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George Blanda
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George Blanda
Blanda on a 1955 Bowman football card
No. 64, 22, 16
Position:
Quarterback, placekicker
Personal information
Date of birth:
(1927-09-17)September 17, 1927
Place of birth:
Youngwood, Pennsylvania
Date of death:
September 27, 2010(2010-09-27) (aged 83)
Place of death:
Alameda, California
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
215 lb (98 kg)
Career information
High school:
Youngwood (PA)
College:
Kentucky
NFL Draft:
1949 / Round: 12 / Pick: 119
Career history
Chicago Bears (1949)
Baltimore Colts (1950)
Chicago Bears (1950–1958)
Houston Oilers (1960–1966)
Oakland Raiders (1967–1975)
Career highlights and awards
NFL Man of the Year (1974)
Bert Bell Award (1970)
Associated Press Athlete of the Year (1970)
3× AFL champion (1960, 1961, 1967)
4× AFL All-Star (1961–1963, 1967)
First-team All-AFL (1961)
2× Second-team All-AFL (1962, 1963)
AFL Most Valuable Player (1961)
2× AFL passing yards leader (1961, 1963)
AFL passing touchdowns leader (1961)
AFL All-Time Team
NFL records
26 seasons played
7 touchdown passes in a game (tied)
Career professional statistics
TD–INT:
236–277
Passing yards:
26,920
Completion percentage:
47.7
Passer rating:
60.6
Field goals:
335/639 (52.4%)
Extra points:
943/959 (98.3%)
Player stats at PFR
Pro Football Hall of Fame
George Frederick Blanda (September 17, 1927 – September 27, 2010) was an American football quarterback and placekicker who played professionally in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). Blanda played 26 seasons of professional football, the most in the sport's history, and had scored more points than anyone in history at the time of his retirement. Blanda retired from pro football in 1976 at the age of 48. He was one of only two players to play in four different decades (John Carney 1988–2010, is the other), and he holds the record for most extra points kicked.[1] During his career, he played under head coaches Bear Bryant, George Halas, and John Madden.
Contents
[hide]
1 Collegiate career
2 Professional career
2.1 Chicago Bears
2.2 Houston Oilers
2.3 Oakland Raiders
3 Career regular season statistics
4 Records and honors
5 Personal life
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Collegiate career[edit]
Blanda was a quarterback and kicker at Kentucky. Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant, who later won fame and set countless records at Southeastern Conference rival Alabama, arrived in his sophomore year, following a 1–9 season. The Wildcats lost three games in each of the next three years.
Blanda was the starting quarterback his last two seasons at Kentucky (1947–1948), compiling 120 completions in 242 passes (49.6 percent completions), 1,451 yards and 12[2] touchdowns.
Professional career[edit]
Chicago Bears[edit]
Blanda was signed by the Chicago Bears for $600 in 1949, an amount owner George Halas demanded back when he made the team, as Blanda was now given a very lucrative contract for many, many dollars more. While primarily used as a quarterback and placekicker, Blanda also saw time on the defensive side of the ball at linebacker. It was not until 1953 that Blanda emerged as the Bears' top signal caller, but an injury the following year effectively ended his first-string status. For the next four years, he was used mostly in a kicking capacity. Later commenting on his testy relationship with Halas, Blanda noted, "he was too cheap to even buy me a kicking shoe."[1] Blanda later reflected that by the 1950s the pro game had moved beyond Halas, who seemed to lack the interest he had earlier.
Houston Oilers[edit]
Blanda retired after the 1958 NFL season because of Halas' insistence on only using him as a kicker, but returned in 1960 upon the formation of the American Football League. He signed with the Houston Oilers as both a quarterback and kicker. He was derided by the sports media as an "NFL Reject", but he went on to lead the Oilers to the first two league titles in AFL history, and he was the All-AFL quarterback and won AFL Player of the Year honors in 1961. During that season, he led the AFL in passing yards (3,330) and touchdown passes (36). His 36 touchdown passes in 1961 were the most ever thrown by any NFL/AFL quarterback in a single season, until matched by Y. A. Tittle of the NFL New York Giants two years later in 1963. Blanda's and Tittle's mark remained the record until surpassed by Dan Marino's 48 touchdown passes in 1984. Blanda's 42 interceptions thrown in 1962 is a record that still stands.
During 1962, he had two 400-yard passing days for the Oilers: a 464-yard effort against the Buffalo Bills on October 29, with four touchdown passes (winning 28–16); and 418 yards three weeks later against the Titans of New York, this time with seven touchdown passes in a 49–13 victory. Blanda passed for 36 touchdowns that season. On 13 occasions, he connected on four or more touchdown passes during a game, and on November 1, 1964, unleashed 68 passes for Houston against the Buffalo Bills.
From 1963 to 1965, Blanda led the AFL in passing attempts and completions, and ranked in the top ten for attempts, completions, yards and touchdowns during seven consecutive seasons. A four-time member of the American Football League All-Star team, Blanda's already-long career seemed over when he was released by the Oilers on March 18, 1967. However, the Oakland Raiders signed him that July, seeing his potential as a contributing backup passer and a dependable kicker.
