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Broadmoor Hospital
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Hospital in Berkshire, England
Broadmoor Hospital
West London NHS Trust
Broadmoor in 2006
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Shown in Berkshire
Geography
Location
Crowthorne, Berkshire, England
Coordinates
51°22′09″N 00°46′43″W / 51.36917°N 0.77861°W / 51.36917; -0.77861
Organisation
Care system
NHS
Hospital type
Psychiatric
Services
Emergency department
No
Beds
284
History
Founded
1863
Links
Website
Official website
Lists
Hospitals in England
Broadmoor Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hospital at Crowthorne in Berkshire, England. It is the best known and oldest of the three high-security psychiatric hospitals in England, the other two being Ashworth Hospital near Liverpool and Rampton Secure Hospital in Nottinghamshire.
The Broadmoor complex houses about 210 patients, all of whom are men since the female service closed in September 2007, with most of the women moving to a new service in Southall and the remainder moving to Rampton and elsewhere. At any one time there are also approximately 36 patients on trial leave at other units. Most of the patients there have been diagnosed with severe mental illness; many also have schizophrenia and personality disorders. Most have either been convicted of serious crimes, or been found unfit to plead in a trial for such crimes. The average stay is six years, but this figure is skewed by a few patients who have stayed for over 30 years; most patients stay for considerably less time.
The hospital's catchment area consists of four National Health Service regions: London, Eastern, South East and South West. It is managed by the West London NHS Trust.
Contents
1 History
2 Therapies
3 Misconceptions
4 Governance
4.1 Historically
4.2 Currently
5 Buildings
6 Misconduct by staff
6.1 Abuse
6.2 Violating patient confidentiality
7 Notable patients - past and present
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
See also: History of psychiatric institutions
The asylum in 1867
The hospital was first known as the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum. It was built to a design by Sir Joshua Jebb, an officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers, and covered 53 acres (210,000 square metres) within its secure perimeter. The first patient was a female admitted for infanticide on 27 May 1863. Notes described her as being 'feeble minded;' it has been suggested by an analysis of notes that she was most likely also suffering from congenital syphilis.[1] The first male patients arrived on 27 February 1864. The original building plan of five blocks for men and one for women was completed in 1868. A further male block was built in 1902.[2]
Due to overcrowding at Broadmoor, a branch asylum was constructed at Rampton and opened in 1912. Rampton was closed as a branch asylum at the end of 1919 and reopened as an institution for "mental defectives" rather than lunatics. During World War I Broadmoor's block 1 was also used as a Prisoner-of-war camp, called Crowthorne War Hospital for mentally ill German soldiers.[3]
After the escape in 1952 of John Straffen, who murdered a local child, the hospital set up an alarm system, which is activated to alert people in the vicinity, as well as the public including those in the surrounding towns of Sandhurst, Wokingham, Bracknell and Bagshot, when any potentially dangerous patient escapes. It is based on World War II air raid sirens, and a two-tone alarm sounds across the whole area in the event of an escape. It is tested every Monday morning at 10 am for two minutes, after which a single tone 'all-clear' is sounded for a further two minutes. All schools in the area must keep procedures designed to ensure that in the event of a Broadmoor escape no child is ever out of the direct supervision of a member of staff. Sirens are located at Sandhurst School, Wellington College, Bracknell Forest council depot and other sites.[4][5]
Following the Peter Fallon QC inquiry into Ashworth Special Hospital which reported in 1999, and found serious concerns about security and abuses resulting from poor management, it was decided to review the security at all three of the special hospitals in England. Until this time each was responsible for maintaining its own security policies.[6][7] This review was made the personal responsibility of Sir Alan Langlands, who at the time was chief executive of the English National Health Service. The report that came out of the review initiated a new partnership whereby the Department of Health sets out a policy of safety, and security directions, that all three special hospitals must adhere to.[7]
