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Speed bump
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For other uses, see Speed bump (disambiguation). For the speed changes in cinematography, see Speed ramping.
Speed bump and warning signs
A road sign "Humps for 1 mile" in Hertfordshire, England
Speed bumps (or speed breakers) are the common name for a family of traffic calming devices that use vertical deflection to slow motor-vehicle traffic in order to improve safety conditions. Variations include the speed hump, speed cushion, and speed table.
The use of vertical deflection devices is widespread around the world, and they are most commonly found to enforce a low speed limit, under 40 km/h (25 mph) or lower.
Although speed bumps are effective in keeping vehicle speeds down, their use is sometimes controversial—as they can increase traffic noise, may damage vehicles if traversed at too great a speed, and slow emergency vehicles. Poorly-designed speed bumps that stand too tall or with too-sharp an angle (often found in private car parks[citation needed]) can be disruptive for drivers, and may be difficult to navigate for vehicles with low ground clearance, even at very low speeds. Many sports cars have this problem with such speed bumps. Speed bumps can also pose serious hazards to motorcyclists and bicyclists if they are not clearly visible, though in some cases a small cut across the bump allows those vehicles to traverse without impediment. Speed bumps cost $50–200 and may need replacement over time due to wear.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 History
3 Speed bumps
3.1 Disadvantages
3.2 Dynamic speed bumps
4 Speed humps
4.1 Results
4.2 Comparison to speed bumps
4.3 Problems
5 Speed cushions
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Use in North America and Europe
6 Speed tables
6.1 Results
6.2 Advantages
7 In the United Kingdom
7.1 Opposition
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Composition[edit]
Each of these devices can be made from a variety of materials, including asphalt, concrete, recycled plastic, metal, or vulcanized rubber. Several trade-offs must be made when selecting the material for a new speed cushion. Traditionally most vertical deflection devices have been constructed of asphalt or concrete. Due to the rigidity and durability of these materials, they have more permanence and are more effective at slowing traffic. However, they can be difficult to shape and form into consistent forms and precise dimensions.
Rubber products are pre-shaped to standard sizes to meet industry standards. Preformed rubber products are typically bolted down, making them easier to install or remove. Temporary bolt-down installations can be ideal for planners in testing the use and positioning of speed bumps before implementing them in a larger project. Bolt-down products can also be removed or relocated during winter snow periods—where speed bumps are easily concealed and may be damaged by snowplows.
History[edit]
On June 7, 1906, The New York Times reported on an early implementation of what might be considered speed bumps in Chatham, New Jersey, which planned to raise its crosswalks five inches above the road level: "This scheme of stopping automobile speeding has been discussed by different municipalities, but Chatham is the first place to put it in practice".[2] The average automobile's top speed at the time was around 30 miles per hour (48 km/h).[citation needed]
Arthur Holly Compton was a physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927 for his discoveries resulting in major changes in electromagnetic theory. He is commonly known for his work on the Compton Effect with X-rays. He also invented what he called "traffic control bumps," the basic design for the speed hump, in 1953. Compton began designs on the speed bump after noticing the speed at which motorists passed Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was chancellor.[3]
The British Transport and Road Research Laboratory published a comprehensive report in 1973 examining vehicle behavior for a large variety of different bump geometries.[4] At the time speed humps were not permitted on public roads but had been installed on private roads.
According to a publication by the Institute of Transportation Engineers, the first speed bump in Europe was built in 1970 in the city of Delft in the Netherlands.[5]
Speed bumps[edit]
Speed bump made of asphalt
Speed bump made of rubber
A speed bump is also known as a sleeping policeman in British English, Maltese English and Caribbean English, a judder bar in New Zealand English, and a lying-down policeman in Croatia, Slovenia and Russia. A speed bump is a bump in a roadway with heights typically ranging between 3 and 4 inches (7.6 and 10.2 cm). The traverse distance of a speed bump is typically less than or near to 1 foot (30 cm); contrasting with the wider speed humps, which typically have a traverse distance of 10 to 14 feet (3.0 to 4.3 m).[6][7]
Speed bumps vary in length, but it is typical to leave space between the bump and either edge of an enclosed road (i.e. with curbs and gutters) to allow for drainage. Spaces on either side may also allow more expedient passage for emergency vehicles, though effectiveness will depend on the type of vehicle and specific road design.
Disadvantages[edit]
Local authorities have cited disadvantages to speed bumps:
The city of Modesto in California, produced a fact sheet which contains the following disadvantages:[8]
Slow response time of emergency vehicles;
May divert traffic to parallel residential streets; and
Possible increase in noise and pollution for residents living immediately adjacent to the speed bumps.
The English town of Eastleigh states the following as disadvantages:[9]
Can cause damage to some vehicles;
Can increase traffic noise, especially when large goods vehicles pass by;
Required signs, street lighting and white lines may be visually intrusive;
Can cause discomfort for drivers and passengers; and
Can cause problems for emergency services and buses.
Other sources argue that speed bumps:
Distract drivers from other hazards such as children
Increase pollution as traffic travels in a lower gear using significantly more fuel per mile;
Are a compromise for more active enforcement;
Increase noise by creating tire-to-bump thumping and increasing the amount of engine-revving;
Cause spinal damage[10] and aggravate chronic backache.
