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The Sound of Music
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This article is about the stage musical. For the film, see The Sound of Music (film). For other uses, see The Sound of Music (disambiguation).
The Sound of Music
Original Broadway poster (1959)
Music
Richard Rodgers
Lyrics
Oscar Hammerstein II
Book
Howard Lindsay
Russel Crouse
Basis
1956 German film Die Trapp-Familie and Maria von Trapp's autobiography The Story of the Trapp Family Singers
Productions
1959 Broadway
1961 West End
1965 Film
International productions
1981 West End revival
1998 Broadway revival
2006 West End revival
2009–11 UK Tour
2013 Television
2015–16 US Tour
2015–16 UK Tour
The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. It is based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers. Set in Austria on the eve of the Anschluss in 1938, the musical tells the story of Maria, who takes a job as governess to a large family while she decides whether to become a nun. She falls in love with the children, and eventually their widowed father, Captain von Trapp. He is ordered to accept a commission in the German navy, but he opposes the Nazis. He and Maria decide on a plan to flee Austria with the children. Many songs from the musical have become standards, such as "Edelweiss", "My Favorite Things", "Climb Ev'ry Mountain", "Do-Re-Mi", and the title song "The Sound of Music".
The original Broadway production, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel, opened in 1959[1] and won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical, out of nine nominations. The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961. The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then. It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, which won five Academy Awards. The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Oscar Hammerstein died of cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Story
2.1 Act I
2.2 Act II
3 Musical numbers
4 Characters
5 Productions
5.1 Original productions
5.2 1981 London revival
5.3 1998 Broadway revival
5.4 2006 London revival
5.5 Other notable productions
6 Film adaptation
7 Television adaptations
8 Reception
9 Cast recordings
10 Awards and nominations
10.1 Original Broadway production
10.2 1998 Broadway Revival
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
After viewing The Trapp Family, a 1956 West German film about the von Trapp family, and its 1958 sequel (Die Trapp-Familie in Amerika), stage director Vincent J. Donehue thought that the project would be perfect for his friend Mary Martin; Broadway producers Leland Hayward and Richard Halliday (Martin's husband) agreed.[2] The producers originally envisioned a non-musical play that would be written by Lindsay and Crouse and that would feature songs from the repertoire of the Trapp Family Singers. Then they decided to add an original song or two, perhaps by Rodgers and Hammerstein. But it was soon agreed that the project should feature all new songs and be a musical rather than a play.[3]
Details of the history of the von Trapp family were altered for the musical. The real Georg von Trapp did live with his family in a villa in Aigen, a suburb of Salzburg. He wrote to the Nonnberg Abbey in 1926 asking for a nun to help tutor his sick daughter, and the Mother Abbess sent Maria. His wife had died in 1922. The real Maria and Georg married at the Nonnberg Abbey in 1927. Lindsay and Crouse altered the story so that Maria was governess to all of the children, whose names and ages were changed, as was Maria's original surname (the show used "Rainer" instead of "Kutschera"). The von Trapps spent some years in Austria after Maria and the Captain married and was offered a commission in Germany's navy. Since von Trapp opposed the Nazis by that time, the family left Austria after the Anschluss, going by train to Italy and then traveling on to London and the United States.[4] To make the story more dramatic, Lindsay and Crouse had the family, soon after Maria's and the Captain's wedding, escape over the mountains to Switzerland on foot.
Story[edit]
Act I[edit]
In Salzburg, Austria, just before World War II, nuns from Nonnberg Abbey sing the Dixit Dominus. One of the postulants, Maria Rainer, is on the nearby mountainside, regretting leaving the beautiful hills ("The Sound of Music") where she was brought up. She returns late. The Mother Abbess and the other nuns consider what to do about her ("Maria"). Maria explains her lateness, saying she was raised on that mountain, and apologizes for singing in the garden without permission. The Mother Abbess joins her in song ("My Favorite Things").[5] The Mother Abbess tells her that she should spend some time outside the abbey to decide whether she is ready for the monastic life. She will act as the governess to the seven children of a widower, Austro-Hungarian Navy submarine Captain Georg von Trapp.
Maria arrives at the villa of Captain von Trapp. He explains her duties and summons the children with a boatswain's call. They march in, clad in uniforms. He teaches her their individual signals on the call, but she openly disapproves of this militaristic approach. Alone with them, she breaks through their wariness and teaches them the basics of music ("Do-Re-Mi").
Rolf, a young messenger, delivers a telegram and then meets with the oldest child, Liesl, outside the villa. He claims he knows what is right for her because he is a year older than she ("Sixteen Going on Seventeen"). They kiss, and he runs off, leaving her squealing with joy. Meanwhile, the housekeeper, Frau Schmidt, gives Maria material to make new clothes, as Maria had given all her possessions to the poor. Maria sees Liesl slipping in through the window, wet from a sudden thunderstorm, but agrees to keep her secret. The other children are frightened by the storm. Maria sings "The Lonely Goatherd" to distract them.
Captain von Trapp arrives a month later from Vienna with Baroness Elsa Schräder and Max Detweiler. Elsa tells Max that something is preventing the Captain from marrying her. He opines that only poor people have the time for great romances ("How Can Love Survive"). Rolf enters, looking for Liesl, and greets them with "Heil". The Captain orders him away, saying that he is Austrian, not German. Maria and the children leapfrog in, wearing play-clothes that she made from the old drapes in her room. Infuriated, the Captain sends them off to change. She tells him that they need him to love them, and he angrily orders her back to the abbey. As she apologizes, they hear the children singing "The Sound of Music", which she had taught them, to welcome Elsa Schräder. He joins in and embraces them. Alone with Maria, he asks her to stay, thanking her for bringing music back into his house. Elsa is suspicious of her until she explains that she will be returning to the abbey in September.
