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Battle of Lake Erie
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Battle of Lake Erie
Part of the War of 1812

Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell, painted 1865, shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from Lawrence to Niagara[A]
Date
10 September 1813
Location
Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay, Ohio
Coordinates: 41°39′44″N 82°49′30″W / 41.66222°N 82.82500°W / 41.66222; -82.82500
Result
Decisive American victory
Belligerents
United States United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Oliver Hazard Perry
Jesse Elliot Robert Heriot Barclay
Robert Finnis
Strength
5 schooners
3 brigs
1 sloop
2 ships
1 brig
2 schooners
1 sloop[2]
Casualties and losses
27 killed
96 wounded
1 brig severely damaged
41 killed
93 wounded
306 captured
entire squadron captured
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The Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes called the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 1812
1.2 1813
1.3 Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg
2 Battle
3 Casualties
4 Aftermath
5 Reconstructions and memorials
6 Reasons for the American victory
7 Order of battle
8 Footnotes
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background[edit]
1812[edit]
When the war broke out, the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie. They already had a small force of warships there: the sloop-of-war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter. The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war. These vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine, which was a military transport service and not a naval service. Nevertheless, the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels. The only American warship on Lake Erie, the brig Adams, was not ready for service at the start of the war, and when the American army of Brigadier General William Hull abandoned its invasion of Canada, Adams was pinned down in Detroit by the British batteries at Sandwich on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. The British Major-General Isaac Brock used his control of the lake to defeat Hull's army at the Siege of Detroit, by cutting the American supply lines and rapidly transferring himself and some reinforcements to Amherstburg from where they launched a successful landing on the American side of the Detroit River.
The British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered, renaming her Detroit. Together with the brig Caledonia, which had been commandeered from the Canadian North West Company, she was boarded and captured near Fort Erie on 9 October, by American sailors and soldiers led by Lieutenant Jesse Elliot. Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured. Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy.[3] Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop-rigged Trippe, which had all been purchased by the United States Navy and were being converted into gunboats.[4] While the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River, all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock.
Late in 1812, Paul Hamilton, the United States Secretary of the Navy had received long-time American lake mariner Daniel Dobbins, who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie. Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake. ("Presqu'isle" is French for "peninsula", literally "almost an island"). Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there, although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities.[5] Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812. He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813[6] where he approved Dobbins's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel, but then returned to Lake Ontario where he afterwards concentrated his energies.
1813[edit]
In January 1813, William Jones (who had replaced Hamilton as the United States Secretary of the Navy) ordered the construction of two brig-rigged corvettes at Presque Isle, and transferred shipwright Noah Brown there from Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario to take charge of construction. Other than their rig and crude construction (such as using wooden pegs instead of nails because of shortages of the latter), the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet. The heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay, and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty. (The Americans were fortunate in that some of their largest cannon had been dispatched shortly before raiding parties under Rear-Admiral George Cockburn destroyed a foundry at Frenchtown on the eastern seaboard.[7]) However, the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh, which was expanding as a manufacturing center, and smaller guns were borrowed from the Army.
Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie, through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell, the Senior Senator from Rhode Island,[8] supplanting Lieutenant Elliot. He arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March. Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle, he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey. After commanding the American schooners and gunboats at the Battle of Fort George, he then went to Black Rock where the American vessels had been released when the British abandoned Fort Erie at the end of May. Perry had them towed by draft oxen up the Niagara, an operation which took six days, and sailed with them along the shore to Presque Isle.[4]
Meanwhile, Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie. Another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely.[9] Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the tedious journey to Amherstburg overland, arriving on 10 June. He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen. When he took command of his squadron, the crews of his vessels numbered only seven British seamen, 108 officers and men of the Provincial Marine (whose quality Barclay disparaged), 54 men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 106 soldiers, effectively landsmen, from the 41st Foot.[10] Nevertheless, he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost. He first reconnoitred Perry's base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia, with batteries and redoubts. He then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie, hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock. The weather was hazy, and he missed them.[11]
During July and August, Barclay received two small vessels, the schooner Chippeway and the sloop Little Belt, which had been reconstructed at Chatham[12] on the Thames River and attempted to complete the ship-rigged corvette HMS Detroit at Amherstburg. Because the Americans controlled Lake Ontario and occupied the Niagara Peninsula in early 1813, supplies for Barclay had to be carried overland from York. The American victory earlier in the year at the Battle of York resulted in the guns (24-pounder carronades) intended for Detroit falling into American hands.[13] Detroit had to be completed with a miscellany of guns from the fortifications of Amherstburg. Barclay claimed at his court martial that these guns lacked flintlock firing mechanisms and matches, and that they could be fired only by snapping flintlock pistols over powder piled in the vent holes.
Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from Commodore James Lucas Yeo, commanding on Lake Ontario, but received very little. The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier, Major-General Henry Procter, was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors. He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced, and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Stephenson, which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors.[14]
Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg[edit]
By mid-July, the American squadron was almost complete, although not yet fully manned (Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty). The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 July to 29 July. The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth, with only 5 feet (1.5 m) of water over it, which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships (although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July), but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order. Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather. It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour, or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned.[5] Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar. This was an exhausting task. The guns had to be removed from all the boats, and the largest of them had to be raised between "camels" (barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast). When Barclay returned four days later, he found that Perry had nearly completed the task. Perry's two largest brigs were not ready for action, but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of Detroit.
Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle.[15] Although Perry described some of them as "wretched", at least 50 of them were experienced sailors drafted from USS Constitution, then undergoing a refit in Boston.[16] Perry also had a few volunteers from the Pennsylvania militia.
His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky, where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General William Henry Harrison's Army of the Northwest.[17] After twice appearing off Amherstburg, Perry established an anchorage at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. For the next five weeks, Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg. His sailors, Procter's troops, and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies. After receiving a last-minute reinforcement of two naval officers, three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in Quebec[18] under Lieutenant George Bignall, Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry.
In the days preceding the battle, Perry told his friend, Purser Samuel Hambleton, that he wanted a signal flag, or battle flag, to signal to his fleet when to engage the enemy. Hambleton suggested using the dying words of Perry's friend Captain James Lawrence of the frigate USS Chesapeake, "Don't Give up the Ship". Hambleton had the flag sewn by women of Erie, and presented it to Perry the day before the battle. The flag would become an icon in American naval history.
Battle[edit]
Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September
On the morning of 10 September, the Americans saw Barclay's vessels heading for them, and got under way from their anchorage at Put-in-Bay. The wind was light. Barclay initially held the weather gauge, but the wind shifted and allowed Perry to close and attack. Both squadrons were in line of battle, with their heaviest vessels near the centre of the line.
The first shot was fired, from Detroit, at 11:45.[19] Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs, his flagship Lawrence and Niagara, into carronade range quickly, but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and Lawrence was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in Detroit for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively. When Lawrence was finally within carronade range at 12:45, her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped, her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot.[20]
Astern of Lawrence, Niagara, under Elliot, was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range. It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number, Queen Charlotte, and that Niagara was obstructed by Caledonia, but Elliot's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years. Aboard Queen Charlotte, the British ship opposed to Niagara, the commander (Robert Finnis) and First Lieutenant were both killed. The next most senior officer, Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine, found that both Niagara and the American gunboats were far out of range, and passed the brig General Hunter to engage Lawrence at close range.[20]
Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance, Lawrence was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck. Four-fifths of Lawrence's crew were killed or wounded. Both of the fleet's surgeons were sick with lake fever,[21] so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant, Usher Parsons. When the last gun on Lawrence became unusable, Perry decided to transfer his flag. He was rowed a half mile (1 km) through heavy gunfire to Niagara while Lawrence was surrendered. (It was later alleged that he left Lawrence after the surrender, but Perry had actually taken down only his personal pennant, in blue bearing the motto, "Don't give up the ship".)
When Lawrence surrendered, firing died away briefly.[22] Detroit collided with Queen Charlotte, both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded. Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed, leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command. Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward.[23] The British nevertheless expected Niagara to lead the American schooners away in retreat.[24] Instead, once aboard Niagara, Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action, while he steered Niagara at Barclay's damaged ships, helped by the strengthening wind.