In 2003 the Victorian buildings at Broadmoor Hospital were declared 'unfit for purpose' by the Commission for Healthcare Improvement.[8]
Therapies[edit]
Broadmoor uses both psychiatric medication and psychotherapy. One of the therapies available is the arts, and patients are encouraged to participate in the Koestler Awards Scheme.[9]
One of the longest-detained patients at Broadmoor is Albert Haines, who set a legal precedent in 2011 when his mental health tribunal hearing was allowed to be fully public, where he argued that he has never been given the type of counselling he has always sought; the panel urged the clinicians to work more collaboratively and clearly towards his psychiatric rehabilitation.[10]
Misconceptions[edit]
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Because of its high walls and other visible security features, and the inaccurate news reporting it has received in the past, the hospital is often assumed to be a prison by members of the public.[11] Many of its patients are sent to it via the criminal justice system, and its original design brief incorporated an essence of addressing criminality in addition to mental illness; however, the layout inside and the daily routine are designed to assist the therapy practised there rather than to meet the criteria necessary for it to be run along the lines of a prison in its daily functions.[12] However, nearly all staff are members of the Prison Officers Association, as opposed to other health service unions such as UNISON and the Royal College of Nursing.[13]
Jimmy Noak, Broadmoor's director of nursing in 2011, in response to concerns about the amount of resources going into the treatment of those in the facility given the harm some of them had caused to victims or their families, commented, 'It's not fair, but what is the alternative? If these people committed crimes because they were suffering from an acute mental illness then they should be in hospital.'[14]
Governance[edit]
Historically[edit]
The first medical superintendent was John Mayo. His assistant, William Orange CB, MD, FRCP, LSA, succeeeded him.[15] Orange established "a management style that was greatly admired". He also advised the Home office on how to approach criminal insanity.[16] Orange was in charge from 1870-1886.[17]
From its opening, until 1948, Broadmoor was managed by a Council of Supervision, appointed by and reporting to the Home Secretary. Thereafter, the Criminal Justice Act of 1948 transferred ownership of the hospital to the Department of Health (and the newly formed NHS) and oversight to the Board of Control for Lunacy and Mental Deficiency established under the Mental Deficiency Act 1913. It also renamed the hospital Broadmoor Institution. The hospital remained under direct control of the Department of Health - a situation which reportedly 'combined notional central control with actual neglect'[18] until the establishment of the Special Hospitals Service Authority in 1989, with Charles Kaye as its first chief executive.[13]
Alan Franey ran the hospital from 1989 to 1997, having been recommended for the post by his friend Jimmy Savile. His leadership was undermined by persistent rumours of sexual impropriety on the hospital grounds.[19] Allegedly he ignored at least three sexual assaults that he had been informed about.[20]
The Special Hospitals Service Authority was abolished in 1996, being replaced by individual special health authorities in each of the high-security hospitals. The Broadmoor Hospital Authority was itself dissolved on 31 March 2001.[21]
Currently[edit]
On 1 April 2001 West London Mental Health (NHS) Trust took over the responsibility for the hospital. The trust reports to the NHS Executive through NHS England London. The former director, who then became the CEO of the Trust, quit in 2009 after Healthcare Commission/Care Quality Commission findings of serious failures to ensure patient safety at Broadmoor.[22][23] In 2014 the director of specialist and forensic services resigned (and was employed elsewhere in the NHS) just prior to the conclusions of an investigation a bullying culture.[24] The next permanent CEO retired in 2015 in the wake of poor Care Quality Commission findings and other problems in the Trust.[25]
A new head of security was appointed in March 2013, John Hourihan, who had thirty years' experience at Scotland Yard and had worked as a bodyguard for members of the royal family.[26]
