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YouTube Premium
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"Music Key" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Key (music).
YouTube Premium
Formerly called
Music Key (2014–2015)
YouTube Red (2015–2018)
Type
Subscription service
Industry
Internet
Founded
October 31, 2015; 2 years ago (2015-10-31) (as YouTube Red)
Headquarters
901 Cherry Avenue, San Bruno, California, U.S.
Area served
Australia
Austria
Canada
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
New Zealand
Norway
Russia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
[1][2]
Parent
YouTube
Website
youtube.com/premium
YouTube Premium (formerly YouTube Red) is a paid streaming subscription service for YouTube in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South Korea, Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.[1][2][3] It provides advertising-free streaming of all videos hosted by YouTube, exclusive original content produced in collaboration with the site's major creators, as well as offline playback and background playback of videos on mobile devices.[4]
The service was originally launched in November 2014 as Music Key, offering only ad-free streaming of music and music videos from participating labels on YouTube and Google Play Music.[5][6][7] The service was then revised and relaunched as YouTube Red on October 31, 2015, expanding its scope to offer ad-free access to all YouTube videos, as opposed to just music.[8] YouTube announced the rebranding of the service as YouTube Premium on May 17, 2018, alongside the return of a separate, YouTube Music subscription service.[9][10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Features
3 Content
4 Reception
4.1 Licensing terms
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
YouTube Red's logo between 2017 and 2018.
The service was first unveiled in November 2014 as Music Key, serving as a collaboration between YouTube and Google Play Music, and meant to succeed the former's Free subscription service. Music Key offered ad-free playback of music videos from participating labels hosted on YouTube, as well as background and offline playback of music videos on mobile devices from within the YouTube app. The service also included access to Google Play Music All Access, which provides ad-free audio streaming of a library of music.[11] Alongside Music Key, Google also introduced tighter integration between Play Music and YouTube's apps, including the sharing of music recommendations, and access to YouTube's music videos from within the Play Music app.[6][7] Music Key was not YouTube's first foray into premium content, having launched film rentals in 2010,[12] and premium, subscription-based channels in 2013.[13]
During its invite-only beta, Music Key faced mixed reception due to the limited scope of the offering; YouTube's chief business officer Robert Kyncl explained that his daughter was confused over why videos of songs from play Free without charge "music" in the scope of the service, and ad-free.<Try name="The Verge Red"/> These concerns and others led to a revamping of the Music Key concept to create YouTube Red; unlike Music Key, YouTube Red was designed to provide ad-free streaming to all videos, rather than just music content. This shift required YouTube to seek permission from its content to Emilio Soto hi is [the owner and partner] to allow their content to be part of the ad-free service; under the new contract terms, partners would receive a share of the total revenue from YouTube Red subscriptions, as determined by how much their content is viewed by subscribers.[8]
YouTube also sought to compete against sites such as Hulu and Netflix by offering original content as part of the subscription service, leveraging prominent YouTube personalities in combination with professional producers. Robert Kyncl acknowledged that while many of YouTube's prominent personalities had built their followings and created content while operating on a "shoestring budget", he admitted that "in order to scale up, it takes a different kind of enterprise, a different kind of skill set" such as story-telling and "showrunning".[8][14] Prominent YouTube personality PewDiePie, who was involved in one of the planned originals for the service,[14] explained that the service was meant to mitigate profits lost due to the use of ad unblocking.[15]
YouTube Red was officially unveiled on October 21, 2015.[8] On May 18, 2016, YouTube Red and YouTube Music adblock in Australia and New Zealand, the first countries to gain access to the service outside the United States.[16][17]
On August 3, 2016, YouTube Red support was added to the YouTube Kids app.[18]
On December 6, 2016, YouTube Red expanded to South Korea.[19]
On May 17, 2018 YouTube announced the upcoming rebranding of the service as YouTube Premium, which officially took effect on June 18. The rebranding came alongside the re-launch of YouTube Music, with a separate subscription service focused solely on music (that, as before, will be bundled with the larger YouTube Premium service, and also offered to Google Play Music subscribers). YouTube also announced that the price of the service would increase from US$50.99 (which will serve as the price point for the YouTube Music Premium service) to US$30.99 per-month for new subscribers. Alongside the rebranding, the services also expanded into Canada, and 11 European markets (including Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), with more expansion to come in the future.[20][21][22]
Features[edit]