Niagara broke through the British line ahead of Detroit and Queen Charlotte and luffed up to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them, while Caledonia and the American gunboats fired from astern. Although the crews of Detroit and Queen Charlotte managed to untangle the two ships[25] they could no longer offer any effective resistance. Both ships surrendered at about 3:00 pm. The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered.[26]
Although Perry won the battle on Niagara, he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid.
Casualties[edit]
The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded. The surviving crews, including the wounded, numbered 306. Captain Barclay, who had previously lost his left arm in 1809, lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered "permanently motionless". The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded, of whom 2 later died.[27] The heaviest American casualties were suffered aboard Lawrence, which had 2 officers and 20 men killed, and 6 officers and 55 men wounded.[25]
Of the vessels involved, the three most battered (the American brig Lawrence and the British ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte) were converted into hospital ships. A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted Detroit and Queen Charlotte, further shattering the already battered ships. Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie, Lawrence was restored to service for 1814, but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks.[28]
Aftermath[edit]
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Perry's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison. Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope, Perry wrote:
Dear General:
We have met the enemy and they are ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop.
Yours with great respect and esteem,
O.H. Perry[B]
Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy, William Jones:
Brig Niagara, off the Western Sister,
Head of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, 4 P.M.
Sir:- It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron, consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict.
I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
O. H. Perry
Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up, Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg, which was captured without opposition on 27 September. Meanwhile, 1,000 mounted troops led by Richard Mentor Johnson moved by land to Detroit, which also was recaptured without fighting on or about the same day. The British army under Procter had made preparations to abandon its positions even before Procter knew the result of the battle. In spite of exhortations from Tecumseh, who led the confederation of Indian tribes allied to Britain, Procter had already abandoned Amherstburg and Detroit and began to retreat up the Thames River on 27 September. Lacking supplies, Tecumseh's Indians had no option but to accompany him. Harrison caught up with Procter's retreating force and defeated them on 5 October at the Battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed, as was his second-in command and most experienced warrior, Wyandot Chief Roundhead.
The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import.[30] The Americans controlled Lake Erie for the remainder of the war. This accounted for much of the Americans' successes on the Niagara peninsula in 1814 and also removed the threat of a British attack on Ohio, Pennsylvania, or Western New York.
However, an expedition in 1814 to recover Mackinac Island on Lake Huron failed, and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes. (Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock, where they were laid up, following the Battle of Buffalo at the end of 1813, and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron.)
After the war, there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action, mostly fought at second hand in the press. On the British side, Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a court-martial but was too badly injured to see service again for several years.
Reconstructions and memorials[edit]
In 1820 Lawrence and Niagara were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie, as they had "went to rot."[31] In 1875, Lawrence was raised and moved to Philadelphia, where she was displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. Later that year, the ship burned when the pavilion that housed it caught fire. Although Niagara was raised and restored in 1913, she subsequently fell into disrepair. She was eventually disassembled, and portions of her were used in a reconstructed Niagara, which is now on view in Erie, Pennsylvania.
The 352-foot (107 m) high Perry Monument within Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial now stands at Put-in-Bay, commemorating the men who fought in the battle.
Another 101-foot (31 m) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie Pennsylvania. It stands next to Presque Isle Bay, where Niagara and Lawrence were built, stationed along with the rest of the American Squadron, and then scuttled after the war.
Reasons for the American victory[edit]
Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as, "Superior heavy metal".[32] Perry's leadership, particularly in the latter stages of the action, is also mentioned as a factor. The British historian C.S. Forester commented, "...it was as fortunate for the Americans that the Lawrence still possessed a boat that would float, as it was that Perry was not hit."[22]
On the British side, William Bell served as constructor and built Detroit, which was the best-built ship on the lake. However, Detroit was built slowly, in part due to Bell's perfectionism, and indeed it was the only purpose-built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war. The guns intended for Detroit were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before. This building imbalance, given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame, was another important cause of the American victory (although it might be argued that, even if Barclay had possessed more hulls, he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them).