In later years, Blanda remained a strong supporter of AFL heritage, saying: "That first year, the Houston Oilers or Los Angeles Chargers (24–16 losers to the Oilers in the title game) could have beaten the NFL champion (Philadelphia) in a Super Bowl." Blanda said further: "I think the AFL was capable of beating the NFL in a Super Bowl game as far back as 1960 or '61. I just regret we didn't get the chance to prove it."
Oakland Raiders[edit]
In 1967, during Blanda's first season with the Raiders, his kicking skills helped him lead the AFL in scoring with 116 points. In two instances, his leg helped play a role in Raider victories: a trio of field goals helped upset the defending league champion Kansas City Chiefs on October 1; in the closing weeks of the regular season, Blanda booted four field goals behind a hostile Houston crowd in a 19–7 victory over his former team, the Oilers, helping gain a measure of revenge.
The Raiders went on to compete in Super Bowl II, but lost the final two AFL Championship games in the 10-year history of the league.
In 1970, Blanda was released during the exhibition season, but bounced back to establish his 21st professional season. During that season, Blanda, at age 43, had a remarkable five-game run. Against the Steelers, Blanda threw for three touchdowns in relief of an injured Daryle Lamonica. One week later, his 48-yard field goal with three seconds remaining salvaged a 17–17 tie with the Kansas City Chiefs. On November 8, he again came off the bench to throw a touchdown pass to tie the Cleveland Browns with 1:34 remaining, then kicked a 53-yard field goal with 0:03 left for the 23–20 win. Immediately after the winning field goal, Raiders radio announcer Bill King excitedly declared, "George Blanda has just been elected King of the World!"[3] In the team's next game, Blanda replaced Lamonica in the fourth quarter and connected with Fred Biletnikoff on a touchdown pass with 2:28 left in the game to defeat the Denver Broncos, 24–19. The following week, Blanda's 16-yard field goal in the closing seconds defeated the San Diego Chargers, 20–17.
In the AFC title game against the Baltimore Colts, Blanda again relieved an injured Lamonica, completing 17 of 32 passes for 217 yards and 2 touchdowns while also kicking a 48-yard field goal and two extra points, keeping the Raiders in the game until the final quarter, when he was intercepted twice. Aged 43, he became the oldest quarterback ever to play in a championship game, and was one of the few remaining straight-ahead kickers in the NFL.
Blanda's achievements resulted in his winning the Bert Bell Award. Chiefs' owner Lamar Hunt said, "Why, this George Blanda is as good as his father, who used to play for Houston." Although he never again played a major role at quarterback, Blanda served as the Raiders' kicker for five more seasons.
He played in his last game at Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium on January 4, 1976, at age 48,[4] in the 1975 AFC Championship Game, in which he kicked a 41-yard field goal and made one extra point as the Raiders lost to the Steelers 16–10.
Career regular season statistics[edit]
Career high/best bolded
[show]Regular season statistics
Season
Team (record)
G
GS
QBrec
Comp
PAtt
Comp %
PYds
PTD
INT
LNG
QB Rate
RAtt
RYds
RTD
FGM
FGA
FG%
XPM
XPA
XP%
PTS
1949 Chicago Bears (9–3) 12 2 N/A 9 21 42.9 197 0 5 44 37.3 2 9 1 7 15 46.7 N/A N/A N/A 27
1950 Baltimore Colts (1–11) 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 N/A N/A N/A 0
1950 Chicago Bears (9–3) 11 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0 0 39.6 0 0 0 6 15 40.0 N/A N/A N/A 18
1951 Chicago Bears (7–5) 12 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 17 35.3 26 26 100.0 44
1952 Chicago Bears (5–7) 12 2 1–1 47 131 35.9 664 8 11 59 38.5 20 104 1 6 25 24.0 30 30 100.0 54
1953 Chicago Bears (3–8–1) 12 12 3–8–1 169 362 46.7 2164 14 23 72 52.3 24 62 0 7 20 35.0 27 27 100.0 48
1954 Chicago Bears (8–4) 8 7 4–3 131 281 46.6 1929 15 17 76 62.1 19 41 0 8 16 50.0 23 23 100.0 47
1955 Chicago Bears (8–4) 12 0 42 97 43.3 459 4 7 51 41.6 15 54 2 11 16 68.8 37 37 100.0 82
1956 Chicago Bears (9–2–1) 12 0 37 69 53.6 439 7 4 69 82.9 6 47 0 12 28 42.9 45 47 95.7 81
1957 Chicago Bears (5–7) 12 0 8 19 42.1 65 0 3 13 11.8 5 −5 0 14 26 53.8 23 23 100.0 71
1958 Chicago Bears (8–4) 12 0 2 7 28.6 19 0 0 12 39.6 0 0 0 11 23 47.8 36 37 97.3 69
1960 Houston Oilers (10–4) 14 11 8–3 169 363 46.6 2413 24 22 88 65.4 16 16 4 15 33 45.5 46 47 97.9 115
1961 Houston Oilers (10–3–1) 14 11 9–2 187 362 51.7 3330 36 22 80 91.3 7 12 0 16 26 61.5 64 65 98.5 112
1962 Houston Oilers (11–3) 14 14 11–3 197 418 47.1 2810 27 42 78 51.3 3 6 0 11 26 42.3 48 49 98.0 81
1963 Houston Oilers (6–8) 14 13 6–7 224 423 53.0 3003 24 25 80 70.1 4 1 0 9 24 37.5 39 39 100.0 66
1964 Houston Oilers (4–10) 14 13 4–9 262 505 51.9 3287 17 27 80 61.4 4 −2 0 13 29 44.8 37 38 97.4 76
1965 Houston Oilers (4–10) 14 12 3–9 186 442 42.1 2542 20 30 95 47.9 4 −6 0 11 21 52.4 28 28 100.0 61
1966 Houston Oilers (3–11) 14 8 3–5 122 271 45.0 1764 17 21 79 55.3 3 1 0 16 30 53.3 39 40 97.5 87