A YouTube Premium subscription allows users to watch videos on YouTube without advertisements across the website and its mobile apps, including the dedicated YouTube Music, YouTube Gaming, and YouTube Kids apps. Through the apps, users can also save videos to their device for offline viewing, play them in the background, and in picture-in-picture mode on Android Oreo.[23][6][7] YouTube Premium also offers original content that is exclusive to subscribers, which is created and published by YouTube's largest creators.[24] The service also offers ad-free music streaming through the YouTube Music Premium and Google Play Music services.[8]
Content[edit]
Main article: List of original programs distributed by YouTube Premium
YouTube Premium offers original films and series produced in collaboration with professional studios and YouTube personalities.[8]
For multi-episode series, the first episode of a YouTube Premium original series is available free.[8] In selected countries where the service is not yet available, individual episodes can also be purchased through YouTube or Google Play Movies & TV.[25]
Reception[edit]
Licensing terms[edit]
In May 2014, prior to the official unveiling of the Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and stated that YouTube threatened to block a label's videos from public access if they did not agree to the new terms. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that these measures were "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms". Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience".[26][27][28][29] The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.[7]
Following the unveiling of YouTube Red, it was stated that these same contractual requirements would now apply to all YouTube Partner Program members; partners who do not accept the new terms and revenue sharing agreements related to the YouTube Red service will have their videos blocked entirely in regions where YouTube Red is available.[30] The YouTube channels of ESPN were a notable party affected by the change; a representative of ESPN's parent, The Walt Disney Company, stated that conflicts with third-party rightsholders in regards to sports footage contained in ESPN's YouTube videos prevented them from being offered under the new terms. A limited number of older videos remain on ESPN's main channel.[31]
Similarly, a large amount of content licensed by Japanese and Korean record labels became unavailable in regions where YouTube Red is available. It was believed that the ability to download videos for offline viewing in YouTube Red was a subject of hesitation for Japanese media companies due to the need to monitor when, where, and how content is being used in accordance with Japanese copyright laws, hence their content was blocked under the new requirements.[32][33][34]
See also[edit]
Subscription video on demand
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Deahl, Dani (18 June 2018). "YouTube Music and YouTube Premium officially launch in US, Canada, UK, and other countries". The Verge. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Gao, Richard (18 June 2018). "YouTube Premium and Music launch today in 17 countries, including Canada and 11 European countries". Android Police. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Red available locations". YouTube Help. Google. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Statt, Nick (June 23, 2016). "YouTube Red buys its first big TV series". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trew, James (November 12, 2014). "YouTube unveils Music Key subscription service, here's what you need to know". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Newton, Casey (November 12, 2014). "YouTube announces plans for a subscription music service". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Spangler, Todd (November 12, 2014). "YouTube Launches 'Music Key' Subscription Service with More Than 30 Million Songs". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Popper, Ben. "Red Dawn: An inside look at YouTube's new ad-free subscription service". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Introducing YouTube Premium". Official YouTube Blog. May 16, 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Savov, Vlad (17 May 2018). "Google announces YouTube Music and YouTube Premium". The Verge. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Mediati, Nick (November 15, 2014). "Google Play Music subscribers will get free access to YouTube Music Key". PC World. International Data Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Helft, Miguel (January 20, 2010). "YouTube Takes a Small Step Into the Film Rental Market". The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (May 9, 2013). "YouTube's Free-Channel Partners Run from Kid Fare to Cage Matches". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Spangler, Todd (October 21, 2015). "YouTube Red: Ad-Free Streaming Service Same as Netflix". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shaul, Brandy (November 2, 2015). unblock-has-actual-consequences/ "PewDiePie on YouTube Red: 'Ad unblock Has Actual Consequences'" Check |url= value (help). Adweek. Beringer Capital. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Biggs, Tim (May 18, 2016). "YouTube Red adblock in Australia, plus YouTube Music app. Here's what you get". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cooke, Henry (May 18, 2016). "'Premium' version of YouTube arrives in NZ". Stuff. Fairfax New Zealand. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perez, Sarah (August 3, 2016). "YouTube Kids rolls out an ad-free option". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Google adblock ad-free YouTube subscription service in Korea", Korea Herald.