Meanwhile, the trust allowed ITV to film a two-part documentary within Broadmoor in 2014. Press releases stated that on average there are four 'assaults' per week on staff.[27] Psychiatrist Amlan Basu, clinical director of Broadmoor since March 2014, promoted the documentary but then decided to leave the NHS in 2015 amidst funding and staffing problems despite the Trust having just highlighted investment in his skills through its 'prestigious initiative to improve the quality of patient care in the NHS.'[28][29][30][31]
Buildings[edit]
Building work at Broadmoor-aerial 2015
Much of Broadmoor's architecture is still Victorian, including the gatehouse, which has a clock tower.[32]
Following long-standing reports that the old buildings were unfit for purpose (for therapy or safety), planning permission was granted in 2012 for a £242 million redevelopment, involving a new unit comprising 10 wards to adjoin the existing 6 wards of the modern Paddock Unit, resulting in total bed numbers of 234. Building company Kier reported in 2013 a sum of £115m for the new unit of 162 beds, ready to accept patients by the start of 2017, and £43m for a separate new medium secure unit for men nearby.[33][34][35][36][37]
A new unit called the Paddock Centre already opened on 12 December 2005 to contain and treat patients classed as having a 'dangerous severe personality disorder' (DSPD).[38] This was a new and much debated category invented on behalf of the UK government, based on an individual being considered a 'Grave and Immediate Danger' to the general public, and meeting some combination of criteria for personality disorders and/or high scores on the Hare Psychopathy Check list – Revised. The Paddock Centre was designed to eventually house 72 patients, but never opened more than four of its six 12-bedded wards. The Department of Health and Ministry of Justice National Personality Disorder Strategy published in October 2011 concluded that the resources invested in the DSPD programme should instead be used in prison based treatment programmes and the DSPD service at Broadmoor was required to close by 31 March 2012.[39]
Misconduct by staff[edit]
Abuse[edit]
See also: Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal
From at least 1968 the television presenter and disc jockey Jimmy Savile undertook voluntary work at the hospital and was allocated his own room, supported by the CEO Pat McGrath who thought it would be good publicity.[40][41][42]
In 1987 a minister in the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), Jean Lady Trumpington, appointed Savile to the management board in charge of Broadmoor. He was now being referred to as 'Dr Savile' by both the DHSS and Broadmoor, despite Savile having no medical qualifications or training.[43] In August 1988, following a recommendation by Cliff Graham, the senior civil servant in charge of mental health at the DHSS, Savile was appointed by the Department's health minister Edwina Currie to chair an interim task force overseeing the management of the hospital following the suspension of its board. Currie privately supported Savile's attempts to 'blackmail' the Prison Officers Association and publicly declared her 'full confidence' in him.[44][45][46]
After an ITV1 documentary Exposure: The Other Side of Jimmy Savile in October 2012, allegations of sexual abuse by Savile were made or re-made by former patients and staff.[40][47][48] The civil servant who first proposed Savile's appointment to the task force at Broadmoor, Brian McGinnis, who ran the mental health division of the DHSS in 1987 before Cliff Graham, has since been investigated by police and prevented from working with children.[49][50] A Department of Health investigation led by former barrister Kate Lampard into Savile's activities at Broadmoor and other hospitals and facilities in England,[51] with Bill Kirkup leading the Broadmoor aspects,[52] reported in 2014 that Savile had use of a personal set of keys to Broadmoor from 1968 to 2004 (not formally revoked until 2009), with full unsupervised access to some wards. 11 allegations of sexual abuse were known, thought to be a substantial under-estimate due to how psychiatric patients in particular were disbelieved or put off from coming forward. In five cases the identity of the alleged victim could not be traced, but of the other six it was concluded they had all been abused by Savile, repeatedly in the case of two patients.[53]
The investigation also concluded that 'the institutional culture in Broadmoor was previously inappropriately tolerant of staff–patient sexual relationships,' and that when there were female patients they were required to undress and bathe in front of staff and sometimes visitors.[54] A 'shocking' failure to ensure a safe or therapeutic environment for female patients had already been revealed in a 2002 inquiry prior to Broadmoor becoming male-only.[55]