1967 Oakland Raiders (13–1) 14 0 15 38 39.5 285 3 3 50 59.6 0 0 0 20 30 66.7 56 57 98.2 116
1968 Oakland Raiders (12–2) 14 1 1–0 30 49 61.2 522 6 2 94 120.1 0 0 0 21 34 61.8 54 54 100.0 117
1969 Oakland Raiders (12–1–1) 14 0 6 13 46.2 73 2 1 20 71.5 1 0 0 20 37 54.1 45 45 100.0 105
1970 Oakland Raiders (8–4–2) 14 0 29 55 52.7 461 6 5 44 79.4 2 4 0 16 29 55.2 36 36 100.0 84
1971 Oakland Raiders (8–4–2) 14 0 32 58 55.2 378 4 6 37 58.6 0 0 0 15 22 68.2 41 42 97.6 86
1972 Oakland Raiders (10–3–1) 14 0 5 15 33.3 77 1 0 26 73.5 0 0 0 17 26 65.4 44 44 100.0 95
1973 Oakland Raiders (9–4–1) 14 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 23 33 69.7 31 31 100.0 100
1974 Oakland Raiders (12–2) 14 0 1 4 25.0 28 1 0 28 95.8 0 0 0 11 17 64.7 44 46 95.7 77
1975 Oakland Raiders (11–3) 14 0 1 3 33.3 11 0 1 11 5.6 0 0 0 13 21 61.9 44 48 91.7 83
Career (26 seasons)
340
106
53–50–1
1911
4007
47.7
26920
236
277
95
60.6
135
344
9
335
639
52.4
943
959
98.3
2002
Records and honors[edit]
Blanda finished his 26 professional football seasons having completed 1,911 of 4,007 pass attempts for 26,920 yards and 236 touchdowns. Blanda also held the NFL record for most interceptions thrown with 277, until Brett Favre broke it on October 14, 2007. He rushed for 344 yards and 9 touchdowns on the ground, kicked 335 of 641 field goals, and 943 of 959 extra points, giving him 2,002 total points. Additional stats include 1 interception, 2 kickoff returns for 19 yards, 22 punts for 809 yards, and 23 fumble recoveries.
Blanda holds the following professional football records:
Passing touchdowns in a game: 7 (Tied with 7 others[5]) November 19, 1961 vs. New York Titans[6]
Most seasons played: 26 (1949–58, 1960–75)
Most seasons scoring a point: 26
One of two players to play in 4 different decades: (40s, 50s, 60s, 70s)
Most PATs made (943) and attempted (959)
Most interceptions thrown, single season: 42 (1962)
Held record of most pass attempts in a single game: 68 (37 completions, vs. Buffalo Bills on 11/1/1964) until 1994 when Drew Bledsoe had 70
Oldest player to play in an NFL game: 7004176410000000000♠48 years, 109 days
First player ever to score over 2,000 points
Oldest quarterback to start a title game
Most total points accounted for (including touchdown passes) in a career: 3,418 (not an official stat)
He is the placekicker on the All-Time All-AFL Team, and was one of only 20 players to play all ten years of the AFL, as well as one of only three who were in every AFL game their teams played. Blanda was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1981, his first year of eligibility, and also was inducted into the University of Kentucky Hall of Fame.
Blanda held the record for most professional football games played with 340 until September 26, 2004, when it was broken by another placekicker, Morten Andersen as well as the record for most consecutive games played[7] until September 26, 1976 by defensive end Jim Marshall. His 114 postseason points were an NFL record at the time of his retirement.
Blanda broke Lou Groza's career scoring record in 1971, a record he held until 2000 when it was broken by Gary Anderson.
U.S. Route 119 in Blanda's hometown of Youngwood, Pennsylvania was renamed George Blanda Boulevard in 1985.[8]
In 1999, Blanda was ranked number 98 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.
Blanda was the first ever recorded fantasy football draft pick when the game was first created in 1962 by The Greater Oakland Professional Pigskin Prognosticators League.[9]
Personal life[edit]
Blanda was married to Betty Harris from December 17, 1949 until his death on September 27, 2010, ten days after his 83rd birthday. They had two children. Blanda was the son of a Slovak-born Pittsburgh-area coal miner.[citation needed]
According to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Blanda died after a "short illness" on September 27, 2010.[10] He was 83 years old.[11] A moment of silence was held in Blanda's honor prior to the start of the September 27, 2010 game between the Green Bay Packers and the Chicago Bears on Monday Night Football, from Soldier Field.[12]
Legacy[edit]
The 1970s TV series Happy Days was set in 1950s Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In the Season 3 episode "Football Frolics", Richie Cunningham (played by Ron Howard) and Ralph Malph (Donny Most) are watching the November 9, 1956, Chicago Bears – Chicago Cardinals televised game. After Ed Brown's pass to Harlon Hill is intercepted by the Cardinals, Richie wants "the other quarterback" put in. Ralph says that quarterback is "washed up. He's old. He's 30. He's got no future." Richie argues back, "George Blanda has two or three good years left." The joke was that Blanda, 19 years later at the time of the show's filming, was still playing.[13]
See also[edit]
List of American Football League players
Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Frank Litsky; Bruce Weber (September 27, 2010). "George Blanda, Hall of Fame Football Player, Dies at 83". New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky Football Retired Jerseys - UK Wildcats News".