In 2003, the chairman of the London Ambulance Service, Sigurd Reinton claimed that delays caused by speed bumps were responsible for up to 500 avoidable deaths from cardiac arrest each year. He later denied the statement.[11]
In Sweden, an evaluation of spinal stress in bus drivers against ISO 2631-5 required on health grounds that:[12]
bus drivers avoid certain streets until the humps were modified; and
the maximum acceptable speed be reduced to 10 km/h on one street for drivers encountering 150 humps in a day.
Dynamic speed bumps[edit]
Dynamic speed bumps differ from conventional speed bumps in that they only activate if a vehicle is traveling above a certain speed. Vehicles traveling below this speed will not experience the discomfort of a conventional speed bump. Dynamic speed bumps may allow the passage of emergency vehicles at higher speeds.
The Actibump system, successfully used in Sweden, is based on powered equipment integrated into the road surface, which operates a platform that is lowered a few centimeters when a speeding vehicle approaches. Any vehicle approaching at or under the speed limit will pass on a level road. The system measures the speed of an oncoming vehicle by using radar.[13]
In another design, a rubber housing is fitted with a pressure relief valve that determines the speed of a vehicle. If the vehicle is traveling below the set speed, the valve opens allowing the bump to deflate as the vehicle drives over it, but it remains closed if the vehicle is traveling too fast. The valve can also be set to allow heavy vehicles, such as fire trucks, ambulances, and buses to cross at higher speeds.[14][15]
Speed humps[edit]
Speed hump made of asphalt
A speed hump (also called a road hump, or undulation,[16] and speed ramp) is a rounded traffic calming device used to reduce vehicle speed and volume on residential streets. Humps are placed across the road to slow traffic and are often installed in a series of several humps to prevent cars from speeding before and after the hump. Common speed hump shapes are parabolic, circular, and sinusoidal.[16]
Generally, speed humps have a traverse distance of about 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.25 m) and span the width of the road. The height of each hump ranges from 3 to 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm).[16] The traverse distance and height of each hump determines the speed at which traffic will travel over the devices. Shorter traverse lengths and greater heights slow cars most drastically. When placed in a series 350–550 feet (100–170 m) apart, humps will reduce 85th percentile speeds by 8–10 mph (13–15 km/h).[17]
Warning signs should be used to notify approaching motorists of upcoming humps. Humps generally have pavement markings to enhance visibility and a taper edge near the curb to allow a gap for drainage.[16]
Speed humps are used in locations where low speeds are desired and suitable for the surrounding traffic environment.[18] Speed humps are typically placed on residential roads and are not used on major roads, bus routes, or primary emergency response routes. Placement is generally mid-block between intersections.
Results[edit]
Speed humps typically limit vehicle speeds to about 15–20 mph (25–30 km/h) at the hump and 25–30 mph (40–50 km/h) at the midpoint between humps, depending on spacing. Studies show an average 18% reduction in traffic volume and an average 13% reduction in collisions.[16]
Comparison to speed bumps[edit]
While similar to speed bumps, humps are less aggressive than speed bumps at low speeds. Humps are often used on streets, while bumps are used more in parking lots.[19] While speed bumps generally slow cars to 5–10 mph (8.0–16.1 km/h), humps slow cars to 15–20 mph (24–32 km/h). The narrow traverse distance of speed bumps often allows vehicles to pass over them at high speed with only mild disturbance to the wheels and suspension, and hardly affecting the vehicle cab and its occupants. The relatively long slopes of speed humps are less disruptive at low–moderate speeds, but they create a greater, more sustained vertical deflection; at higher speeds, a more sustained deflection is less-absorbed by vehicle suspensions and has a greater effect on the vehicle as a whole.[20]
Problems[edit]
One problematic aspect of speed humps is their effect on emergency vehicles. Response time is slowed by 3–5 seconds per hump for fire trucks and fire engines and up to 10 seconds for ambulances with patients on board.[16] Speed humps are thus usually not placed on primary response routes. Speed cushions may be placed on these routes instead.
Occasionally, there is an increase in traffic noise from braking and acceleration of vehicles on streets with speed humps, particularly from buses and trucks. Other effects include increased fuel consumption and emissions as well as increased wear and tear on brakes, engine and suspension components.
Damage caused by snow plows during the winter months is an additional concern.
Heavy sedans, trucks, and SUVs are less affected by speed humps, and may not have to slow down as dramatically.
Thin cuts are sometimes placed in the middle of a hump in order to allow bicycle traffic to pass through. However, forcing cyclists to take a particular line on the road compromises their ability to position themselves safely according to the other traffic on the road at the time.
Speed cushions[edit]
Speed cushions in Canada. Gaps allow wide-track emergency vehicles to pass at higher speeds than they can through other traffic calming devices like speed humps.
Speed cushions are a type of speed hump installation designed to alleviate the negative impacts that vertical deflections have on emergency vehicle response times. Speed cushions installations are typically made up of several small speed humps installed across the width of the road with spaces between them. They force normal cars to slow down as they ride with one or both wheels over the humps. Meanwhile, they allow fire engines (and other large vehicles) with wider axles to straddle the cushions without slowing down.[21][22]
Wider, American-style ambulances might also be able to straddle speed cushions. However, in Europe and Australia, where vehicles like the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter are used most frequently as ambulances, there is no advantage. In these jurisdictions, narrower speed cushions are sometimes placed between lanes to allow ambulances to pass unobstructed while driving over the centre line during an emergency.