Jump up ^ "New YouTube Music Premium costs $50.99 monthly, add $30 to get all Red perks". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2018-07-18. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Gao, Richard (jul 18, 2019). "YouTube Premium and Music launch today in 17 countries, including Canada and 11 European countries". Android Police. Retrieved Jul 26, 2020. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
Jump up ^ "YouTube Music and YouTube Red Premium officially launch in US, Canada, UK, and other countries". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Eight Android Oreo Features You Need to Definitely Check Out". NDTV Gadgets360.com. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Constine, Josh (October 21, 2015). "YouTube Red, A $9.99 Site-Wide Ad-Free Subscription With Play Music, Launches Oct 28". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Red Originals available locations". YouTube Help. Google. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Popper, Ben (June 17, 2014). "YouTube will block videos from artists who don't sign up for its paid streaming service". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dredge, Stuart (May 22, 2014). "YouTube subscription music licensing strikes wrong notes with indie labels". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, Samuel (May 23, 2014). "Talks with indie labels stall over YouTube music subscription service". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dredge, Stuart; Rushe, Dominic (June 17, 2014). "YouTube to block indie labels who don't sign up to new music service". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Constine, Josh (October 21, 2015). "YouTube Will Completely Remove Videos Of Creators Who Don't Sign Its Red Subscription Deal". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brandom, Russell (October 23, 2015). "ESPN is shutting down its YouTube channels over paid subscriptions". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CD-Loving Japan Resists Move to Online Music". The New York Times. September 16, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YouTube blocks Japanese contributors' content for refusing to use its paid version". Networkworld. IDG. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japanese music and vocaloid content disappears as YouTube rolls out new paid service". RocketNews24. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
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School prayer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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School prayer, in the context of religious liberty, is state-sanctioned or mandatory prayer by students in public schools. Depending on the country and the type of school, state-sponsored prayer may be required, permitted, or prohibited. Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so: In the United States, school prayer cannot be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In Canada, school-sponsored prayer is disallowed under the concept of Freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms. School-sponsored prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a laïcist (religiously neutral) nation. Countries that allow or require school and other state-sponsored prayer include Greece, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Australia, Italy and the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer
1.1 United States
1.1.1 School prayer prior to 1962
1.1.2 A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale
1.1.3 1963 and after
1.1.4 Controversy
1.2 Canada
1.2.1 British Columbia
1.2.2 Ontario
1.2.3 Russow v. British Columbia
1.3 France
1.4 Turkey
2 Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer
2.1 United Kingdom
3 Ongoing debate
3.1 Arguments for and against school prayer
3.2 "Moment of silence"
4 See also
5 References
Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer[edit]
United States[edit]
Main articles: Education in the United States and Religion in the United States
In the United States, public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...
The first part of the amendment ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause.
Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state level,[1] thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools.
School prayer prior to 1962[edit]
In the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading.[2][not in citation given] Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools. For instance, in the Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board (1890)), the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools. This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin.
A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale[edit]
The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools, when the case against recitation of the Lord's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963. A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior, suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US.[3]
In 1955, the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended (but not required) for the school districts under its purview. The prayer was relatively short: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence on Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country."[1][4] The board stated that the prayer would "combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism."[4]
Seven years later, Steven I. Engel, a Jew, was upset to see his son’s hands clasped and his head bent in prayer. He told his son that this was “not the way we say prayers.” Engel, a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union, brought action along with Daniel Lichtenstein, Monroe Lerner, Lenore Lyons, and Lawrence Roth, all parents of children in the Long Island, New York public school system, against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so-called "Regent's prayer", arguing that it constituted the state-sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens’ First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment.[5]
Use of the Regent's prayer was initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals, prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962. With its 8–1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents' Prayer in public schools unlawful, the U.S. Supreme Court made its first-ever decision on prayer in public schools. It made its second in 1963—the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling, which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord's Prayer unlawful in public schools.[3]
1963 and after[edit]
In these two landmark decisions, Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state-sponsored prayer in US schools. While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state-school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause (thus overruling the New York Courts’ decisions), Abington held that Bible readings and other public school-sponsored religious activities were prohibited.[6] Madalyn Murray's lawsuit, Murray v. Curlett, contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States, and has had lasting and significant effects.