Jump up ^ Ross, George (September 27, 2010). "Blanda's miracle season: Browns beaten by 52-yard field goal from 'King of the World'". The Oakland Tribune. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "History: Players Who've Played in NFL at Age 40 or Older". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Nick Foles ties Peyton Manning with 7 touchdown passes, crushes Raiders". 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ ESPN Sports Almanac 2006, page 273. Sports Almanac, Inc. 2005.
Jump up ^ "GEORGE BLANDA Career Highlights". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110409113817/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_550009.html. Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Dickey, Glenn (January 8, 2011). "Fantasy Football: Craze's roots go back to Oakland". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Bill (September 27, 2010). "Ageless wonder George Blanda dies". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Famer's longevity was legendary", Salt Lake Tribune, September 28, 2010
Jump up ^ "Raiders Hall of Fame QB George Blanda dies at 83". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. September 27, 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Monkovic, Toni. "The Fifth Down, The New York Times NFL Blog". New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
"George Blanda: The Old Man". (1999). In ESPN SportsCentury. Michael MacCambridge, Editor. New York: Hyperion ESPN Books. p. 228.
External links[edit]
George Blanda at the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Career statistics and player information from NFL.com • Pro-Football-Reference • Databasefootball.com
George Blanda at Find a Grave
Blanda's citation in the American Football League Hall of Fame
Preceded by
Abner Haynes American Football League MVP
1961 Succeeded by
Len Dawson & Cookie Gilchrist
Preceded by
Lou Groza
(1,608) Career NFL points record holder
(2,002)
1971–2000 Succeeded by
Gary Anderson
[show]
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[show]
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20 Billy Cannon
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27 Fred Glick
30 Mike Dukes
31 Doug Cline
32 Dave Smith
33 John Guzik
34 Jack Laraway
37 Ron Botchan
40 Tony Banfield
41 Mark Johnston
43 Jim Norton
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46 Claude King
50 Dennit Morris
52 Bob Schmidt
57 George Belotti
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62 Dick Frey
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66 Leo Reed
70 Al Jamison
73 Bob Kelly
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80 Dalva Allen
81 Bob McLeod
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86 John White
87 Charley Hennigan
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Wally Lemm
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11 Mike Eischeid
16 George Blanda
20 Warren Powers
21 Rodger Bird
22 Larry Todd
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24 Willie Brown
25 Fred Biletnikoff
29 Howie Williams
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Head coach: John Rauch
[show]
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[show]
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AFL annual passing touchdowns leaders
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Tom Sestak
Jerry Mays
Gerry Philbin
Jerrel Wilson
Weeb Ewbank
[show]
v
t
e
Bert Bell Award winners
1959: Unitas
1960: Van Brocklin
1961: Hornung
1962: Robustelli
1963: J. Brown
1964: Unitas
1965: Retzlaff
1966: Meredith
1967: Unitas
1968: Kelly
1969: Gabriel
1970: Blanda
1971: Staubach
1972: L. Brown
1973: Simpson
1974: Olsen
1975: Tarkenton
1976: Stabler
1977: Griese
1978: Bradshaw
1979: Campbell
1980: Jaworski
1981: Anderson
1982: Theismann
1983: Riggins
1984: Marino
1985: Payton
1986: Taylor
1987: Rice
1988: Cunningham
1989: Montana
1990: Cunningham
1991: Sanders
1992: Young
1993: Smith
1994: Young
1995: Favre
1996: Favre
1997: Sanders
1998: Cunningham
1999: Warner
2000: Gannon
2001: Faulk
2002: Gannon
2003: Manning
2004: Manning
2005: Alexander
2006: Tomlinson
2007: Brady
2008: Peterson
2009: Brees
2010: Vick
2011: Rodgers
2012: Peterson
2013: Manning
2014: Watt
2015: Newton
2016: Ryan
[show]
v
t
e
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year
1931: Pepper Martin
1932: Gene Sarazen
1933: Carl Hubbell
1934: Dizzy Dean
1935: Joe Louis
1936: Jesse Owens
1937: Don Budge
1938: Don Budge
1939: Nile Kinnick
1940: Tom Harmon
1941: Joe DiMaggio
1942: Frank Sinkwich
1943: Gunder Hägg
1944: Byron Nelson
1945: Byron Nelson
1946: Glenn Davis
1947: Johnny Lujack
1948: Lou Boudreau
1949: Leon Hart
1950: Jim Konstanty
1951: Dick Kazmaier
1952: Bob Mathias
1953: Ben Hogan
1954: Willie Mays
1955: Howard Cassady
1956: Mickey Mantle
1957: Ted Williams
1958: Herb Elliott
1959: Ingemar Johansson
1960: Rafer Johnson
1961: Roger Maris
1962: Maury Wills
1963: Sandy Koufax
1964: Don Schollander
1965: Sandy Koufax
1966: Frank Robinson
1967: Carl Yastrzemski
1968: Denny McLain
1969: Tom Seaver
1970: George Blanda
1971: Lee Trevino
1972: Mark Spitz
1973: O. J. Simpson
1974: Muhammad Ali
1975: Fred Lynn
1976: Bruce Jenner
1977: Steve Cauthen
1978: Ron Guidry
1979: Willie Stargell
1980: U.S. Olympic Hockey Team
1981: John McEnroe
1982: Wayne Gretzky
1983: Carl Lewis
1984: Carl Lewis
1985: Dwight Gooden
1986: Larry Bird
1987: Ben Johnson
1988: Orel Hershiser
1989: Joe Montana
1990: Joe Montana
1991: Michael Jordan
1992: Michael Jordan
1993: Michael Jordan
1994: George Foreman
1995: Cal Ripken, Jr.