The Captain gives a party to introduce Elsa, and guests argue over the Anschluss. Kurt asks Maria to teach him to dance the Ländler. When he fails to negotiate a complicated figure, the Captain steps in to demonstrate. He and Maria dance until they come face-to-face; and she breaks away, embarrassed and confused. Discussing the expected marriage between Elsa and the Captain, Brigitta tells Maria that she thinks Maria and the Captain are really in love with each other. Elsa asks the Captain to allow the children to say goodnight to the guests with a song, "So Long, Farewell". Max is amazed at their talent and wants them for the Kaltzberg Festival, which he is organizing. The guests leave for the dining room, and Maria slips out the front door with her luggage.
At the abbey, Maria says that she is ready to take her monastic vows; but the Mother Abbess realizes that she is running away from her feelings. She tells her to face the Captain and discover if they love each other, and tells her to search for and find the life she was meant to live ("Climb Ev'ry Mountain").
Act II[edit]
Max teaches the children how to sing on stage. When the Captain tries to lead them, they complain that he is not doing it as Maria did. He tells them that he has asked Elsa to marry him. They try to cheer themselves up by singing "My Favorite Things" but are unsuccessful until they hear Maria singing on her way to rejoin them. Learning of the wedding plans, she decides to stay only until the Captain can arrange for another governess. Max and Elsa argue with him about the imminent Anschluss, trying to convince him that it is inevitable ("No Way to Stop It"). When he refuses to compromise, Elsa breaks off the engagement. Alone, the Captain and Maria finally admit their love, desiring only to be "An Ordinary Couple". As they marry, the nuns reprise "Maria" against the wedding processional.
During the honeymoon, Max prepares the children to perform at the Kaltzberg Festival. Herr Zeller, the Gauleiter, demands to know why they are not flying the flag of the Third Reich now that the Anschluss has occurred. The Captain and Maria return early from their honeymoon before the Festival. In view of developments, he refuses to allow the children to sing. Max argues that they would sing for Austria, but the Captain points out that it no longer exists. Maria and Liesl discuss romantic love; Maria predicts that in a few years Liesl will be married ("Sixteen Going on Seventeen (Reprise)"). Rolf enters with a telegram that offers the Captain a commission in the German Navy, and Liesl is upset to discover that Rolf is now a committed Nazi. The Captain consults Maria and decides that they must secretly flee Austria. German Admiral von Schreiber arrives to find out why Captain von Trapp has not answered the telegram. He explains that the German Navy holds him in high regard, offers him the commission, and tells him to report immediately to Bremerhaven to assume command. Maria says that he cannot leave immediately, as they are all singing in the Festival concert; and the Admiral agrees to wait.
At the concert, after the von Trapps sing an elaborate reprise of "Do-Re-Mi", Max brings out the Captain's guitar. Captain von Trapp sings "Edelweiss", as a goodbye to his homeland, while using Austria's national flower as a symbol to declare his loyalty to the country. Max asks for an encore and announces that this is the von Trapp family's last chance to sing together, as the honor guard waits to escort the Captain to his new command. While the judges decide on the prizes, the von Trapps sing "So Long, Farewell", leaving the stage in small groups. Max then announces the runners-up, stalling as much as possible. When he announces that the first prize goes to the von Trapps and they do not appear, the Nazis start a search. The family hides at the Abbey, and Sister Margaretta tells them that the borders have been closed. Rolf comes upon them and calls his lieutenant, but after seeing Liesl he changes his mind and tells him they aren't there. The Nazis leave, and the von Trapps flee over the Alps as the nuns reprise "Climb Ev'ry Mountain".
Musical numbers[edit]
Act I
"Preludium" – Mother Abbess with Nuns
"The Sound of Music" – Maria
"Maria" – Sister Berthe, Sister Sophia, Sister Margaretta, and the Mother Abbess
"My Favorite Things" – Maria and the Mother Abbess
"My Favorite Things" (reprise 1) – Maria
"Do-Re-Mi" – Maria and the children
"Sixteen Going on Seventeen" – Rolf and Liesl
"The Lonely Goatherd" – Maria and the children
"The Lonely Goatherd" (reprise) – Gretl
"How Can Love Survive" – Max and Elsa
"The Sound of Music" (reprise) – Maria, the Captain and the children
"Ländler" (instrumental)
"So Long, Farewell" – The children
"Morning Hymn" – Nuns
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain" – Mother Abbess
Act II
"My Favorite Things" (reprise 2) – Maria and the children
"No Way to Stop It" – Elsa, Max and the Captain
"An Ordinary Couple" – Maria and the Captain †
"Gaudeamus Domino" – Nuns
"Maria" (reprise) – Nuns
"Confitemini Domino" – Nuns
"Sixteen Going on Seventeen" (reprise) – Maria and Liesl
"Do-Re-Mi" (reprise) – Maria, the Captain, and the children ‡
"Edelweiss" – The Captain
"So Long, Farewell" (reprise) – Maria, the Captain, and the children
"Finale Ultimo" (reprise of "Climb Every Mountain") – Nuns
Notes
The musical numbers listed appeared in the original production unless otherwise noted.
† Sometimes replaced by "Something Good", which was written for the film version.
‡ Replaced by "The Lonely Goatherd" in the 1998 revival.
In some productions, "My Favorite Things" follows "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" in the thunderstorm scene, while "The Lonely Goatherd" is shifted to the concert scene.