Advantages[edit]
Speed cushions have several distinct advantages over similar traffic calming devices. Many municipalities are challenged by opposition to speed humps and speed tables since they slow down emergency vehicles. Speed cushions address this problem by allowing larger vehicles to straddle the cushion without slowing down. This is also an advantage for buses, as lower floor vehicles can sometimes ground out on traditional humps.
Speed cushions are often less costly than speed humps or tables, and most cities report them to be just as effective. In some jurisdictions, narrower speed cushions are placed at more frequent intervals to allow ambulances to pass while driving over the centre line. Large trucks (e.g. UPS, FedEx) are also not slowed down.
Use in North America and Europe[edit]
Development of speed cushions has focused primarily on the European context. Consumer vehicles in Europe are typically smaller than American vehicles. This is to accommodate smaller demand for passengers[clarification needed] and to better suit narrower road widths. European vehicles typically have a narrower track width than American vehicles, meaning their left and right wheels are closer together. Emergency vehicles still feature a wide track width, and the difference between them makes speed cushions more applicable.
In North America, however, consumer vehicles have a track width of 50–59 inches (127–150 cm). Many emergency vehicles are also equipped with dual tires on their rear axles. The additional tires limits track width to as narrow as 48 inches (122 cm), meaning speed cushions may not be suitable for their intended use.
Speed tables[edit]
A less intrusive table which sacrifices some height and visual effect for integration into a high-quality road finish area. Note that part of the traffic calming effect is reached here via rough cobble stones.
A speed table (or flat top hump or raised pedestrian crossing) is designed as a long speed hump with a flat section in the middle. Speed tables are generally long enough for the entire wheelbase of a passenger car to rest on top.[23] The long, flat design allows cars to pass without slowing as significantly as with speed humps or cushions.[24] Because they slow cars less than similar devices, speed tables are often used on roads with typical residential speed limits.
Speed tables can also be signed as pedestrian crossings, namely zebra crossings. Other road features may be included, such as junctions, or even mini-roundabouts. Speed tables are used with zebra crossings repeatedly in Leighton Buzzard.
Results[edit]
Typical speeds resulting from 22 feet (7 m) speed tables are 20–30 miles per hour (32–48 km/h). One sample of 8 sites found a 45% decrease in accidents per year with the use of speed tables.[24]
Advantages[edit]
Speed tables are effective in calming traffic on streets where the speed limit needs to be maintained rather than slowing cars more significantly. Traffic speed, volumes, and accidents have been shown to decrease with the use of tables. Although not as responsive to emergency vehicles as speed cushions, speed tables cause less of a delay than humps and are typically preferred by fire departments over speed humps.[23]
In the United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, vertical deflection in highways for the purpose of traffic calming typically takes one of the following forms:
Road humps are the most common variety, and are usually round-topped.
Speed tables, a type of hump with a central plateau which is both long and broad, and which may include a pedestrian crossing, junction or roundabout, are preferred by some emergency services and bus operators.
Speed cushions, a raised portion of road with a flat top only extending over part of the carriageway's width, are used singly, in a pinch point, or in pairs or triples.
Rumble strips, uneven road surfaces, are now only used in rural areas and retail parks because of the noise.
The Department for Transport defines the regulations for the design and use of road humps.[25]
Opposition[edit]
Speed bumps in some areas have been removed after protests by local residents. Such protests cite the lack of any consultation as one factor.[26] For example, complaints from Derby residents, prompted the removal of 146 speed bumps from streets at a cost of £460,000. Similar incidents have been reported elsewhere in the UK.[27] UK news sources reported a cyclist being killed in a crash while attempting to avoid a speed bump.[28]
See also[edit]
Breakover angle
Road surface marking
Rumble strip
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Catalog: Speed Bumps & Humps". Speed Bumps and Humps. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Democratic Rate Plan Favored by Roosevelt [and other news]". New York Times. 1906-03-07. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Original Traffic control sketch made by Compton in 1953" (PDF). Washington University Libraries. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
Jump up ^ Road humps for the control of vehicle speeds by G.R. Watts, TRRL Laboratory Report 597,1973
Jump up ^ Klaus Schlabbach. "Traffic Calming in Europe" (PDF). Institute of Transportation Engineers. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
Jump up ^ ITE. "Traffic Calming Measures". Institute of Transportation Engineers.
Jump up ^ TrafficCalming.org. "Speed Humps (Road Humps, Undulations)". Fehr & Peers. Archived from the original on 2001-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Speed Hump Fact Sheet" (PDF). City of Modesto. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Speed Limits and Reduction: Speed Humps". Eastleigh Borough Council. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Like it or lump it: Is the speed hump here to stay?". BBC. July 22, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Transport Committee Minutes 11/12/2003". London Assembly. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
Jump up ^ Dr Anders Brandt & MSc Johan Granlund, Swedish Road Administration (2008). "Bus Drivers’ Exposure To Mechanical Shocks Due To Speed Bumps" (PDF). Society for Experimental Mechanics, IMAC XXVI Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Actibump". Edeva. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Smart speed bumps reward safe drivers". New Scientist. Archived from the original on March 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ English, Shirley (November 11, 2005). "Smart' road hump will smooth the way for safe drivers". London: The Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f ITE. "Traffic Calming Measures – Speed Hump". Institute of Transportation Engineers. Archived from the original on March 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Peter Partington. "Speed Humps". Trafficcalming.net. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
Jump up ^ trafficcalming.org. "Speed Humps". Fehr and Peers. Archived from the original on 2001-02-19.