In 2010 a female charge nurse received a suspended prison sentence for engaging in sexual activity with a patient at the hospital.[56]
Violating patient confidentiality[edit]
Journalists invading the privacy of patients or reporting false information about them have been the subject of dozens of complaints from Broadmoor. Healthcare assistant Robert Neave took payments from The Sun for several years to provide them with information, including copies of psychiatric reports, which has subsequently been investigated by Operation Elveden.[57] Mental health nurse Kenneth Hall was imprisoned in June 2015 for having repeatedly sold stories to the tabloids based on stolen medical notes and fabricated documents.[58]
Notable patients - past and present[edit]
Haroon Rashid Aswat, jihadist wanted in America[59]
Antony Baekeland, great-grandson of Leo Baekeland, who stabbed his mother to death[60]
William Rutherford Benn, father of Dame Margaret Rutherford[61]
David Copeland, the "London nail bomber"[62]
Richard Dadd, artist[63]
Gregory Davis, serial killer[64]
James Kelly, a wife killer who escaped from the hospital in 1888 and is a Jack the Ripper suspect proposed by later theorists.[65]
Christiana Edmunds, the 'Chocolate Cream Poisoner'[66]
Ibrahim Eidarous, alleged member of al-Jihad[67]
Kenneth Erskine, serial killer[68]
Frankie Fraser, gangster[69]
June and Jennifer Gibbons, the silent twins[70]
Daniel Gonzalez, serial killer[71]
Ronald Kray, one of the Kray twins[72]
Thomas John Ley, politician and murderer[73]
Robert Maudsley, serial killer[74]
Roderick Maclean, poet who attempted the assassination of Queen Victoria[75]
William Chester Minor, amateur lexicographer known as the 'Surgeon of Crowthorne'[76]
Daniel M'Naghten, Scottish wood-turner and assassin[77]
Robert Napper, serial killer[78]
Edward Oxford, barman who attempted the assassination of Queen Victoria[79]
Richard Archer Prince, actor and murderer[80]
Nicky Reilly, failed suicide attacker[81]
Charles Salvador, armed robber, born Michael Peterson and formerly known as Charles Bronson[82]
John Straffen, child killer[83]
Peter Sutcliffe, serial killer known as the 'Yorkshire Ripper'[68]
Roy Shaw, gangster[84]
Ronald True, murderer[85]
Robert Torto, the 'Son of God' killer[86]
Barry Williams, serial killer[87]
Graham Young, serial killer[88]
See also[edit]
Ashworth high security hospital
Forensic psychiatry
Rampton high security hospital
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Trainor, Terry (2012). Bedlam. St. Mary of Bethlehem. Terry Trainor. ISBN 978-1471714245.
Jump up ^ Berkshire Record Office catalogue of Broadmoor Hospital records, introduction
Jump up ^ Not Panicking Ltd (12 May 2013). "h2g2 - The Broadmoor Siren - Edited Entry". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ The Broadmoor siren. WLMHT. Accessed 1 July 2012
Jump up ^ Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital. published by the Stationery Office. Accessed 12 November 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Langlands, Alan (22 May 2000). Report of the review of security at the high security hospitals. Department of Health. Accessed 12 November 2007
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor Hospital's £298m revamp approved by NHS bosses". BBC News Berkshire. BBC. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ The fine art of starting over The Guardian, 2006
Jump up ^ Broadmoor patient Albert Haines loses appeal bid The Independent, Jerome Taylor, 26 October 2011 Archived 30 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Press Complaints Commission (9 Jan 2009) Broadmoor Hospital Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 1 March 2009
Jump up ^ Lemlij, Maia (November 2005) Broadmoor Hospital: Prison-like hospital or hospital-like prison? A study of a high security mental hospitals within the context of generic function. pages 155, 156. Space Syntax Laboratory, UK. Accessed 21 February 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Charles Kaye and Alan Franey (1998). Managing High Security Psychiatric Care. Jessica Kingsley. pp. 31, 40. ISBN 9781853025815. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Feilden, Tom (9 May 2011). "Inside Broadmoor". BBC Online. United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Mark (25 February 2011). "Broadmoor revealed: The Victorian asylum". The National Archives.