Many stage revivals have also included "I Have Confidence" and "Something Good", which were written by Richard Rodgers for the film version (since the film was made after original lyricist Oscar Hammerstein's death).
Although many people believe that "Edelweiss" is a traditional Austrian song, it was written for the musical and did not become known in Austria until after the film's success.[6]
The Ländler dance performed by Maria and the Captain during the party is only loosely based on the traditional Austrian dance of the same name.[7]
Characters[edit]
Sources: IBDB and Guidetomusicaltheatre.com[8]
Maria Rainer, a postulant at Nonnberg Abbey
Captain Georg von Trapp
Max Detweiler, Captain von Trapp's friend, a music agent and producer
The Mother Abbess, the head of Nonnberg Abbey
Baroness Elsa Schräder[9] "wealthy and sophisticated" and Captain von Trapp's would-be fiancée
Rolf Gruber, the 17-year-old Nazi delivery boy who is in love with Liesl
Sister Bertha, the Mistress of Novices
Sister Margareta, the Mistress of Postulants
Sister Sophia, a sister at the Abbey
Herr Zeller, the Gauleiter
Franz, Captain von Trapp's butler
Frau Schmidt, Captain von Trapp's housekeeper
The Children:
Liesl von Trapp, age 16
Friedrich von Trapp, age 14
Louisa von Trapp, age 13
Kurt von Trapp, age 11
Brigitta von Trapp, age 10
Marta von Trapp, age 7
Gretl von Trapp, age 5
Ensemble includes nuns, high-society neighbors of Captain von Trapp who attend the ball thrown in Elsa's honor, Nazi soldiers and contestants in the festival concert
Productions[edit]
Original productions[edit]
Mary Martin and children in a publicity photo, 1959
The Sound of Music opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on November 6, 1962, and closed on June 15, 1963, after 1,443 performances. The director was Vincent J. Donehue, and the choreographer was Joe Layton. The original cast included Mary Martin (at age 46) as Maria, Theodore Bikel as Captain Georg von Trapp, Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess, Kurt Kasznar as Max Detweiler, Marion Marlowe as Elsa Schräder, Brian Davies as Rolf and Lauri Peters as Liesl. Sopranos Patricia Brooks and June Card were ensemble members in the original production. The show tied for the Tony Award for Best Musical with Fiorello!. Other awards included Martin for Best Actress in a Musical, Neway for Best Featured Actress, Best Scenic Design (Oliver Smith) and Best Conductor And Musical Director (Frederick Dvonch). Bikel and Kasznar were nominated for acting awards, and Donehue was nominated for his direction. The entire children's cast was nominated for Best Featured Actress category as a single nominee, even though two of the children were boys.[10]
Martha Wright replaced Martin in the role of Maria on Broadway in October 1961, followed by Karen Gantz in July 1962, Jeannie Carson in August 1962[11] and Nancy Dussault in September 1962. Jon Voight, who eventually married co-star Lauri Peters, was a replacement for Rolf. The national tour starred Florence Henderson as Maria and Beatrice Krebs as Mother Abbess. It opened at the Grand Riviera Theater, Detroit, on February 27, 1961, and closed November 23, 1963, at the O'Keefe Centre, Toronto. Henderson was succeeded by Barbara Meister in June 1962. Theodore Bikel was not satisfied playing the role of the Captain, because of the role's limited singing,[citation needed] and Bikel did not like to play the same role over and over again. In his autobiography, he writes: "I promised myself then that if I could afford it, I would never do a run as long as that again."[12] The original Broadway cast album sold three million copies.
The musical premiered in London's West End at the Palace Theatre on May 18, 1961, and ran for 2,385 performances. It was directed by Jerome Whyte and used the original New York choreography, supervised by Joe Layton, and the original sets designed by Oliver Smith. The cast included Jean Bayless as Maria, followed by Sonia Rees, Roger Dann as Captain von Trapp, Constance Shacklock as Mother Abbess, Eunice Gayson as Elsa Schrader, Harold Kasket as Max Detweiler, Barbara Brown as Liesl, Nicholas Bennett as Rolf and Olive Gilbert as Sister Margaretta.[13]
1981 London revival[edit]
In 1981, at producer Ross Taylor's urging, Petula Clark agreed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London's West End. Michael Jayston played Captain von Trapp, Honor Blackman was the Baroness and June Bronhill the Mother Abbess. Other notable cast members included Helen Anker, John Bennett and Martina Grant.[14] Despite her misgivings that, at age 49, she was too old to play the role convincingly, Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time. Maria von Trapp, who attended the opening night performance, described Clark as "the best" Maria ever. Clark extended her initial six-month contract to thirteen months. Playing to 101 percent of seating capacity, the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week (October 26–31, 1981) of any British musical production in history (as recorded in The Guinness Book of Theatre).[15] It was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs ("Something Good" and "I Have Confidence") that Richard Rodgers composed for the film version.[16] "My Favorite Things" had a similar context to the film version, while the short verse "A Bell is No Bell" was extended into a full-length song for Maria and the Mother Abbess. "The Lonely Goatherd" was set in a new scene at a village fair.
The cast recording of this production was the first to be recorded digitally. It was released on CD for the first time in 2010 by the UK label Pet Sounds and included two bonus tracks from the original single issued by Epic to promote the production.