The court-martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the Captain, his officers and men had "conducted themselves in the most gallant manner" and found that the defeat was the result of American superiority, an insufficient number of able seamen and the early fall of superior officers in the action.[33]
Order of battle[edit]
Listed in order of sailing:[C]
Navy
Name
Rig
Tonnage
Crew
Armament
Commander
Notes
Royal Navy Chippeway Schooner 70 tons 15 1 × 9-pounder long gun Master's Mate J. Campbell captured
Detroit Ship 490 tons 150 1 × 18-pounder (on swivel)
2 × 24-pounder long guns
6 × 12-pounder long guns
8 × 9-pounder long guns
1 × 24-pounder carronade
1 × 18-pounder carronade Commander Robert Heriot Barclay captured
Hunter Brig 180 tons 45 4 × 6-pounder long guns
2 × 4-pounder long guns
2 × 2-pounder long guns
2 × 12-pounder carronades Lieutenant George Bignall captured
Queen Charlotte Ship 400 tons 126 1 × 12-pounder long gun
2 × 9-pounder long guns
12 × 24-pounder carronades Commander Robert Finnis captured
Lady Prevost Schooner[2] 230 tons 86 1 × 9-pounder long gun
2 × 6-pounder long guns
10 × 12-pounder carronades Lieutenant Edward Buchan captured (lost rudder)
Little Belt Sloop 90 tons 18 1 × 12-pounder long gun
2 × 6-pounder long guns Lieutenant John F. Breman captured
Total 6 warships 1,460 tons 450 330 lb shot from long guns
474 lb shot from carronades
United States Navy Scorpion Schooner 86 tons 35 1 × 32-pounder long gun
1 × 32-pounder carronade Sailing Master Stephen Champlin Long gun dismounted (overcharged)
Ariel Schooner 112 tons 36 4 × 12-pounder long guns Lieutenant John H. Packet One gun exploded (overcharged)
Lawrence Brig 480 tons 136 2 × 12-pounder long guns
18 × 32-pounder carronades Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry surrendered but recaptured
Caledonia Brig 180 tons 53 2 × 24-pounder long guns
1 × 32-pounder carronade Lieutenant Daniel Turner captured from British 9 October 1812
Niagara Brig 480 tons 155 2 × 12-pounder long guns
18 × 32-pounder carronades Master Commandant Jesse Elliott
Somers Schooner 94 tons 30 1 × 24-pounder long gun
1 × 32-pounder carronade Lieutenant A. H. M. Conklin
Porcupine Schooner 83 tons 25 1 × 32-pounder long gun Acting Master George Serrat
Tigress Schooner 82 tons 35 1 × 32-pounder long gun Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny
Trippe Sloop 60 tons 35 1 × 24-pounder long gun Lieutenant Thomas Holdup Stevens
Total 9 warships 1,657 tons 540 288 lb shot from long guns
1,248 lb shot from carronades
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Perry's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat. Hannibal Collins, a freed slave, is one of the oarsman.[1]
Jump up ^ The British order of battle was actually two ships, one brig, two schooners and one sloop.[2] "Perry's message was inaccurate." [29]
Jump up ^ Vessel tonnages, rig and armament taken from Roosevelt (2004), pp. 144−145. Vessels' commanders from the same source, p. 146.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Copes 1994, p. 63.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roosevelt 2004, pp. 260−261.
Jump up ^ Elliott to Hamiliton, Oct. 9th, 1812 in Dudley (ed.), William S. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. 1. pp. 327–331. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 141.
^ Jump up to: a b Elting 1995, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Malcomson 1998, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 136.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 166.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 90.
Jump up ^ C.P.Stacey, Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie, in Zaslow 1964, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, pp. 167–168.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 140.
Jump up ^ NapoleonSeries.org, "Ironsides on the Lake".
Jump up ^ Elting 1995, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 98
^ Jump up to: a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Archaic Medical Terms English List L.
^ Jump up to: a b Forester 2005, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 147.
^ Jump up to: a b Earnest A. Cruickshank, The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812–1813 in Zaslow 1964, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, pp. 148–149.
Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Lossing (1869). "Field Book of the War of 1812". Retrieved 20 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Altoff (1999) Note 129, p. 97.
Jump up ^ Symonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (2001). The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-55750-984-0.
Jump up ^ Hickey, Donald R. Don't Give Up The Ship, p. 355.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 152.