Jump up ^ "SPEED BUMPS AND SPEED HUMPS". www.cga.ct.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Speed Humps vs. Speed Bumps". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Comparative Study of Speed Humps, Speed Slots and Speed Cushions" (PDF).
Jump up ^ ""SPEED CUSHIONS" A TRAFFIC CALMING TECHNIQUE" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b ITE. "Traffic Calming Measures". Institute of Transportation Engineers. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b trafficcalming.org. "Speed Tables". Fehr and Peers. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Highways (Road Humps) Regulations 1999 (replacing the 1996 regulations)" (PDF). UK Department of Transport.
Jump up ^ "Speed humps dumped after protest". Auto Express.
Jump up ^ "Bumps: Britain gets the hump". London: The Times. October 19, 2003. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Crash victim's family may file civil action". Strathspey & Badenoch Herald. [dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Speed bumps.
Speed Hump
Questions and Answers about Speed Humps
City of Austin Speed Cushion Description
UK Department for Transport Speed Cushion Description
London Assembly, London's got the hump, April 2004. An examination of speed humps conducted by the London Assembly’s Transport Committee.
Institute of Transportation Engineers Speed Table Description
Speed Humps Protect Children from Injury
Speed Hump Description
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If Beale Street Could Talk (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
If Beale Street Could Talk
Teaser poster
Directed by
Barry Jenkins
Produced by
Megan Ellison
Dede Gardner
Jeremy Kleiner
Adele Romanski
Sara Murphy
Barry Jenkins
Screenplay by
Barry Jenkins
Based on
If Beale Street Could Talk
by James Baldwin
Starring
KiKi Layne
Stephan James
Colman Domingo
Teyonah Parris
Michael Beach
Dave Franco
Diego Luna
Pedro Pascal
Emily Rios
Ed Skrein
Finn Wittrock
Brian Tyree Henry
Regina King
Music by
Nicholas Britell
Cinematography
James Laxton
Edited by
Joi McMillon
Nat Sanders
Production
company
Plan B Entertainment
Pastel Productions
Distributed by
Annapurna Pictures
Release date
September 9, 2018 (2018-09-09) (TIFF)
November 30, 2018 (2018-11-30) (United States)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$12 million[2]
If Beale Street Could Talk is a 2018 American romantic drama film written and directed by Barry Jenkins, based on James Baldwin's novel of the same name. It stars KiKi Layne, Stephan James, Colman Domingo, Teyonah Parris, Michael Beach, Dave Franco, Diego Luna, Pedro Pascal, Ed Skrein, Brian Tyree Henry and Regina King, and follows an African-American woman who seeks to clear the name of her wrongly convicted husband and prove his innocence before the birth of their child.
The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018, and is scheduled to be released in the United States on November 30, 2018 by Annapurna Pictures.
Contents
1 Cast
2 Production
3 Release
4 Reception
4.1 Accolades
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
KiKi Layne as Clementine "Tish" Rivers
Milanni Mines as Young Clementine "Tish" Rivers
Stephan James as Alonzo "Fonny" Hunt
Ethan Barrett as Young Alonzo "Fonny" Hunt
Teyonah Parris as Ernestine Rivers
Regina King as Sharon Rivers
Colman Domingo as Joseph Rivers
Brian Tyree Henry as Daniel Carty
Ed Skrein as Officer Bell
Emily Rios as Victoria Rogers
Michael Beach as Frank Hunt
Aunjanue Ellis as Mrs. Hunt
Ebony Obsidian as Adrienne Hunt
Dominique Thorne as Sheila Hunt
Finn Wittrock as Hayward
Diego Luna as Pedrocito
Pedro Pascal as Pietro Alvarez
Dave Franco as Levy
Production[edit]
On July 10, 2017, it was announced that Barry Jenkins would direct an adaptation of the James Baldwin novel If Beale Street Could Talk. Jenkins wrote the screenplay during the summer of 2013, also writing Moonlight during that same time.[3] On August 29, 2017, Stephan James joined the cast.[4] In September 2017, KiKi Layne and Teyonah Parris joined the cast.[5][6] On October 18, 2017, it was reported that If Beale Street Could Talk had begun filming in New York City.[7] That same month, Regina King, Colman Domingo, Brian Tyree Henry, Dave Franco, and Ed Skrein joined the cast of the film,[8][9][10][11] with Michael Beach, Finn Wittrock, Aunjanue Ellis, and Diego Luna joining in November.[12][13][14] In December 2017, Pedro Pascal and Emily Rios joined the cast.[15][16] Nicholas Britell will compose the film's score.[17]
Release[edit]
The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018.[18] It also screened at the New York Film Festival on October 11, 2018 and at the New Orleans Film Festival on October 21, 2018.[19][20] It is scheduled to be released on November 30, 2018.[21]
Reception[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "If Beale Street Could Talk honors its source material with a beautifully filmed adaptation that finds director Barry Jenkins further strengthening his visual and narrative craft."[22] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[23]
Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film a "A–", saying: "Jenkins' follow-up to Moonlight also maintains his own expressionistic aesthetic, with its lush colors and entrancing faces that speak volumes in few words, resulting in a fascinating hybrid experience — a seminal voice of the past merging with one of the present in a mesmerizing burst of creative passion."[24] Siddhant Adlakha of /Film said the film felt "electric and alive." [25]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Gotham Awards November 26, 2018 Best Feature If Beale Street Could Talk Pending
Breakthrough Actor KiKi Layne Pending