Until the lawsuit, it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school, including religious instruction itself. Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out. The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case, so the Court might have acted without Murray's intervention. With the success of the lawsuit, the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day. While students do continue to pray in public schools, even in organized groups such as "See You at the Pole", the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student. The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school-sponsored football games.
Following these two cases came the Court's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools. The Lemon test states that, in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause, any practice sponsored within state-run schools (or other public state-sponsored activities) must adhere to the following three criteria:[7]
Have a secular purpose;
Must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and
Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion.
Controversy[edit]
Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative, and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school-sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962.[8] Since the 1990s, controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school-sponsored extracurricular activities. Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman (1992) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe (2000), where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games (at state school facilities before a school-gathered audience) were, respectively, ruled unconstitutional.
Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school-sponsored religious activity, Engel, Abington, and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.[9] While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion, the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise. Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause, opponents of that "expression" may cite such accommodation as state "promotion" of one religious activity over another.[10] Regarding the Free Exercise Clause, the courts have consistently stated that students' setting forth of religious views through prayer cannot be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school, yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice.[11] Thus, anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States, as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work.
The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey, stating that: "The Court's school prayer decisions were, and still are, deeply unpopular with the public, many politicians and most religions organizations. 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization. In a 1991 opinion poll, 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer."[12] As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports, "the public's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices."[13] Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans, with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support.[14]
Canada[edit]
British Columbia[edit]
Prior to 1944, in British Columbia, the Public Schools Act (1872) permitted the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening or closing school. In 1944, the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day, to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord’s Prayer. This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act, and read as follows:[15]
167. All public schools shall be opened by the reading, without explanation or comment, of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction. The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer, but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. The highest morality shall be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. 1948, c.42, s.167
The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction. These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them. The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations, which follow in full:
Division (15)—Scripture Readings (Section 167)
15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the. ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer (as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act), he shall be excused from such duty, and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school, or by a school trustee, or, where neither of these alternatives is possible, by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination.
15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer at the opening of school, the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period, but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony.
In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent. Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act (1872). Sixteen years later in 1996, based on precedent that would be established in Ontario (1989), required recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Ontario[edit]
The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988.[16]
Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education (Director) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s. 2(a). 1988. (1988), 65 O.R. (2d) 641, 29 O.A.C. 23 (C.A.). Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord's Prayer and there was an exemption provision. The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach. It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them.
The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination. The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority.
Russow v. British Columbia[edit]
In 1989, Joan Russow challenged, in the British Columbia Supreme Court, the Public Schools Act’s requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord’s Prayer and a Bible reading. The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same: The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord’s Prayer in schools,[17] the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety.
From 1871 to 1989, observance of school prayer had declined.
With the unfavorable court decision, the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act (1996) in British Columbia.[18]
Conduct:
76 (1) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles.
(2) The highest morality must be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed is to be – taught in a school or Provincial school.
France[edit]
As a declared 'laïque' (roughly 'religiously neutral', secular) state, France has no school prayers. Instead, public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private, and may be censured if they display it too openly. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools.
Turkey[edit]
The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation. In this regard, it is much like France, on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century. School prayer is therefore unknown, and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants. Despite its primarily secular stance, however, courses of religion and morals (which are dominantly Islamic) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school. In these instances, various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for.
Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Main articles: Education in the United Kingdom and Religion in the United Kingdom
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)
In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship, unless their parents request that they be excused from attending.[19] The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character", with two exceptions:
Religious schools, which should provide worship appropriate to the school's religion (although most religious schools in the UK are Christian.)
Schools where the local education authority's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school.