Jump up ^ "William Orange CB, MD, FRCP, LSA: A Broadmoor pioneer". Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lives of the fellows". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ashworth Special Hospital: Report of the Committee of Inquiry". official-documents.co.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Rigby, Nic (1 July 2014). "Ex-Broadmoor manager's 'Savile scapegoat' claims". BBC News Beds, Herts & Bucks. BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Andrew Gregory; Tom Pettifor (26 June 2014). "Nine Jimmy Savile victims had abuse complaints IGNORED by Leeds General Infirmary staff". Mirror Online. Mirror. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ National Archives, Office of Public Sector Information. Broadmoor Hospital Authority (Abolition) Order 2001 Archived 12 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. ISBN 0-11-029108-5. Accessed 14 June 2007
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor chief quits ahead of criticisms in patient death report". Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Concern over Broadmoor 'failings'". BBC. 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ Andy Weir: Bullying case NHS boss leaves with £170,000 Exclusive: Broadmoor chief landed new job before the end of investigation prompted by whistleblower] Paul Gallagher, The Independent
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Paul (27 June 2015). "Chief of NHS mental health trust that controls Broadmoor leaves post amid string of controversies". The Independent. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Prince William, Kate Middleton 'upset' after bodyguard quits March 2013, Digital Spy
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Jump up ^ "New clinical director at Broadmoor Hospital - West London Mental Health Trust". 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ Basu, Amlan (2014-11-12). "Broadmoor hospital: why we opened our doors to a film crew". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor's clinical director joins NHS quality improvement initiative - West London Mental Health Trust". 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor attacks fuel fears that cuts put public and staff at risk". 2015-08-15. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor Hospital". Historic England. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor Hospital's £298m revamp approved by NHS bosses - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ Hayman, Allister (2013-06-28). "Kier bags £285m Broadmoor revamp | News". Building. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Kier given go-ahead for two Broadmoor hospitals | SGP". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Kier Group - Kier gets go ahead for £158m healthcare projects". Kier.co.uk. 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Kier Group - Kier preferred for £115m Broadmoor Hospital redevelopment". Kier.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous & Severe Personality Disorder Programme". National Personality Disorder Organisation (UK). Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Offender personality disorder – consultation response". Department of Health and Ministry of Justice. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Daily Telegraph, "Broadmoor staff said Jimmy Savile was a 'psychopath' with a 'liking for children'", 1 November 2012. Accessed 1 November 2012
Jump up ^ Adam Sweeting (29 October 2011). ""Sir Jimmy Savile obituary" at guardian.co.uk". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Savile Institutions Victims Abuse The Guardian, June, 2014
Jump up ^ Fielding, James (2014-04-12). "Documents reveal how pervert Jimmy Savile was called 'doctor' by staff". Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Savile: detailed investigation reveals reign of abuse across NHS June 2014 The Guardian
Jump up ^ The Earl of Dundee (7 November 1988). "Mentally Ill Offenders: Treatment". Hansard (Lords). HL Deb 7 November 1988 vol 501 c525. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Edwina Currie - 'nothing to hide' on Savile". BBC News. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Evans, Martin (11 October 2012). "Sir Jimmy Savile: fourth British TV personality accused in sex allegations". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Addley, Esther; O'Carroll, Lisa (12 October 2012). "Jimmy Savile scandal: government could face civil claims". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Laura (27 October 2012). "Jimmy Savile's relatives speak of their turmoil". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
Jump up ^ John Pring. "Department of Health probes abuse law concerns over former civil servant". Disability News Service. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Savile scandal: Kate Lampard to lead NHS investigation". BBC News. BBC. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Davies, Caroline; Mason, Rowena (2014-06-27). "Jimmy Savile: detailed investigation reveals reign of abuse across NHS". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ Slevin, Jennie (2014-06-26). "Report reveals full extent of Jimmy Savile's sexual abuse at Broadmoor Hospital". Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Scale of Jimmy Savile's abuse at Broadmoor revealed". Bracknell News. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor women faced sex abuse". BBC. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Care worker who assaulted Broadmoor man changes plea to guilty". Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor was a 'goldmine for stories' conspiracy trial of the Sun six told – Press Gazette". www.pressgazette.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor nurse who sold stories about killers is jailed". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