1996: Michael Johnson
1997: Tiger Woods
1998: Mark McGwire
1999: Tiger Woods
2000: Tiger Woods
2001: Barry Bonds
2002: Lance Armstrong
2003: Lance Armstrong
2004: Lance Armstrong
2005: Lance Armstrong
2006: Tiger Woods
2007: Tom Brady
2008: Michael Phelps
2009: Jimmie Johnson
2010: Drew Brees
2011: Aaron Rodgers
2012: Michael Phelps
2013: LeBron James
2014: Madison Bumgarner
2015: Stephen Curry
2016: LeBron James
[show]
v
t
e
Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award
1970: Unitas
1971: Hadl
1972: Lanier
1973: Dawson
1974: Blanda
1975: Anderson
1976: Harris
1977: Payton
1978: Staubach
1979: Greene
1980: Carmichael
1981: Swann
1982: Theismann
1983: Benirschke
1984: Lyons
1985: Stephenson
1986: Williams
1987: Duerson
1988: Largent
1989: Moon
1990: Singletary
1991: Muñoz
1992: Elway
1993: Thomas
1994: Seau
1995: Esiason
1996: Green
1997: Aikman
1998: Marino
1999: Carter
2000: Flanigan & Brooks
2001: Bettis
2002: Vincent
2003: Shields
2004: Dunn
2005: P. Manning
2006: Brees & Tomlinson
2007: Taylor
2008: Warner
2009: Waters
2010: Williams
2011: Birk
2012: Witten
2013: Tillman
2014: Davis
2015: Boldin
2016: Fitzgerald & E. Manning
[show]
v
t
e
Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 1981
Red Badgro
George Blanda
Willie Davis
Jim Ringo
[show]
v
t
e
Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Quarterbacks
Pre-modern era
Baugh
Clark
Conzelman
Driscoll
Friedman
Herber
Luckman
A. Parker
Modern era
Aikman
Blanda
Bradshaw
L. Dawson
Elway
Favre
Fouts
Graham
Griese
Jurgensen
J. Kelly
Layne
Marino
Montana
Moon
Namath
Stabler
Starr
Staubach
Tarkenton
Tittle
Unitas
Van Brocklin
Warner
Waterfield
Young
Running backs
Pre-modern era
Battles
Canadeo
Dudley
Grange
Guyon
Hinkle
Lambeau
Leemans
McAfee
McNally
Nagurski
Nevers
Pollard
Strong
Thorpe
Van Buren
Modern era
M. Allen
Bettis
J. Brown
Campbell
Csonka
T. Davis
Dickerson
Dorsett
Faulk
Gifford
Harris
Hornung
J. H. Johnson
L. Kelly
F. Little
Martin
Matson
McElhenny
Moore
Motley
Payton
Perry
Riggins
B. Sanders
Sayers
Simpson
E. Smith
Jim Taylor
T. Thomas
Tomlinson
Trippi
Walker
Wide receivers /
ends
Pre-modern era
Badgro
Chamberlin
Flaherty
Halas
Hewitt
Hutson
Millner
Modern era
Alworth
Berry
Biletnikoff
T. Brown
Carter
Fears
Harrison
Hayes
Hirsch
Irvin
Joiner
Largent
Lavelli
Lofton
Maynard
McDonald
Mitchell
Monk
Pihos
Reed
Rice
Stallworth
Swann
C. Taylor
Warfield
Tight ends
Casper
Ditka
Mackey
Newsome
C. Sanders
Sharpe
J. Smith
Winslow
Offensive
linemen
L. Allen
B. Brown
R. Brown
Creekmur
D. Dawson
DeLamielleure
Dierdorf
Gatski
Gregg
Grimm
Hannah
Hickerson
S. Jones
W. Jones
Langer
L. Little
Mack
Matthews
McCormack
McDaniel
Mix
Munchak
Muñoz
Ogden
Otto
Pace
J. Parker
Ringo
Roaf
Shaw
Shell
Shields
Slater
St. Clair
Stanfel
Stephenson
Tingelhoff
Upshaw
Webster
Wright
Yary
Zimmerman
Pre-modern era
two-way players
Edwards
Fortmann
Healey
Hein
Henry
Hubbard
Kiesling
Kinard
Lyman
Michalske
Musso
Owen
Stydahar
Trafton
Turner
Wojciechowicz
Defensive
linemen
Atkins
Bethea
Buchanan
Culp
W. Davis
Dean
Dent
Doleman
Donovan
Eller
Ford
J. Greene
Haley
Hampton
Humphrey
D. Jones
Jordan
Kennedy
Lilly
Long
Marchetti
Nomellini
Olsen
Page
Randle
Robustelli
Sapp
Selmon
B. Smith
Stautner
Strahan
Ja. Taylor
Weinmeister
Ra. White
Re. White
Willis
Youngblood
Linebackers
Bednarik
Bo. Bell
Brooks
Buoniconti
Butkus
Carson
Connor
George
K. Greene
Ham
Hanburger
Hendricks
Huff
Jackson
Lambert
Lanier
Nitschke
Richter
Robinson
Schmidt
Seau
Singletary
L. Taylor
D. Thomas
Tippett
Wilcox
Defensive backs
Adderley
Barney
Blount
W. Brown
Butler
Christiansen
Easley
Green
Haynes
Houston
J. Johnson
Krause
Lane
Lary
LeBeau
Lott
Renfro
D. Sanders
E. Thomas
Tunnell
Wehrli
Williams
L. Wilson
Wood
Woodson
Placekickers &
punters
Andersen
Groza
Guy
Stenerud
Coaches
G. Allen
P. Brown
Chamberlin
Conzelman
Dungy
Ewbank
Flaherty
Gibbs
Gillman
Grant
Halas