Jump up ^ William James The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793, to the Accession of George IV. Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252
References[edit]
Altoff, Gerard T. (1999). Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie. Put-in-Bay, OH: The Perry Group. ISBN 978-1887794039.
Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic". Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society. Newport, RI: Newport Historical Society. 66, Part 2 (227): 49–77.
"The Dobbins Papers." Severance, Frank H. ed. Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 3 (Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1905)
Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
Emerson, George D. (Compiled by) (1912). The Perry's Victory Centenary – Report of The Perry's Victory Centennial Commission, State of New York. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company.
Forester, C.S. (2005). The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812. New English Library. ISBN 0-939218-06-2. ; Forester was a famous novelist but this is his history book
Hitsman, J. Mackay; Donald E. Graves (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840–1914)(1905) Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols.) (Boston: Little Brown) American Library Association.
Malcomson, Robert (1998). Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812–1814. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-08-7.
Miller, Arthur P.; Miller, Marjorie L. (2000). Pennsylvania Battlefields and Military Landmarks. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2876-5.
Roosevelt, Theodore (2004). The Naval War of 1812. New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75419-9.
Skaggs, David; Atloff, Gerard (1997). A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–13. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-892-5.
Symonds, Craig (2005). Decision at Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517145-4.
Zaslow, Morris (ed). (1964). The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7705-1242-9.
Further reading[edit]
Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. The MacMillan Dictionary of Military Biography (New York: MacMillan, 1998.) p. 343.]
Bancroft, George, 1800–1891;Dyer, Oliver, 1824–1907. (1891) History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers (New York : R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp. at American Library Association.
Barnes, James, 1866–1936 (1898) The hero of Erie (Oliver Hazard Perry) (microform) (1898) New York: D. Appleton and here for other formats.
Burges, Tristam (1770–1853) (1839) Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement (Providence, Brown & Cady) at Internet Archive.
Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the Perry’s victory centennial commission, state of New York (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers).
Cooper, James Fenimore (1846) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Google Books and here for American Library Association.
Jesse D. Elliot, Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on 24 November 1843 (Philadelphia: G. B. Zeiber & co., 1844).
Galbreath, Charles Burleigh (1858-1934): The Battle of Lake Erie in Ballad and History, Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 [1911], pp. 415–456.
Hickey, Donald R. (1990) The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award. ISBN 0-252-06059-8; ISBN 978-0-252-06059-5.
Hickey, Donald R. (2006) Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) ISBN 0-252-03179-2.
Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry, American Library Association.
Langguth, A. J. (2006). Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2618-6.
Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848. (1915) Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry : famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.)
Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. (New York, Harper) Volume 1, Volume 2.
Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry.
Reid, George. (1913) Perry at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him. (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company).
Skaggs, David Curtis. (October 2006) Oliver Hazard Perry: honor, courage, and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy. Annapolis, Maryland:Naval Institute Press, 302 pp. ISBN 978-1-59114-792-3; ISBN 1-59114-792-1.
Skaggs, David Curtis. Perry Triumphant (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2) Naval History Magazine United States Naval Institute.
James T. White (1895) p. 288. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lake Erie.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Battle of Lake Erie
"Log of the Battle of Lake Erie" by Sailing Master William Taylor
US Brig Niagara
Barclay's court martial records and correspondence
Battle of Lake Erie Historical Sources
Animated history of the Battle of Lake Erie
"Erie, Lake, Battle of". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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Luncheon of the Boating Party
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1875 painting by Renoir with the same theme and location, see Lunch at the Restaurant Fournaise.
Le déjeuner des canotiers
Artist
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Year
1881[1]
Medium
Oil on canvas
Dimensions
129.9 cm × 172.7 cm (51 in × 68 in)
Location
The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC
Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881; French: Le déjeuner des canotiers) is a painting by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Included in the Seventh Impressionist Exhibition in 1882, it was identified as the best painting in the show by three critics.[2] It was purchased from the artist by the dealer-patron Paul Durand-Ruel and bought in 1923 (for $125,000) from his son by industrialist Duncan Phillips, who spent a decade in pursuit of the work.[3][4] It is now in The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light.