1998 Broadway revival[edit]
Director Susan H. Schulman staged the first Broadway revival of The Sound of Music, with Rebecca Luker as Maria and Michael Siberry as Captain von Trapp. It also featured Patti Cohenour as Mother Abbess, Jan Maxwell as Elsa Schrader, Fred Applegate as Max Detweiler, Dashiell Eaves as Rolf, Patricia Conolly as Frau Schmidt and Laura Benanti, in her Broadway debut, as Luker's understudy. Later, Luker and Siberry were replaced by Richard Chamberlain as the Captain and Benanti as Maria. Lou Taylor Pucci made his Broadway debut as the understudy for Kurt von Trapp. The production opened on March 12, 1998, at the Martin Beck Theatre, and closed on June 20, 1999, after 533 performances. This production was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.[17] It then toured in North America.
2006 London revival[edit]
An Andrew Lloyd Webber production opened on November 15, 2006, at the London Palladium and ran until February 2009, produced by Live Nation's David Ian and Jeremy Sams. Following failed negotiations with Hollywood star Scarlett Johansson,[18] the role of Maria was cast through a UK talent search reality TV show called How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria? The talent show was produced by (and starred) Andrew Lloyd Webber and featured presenter/comedian Graham Norton and a judging panel of David Ian, John Barrowman and Zoe Tyler.
Connie Fisher was selected by public voting as the winner of the show. In early 2007, Fisher suffered from a heavy cold that prevented her from performing for two weeks. To prevent further disruptions, an alternate Maria, Aoife Mulholland, a fellow contestant on How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, played Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinee performances. Simon Shepherd was originally cast as Captain von Trapp, but after two preview performances he was withdrawn from the production, and Alexander Hanson moved into the role in time for the official opening date along with Lesley Garrett as the Mother Abbess. After Garrett left, Margaret Preece took the role. The cast also featured Lauren Ward as the Baroness, Ian Gelder as Max, Sophie Bould as Liesl, and Neil McDermott as Rolf. Other notable replacements have included Simon Burke and Simon MacCorkindale as the Captain and newcomer Amy Lennox as Liesl. Summer Strallen replaced Fisher in February 2008, [19] with Mulholland portraying Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinees.[20]
The revival received enthusiastic reviews, especially for Fisher, Preece, Bould and Garrett. A cast recording of the London Palladium cast was released.[21] The production closed on February 21, 2009, after a run of over two years[22] and was followed by a UK national tour, described below.
Other notable productions[edit]
1960s to 2000
The first Australian production opened at Melbourne's Princess Theatre in 1961 and ran for three years. The production was directed by Charles Hickman, with musical numbers staged by Ernest Parham. The cast included June Bronhill as Maria, Peter Graves as Captain von Trapp and Rosina Raisbeck as Mother Abbess. A touring company then played for years, with Vanessa Lee (Graves' wife) in the role of Maria. The cast recording made in 1961 was the first time a major overseas production featuring Australian artists was transferred to disc.[citation needed]
A Puerto Rican production, performed in English, opened at the Tapia Theatre in San Juan under the direction of Pablo Cabrera in 1966. It starred Camille Carrión as María and Raúl Dávila as Captain Von Trapp, and it featured a young Johanna Rosaly as Liesl. In 1968, the production transferred to the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid, Spain, where it was performed in Spanish with Carrión reprising the role of María, Alfredo Mayo as Captain Von Trapp and Roberto Rey as Max.[citation needed]
In 1988, the Moon Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall (Takarazuka, Hyōgo). Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka starred.[23] A 1990 New York City Opera production, directed by Oscar Hammerstein II's son, James, featured Debby Boone as Maria, Laurence Guittard as Captain von Trapp, and Werner Klemperer as Max.[24] In the 1993 Stockholm production, Carola Häggkvist played Maria and Tommy Körberg played Captain von Trapp.[citation needed]
An Australian revival played in the Lyric Theatre, Sydney, New South Wales, from November 1999 to February 2000. Lisa McCune played Maria, John Waters was Captain von Trapp, Bert Newton was Max, Eilene Hannan was Mother Abbess, and Rachel Marley was Marta. This production was based on the 1998 Broadway revival staging.[25] The production then toured until February 2001, in Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Rachael Beck took over as Maria in Perth and Adelaide, and Rob Guest took over as Captain von Trapp in Perth.[26][27][28][29]
21st century
An Austrian production premiered in 2005 at the Volksoper Wien in German. It was directed and choreographed by Renaud Doucet. The cast included Sandra Pires as Maria, Kurt Schreibmayer and Michael Kraus as von Trapp, with Heidi Brunner as Mother Abbess. As of 2012, the production was still in the repertoire of the Volksoper with 12–20 performances per season.[30][31][32]
The Salzburg Marionette Theatre has toured extensively with their version that features the recorded voices of Broadway singers such as Christiane Noll as Maria.[33] The tour began in Dallas, Texas, in 2007[34] and continued in Salzburg in 2008.[35] The director is Richard Hamburger.[36] In 2010, the production was given in Paris, France, with dialogue in French and the songs in English.[citation needed] In 2008, a Brazilian production with Kiara Sasso as Maria and Herson Capri as the Captain played in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo,[37] and a Dutch production was mounted with Wieneke Remmers as Maria, directed by John Yost.[38]
Andrew Lloyd Webber, David Ian and David Mirvish presented The Sound of Music at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto from 2008 to 2010. The role of Maria was chosen by the public through a television show, How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?, which was produced by Lloyd Webber and Ian and aired in mid-2008. Elicia MacKenzie won[39] and played the role six times a week, while the runner-up in the TV show, Janna Polzin, played Maria twice a week.[40] Captain von Trapp was played by Burke Moses. The show ran for more than 500 performances. It was Toronto's longest running revival ever.[41]
A UK tour began in 2009 and visited more than two dozen cities before ending in 2011. The original cast included Connie Fisher as Maria, Michael Praed as Captain von Trapp and Margaret Preece as the Mother Abbess. Kirsty Malpass was the alternate Maria.[42] Jason Donovan assumed the role of Captain Von Trapp, and Verity Rushworth took over as Maria, in early 2011. Lesley Garrett reprised her role as Mother Abbess for the tour's final engagement in Wimbledon in October 2011.
