Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Oxford UK: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-881-6.
External links[edit]
BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH has details of genes and proteins, and variations thereof, that are responsible for blood types
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) ABO Glycosyltransferase; ABO -110300
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Rhesus Blood Group, D Antigen; RHD -111680
"Blood group test". Gentest.ch GmbH. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
"Blood Facts – Rare Traits". LifeShare Blood Centers. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
"Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types". Dr. Dennis O'Neil, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California. 2001-06-06. Archived from the original on 2001-06-06. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
"Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types – BloodBook.com, Blood Information for Life". bloodbook.com. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
"Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO". Retrieved July 31, 2008.
[hide]
v
t
e
Transfusion medicine
General concepts
Apheresis (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis)
Blood transfusion
Coombs test (direct and indirect)
Cross-matching
Exchange transfusion
International Society of Blood Transfusion
Intraoperative blood salvage
ISBT 128
Transfusion reactions
Blood group systems /
blood types
ABO
Chido-Rodgers
Colton
Cromer
Diego
Dombrock
Duffy
Er
FORS
Gerbich
GIL
GLOB
Hh
Ii
Indian
JR
JMH
Kell (Xk)
Kidd
Knops
Lan
Lewis
Lutheran
LW
MNS
OK
P
Raph
Rh and RHAG
Scianna
T-Tn
Vel
Xg
Yt
Other
Blood products /
blood donation
Whole blood
Platelets
Red blood cells
Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 (Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant)
Blood substitutes
Authority control
GND: 4007277-0
NDL: 00565674
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_type&oldid=834059527"
Categories:
Blood
Genetics
Hematology
Transfusion medicine
Antigens
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009
Articles needing more detailed references
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Bosanski
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
吴语
粵語
中文
70 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 18:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Blood_type_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Blood type (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Type_0_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Type 0 (disambiguation)

attrs: class style

value: b

values: /wiki/Antibodies mw-redirect Antibodies

values: International Society of Blood Transfusion

values:
/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant
mw-redirect
Bone marrow transplant

values:
/wiki/Kell_blood_group_system
mw-redirect
Kell blood group system

values:
/wiki/Duffy_antigen
mw-redirect
Duffy antigen

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: ABO and Rh distribution by country

values:
/wiki/Acute_hemolytic_reaction
mw-redirect
Acute hemolytic reaction

values:
/wiki/Renal_failure
mw-redirect
Renal failure

values:
/wiki/Transfusion_reaction
mw-redirect
Transfusion reaction

values:
/wiki/Dog_tag_(identifier)
mw-redirect
Dog tag (identifier)

values: Edit section: Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

values:
/wiki/Clotting_factor
mw-redirect
Clotting factor

values:
/wiki/Clotting_factors
mw-redirect
Clotting factors

values: Edit section: Red blood cell compatibility

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)

values: Edit section: Universal donors and universal recipients

values:
/wiki/Hh_antigen_system
mw-redirect
Hh antigen system

values:
/wiki/Plasma_(blood)
mw-redirect
Plasma (blood)

values: Edit section: Antibody-free blood typing

values: A more detailed citation is required. (January 2016)

values:
/wiki/Rhesus_blood_group_system
mw-redirect
Rhesus blood group system

values:
/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting
mw-redirect
Genetic fingerprinting

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bmg.gv.at/home/EN/Home

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3810822

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02469500

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6672386

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240276

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F180711a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13477267

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM197608052950602

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/778616

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F432519

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16001361

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1159%2F000050239

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591322

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10439320

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1368.011

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108196

values: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

values: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

values:
/wiki/ABIM_Foundation
mw-redirect
ABIM Foundation

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bloodbook.com/compat.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pathology.med.umich.edu

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1039%2FC6CC08716G

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19411635

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016734

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/381816

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21006651

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467921

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
nofollow
external text
https://omim.org/entry/110300

values:
nofollow
external text
https://omim.org/entry/111680

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html

values: Er blood group collection (page does not exist)

values: Forssman antigen system (page does not exist)

values: Junior blood group system (page does not exist)

values: Lan blood group system (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007277-0

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Blood_type
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: فئات الدم – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qan_qrupu
Qan qrupu – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: রক্তগ্রুপ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Кръвна група – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Юн ушкăнĕ – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodtype
Blodtype – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ομάδα αίματος – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: گروه خونی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: રક્તના પ્રકાર – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Արյան խումբ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: रक्त समूह – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: סוג דם – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ರಕ್ತದ ಗುಂಪುಗಳು – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: Қан топтары – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Кан топтору – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Крвна група – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: രക്തഗ്രൂപ്പുകൾ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: रक्तगट – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: Цусны бүлэг – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: သွေးအုပ်စု – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodtype
Blodtype – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ରକ୍ତ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਲਹੂ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Группа крови – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Крвне групе – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodgrupp
Blodgrupp – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: குருதி வகை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: రక్త వర్గం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: หมู่โลหิต – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_grubu
Kan grubu – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Група крові – Ukrainian

values: بلڈ گروپ – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Blood_type rootpage-Blood_type skin-vector action-view