Audience Award If Beale Street Could Talk Pending
Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 14, 2018 Best Original Score – Feature Film Nicholas Britell Pending
Toronto International Film Festival September 16, 2018 People's Choice Award If Beale Street Could Talk 2nd Place
See also[edit]
List of black films of the 2010s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "If Beale Street Could Talk". Toronto International Film Festival. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Anne (October 10, 2018). "Annapurna's Stunning Shakeup: What the Hell Is Megan Ellison Doing?". IndieWire. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (July 10, 2017). "'Moonlight' Director Barry Jenkins Sets Next Movie (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (August 29, 2017). "Barry Jenkins' New Film Casts 'Shots Fired' Star Stephan James (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 13, 2017). "Barry Jenkins' New Film Finds Lead in Newcomer Kiki Layne (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Teyonah Parris In Talks To Join Barry Jenkins' "Moonlight" Follow-Up "If Beale Street Could Talk" (Exclusive)". The Tracking Board. September 25, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Moonlight' director Barry Jenkins starts work on new movie". Malay Mail Online. October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (October 24, 2017). "Regina King Joins Barry Jenkins' Next Film 'If Beale Street Could Talk'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (October 25, 2017). "Colman Domingo Joins Barry Jenkins' Drama 'If Beale Street Could Talk'". Variety. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (2017-10-30). "'Atlanta' Star Brian Tyree Henry Joins Barry Jenkins' 'If Beale Street Could Talk'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (2017-10-30). "'If Beale Street Could Talk': Dave Franco & Ed Skrein Cast In Barry Jenkins' Film". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (2017-11-04). "Eloise Mumford Joins 'We Are Unsatisfied'; Michael Beach Boards 'If Beale Street Could Talk'; Nickola Shreli In 'Killerman'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (November 6, 2017). "Finn Wittrock & Aunjanue Ellis Cast In 'If Beale Street Could Talk'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Diego Luna Joins Barry Jenkins' Love Story "If Beale Street Could Talk"". November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pedro Pascal Joins Barry Jenkins' 'If Beale Street Could Talk'; Ashlie Atkinson Cast In 'Black Klansman'". December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (December 11, 2017). "Emily Rios Joins 'If Beale Street Could Talk'; Craig Di Francia Cast In 'Green Book'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nicholas Britell to Score Barry Jenkins "If Beale Street Could Talk"". FilmMusicReporter. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (July 24, 2018). "Toronto: Timothee Chalamet Starrer 'Beautiful Boy,' Dan Fogelman's 'Life Itself' Among Festival Lineup". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "If Beale Street Could Talk". New York Film Festival. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (August 7, 2018). "Elisabeth Moss Punk Rock Drama 'Her Smell' to Screen at New York Film Fest". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sharf, Zack (August 2, 2018). "'If Beale Street Could Talk' First Trailer: Oscar Winner Barry Jenkins Returns After 'Moonlight' Breakout". IndieWire. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "If Beale Street Could Talk (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "If Beale Street Could Talk reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Eric (September 10, 2018). "'If Beale Street Could Talk' Review: Barry Jenkins Turns James Baldwin Novel Into a Masterful Poetic Romance — TIFF". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Adlakha, Siddhant (October 10, 2018). "Unbow Your Head, Sister: Exploring the Beauty of 'If Beale Street Could Talk' [NYFF]". /Film. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
External links[edit]
If Beale Street Could Talk on IMDb
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Brad Pitt
Awards and nominations
Filmography
Films produced
The Departed (2006)
Running with Scissors (2006)
A Mighty Heart (2007)
The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007)
Kick-Ass (2010)
Eat Pray Love (2010)
The Tree of Life (2011)
Moneyball (2011)
Killing Them Softly (2012)
World War Z (2013)
Kick-Ass 2 (2013)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
By the Sea (2015)
The Big Short (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
The Lost City of Z (2016)
War Machine (2017)
Brad's Status (2017)
Beautiful Boy (2018)
If Beale Street Could Talk (2018)
Vice (2018)
Ad Astra (2019)
The King (2019)
The Last Black Man in San Francisco (TBA)
Untitled Miranda July project (TBA)
Related articles
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Douglas Pitt
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Google Street View
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Google Street View
A road junction in Manchester, England, showing nine different angles
Initial release
May 25, 2007; 10 years ago (2007-05-25)
Stable release
Release 224 (see list) / July 27, 2017; 49 days ago (2017-07-27)
Available in
Multiple languages
Website
Google Street View
Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides panoramic views from positions along many streets in the world. It was launched in 2007 in several cities in the United States, and has since expanded to include cities and rural areas worldwide. Streets with Street View imagery available are shown as blue lines on Google Maps.