A production ran at the Ópera-Citi theater in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2011. The cast included Laura Conforte as Maria and Diego Ramos as Captain Von Trapp.[43][44] A Spanish national tour began in November 2011 at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The tour visited 29 Spanish cities, spending one year in Madrid's Gran Vía at the Teatro Coliseum, and one season at the Tívoli Theatre in Barcelona. It was directed by Jaime Azpilicueta and starred Silvia Luchetti as Maria and Carlos J. Benito as Captain Von Trapp.[45]
A production was mounted at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park from July to September 2013.[46][47] It starred Charlotte Wakefield as Maria, with Michael Xavier as Captain von Trapp and Caroline Keiff as Elsa.[46] It received enthusiastic reviews and became the highest-grossing production ever at the theatre.[46] In 2014, the show was nominated for Best Musical Revival at the Laurence Olivier Awards and Wakefield was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical.[48]
A brief South Korean production played in 2014,[49] as did a South African production at the Artscape in Cape Town and at the Teatro at Montecasino based on Lloyd Webber and Ian’s London Palladium production.[citation needed] The same year, a Spanish language translation opened at Teatro de la Universidad in San Juan, under the direction of Edgar García. It starred Lourdes Robles as Maria and Braulio Castillo as Captain Von Trapp, with Dagmar as Elsa.[50] A production (in Thai: มนต์รักเพลงสวรรค์) ran at Muangthai ratchadalai Theatre, Bangkok, Thailand, in April 2015 in the Thai language. The production replaced the song "Ordinary couple" with "Something Good".[51][52][53]
A North American tour, directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Danny Mefford, began at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in September 2015. The tour is scheduled to run until at least July 2017.[54] Kerstin Anderson plays Maria, with Ben Davis as Capt. von Trapp and Ashley Brown as Mother Abess. The production has received warm reviews.[55]
A UK tour produced by Bill Kenwright began in 2015 and toured into 2016. It was directed by Martin Connor and starred Lucy O'Byrne as Maria.[56][57] A 2016 Australian tour of the Lloyd Webber production, directed by Sams, included stops in Sydney,[58] Brisbane, Melbourne and Adelaide. The cast included Cameron Daddo as Captain Von Trapp, Marina Prior as Baroness Schraeder and Lorraine Bayly as Frau Schmidt. The choreographer was Arlene Phillips.[59]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: The Sound of Music (film)
On March 2, 1965, 20th Century Fox released a film adaption of the musical starring Julie Andrews as Maria Rainer and Christopher Plummer as Captain Georg von Trapp. It was produced and directed by Robert Wise with the screenplay adaption written by Ernest Lehman. Two songs were written by Rodgers specifically for the film, "I Have Confidence" and "Something Good". The film won five Oscars at the 38th Academy Awards, including Best Picture.
Television adaptations[edit]
Main article: The Sound of Music Live!
A live televised production of the musical aired twice in December 2013 on NBC.[60] It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller and Rob Ashford.[61] Carrie Underwood starred as Maria Rainer, with Stephen Moyer as Captain von Trapp, Christian Borle as Max, Laura Benanti as Elsa, and Audra McDonald as the Mother Abbess.[62] The production was released on DVD the same month.[63]
A new version of the musical was broadcast live on ITV in the UK on December 20, 2015. It starred Kara Tointon as Maria, Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp, Katherine Kelly as Baroness Schraeder and Alexander Armstrong as Max.[64]
Reception[edit]
Most reviews of the original Broadway production were favorable. Richard Watts, Jr. of the New York Post stated that the show had "strangely gentle charm that is wonderfully endearing. The Sound of Music strives for nothing in the way of smash effects, substituting instead a kind of gracious and unpretentious simplicity."[65] The New York World-Telegram and Sun pronounced The Sound of Music "the loveliest musical imaginable. It places Rodgers and Hammerstein back in top form as melodist and lyricist. The Lindsay-Crouse dialogue is vibrant and amusing in a plot that rises to genuine excitement."[65] The New York Journal American's review opined that The Sound of Music is "the most mature product of the team ... it seemed to me to be the full ripening of these two extraordinary talents".[65]
Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times gave a mixed assessment. He praised Mary Martin's performance, saying "she still has the same common touch ... same sharp features, goodwill, and glowing personality that makes music sound intimate and familiar" and stated that "the best of the Sound of Music is Rodgers and Hammerstein in good form". However, he said, the libretto "has the hackneyed look of the musical theatre replaced with Oklahoma! in 1943. It is disappointing to see the American musical stage succumbing to the clichés of operetta."[65] Walter Kerr's review in the New York Herald Tribune was unfavorable: "Before The Sound of Music is halfway through its promising chores it becomes not only too sweet for words but almost too sweet for music", stating that the "evening suffer(s) from little children".[65]
Cast recordings[edit]
Columbia Masterworks recorded the original Broadway cast album a week after the show's 1959 opening. The album was the label's first deluxe package in a gatefold jacket, priced $1 higher than previous cast albums. It was #1 on Billboard's best-selling albums chart for 16 weeks in 1960.[66] It was released on CD from Sony in the Columbia Broadway Masterworks series.[67] In 1959, singer Patti Page recorded the title song from the show for Mercury Records[68] on the day that the musical opened on Broadway. Since it was recorded a week before the original Broadway cast album, Page was the first artist to record any song from the musical. She featured the song on her TV show, The Patti Page Olds Show, helping to popularize the musical.[citation needed] The 1960 London production was recorded by EMI and was issued on CD on the Broadway Angel Label.[69]
The 1965 film soundtrack was released by RCA Victor and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history, having sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[70][71] Recent CD editions incorporate musical material from the film that would not fit on the original LP. The label has also issued the soundtrack in German, Italian, Spanish and French editions.[citation needed] RCA Victor also released an album of the 1998 Broadway revival produced by Hallmark Entertainment and featuring the full revival cast, including Rebecca Luker, Michael Siberry, Jan Maxwell and Fred Applegate.[72] The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music, with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel (1987). The lead roles went to opera stars: Frederica von Stade as Maria, Håkan Hagegård as Captain von Trapp, and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess.[16] The recording "includes both the two new songs written for the film version and the three Broadway songs they replace, as well as a previously unrecorded verse of "An Ordinary Couple"".[73] The 2006 London revival was recorded and has been released on the Decca Broadway label.[74] There have been numerous studio cast albums and foreign cast albums issued, though many have only received regional distribution. According to the cast album database, there are 62 recordings of the score that have been issued over the years.[75]