Contents
1 Description
2 Interactive image
2.1 Subjects depicted
2.1.1 Close-ups
2.2 Actual location
3 Contemporary critical reception
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Description[edit]
The painting, combining figures, still-life, and landscape in one work, depicts a group of Renoir's friends relaxing on a balcony at the Maison Fournaise restaurant along the Seine river in Chatou, France. The painter and art patron, Gustave Caillebotte, is seated in the lower right. Renoir's future wife, Aline Charigot, is in the foreground playing with a small dog, an affenpinscher; she replaced an earlier woman who sat for the painting but with whom Renoir became annoyed.[4] On the table is fruit and wine.
The diagonal of the railing serves to demarcate the two halves of the composition, one densely packed with figures, the other all but empty, save for the two figures of the proprietor's daughter Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and her brother, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr, which are made prominent by this contrast. In this painting Renoir has captured a great deal of light. The main focus of light is coming from the large opening in the balcony, beside the large singleted man in the hat. The singlets of both men in the foreground and the table-cloth all work together to reflect this light and send it through the whole composition.
Interactive image[edit]
Clickable image of the Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881) by Pierre-Auguste Renoir (The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.). Place your mouse cursor over a person in the painting to see their name; click to link to an article about them.
(view • discuss)
Subjects depicted[edit]
As he often did in his paintings, Renoir included several of his friends in Luncheon of the Boating Party.[4] Identification of the sitters was made in 1912 by Julius Meier-Graefe.[5] Among them are the following:[6]
The seamstress Aline Charigot, who is holding an affenpinscher dog, sits near the bottom left of the composition. Renoir married her in 1890, and they had three sons.
Charles Ephrussi—wealthy amateur art historian, collector, and editor of the Gazette des Beaux-Arts—appears wearing a top hat in the background. The younger man to whom Ephrussi appears to be speaking, more casually attired in a brown coat and cap, may be Jules Laforgue, his personal secretary and also a poet and critic.
Actress Ellen Andrée drinks from a glass in the center of the composition. Seated across from her is Baron Raoul Barbier, former mayor of colonial Saigon.
Placed within but peripheral to the party are the proprietor's daughter Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and her brother, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr., both sporting traditional straw boaters and appearing to the left side of the image. Alphonsine is the smiling woman leaning on the railing; Alphonse, who was responsible for the boat rental, is the leftmost figure.
Also wearing boaters are figures appearing to be Renoir's close friends Eugène Pierre Lestringez, a bureaucrat, and Paul Lhote, himself an artist. Renoir depicts them flirting with the actress Jeanne Samary in the upper righthand corner of the painting.
In the right foreground, Gustave Caillebotte wears a white boater's shirt and flat-topped straw boater's hat as he sits backwards in his chair next to actress Angèle Legault and Italian journalist Adrien Maggiolo. An art patron, painter, and important figure in the impressionist circle, Caillebotte was also an avid boatman and drew on that subject for several works.
Close-ups[edit]
Luncheon of the Boating Party - Details of the Women
Aline Charigot
Angèle Legault
Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise
Ellen Andrée
Jeanne Samary
Luncheon of the Boating Party - Details of the Men
Alphonse Fournaise, Jr.
Pierre Lestringuèz
Paul Lhôte
Jules Laforgue
Antonio Maggiolo
Gustave Caillebotte
Charles Ephrussi
Raoul Barbier
Actual location[edit]
The modern-day Maison Fournaise restaurant along the Seine river in Chatou, France.
Contemporary critical reception[edit]
At the Seventh Impressionist Exhibition in 1882, the painting generally received praise from critics. "It is fresh and free without being too bawdy," wrote Paul de Charry in Le Pays, March 10, 1882. In La Vie Moderne (March 11, 1882), Armand Silvestre wrote, "...one of the best things [Renoir] has painted...There are bits of drawing that are completely remarkable, drawing- true drawing- that is a result of the juxtaposition of hues and not of line. It is one of the most beautiful pieces that this insurrectionist art by Independent artists has produced." Alternatively, Le Figaro published Albert Wolff's comment on March 2, 1882: "If he had learned to draw, Renoir would have a very pretty picture..." [7]
In popular culture[edit]
Actor Edward G. Robinson (1893-1973) is quoted as saying: “For over thirty years I made periodic visits to Renoir's Luncheon of the Boating Party in a Washington museum, and stood before that magnificent masterpiece hour after hour, day after day, plotting ways to steal it."[8]
The painting was featured prominently in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's film Le Fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain — released in English as Amélie (2001). The most prominent reference is a comparison between the film's protagonist, Amélie, and the woman in the centre sipping a glass (Actress Ellen Andrée), seemingly gazing out of the canvas, uninterested, while everyone else is enjoying the day together. The painting and its relationship to Amélie is also featured in the musical version of the film in the song "The Girl with the Glass."