Lambeau
Landry
Levy
Lombardi
Madden
Neale
Noll
Owen
Parcells
Shula
Stram
Walsh
Contributors
Be. Bell
Bidwill
Carr
A. Davis
DeBartolo
Finks
Halas
Hunt
J. Jones
Lambeau
T. Mara
W. Mara
Marshall
Polian
Ray
Reeves
A. Rooney
D. Rooney
Rozelle
Sabol
Schramm
R. Wilson
Wolf
[show]
v
t
e
NFL Alumni Career Achievement Award
1981 Rocky Bleier & Roger Staubach
1982 Merlin Olsen & O. J. Simpson
1983 George Blanda & Earl Morrall
1985 Frank Gifford & Jack Kemp
1986 Dan Fortmann & Ray Nitschke
1987 Willie Davis & Don Hutson
1988 Art Donovan
1989 Bart Starr
1990 Nick Buoniconti
1992 Ken Farragut
1993 Gino Marchetti
1994 Byron White
1995 Alan Page
1996 Mike Reid
1997 Jerry Richardson
1998 Dr. Robert Khayat
1999 Dr. Ed Sutton
2000 Paul Salata
2001 Terry Bradshaw
2002 Steve Largent
2003 Fred Dryer
2004 Bob Griese
2005 Drew Pearson
2007 Mike Haynes
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 26827072
LCCN: no2006109023
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Blanda&oldid=800699145"
Categories:
1927 births
2010 deaths
American Football League All-League players
American Football League All-Star players
American Football League All-Time Team
American Football League champions
American Football League Most Valuable Players
American Football League players
American football placekickers
American football quarterbacks
American people of Slovak descent
Baltimore Colts (1947–50) players
Chicago Bears players
Houston Oilers players
Kentucky Wildcats football players
Oakland Raiders players
People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Hidden categories:
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
NFL player missing current team parameter
Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
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text:
Photosystem II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Cyanobacteria photosystem II, Dimer, PDB 2AXT
Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Within the photosystem, enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then transferred through a variety of coenzymes and cofactors to reduce plastoquinone to plastoquinol. The energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen.
By replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water, photosystem II provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur. The hydrogen ions (protons) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce NADP+
to NADPH or are used in Non cyclic photophosphorylation.[1]
Contents
1 Structure
2 Oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)
3 Water splitting
4 See also
5 References
Structure[edit]
Cyanobacterial photosystem II, Monomer, PDB 2AXT.
The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous proteins D1 and D2.[2] Unlike the reaction centers of all other photosystems in which the positive charge sitting on the chlorophyll dimer that undergoes the initial photoinduced charge separation is equally shared by the two monomers, in intact PSII the charge is mostly localized on one chlorophyll molecule (70−80%).[3] Because of this, P680+ is highly oxidizing and can take part in the splitting of water.[2]
Photosystem II (of cyanobacteria and green plants) is composed of around 20 subunits (depending on the organism) as well as other accessory, light-harvesting proteins. Each photosystem II contains at least 99 cofactors: 35 chlorophyll a, 12 beta-carotene, two pheophytin, two plastoquinone, two heme, one bicarbonate, 20 lipid molecules, the Mn
4CaO
5 cluster (including two chloride ions), one non heme Fe2+
and two putative Ca2+
ions per monomer.[4] There are several crystal structures of photosystem II.[5] The PDB accession codes for this protein are 3WU2, 3BZ1, 3BZ2 (3BZ1 and 3BZ2 are monomeric structures of the Photosystem II dimer),[4] 2AXT, 1S5L, 1W5C, 1ILX, 1FE1, 1IZL.