The soundtrack from the 2013 NBC television production starring Carrie Underwood and Stephen Moyer was released on CD and digital download in December 2013 on the Sony Masterworks label. Also featured on the album are Audra McDonald, Laura Benanti and Christian Borle.[76]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Original Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1960 Tony Award Best Musical Won
Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Mary Martin Won
Best Featured Actor in a Musical Theodore Bikel Nominated
Kurt Kasznar Nominated
Best Featured Actress in a Musical Patricia Neway Won
Kathy Dunn, Lauri Peters, Mary Susan Locke, Marilyn Rogers, Evanna Lien, William Snowden, and Joseph Stewart Nominated
Best Direction of a Musical Vincent J. Donehue Nominated
Best Conductor and Musical Director Frederick Dvonch Won
Best Scenic Design of a Musical Oliver Smith Won
Theatre World Award Lauri Peters Won
1967 Outer Critics Circle Special Award Constance Towers Won
1998 Broadway Revival[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1998 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Orchestrations Bruce Coughlin Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated
Outstanding Actress in a Musical Rebecca Luker Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Jan Maxwell Nominated
Outstanding Set Design Heidi Ettinger Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Revival Nominated
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sound of Music: The Forgotten Maria". LIFE.com.
Jump up ^ Nolan, 244
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music :: Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization :: Show Details". The Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011. (Show History section)
Jump up ^ Gearin, Joan. Movie vs. Reality: The Real Story of the von Trapp Family, Prologue magazine, Winter 2005, Vol. 37, No. 4, National Archives and Records Administration
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Official Sound of Music London Web Site". Soundofmusiclondon.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Information from the BBC website". Bbc.co.uk. November 16, 1959. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Information from Earthlydelights.com Archived February 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music". Guidetomusicaltheatre.com. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rodgers, Richard; Hammerstein, Oscar (1960). The Sound of Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-88188-050-2. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music Awards", Playbill (vault), retrieved November 14, 2017
Jump up ^ August 1962 PLAYBILL from the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre
Jump up ^ Bikel, Theodore. Theo: The Autobiography of Theodore Bikel, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2002, ISBN 0-299-18284-3, p. Z-17
Jump up ^ Green, Encyclopedia, p. 396
Jump up ^ "Cast list at Broadway World". Broadwayworld.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maslon, p. 150
^ Jump up to: a b Hischak, p. 259
Jump up ^ " 'The sound of Msic' Boadway 1998" Archived October 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. playbillvault.com, accessed October 15, 2015
Jump up ^ Scarlett Johansson – Johansson Snubs Sound Of Music contactmusic.com, July 27, 2006
Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. "Summer Strallen is Maria in London's The Sound of Music Feb.26", Broadwayworld.com, February 4, 2008, accessed November 15, 2017
Jump up ^ "Aoife Mulholland", Thisistheatre.com, 29 April 2015
Jump up ^ Information from Theatre.com Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "So "Long, Farewell": London's Sound of Music Closes Feb. 21". Playbill. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music". takawiki.com. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rockwell, John. "Review/Music; 'Sound of Music' Takes On The Icons of a Heroic Past" The New York Times, March 9, 1990
Jump up ^ Rose, Colin. "Head for the hills; Stage", The Sun Herald (Sydney, Australia), November 14, 1999, Time Out, p. 15
Jump up ^ Critics' Choice, The Australian, April 14, 2000, Features, p. 11
Jump up ^ Barclay, Alison. "Von Trapps' house is full", Herald Sun (Melbourne, Australia), July 7, 2000, p. 89
Jump up ^ Aldred, Debra. "Lisa can sing for her supper of marshmallows", Courier Mail (Queensland, Australia), August 4, 2000, p. 7
Jump up ^ Archdall, Susan. "Rachael's happy to go her own way", The Advertiser, January 1, 2001, p. 77
Jump up ^ "Website of the Volksoper Wien". Volksoper.at. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Official season programmes of the Volksoper Wien, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08
Jump up ^ Lash, Larry L. "The Sound of Music", Variety, March 7, 2005 – March 13, 2005, Legit Reviews; Abroad, p. 57
Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil. "The Hills Are Still Alive, Just Look Past the Strings" Archived December 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times, December 7, 2007
Jump up ^ Review of Dallas opening, November 3, 2007 Archived December 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 2008 schedule of performances Archived July 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Official website of the Salzburg Marionette Theatre's production Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Official website of the Brazilian Production". Archived from the original on June 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Official website of the 2008 Dutch production Archived November 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Lipton, Brian Scott."The Sound of Music to Bow in Toronto in September 2008" Archived December 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Theatermania.com, September 25, 2007
Jump up ^ "Turns out Janna's a 'Maria' after all". The Star. Toronto. August 14, 2008. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. "The Sound of Music Ends Run at The Princess of Wales Theatre January 10" Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Broadwayworld.com, January 10, 2010
Jump up ^ The Sound of Music UK Tour Archived May 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Thesoundofmusictour.com, Retrieved May 18, 2009
Jump up ^ "lanoviciarebelde.com". Archived from the original on August 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ La Novicia Rebelde, Argentina. "La Novicia Rebelde". Archived from the original on August 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nuria Frutos. "BWW TV: 'Sonrisas y lágrimas' se prepara para su gira española". BroadwayWorld.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Sound of Music Extends Run at London's Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park Archived September 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, Retrieved November 7, 2013
Jump up ^ "To Kill A Mockingbird & Sound of Music lead 2013 Open Air season". whatsonstage.com. August 15, 2012. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Nominations Announced for 2014 Olivier Awards!" Archived March 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., Broadwayworld, retrieved 10 March 2014
Jump up ^ "2014.1.1 Ticket". Korea JoongAng Daily. January 1, 2014. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "En cartelera The Sound of Music".