Google Street View displays panoramas of stitched images. Most photography is done by car, but some is done by trekker, tricycle, walking, boat, snowmobile, and underwater apparatus.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and features
2 Implementation
3 Data capturing equipment
4 Pegman
5 Privacy concerns
6 Third-party use of images
7 Coverage
8 Gallery
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History and features
Street View had its inception in 2001 with The Stanford CityBlock Project, a Google-sponsored Stanford University research project. The project ended in June 2006, and its technology was folded into StreetView.[1]
2007: Launched on May 25 in the United States using Immersive Media technology.
2008: In May Google announces that it was testing face-blurring technology on its photos of the busy streets of Manhattan.[2] The technology uses a computer algorithm to search Google's image database for faces and blurs them.[3] Street View integrated into Google Earth 4.3, the Maps application on the Apple iPhone, and the Maps application for S60 3rd Edition. In November, the drag and drop Pegman icon is introduced as the primary user interface element for connecting from Maps's 2D view into Street View's 3D view. When Pegman is dropped onto a particular set of coordinates in Google Maps for which Street View data is available, Street View opens and takes over the whole map window.
2009: Introduction of full-screen option. Smart Navigation introduced allowing users to navigate around the panoramas by double-clicking with their cursor on any place or object they want to see.[4]
2010: Indoor views of businesses available.[5] Google invites users to contribute panoramas of their own using gadgets with Android 4.2. Google highlights user-contributed panoramas with blue circle icons on Maps. The company also created a website to highlight places in the world where one can find them.[6]
2013: Business interior views are shown as small orange circles. Businesses such as shops, cafés and other premises can pay a photographer to take panoramic images of the interior of their premises which are then included in Street View.[7] Google sets up program to let third parties borrow the Street View Trekker (a backpack mounted camera) and contribute imagery to Google Maps.[8]
2014: Street-level imagery from the past can now be seen, if available for a given street view.[9]
2015: A partnership was announced between Street View and the environmental monitoring company Aclima. Cars began carrying sensors to detect pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter.[10] In October, support for Google Cardboard was announced allowing users to explore street view in 360 degree virtual reality.[11]
2017: Imagery inside the International Space Station is added to Street View.
2017: Starting in August, Google allows users to create their own street view-like blue paths, for the connected photospheres that are sufficiently close to one another.
2017: On September 5, Google announced that they are improving the quality of the street view panoramic photo revamping its mapping vehicles with all-new high resolution camera systems and AI to capture even better imagery. The new Google cars have been seen in various American cities since March 2017 as well as in Japan since August.[12][13][14][15][16]The first images taken with the new generation of cameras were available online on September 14.[17]
Implementation
Street View is available as a component of Google Maps, as a web application, and as a mobile application for Android and iOS. Originally, Google Maps used Adobe Flash for Street View.[18] Google overhauled Google Maps in 2013. The newer version uses JavaScript extensively and provides a JavaScript application programming interface.[19] At the time of their release, the new Google Maps and Street View are measured slower than the old version in various setups.[20][21] A user can switch to the old version of Google Maps, which is especially useful when Google Maps is more sluggish than usual.[22][23]
Data capturing equipment
The Google street View car in Japan
A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on the Google campus in Mountain View, California in October 2010
A Google car captures itself in a street mirror in Nagiso, Nagano, Japan
Cameras: Street View imagery has come from several generations of camera systems developed in-house.[24] The cameras contain no mechanical parts, including the shutter, instead using CMOS sensors and an electronic rolling shutter. Widely deployed versions are:
R2: the earliest photos were captured with a ring of eight 11-megapixel CCD sensors with commercial photographic wide-angle lenses.
R5: uses a ring of eight 5-megapixel CMOS sensors with custom low-flare lenses, plus a fisheye lens on top to capture upper levels of buildings.
R7: uses 15 of the same sensors and lenses as R5, but no fish-eye.
2017: uses 8 20MP cameras. Includes two facing left and right to read street signs and business names.[25]
Positioning: recorded photographs must be associated with accurate positioning. This is done via a Global Positioning System, wheel speed sensor, and inertial navigation sensor data.[24]
Laser range scanners from Sick AG for the measuring of up to 50 meters 180° in the front of the vehicle.[26] These are used for recording the actual dimensions of the space being photographed.
LIDAR scanners from Velodyne were added in the 2017 update. Mounted at 45° to capture 3D depth information, and used for additional positional information.[25]
Vehicles: data recording equipment is usually mounted on the roof of a car. A Trike (tricycle) was developed to record pedestrian routes including Stonehenge, and other UNESCO World Heritage sites. In 2010 a snowmobile-based system captured the 2010 Winter Olympics sites.[24] Trolleys have been used to shoot the insides of museums, and in Venice the narrow roads were photographed with backpack-mounted cameras, and canals were photographed from boats.[27]
A portable back-pack Google Trekker is used in outdoor terrain. For instance, the six main paths up Snowdon were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015.[28]
Pegman
As noted above, the drag-and-drop Pegman icon is the primary user interface element used by Google to connect Maps to Street View. His name comes from his resemblance to a clothespeg. When not in use, Pegman sits atop the Google Maps zoom controls. Occasionally Pegman "dresses up" for special events or is joined by peg friends in Google Maps. When dragged into Street View near Area 51, he becomes a flying saucer. When viewing older views, the Pegman in the minimap changes to Doc Brown from Back to the Future.[citation needed]
Pegman has occasionally appeared as a costumed character at Google events, such as the launch of Street View in France in 2008.[citation needed]
Privacy concerns
A Street View car parked at a Subaru Service Center in Jersey City, New Jersey
Main article: Google Street View privacy concerns
Google Street View will blur houses for any user who makes a request, in addition to the automatic blurring of faces and licence plates.[29] Privacy advocates have objected to the Google Street View, pointing to views found to show men leaving strip clubs, protesters at an abortion clinic, sunbathers in bikinis, and people engaging in activities visible from public property in which they do not wish to be seen publicly.[30] Another concern is the height of the cameras, and in at least two countries, Japan[31] and Switzerland,[32] Google has had to lower the height of its cameras so as to not peer over fences and hedges. The service also allows users themselves to flag inappropriate or sensitive imagery for Google to review and remove.[33] Police Scotland received an apology for wasting police time in 2014 from a local business owner in Edinburgh who in 2012 had staged a fake murder for the Google camera car by lying in the road "while his colleague stood over him with a pickaxe handle".[34] In May 2010, it was revealed that Google had collected and stored payload data from unencrypted Wi-Fi connections as part of Street View.[35] German authorities are considering legal action while the Foreign Minister said "I will do all I can to prevent it." Australian police have also been ordered to investigate.[36]
The concerns have led to Google not providing or suspending the service in countries around the world.