A homage to this painting appears in the final panel of On the False Earths, the seventh volume of Jean-Claude Mézières and Pierre Christin's long-running comic book series Valérian and Laureline.[9]
Renoir's creation of the painting is dramatized in Susan Vreeland's 2007 novel, Luncheon of the Boating Party.
See also[edit]
List of paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Where's the Lunch? Looking at Renoir's Luncheon of the Boating Party". Smithsonian Magazine. November 10, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ The New painting, Impressionism, 1874-1886 : an exhibition organized by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco with the National Gallery of Art, Washington (2nd ed.). [San Francisco]: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. 1986. p. 379. ISBN 0884010473.
Jump up ^ Nicolas Pioch, WebMuseum, Paris
^ Jump up to: a b c Panko, Ben (10 October 2017). "Exhibit Sheds New Light on Renoir's "Luncheon of the Boating Party"". Smithsonian. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Jump up ^ The New painting, Impressionism, 1874-1886 : an exhibition organized by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco with the National Gallery of Art, Washington (2nd ed.). [San Francisco]: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. 1986. p. 412. ISBN 0884010473.
Jump up ^ "Luncheon of the Boating Party". acesart.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008.
Jump up ^ The New painting, Impressionism, 1874-1886 : an exhibition organized by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco with the National Gallery of Art, Washington (2nd ed.). [San Francisco]: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. 1986. p. 413. ISBN 0884010473.
Jump up ^ Biography from Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia: http://www.worldofepicmovies.net/edwardg.htm. Retrieved May 17, 2010
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luncheon of the Boating Party.
Luncheon of the Boating Party (The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.)
Essay on this painting from the book Beauty and Terror by Brian A. Oard
Entry on this painting at Artble
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Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Paintings
Lise (1867)
Frédéric Bazille at his Easel (1867)
In Summer (1868)
Skaters in the Bois de Boulogne (1868)
La Grenouillère (1869)
L'Algérienne (1870)
La Promenade (1870)
Woman with Parakeet (1871)
The Harem (1872)
La Parisienne (1874)
La Loge (1874)
The Grands Boulevards (1875)
Bal du moulin de la Galette (1876)
The Swing (1876)
A Girl with a Watering Can (1876)
Mother and Children (1876)
Lunch at the Restaurant Fournaise (1879)
Paysage Bords de Seine (1879)
Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881)
Pink and Blue (1881)
Two Sisters (On the Terrace) (1881)
Blonde Bather (1881 and 1882)
The Umbrellas (1880–81, 1885–86)
By the Seashore (1883)
Dance at Bougival (1883)
Dance in the City (1883)
Dance in the Country (1883)
Les Grandes Baigneuses (1884–1887)
Nature morte: fleurs (1885)
Young Woman with a Blue Choker (1888)
Girls at the Piano (1892)
Woman Playing a Guitar (1897)
Gabrielle with Open Blouse (1907)
Nude (1910)
The Coast at Cagnes, Sea, Mountains (c. 1910)
Portrait of Ambroise Vollard in a Red Headscarf (1911)
Portrait of Adèle Besson (1918)
The Bathers (1918–19)
Family
Aline Charigot (wife)
Pierre Renoir (son)
Jean Renoir (son)
Claude Renoir (son)
Claude Renoir (grandson)
Alain Renoir (grandson)
Sophie Renoir (great-granddaughter)
Related
Gabrielle Renard (nanny, later model)
Lise Tréhot
Catherine Hessling
Richard Guino
Jeanne Samary
Suzanne Valadon
Maison Fournaise
Portrayals
A Studio at Les Batignolles (1870 painting)
Studio in Rue de La Condamine (1870 painting)
The Impressionists (2006 series)
Renoir (2012 film)
Authority control
BNF: cb14614732g (data)
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