Jump up ^ Ltd.Thailand, VOICE TV. "ละครเวที'มนตร์รักเพลงสวรรค์ The sound of music'". VoiceTV. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Thailand's Hills Are Alive" Archived April 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., NationMultimedia.com
Jump up ^ "Bangkok Is Alive with the Sound of Music", Bangkok Post
Jump up ^ "New National Tour of The Sound of Music, Directed by Jack O'Brien, to Launch This Fall" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Broadwayworld, retrieved 1 May 2015
Jump up ^ Verini, Bob. "L.A. Theater Review: The Sound of Music, Directed by Jack O’Brien" Archived February 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Variety, October 1, 2015
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music Tour Tickets 2016" Archived July 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., BritishTheatre.com, May 14, 2016
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music Is Alive with White Light" Archived August 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., etnow.com, December 3, 2015, accessed July 16, 2016
Jump up ^ Cotter, Richard. The Sound of Music" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Australian Stage, December 18, 2015
Jump up ^ "The London Palladium Production of The Sound of Music" Archived July 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., The Really Useful Group Ltd., accessed November 15, 2015
Jump up ^ Friedlander, Whitney (December 10, 2013). "NBC to Re-Air 'The Sound of Music Live!'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ NBC & Craig Zadan/Neil Meron to Present Live Broadcast of THE SOUND OF MUSIC! Archived December 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Bernardin, Marc (December 5, 2013). "The Sound of Music Live!: TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ BWW News Desk (November 23, 2013). "NBC to Release The Sound of Music Live! on DVD, Dec 17". Broadway World. Wisdom Digital Media. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ITV to present UK version of The Sound of Music Live!". ITV Press Centre. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Suskin, pp. 460–64
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred."Chart Beat", Billboard, September 14, 1996
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music – Original Broadway Cast", Castalbums.org, accessed March 12, 2018
Jump up ^ "Patti Page – 'The Sound Of Music' / 'Little Donkey'" Archived March 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Discogs.com, accessed December 8, 2015. The disc debuted at No. 99 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Hot 100 Ads 16" Archived May 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., The Billboard, December 28, 1959, p. 5, accessed December 8, 2015
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music – Original London Cast", Castalbums.org, accessed March 12, 2018
Jump up ^ Eyman, Scott. "The Hills Are Alive With the Sound of Money", The Wall Street Journal, February 27, 2015, accessed December 30, 2017
Jump up ^ Hischak, p. 44
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music – Broadway Cast", 1998, Castalbums.org, accessed March 12, 2018
Jump up ^ Dyer, Richard, "Record Review;Cincinnati Pops Orchestra Rodgers And Hammersrein: The Sound of Music Telarc (CD)", The Boston Globe, September 15, 1988, Calendar; p. 12
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music – London Cast" (2006), Castalbums.org, accessed March 12, 2018
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music", CastAlbums.org, accessed March 12, 2018
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Carrie Underwood: The Sound of Music" Archived November 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., AllMusic, December 3, 2013, accessed February 11, 2016
References[edit]
Green, Stanley. Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre (1980). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80113-2
Hischak, Thomas. The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia (2007). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-34140-0
Maslon, Laurence, with a foreword by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The Sound of Music Companion (2007) Simon and Schuster ISBN 1-4165-4954-4
Nolan, Frederick. The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers & Hammerstein, New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 1-55783-473-3
Suskin, Steven. Opening Night on Broadway: A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre (1990), Schirmer Books ISBN 0-02-872625-1
Further reading[edit]
Bell, Bethany, "Austria discovers The Sound of Music", BBC, Saturday, March 19, 2005.
Block, Geoffrey. The Richard Rodgers Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Ewen, David. With a Song in His Heart (Richard Rodgers). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963.
Fordin, Hugh. Getting To Know Him: The Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II. New York: Random House, 1977; Decapo Press, 1995.
Green, Stanley. The Rodgers and Hammerstein Fact Book. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard, 1980.