Jump up ^ Daily Times of Pakistan, Euro judges rule that terror suspect wanted in America CAN'T be deported from Britain to the U.S. because it would be bad for his mental health
Jump up ^ Facts related in non-fictional book Savage Grace by Natalie Robins and Steven M.L. Aronson [1985, ISBN 978-0-688-04373-5], and more recently in the Tom Kalin's film Savage Grace (2007)
Jump up ^ "Murder, Madness and Miss Marple: The secret life of Dame Margaret Rutherford". Retrieved 9 September 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Richard Dadd: Masterpieces of the asylum". independent.co.uk. 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sick 'serial killer' fan sent to Broadmoor". Milton Keynes Citizen. 18 December 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor files could unmask Jack the Ripper". The Telegraph. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor revealed in online book". 25 November 2011 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Daily Times of Pakistan, Terrorists planning chemical hit on European targets Archived 2 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine., 19 December 2002
^ Jump up to: a b "Broadmoor facing £3m bill to fix security flaws at psychiatric hospital". The Independent. 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
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Jump up ^ "The Creepy Case of the Silent Twins". Mysterious Universe. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
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Jump up ^ "The Kray twins: their extraordinary life behind bars". The Telegraph. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ley, Thomas John (Tom) (1880–1947)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Brain-Eater' killer Robert Maudsley is now 40 Years into solitary confinement stretch". Liverpool Echo. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Roderick Maclean: the mad poet who shot at Victoria". The Times. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Broadmoor's word-finder". BBC. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "M'Naghten Standard". Psychology. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sex killer sent to Broadmoor". The Independent. 10 October 1995. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham barman tried to shoot the Queen". Birmingham Mail. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ The New York Times, 17 December 1897, p. 3
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - England - Devon - Failed bomber's recruiters hunted". BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Britain's most dangerous prisoner' Charles Bronson by the man who really knows him". Wales on line. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: John Straffen". The Guardian. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Have you seen these men?". The Independent. 11 July 1999. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Did this man batter a prostitute to death without realising what he was doing?". Life death prizes. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Deranged man killed two in firebomb attacks". The Telegraph. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Calls for law to be changed after Broadmoor killer Barry Williams is released without supervision". The Telegraph. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Graham Young". Biography. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Dell, Susanne; Graham Robertson (1988). Sentenced to hospital: offenders in Broadmoor. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-712156-X. OCLC 17546264. Dewey Class 365/.942294 19. Sum: authors describe the treatment of some Broadmoor patients and together with their psychiatric and criminal histories.
Partridge, Ralph (1953). Broadmoor: A History of Criminal Lunacy and its Problems. London: Chato and Windus. OCLC 14663968.
The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (2006).First steps to work – a study at Broadmoor Hospital (119KB). Accessed 2007-06-15
Stevens, Mark (2011). Broadmoor Revealed: Victorian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum. Broadmoor Revealed. Accessed 2011-07-15
External links[edit]
Official website
Berkshire Record Office's Broadmoor History pages Accessed 2011-04-18
Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital. published by The Stationery Office. Accessed 2007-11-12
Paddock centre. DSPD service. West London Mental Health Trust. Accessed 2007-05-15
Home Office. National offenders management service. Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder Programme. Accessed 2007-06-07
All in the mind (Wednesday 3 March 2004, 5.00 pm). BBC – Live chat:The rehabilitation of the mentally ill in Broadmoor and elsewhere. Accessed 2007-05-19
BBC News background on Broadmoor Hospital
Landscapes & Gardens (2002) Architectural listing for Broadmoor Hospital. University of York. Accessed 2007-05-19
BBC News story on scandals and controversy regarding Broadmoor and other secure hospitals
"NHS in England". Broadmoor Hospital Site Summary Information. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2006.