Photosystem II Light Harvesting complex protein
Identifiers
Symbol
PSII
Pfam
PF00421
InterPro
IPR000932
TCDB
3.E.2
OPM superfamily
2
OPM protein
3jcu
Membranome
639
showAvailable protein structures:
Pfam
structures
PDB
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Protein Subunits (only with known function)
Subunit Function
D1 Reaction center Protein, binds Chlorophyll P680, pheophytin,
beta-carotene,quinone and manganese center
D2 Reaction center Protein
CP43 Binds manganese center
CP47
PsbO Manganese Stabilizing Protein
Coenzymes/Cofactors
Molecule Function
Chlorophyll Absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy
Beta-carotene quench excess photoexcitation energy
Heme b559 also Protoporphyrin IX containing iron
Pheophytin Primary electron acceptor
Plastoquinone Mobile intra-thylakoid membrane electron carrier
Manganese center also known as the oxygen evolving center, or OEC
Photosystem II
Identifiers
EC number
1.10.3.9
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Oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)[edit]
Proposed structure of Manganese Center
Main article: oxygen-evolving complex
The oxygen-evolving complex is the site of water oxidation. It is a metallo-oxo cluster comprising four manganese ions (in oxidation states ranging from +2 to +4)[6] and one divalent calcium ion. When it oxidizes water, producing oxygen gas and protons, it sequentially delivers the four electrons from water to a tyrosine (D1-Y161) sidechain and then to P680 itself. The first structural model of the oxygen-evolving complex are solved by X-ray crystallography from frozen protein crystals with a resolution of 3.8Å in 2001.[7] Over the next years the resolution of the model is gradually increased to 2.9Å.[8][9][10] While obtaining these structures, in itself was a great feat, they do not show the oxygen-evolving complex in full detail. In 2011 the OEC of PSII was resolved to a level of 1.9Å revealing five oxygen atoms serving as oxo bridges linking the five metal atoms and four water molecules bound to the Mn4CaO5 cluster; more than 1,300 water molecules were found in each photosystem II monomer, some forming extensive hydrogen-bonding networks that may serve as channels for protons, water or oxygen molecules.[11] At this stage, it is suggested that the structures obtained by X-ray crystallography are biased, since there is evidence that the manganese atoms are reduced by the high-intensity X-rays used, altering the observed OEC structure. This incentivized researchers to take their crystals to a different X-ray facilities, called X-ray Free Electron Lasers, such as SLAC in the USA. In 2014 the structure observed in 2011 was confirmed.[12] Knowing the structure of Photosystem II did not suffice to reveal how it works exactly. So now the race has started to solve the structure of Photosystem II at different stages in the mechanistic cycle (discussed below). Currently structures of the S1 state and the S3 state's have been published almost simultaneously from two different groups, showing the addition of an oxygen molecule designated O6 between Mn1 and Mn4,[13][14] suggesting that this may be the site on the oxygen evolving complex, where oxygen is produced.
Water splitting[edit]
Water-splitting process: Electron transport and regulation. The first level (A) shows the original Kok model of the S-states cycling, the second level (B) shows the link between the electron transport (S-states advancement) and the relaxation process of the intermediate S-states ([YzSn], n=0,1,2,3) formation
Photosynthetic water splitting (or oxygen evolution) is one of the most important reactions on the planet, since it is the source of nearly all the atmosphere's oxygen. Moreover, artificial photosynthetic water-splitting may contribute to the effective use of sunlight as an alternative energy-source.
The mechanism of water oxidation is still not fully elucidated, but we know many details about this process. The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen requires extraction of four electrons and four protons from two molecules of water. The experimental evidence that oxygen is released through cyclic reaction of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) within one PSII was provided by Pierre Joliot et al.[15] They have shown that, if dark-adapted photosynthetic material (higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria) is exposed to a series of single turnover flashes, oxygen evolution is detected with typical period-four damped oscillation with maxima on the third and the seventh flash and with minima on the first and the fifth flash (for review, see[16]). Based on this experiment, Bessel Kok and co-workers [17] introduced a cycle of five flash-induced transitions of the so-called S-states, describing the four redox states of OEC: When four oxidizing equivalents have been stored (at the S4-state), OEC returns to its basic S0-state. In the absence of light, the OEC will "relax" to the S1 state; the S1 state is often described as being "dark-stable". The S1 state is largely considered to consist of manganese ions with oxidation states of Mn3+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn4+.[6] Finally, the intermediate S-states[18] were proposed by Jablonsky and Lazar as a regulatory mechanism and link between S-states and tyrosine Z.
In 2012, Renger expressed the idea of internal changes of water molecules into typical oxides in different S-states during water splitting.[19] In 2017, Dolai showed almost complete concept of water splitting by the way of structural analysis of S-states and developed oxides from the water molecules.[20]
Dolai's Diagram of S-states: Dolai's diagrams are perfect pictures of different S-states in water-splitting during photosynthesis. These diagrams can express complete figures of intermediate S-states as well as the development of typical oxides (monoxide(2H2O), hydroxide(OH.H
2O), peroxide(H
2O
2),super oxide(HO
2) and di-oxygen(O
2)); which are formed due to interchange of water molecules in S-states. The arrangement of hydrogen bonding is main criteria of the diagrams. The effect of photon(hv), emission of electron(e) and production of hydrogen ion(H+) from water molecules can be shown by the diagrams in a more specific way of experimental detection. The diagrams almost completely analyze the pathway of water-splitting in photosynthesis.