Hirsch, Julia Antopol. The Sound Of Music—The Making Of America's Favorite Movie. McGraw-Hill Publishing, 1993
Mordden, Ethan. Rodgers & Hammerstein. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1992.
Papamichael, Stella. The Sound of Music: 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition DVD (1965), BBC, review and history, November 23, 2005
Wilk, Max. The Making of The Sound of Music (2007), Routledge ISBN 0-415-97934-X
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Sound of Music
The Sound of Music at the Internet Broadway Database
The Sound of Music at RNH Theatricals
Synopsis on theatrehistory
Sound of Music character descriptions and plot summary from StageAgent.com
The Sound of Music: 50th Anniversary Edition Podcast Series
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text:
Perinatal mortality
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Infant mortality
Perinatal mortality
Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates: United States, 1940-2005
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB
24405
[edit on Wikidata]
Perinatal mortality (PNM), also perinatal death, refers to the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate.[1] Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities. The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 total births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ends seven completed days after birth",[2] but other definitions have been used.[3]
The UK figure is about 8 per 1,000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women. Globally about 2.6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4.5 million in 1990.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes
2 Fetal mortality
3 Neonatal mortality
4 Perinatal mortality rate
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Causes[edit]
Further information: Preterm birth § Specific risks for the preterm neonate
Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths.[5] Infant respiratory distress syndrome, in turn, is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, affecting about 1% of newborn infants.[6] Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death.[5]
Fetal mortality[edit]
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death.[7] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20-27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death. Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor, antenatal (antepartum) death, and death during labor, intranatal (intrapartum) death.
Neonatal mortality[edit]
Early neonatal mortality refers to a death of a live-born baby within the first seven days of life, while late neonatal mortality covers the time after 7 days until before 28 days. The sum of these two represents the neonatal mortality. Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in-hospital care for the neonate. Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality (covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life) are reflected in the Infant Mortality Rate.
Perinatal mortality rate[edit]
Top ten countries
with the highest perinatal mortality rates - 2012[8][9][10]
Rank
Country
PNMR
Rank
Country
PNMR
1 Pakistan 40.7 6 Afghanistan 29.0
2 Niger 32.7 7 Bangladesh 28.9
3 Sierra Leone 30.8 8 Republic of the Congo 28.3
4 Somalia 29.7 9 Lesotho 27.5
5 Guinea-Bissau 29.4 10 Angola 27.4
As per 2014 "Save the Children" report for intrapartum stillbirths
and neonatal deaths on first day of birth (per 1,000 total births)
The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. It is usually reported on an annual basis.[11] It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery. Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions, registration bias, and differences in the underlying risks of the populations.
PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries [1]. The WHO has not published contemporary data.
See also[edit]
Neonatal intensive care unit
Maternal death
Neonaticide
Miscarriage
Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/prh/rh_indicators/specific/nb/perinatal-mortality-rate-pmr
Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/maternal_perinatal/en/
Jump up ^ Richardus JH, Graafmans WC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Mackenbach JP (January 1998). "The perinatal mortality rate as an indicator of quality of care in international comparisons". Medical Care. 36 (1): 54–66. PMID 9431331. doi:10.1097/00005650-199801000-00007.
Jump up ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604  . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
^ Jump up to: a b March of Dimes --> Neonatal Death Retrieved on November 10, 2014
Jump up ^ Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA. Respiratory distress syndrome and its management. Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001-1011. St. Louis: Mosby.
Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/fetal_death.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/ENDING-NEWBORN-DEATHS.PDF
Jump up ^ http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/family/birth/million-babies-die-a-year-charity-1.1653041#.Uw791uNUCKU
Jump up ^ http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/02/25/nigeria-pakistan-india-lead-the-world-in-infant-deaths/
Jump up ^ http://www.checkpregnancy.com/miscarriage-statistics/
External links[edit]
WHO 2005 report
European Perinatal Health Report 2010
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perinatal_mortality&oldid=799843516"
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2018 NBA All-Star Game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2018 NBA All Star Game
Date
February 18, 2018
Arena
Staples Center
City
Los Angeles, California
National anthem
TBA
Halftime show
TBD
Network
TNT
Announcers
Marv Albert, Reggie Miller, Chris Webber, Shaquille O’Neal, Kenny Smith, and Charles Barkley
NBA All-Star Game
< 2017 2019 >
The 2018 NBA All-Star Game will be the 67th edition and is an exhibition basketball game that will be played on February 18, 2018. It will be held at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California, home of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers. In an announcement on March 22, 2016, it will be the sixth time that Los Angeles will host the All-Star Game and the first time since 2011.[1] The game will be televised nationally by TNT for the 16th consecutive year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format change
2 All-Star Weekend
2.1 Celebrity Game
2.2 Rising Stars Challenge
2.3 Skills Challenge
2.4 Three-Point Contest
3 References
4 External links
Format change[edit]
On October 3, 2017, the NBA announced that the format would change from the traditional Eastern Conference versus Western Conference format, and would instead switch to a draft-style format, similar to what the NHL does for their All-Star Game. The team captains will be determined by the most votes received in their respective conference. Each team will pick a charity to play for, and the winning team will have money donated to their charity.[2]
All-Star Weekend[edit]
Celebrity Game[edit]
Further information: NBA All-Star Weekend Celebrity Game

Rising Stars Challenge[edit]
Further information: Rising Stars Challenge

Skills Challenge[edit]
Further information: Skills Challenge
Three-Point Contest[edit]
Further information: Three-Point Contest
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles To Host NBA All-Star 2018". NBA. March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All-Star Game format". NBA.com. October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
External links[edit]
2018 NBA All-Star Game at nba.com
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