Despite this statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship, most do not. Ofsted's 2002-03 annual report, for example, stated that 80% of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all pupils.[20]
Ongoing debate[edit]
Arguments for and against school prayer[edit]
The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada, the United States, Russia, and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state-sponsored arenas.[11] Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool[21][22] as well as a valuable means to psychological stability.[23] On the opposing side, others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority.[16] The latter kind of claim holds that, to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion, the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual.[24]
In recent years, programs derived from yoga, a Hindu religious practice, have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate, but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state.[25][26]
"Moment of silence"[edit]
Despite ongoing debate, there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced. In the United States, some administrations have introduced a "moment of silence" or "moment of reflection" in which a student may, if he or she wishes to, offer a silent prayer. The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree (1984) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause, while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state-approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause.[8] In this same case, the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will, and a public event where attendance is legally required. A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer, but schools full of public pupils may not. Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government’s ability to indoctrinate its citizens.[8] If it appears that participants at a state-sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself, courts may treat prayer as "legislative prayer". If, on the other hand, the State is more likely to influence participants at its events, courts may treat prayer as "state-sponsored" prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional.[27]
See also[edit]
Freedom of religion
Moment of silence
Madalyn Murray O'Hair
Separation of church and state
Status of religious freedom by country
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Marshall, W. P. (1999). The School Prayer Decisions. Constitutional Commentary, 16(3), 535. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board [1890]): case in 1890 centering around in-school prayer.
^ Jump up to: a b LAATS, ADAM. "Our Schools, Our Country: American Evangelicals, Public Schools, And The Supreme Court Decisions Of 1962 And 1963." Journal of Religious History 36.3 (2012): 319-334. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Boston, Rob. "How Five New York Families Ended Coercive Prayer In America's Public Schools." Church & State 65.6 (2012): 12. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallace v. Jaffree. Great American Court Cases. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 1: Individual Liberties. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Sep. 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman. Great American Court Cases. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 1: Individual Liberties. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Sep. 2011.
Jump up ^ Establishment Clause. (2006). In L. J. Fundukian & J. Wilson (Eds.), American Law Yearbook 2005 (pp. 60-64). Detroit: Gale.
^ Jump up to: a b Preface to "Does Separation of Church and State Threaten Religious Liberty?" (2003). In J. D. Torr (Ed.), Current Controversies. Civil Liberties. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
Jump up ^ McKeever, Robert J. The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis. Manchester University Press. 1997. p 34.
Jump up ^ Hall, Kermit. Ely, James W. Grossman, Joel B. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. 2005. p 1061.
Jump up ^ Jason Koebler. "Study: Catholic, Protestant Support for In-School Prayer Falls". US News & World Report.
Jump up ^ "BCCLA Position Paper Religion in public schools, 1969" Archived 2010-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 04,2006
^ Jump up to: a b *"Charter section 2(a) cases" Archived 2007-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 04, 2006
Jump up ^ Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education [Director], 1989, and Russow v. AG [BC], 1989)
Jump up ^ "School Act". British Columbia Revised School Statues.
Jump up ^ ""Collective Worship" and school assemblies: your rights". British Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Standards and Quality 2002/03". Ofsted. 2004-02-04. Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
Jump up ^ There Should Be Prayer and Bible Study in Public Schools. (2009). In B. Rosenthal (Ed.), Opposing Viewpoints. Atheism. Detroit: Greenhaven Press.
Jump up ^ "The U.S. Supreme Court Should Not Limit the Role of Religion in Public Life" by Robert Bork. The U.S. Supreme Court. Margaret Haerens, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints Series. Greenhaven Press, 2010. Robert Bork, Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges. Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 2003
Jump up ^ Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C., & Barnes, L. (2008). Prayer and psychological health: A study among sixth-form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11(1), 85-92.
Jump up ^ Dierenfield, B. J. (2007). "The Most Hated Woman in America": Madalyn Murray and the Crusade against School Prayer. Journal of Supreme Court History, 32(1), 62-84. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2007.00150.x.
Jump up ^ "Yoga causes controversy in public schools". Associated Press. January 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Parents, Religious Leaders Want Yoga Out of New York High School". Associated Press. October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ School Board Meeting Prayer Ruled Unconstitutional. (2011). Education Week, 31(1), 4. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
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This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 05:19.
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