See also[edit]
Biology portal
Oxygen evolution
P680
Photosynthesis
Photosystem
Photosystem I
Photosystem II light-harvesting protein
Reaction Centre
Photoinhibition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Loll B, Kern J, Saenger W, Zouni A, Biesiadka J (December 2005). "Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 A resolution structure of photosystem II". Nature. 438 (7070): 1040–4. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1040L. doi:10.1038/nature04224. PMID 16355230.
^ Jump up to: a b Rutherford AW, Faller P (January 2003). "Photosystem II: evolutionary perspectives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 358 (1429): 245–53. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1186. PMC 1693113  . PMID 12594932.
Jump up ^ Okubo T, Tomo T, Sugiura M, Noguchi T (April 2007). "Perturbation of the structure of P680 and the charge distribution on its radical cation in isolated reaction center complexes of photosystem II as revealed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy". Biochemistry. 46 (14): 4390–7. doi:10.1021/bi700157n. PMID 17371054.
^ Jump up to: a b Guskov A, Kern J, Gabdulkhakov A, Broser M, Zouni A, Saenger W (March 2009). "Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9-A resolution and the role of quinones, lipids, channels and chloride". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 16 (3): 334–42. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1559. PMID 19219048.
Jump up ^ Yano J, Kern J, Yachandra VK, Nilsson H, Koroidov S, Messinger J (2015). "Chapter 2, Section 3 X-Ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy of Photosystem II at Room Temperature Using Femtosecond X-Ray Pulses". In Kroneck PM, Sosa Torres ME. Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 15. Springer. p. 24. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_2.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuntzleman T, Yocum CF (February 2005). "Reduction-induced inhibition and Mn(II) release from the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex by hydroquinone or NH2OH are consistent with a Mn(III)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV)/Mn(IV) oxidation state for the dark-adapted enzyme". Biochemistry. 44 (6): 2129–42. doi:10.1021/bi048460i. PMID 15697239.
Jump up ^ Zouni A, Witt HT, Kern J, Fromme P, Krauss N, Saenger W, Orth P (February 2001). "Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 A resolution". Nature. 409 (6821): 739–43. doi:10.1038/35055589. PMID 11217865.
Jump up ^ Kamiya N, Shen JR (January 2003). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7-A resolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (1): 98–103. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100...98K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0135651100. PMC 140893  . PMID 12518057.
Jump up ^ Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J, Iwata S (March 2004). "Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center". Science. 303 (5665): 1831–8. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1831F. doi:10.1126/science.1093087. PMID 14764885.
Jump up ^ Guskov A, Kern J, Gabdulkhakov A, Broser M, Zouni A, Saenger W (March 2009). "Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9-A resolution and the role of quinones, lipids, channels and chloride". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 16 (3): 334–42. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1559. PMID 19219048.
Jump up ^ Umena Y, Kawakami K, Shen JR, Kamiya N (May 2011). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å". Nature. 473 (7345): 55–60. Bibcode:2011Natur.473...55U. doi:10.1038/nature09913. PMID 21499260.
Jump up ^ Suga M, Akita F, Hirata K, Ueno G, Murakami H, Nakajima Y, Shimizu T, Yamashita K, Yamamoto M, Ago H, Shen JR (January 2015). "Native structure of photosystem II at 1.95 Å resolution viewed by femtosecond X-ray pulses". Nature. 517 (7532): 99–103. Bibcode:2015Natur.517...99S. doi:10.1038/nature13991. PMID 25470056.
Jump up ^ Young ID, Ibrahim M, Chatterjee R, Gul S, Fuller F, Koroidov S, et al. (December 2016). "Structure of photosystem II and substrate binding at room temperature". Nature. 540 (7633): 453–457. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..453Y. doi:10.1038/nature20161. PMC 5201176  . PMID 27871088.
Jump up ^ Suga M, Akita F, Sugahara M, Kubo M, Nakajima Y, Nakane T, et al. (March 2017). "Light-induced structural changes and the site of O=O bond formation in PSII caught by XFEL". Nature. 543 (7643): 131–135. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..131S. doi:10.1038/nature21400. PMID 28219079.
Jump up ^ Joliot P.; Barbieri G.; Chabaud R. (1969). "Un nouveau modele des centres photochimiques du systeme II". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 10 (5): 309–329. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1969.tb05696.x.
Jump up ^ Joliot P (2003). "Period-four oscillations of the flash-induced oxygen formation in photosynthesis". Photosynthesis Research. 76 (1-3): 65–72. doi:10.1023/A:1024946610564. PMID 16228566.
Jump up ^ Kok B, Forbush B, McGloin M (June 1970). "Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic O2 evolution-I. A linear four step mechanism". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 11 (6): 457–75. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1970.tb06017.x. PMID 5456273.
Jump up ^ Jablonsky J, Lazar D (April 2008). "Evidence for intermediate S-states as initial phase in the process of oxygen-evolving complex oxidation". Biophysical Journal. 94 (7): 2725–36. Bibcode:2008BpJ....94.2725J. doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.122861. PMC 2267143  . PMID 18178650.
Jump up ^ Renger G (August 2012). "Mechanism of light induced water splitting in Photosystem II of oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1817 (8): 1164–76. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.005. PMID 22353626.
Jump up ^ Dolai, U (2017). "Chemical Scheme of Water -Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis". IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 12 (6): 65–67. doi:10.9790/3008-1206026567. ISSN 2319-7676.
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