Austria: Google Street View was banned in Austria because Google was found to collect Wifi data unauthorized in 2010. After the ban was lifted rules were set up for how Street View can operate legally in Austria. Google has yet to resume service. Officially it welcomed the new guidelines but has ruled out operating under them. As of 2016 Google Street View is still unavailable.[37]
Australia: In 2010, Google Street View ceased operations in Australia, following months of investigations from Australian authorities.[38] However, this cessation has since ended, with Google announcing plans to continue production on May 4, 2011[39] and subsequently releasing updated Street View imagery for Australian towns and cities on July 27, 2011.[40]
Germany: In 2011, after having put online the pictures of the 20 largest cities, Google stopped taking Street View images in Germany.[41]
India: In 2011, Google stopped taking street images in India, after receiving a letter from police authorities in Bangalore.[42]
Canada: Street View cars had been spotted as early as September 2007, in Montréal, though service for Canada was delayed while attempting to settle with the Canadian government over its privacy laws. Privacy and town beauty concerns were dealt with and Street View is available in Montréal and other Canadian cities (as of 2016).[citation needed]
Third-party use of images
Fine-art photographers have selected images for use in their own work.[43] Although the images may be pixelated, the colours muddy, and the perspective warped, the photographs have been published in book form and exhibited in art galleries, such as the work of Jon Rafman at the Saatchi Gallery, London.[44] In his personal appreciation of Street View material, Rafman sees images which evoke the "gritty urban life" depicted in American street photography and the images commissioned by the Farm Security Administration. He also invokes the "decisive moment" esthetic of Henri Cartier-Bresson "as if I were a photojournalist responding instantaneously to an emerging event".[45]
Michael Wolf won an honourable mention in Daily Life in the 2011 World Press Photo competition for some of his work using Google Street View.[46]
Mishka Henner was short-listed for the 2013 Deutsche Börse Photography Prize in November 2012 for his series 'No Man's Land', which depicts sex workers at rural roadside locations.[47]
Swedish programmer Anton Wallén developed a game called GeoGuessr, which places players into a Google Street View and has them guess its location.[48]
Coverage
Countries and dependencies with mostly full coverage
Countries and dependencies with partial coverage
Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned (official)
Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned (unofficial)
Countries and dependencies with views of selected businesses and/or tourist attractions only
Countries and dependencies with views of private businesses only
Countries and dependencies with no current or planned coverage
Main article: Coverage of Google Street View
In June 2012, Google announced that it has captured 20 petabytes of data for Street View, comprising photos taken along 5 million miles of roads, covering 39 countries and about 3,000 cities.[49] Coverage includes much of North and South America, from Cambridge Bay, Nunavut to Half Moon Island in the South Shetland Islands.[50] Maps also include panoramic views taken under water such as in West Nusa Tenggara underwater coral, in the Grand Canyon, inside museums, and Liwa Desert in United Arab Emirates which are viewed from camelback.[51] In a ten-day trek with Apa Sherpa, Google documented Khumbu, Nepal with its Mount Everest, Sherpa communities, monasteries and schools.[52]
Google also added landmarks in Egypt, including the Pyramids of Giza, Cairo Citadel, Saqqara, Monastery of Saint Mina, and the Citadel of Qaitbay in the 9 September 2014 release.
Many places still have limited or no coverage, including:
The Caribbean except Puerto Rico, limited coverage in the United States Virgin Islands, and some touristic places in Martinique: Boucle d'Absalon, Habitation Clément and the south-western coast of Sainte-Anne
Central America except Guatemala
French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname and Venezuela in South America
Africa except Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Nigeria, Réunion, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda and some city views in Madagascar
Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova and much of Germany in Europe
Asia except Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, much of Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia and Russia
The Middle East except Israel, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates
The South Pacific, except American Samoa, Australia, New Zealand and Pitcairn Islands (Pitcairn and Henderson Island)
Gallery
Street View camera showcased on campus
Google Street View camera mounted on a "trike", on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California
The cameras of this Google Street View car are mounted on the roof rack. The power and data cables are fed into the car through the right rear passenger window.