Together-UK Independent Patients' Advocacy Service, for Broadmoor Hospital. Accessed 2007-06-15
Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) - overview of the History of the Hospitals in the context of the Ashworth Inquiry [1] Accessed June 2008
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Jack McFarland
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This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jack McFarland
Will & Grace character
First appearance
"Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Created by
Max Mutchnick
Portrayed by
Sean Hayes
Information
Full name
John Philip McFarland
Nickname(s)
Jackie (by Karen)
Poodle, Just Jack, Jack 2000, Judy, Mo, Dorothy, Mary, Jack McFairyland
Gender
Male
Occupation
Current
Actor
Acting coach and teacher
Cater waiter
Choreographer
Dancer
Singer
Former
Junior executive
(Out TV; Seasons 7–8)
Sales clerk
(Barney's New York; Season 4)
Nurse
Family
Joe Black
(biological father; deceased)
Judith McFarland
(mother)
Daniel McFarland
(legal father/stepfather)
Skip (grandson)
Spouse(s)
Rosario Salazar
(ex-wife)
Children
Elliot
(son, with Bonnie via IVF)
John Philip "Jack" McFarland is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Will & Grace, played by Sean Hayes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character overview
2 Character history
3 Relationships
3.1 Romantic relationships
3.2 Will
3.3 Karen
3.4 Grace
3.5 Elliot
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Character overview[edit]
Jack is Will Truman's (Eric McCormack) best friend. A "camp" gay man, Jack has always had a passion for acting and the theatre, although virtually everyone he knows tells him he has no talent. Very mercurial, he changes careers rapidly from cater waiter, Banana Republic and Barneys New York sales clerk, to acting teacher, to student nurse, to surfer, to back-up dancer for Jennifer Lopez and Janet Jackson. Although he considers all his relationships serious, only one lasted longer than a few weeks (with Stuart, a client of Will's played by Dave Foley), and even that one ended with Jack's cheating.
Jack is unashamedly vain and self-absorbed, and adores all gay icons, particularly Cher, of whom he has a rare doll. (He met her once, although he mistook her for a drag queen.[1] He would also meet Cher in a dream where she appeared as God, complete with an entourage of "dancing fairies"[2]). According to Will, he has the best gaydar in the tristate area.[3] He is a fan of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, particularly lesbian character Willow Rosenberg.[4] He also collects clippings of celebrities' hair, including a complete collection from the four main actresses on The Golden Girls, as well as Broadway icons Bernadette Peters, Betty Buckley, Idina Menzel, and — as of season seven — Patti LuPone. Jack also stalks actor Kevin Bacon, briefly becoming the actor's assistant.[5]
He believes in gay rights, but tends to lend his support to shallow causes, such as protesting NBC censoring a gay kiss on a television show ("What about our Constitutional right to see two hotties get it on?").[6] Nevertheless, his intentions are essentially good: For example, in one episode he uses all his nest-egg money to save a pair of gay penguins at the zoo in order to make Will happy.[7]
Character history[edit]
Jack was born February 16, 1969, and was raised by his mother Judith (Veronica Cartwright) and stepfather Daniel (Beau Bridges). He also had a babysitter named Sissy (played in one episode by Demi Moore). His mother did not know he was gay, and his stepfather was not close to him. He claims to have come out as early as preschool. While he was in high school, Jack befriended Will and helped him come to terms with his sexuality. They have been best friends ever since.
Since the first season, Jack has established a close bond with alcoholic socialite Karen Walker (Megan Mullally), who chooses to work merely as a source of distraction. Karen is his closest female friend, and they bond due to their shared narcissism and materialism. Jack also strikes up a friendship with Will's other best friend Grace Adler (Debra Messing), through association with Will and Karen.
In the pilot episode, Jack is living with Will while his floors are re-done, but has to find somewhere else to live when Grace moves in. At the end of season one, Jack agrees to marry Karen's maid Rosario (Shelley Morrison) in order to secure her green card.[8] Jack lives with Karen for the entirety of season two, but after a year together, the marriage is annulled when Rosario wants to marry Karen's gardener. Therefore, at the end of season two, Jack moves in with Will, but when Will takes Grace in after an attempted burglary at her apartment, Jack agrees to sublet Grace's apartment[9] — although Will, Karen, and his mother pay the rent. (In "Moveable Feast Part 1," it emerged that each of the three pays one half of the cost, meaning that Jack is actually collecting one and a half times the actual amount of his rent.)