Google Trike in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, August 2012
Chevrolet Captiva Street View in Patagonia, Argentina, February 2014
See also
List of street view services
Aspen Movie Map (oldest project of this type)
Route inspection problem (algorithmic problem related to the planning of Street View car routes)
Historypin: a user-generated archive of historical photos, videos, audio recordings and personal recollections.
VR photography
References
Jump up ^ "The Stanford CityBlock Project: multi-perspective panoramas of city blocks". Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Frome, Andrea. "Google's LatLong Blog". Google-latlong.blogspot.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "CNet article "Google begins blurring faces in Street View"". News.cnet.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "PC World article "Google Street View Gets Smart Navigation"". Pcworld.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "An easier way to find panoramic interior imagery in Google Maps". Google-latlong.blogspot.co.il. 2012-09-18. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Contribuiți – Street View – Hărţi Google". Google. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith, Mark (2013-05-03). "Google Street View gets peek inside Sheffield university buildings | Technology | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Treks". Google. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Google introduces 'time machine' feature in Street View". The Guardian. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Gershgorn, Dave (30 July 2015). "Google Will Start Mapping Pollution The Same Way They Map Streets". Popular Science. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lopez, Napier (12 Oct 2015). "Google Street View adds virtual reality support". NextWeb.
Jump up ^ https://www.wired.com/story/googles-new-street-view-cameras-will-help-algorithms-index-the-real-world/
Jump up ^ https://thenextweb.com/google/2017/09/06/google-is-improving-street-view-with-better-cameras-and-ai/#.tnw_XDs2K22W
Jump up ^ https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/05/googles-street-view-cameras-get-a-high-res-update-focused-on-ai/
Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BYE-3xXAKX5/?taken-at=347101374
Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BRt9bUblkec/?tagged=googlecar
Jump up ^ https://goo.gl/maps/2Beij3eFcz42
Jump up ^ Arthur, Charles (20 March 2009). "Where the Streets All Have Google's Name". The Guardian.com (US ed.).
Jump up ^ "Street View Service". Google Developers. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ The new Street View on Google Maps is very slow (Google Maps Help Forum, 26 February 2014)
Jump up ^ Tired of new, slow Google Maps? This is how you can switch to the old version! (Geoawesomeness, June 12, 2014)
Jump up ^ "Switch back to the classic version of Maps". Google. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Switching Back to the Old Google Maps (Netvantage Marketing, 2 January 2014)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Google Street View: Capturing the world at street level". Computer. 43 (6): 32–38. June 2010. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.170. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Amadeo, Ron (6 September 2017). "Google’s Street View cars are now giant, mobile 3D scanners". Ars Technica. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Cummins, Mark. "Google Street View – Soon in 3D?". Educating Silicon. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Google Street View takes Venice by foot". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Crump, Eryl (11 December 2015). "Take a tour of Snowdonia - with Google Street View". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mansion Map: a guide to rich people's houses, until Google blurs them out". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Calum (June 4, 2007). "Google's Street View site raises alarm over privacy". The Herald. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wenkart, Michael (2014-04-10). You are the target !: Or do you believe your government is always watching the others?. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 171. ISBN 9783735793553. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Kevin (2012-06-08). "Swiss Court Orders Modifications to Google Street View". New York Times. New York, NY. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
Jump up ^ Mills, Elinor (June 3, 2007). "Google's street-level maps raising privacy concerns". USA Today. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Garage owner fakes Google 'murder' in Edinburgh street". BBC News. June 2, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Google admits it sniffed out people's data". TechEye. May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Google accused of criminal intent over StreetView data". BBC Online. June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.kleinezeitung.at/lebensart/multimedia/4180750/Datenschutz_Kein-Google-Street-View-fur-Osterreich
Jump up ^ "Google street view cars no longer operational in Australia – Computer world.com – November 9, 2010". Computer world.com. October 29, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Eustace, Alan. "Privacy Impact Assessment for Street View in Australia". Google Inc. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Foster, Andrew. "Updates to Street View in Australia". Google Inc. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ McCracken, Harry (April 11, 2011). "Alas, There Will Be No More Google Street View in Germany". Techland.time.com. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "India IT hub orders Google to suspend Street View service – International Business Times". Hken.ibtimes.com. June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rickard, Doug (2010). A New American Picture. Köln: White Press. OCLC 727797183.
Jump up ^ "The street views Google wasn't expecting you to see – in pictures". The Guardian. London. February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jon Rafman, The Nine Eyes of Google Street View, Introduction, Jean Boîte Editions, 2011. ISBN 978-2-36568-001-1.
Jump up ^ Laurent, Olivier (February 11, 2011). "World Press Photo: Is Google Street View Photojournalism?". British Journal of Photography.
Jump up ^ "Deutsche Börse Photography Prize" Archived June 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 15 March 2013
Jump up ^ Hartnett, Kevin (May 17, 2013). "If dropped randomly on earth, would you know where you were?". The Boston Globe. Boston. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Farber, Dan. "Google takes Street View off-road with backpack rig". CNET. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – Google Street View hits Antarctic". BBC. October 1, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Adi Kurniawan (October 9, 2014). "Pakai Unta, Google Petakan Padang Pasir".
Jump up ^ Apa Sherpa. "Growing up in the shadow of Everest". Retrieved March 12, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Street View.
Official website
Map of Google Street View coverage
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