In season three, Jack undertakes a search for his biological father, which ends when he discovers that his father died several years back. Jack does, however, meet Elliot (Michael Angarano), his own biological son, whom he fathered by depositing at a sperm bank as a teenager so that he could buy a leather jacket.[10] He later discovers that the boy's mother Bonnie (Rosie O'Donnell) is a lesbian; she was a nurse at the sperm bank who stole Jack's deposit and was inseminated with it.[11]
Jack's most consistent vocation results from his taking over the class of his acting teacher Zandra (Eileen Brennan) after she is fed up with his lack of talent. After taking everyone's money and leaving, another student (Stacy Keach) takes over the class and begins teaching the "McFarland method" ("acting is attracting") without Jack's knowledge.[12] He also trains to be a student nurse, but ultimately gives it up when, during Karen's fourth wedding, he meets Jennifer Lopez and becomes her back-up dancer[13] (and, for a short time, Janet Jackson's back-up dancer[14]), a career that fizzles as well.
In the seventh season, Jack embarks on a proper career as a producer for OutTV, a new gay television network. By season's end, his profile rises to the point that he is given a talk show of his own to host.
In season eight, Jack loses his job at the network after he speaks out against the new right-wing ownership of the show, which has given him a conservative co-host named Amber Louise (Britney Spears).[15] He has a hard time finding work, and out of desperation auditions for a minor role on a television show. Feeling depressed and rejected at the time, he displays real emotion instead of his usual over-dramatic acting style, and ends up getting the lead role of Chuck Rafferty, a straight, alcoholic, womanizing cop.[16]
In the series finale, Jack is forced into a relationship with Karen's nemesis Beverley Leslie (Leslie Jordan); Karen, who has recently lost all of her money, demands that he take up with the obnoxious millionaire so he can inherit Leslie's fortune and keep her in the lifestyle to which she is accustomed. When Beverley dies after being swept off his balcony by a gust of wind, Jack is left with his money, which he shares with Karen. A flash forward reveals that, 16 years later, Jack and Karen are still living together.[17]
When the series was revived in 2017, however, the events of the finale were retconned. In the new continuity, Jack was never married to Beverly Leslie, is not rich, is still living across the hall from Will and Grace, and is still pursuing an acting career while throwing himself at every available man in sight.[18]
Relationships[edit]
Romantic relationships[edit]
Jack is known for his several various flings throughout the show. Most of them are mentioned but not shown, and Jack never seems to take any of them seriously or settle down with anyone for very long. Jack's longest relationship is with Stuart Lamarack (Dave Foley), which lasts several months during the sixth season, until Jack cheats on him.
Will[edit]
The episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties" reveals that Jack met Will at a party in 1985 and realized immediately that he was gay. After Will comes out of the closet, he and Jack become best friends, with Jack helping Will navigate life as an openly gay man.
While they care deeply for each other, however, Jack and Will fight and make fun of each other constantly. Jack often calls Will "bald and fat" (which he clearly isn't), while Will makes fun of Jack's promiscuity, shallowness, and perpetual unemployment. Nevertheless, Will pays virtually all of Jack's bills, including half his rent (with Karen and Jack's mother also paying half each).
Several episodes suggest that Jack has feelings for Will. In "Lows in the Mid-Eighties," he confesses his love to Will, but tries to pass it off as a 'test of friendship' when Will doesn't feel the same. He has a similar reaction in an eighth-season episode when Will's boyfriend James (Taye Diggs) accuses him of being jealous of their relationship.[19]
Karen[edit]
Jack and Karen meet in the second episode of the first season, and become instant best friends. Karen calls Jack "poodle" and lavishes him with gifts and attention, while also paying half his rent. They also provide each other with emotional support (in their own self-absorbed fashion), with Karen defending him from people who treat him unkindly and Jack giving her a shoulder to cry on when her marriage falls apart.
In the series finale, Jack reluctantly moves in Karen's nemesis Beverley Leslie in order to provide for a newly bankrupt Karen. However, Karen realises that she doesn't want him to make a mistake and stops him from marrying Beverley. After Beverley dies, Jack inherits his money, and he and Karen live together in luxury for the rest of their lives.[17] The 2017 revival retcons these events as one of Karen's daydreams, though Karen does not tell Jack about what happened to him in this dream.
Grace[edit]
Jack and Grace initially dislike each other, seeing each other as competition for Will's attention. Eventually, they bond over their shared love of ice skating.[20] For the remainder of the series, they are good friends, although they make fun of each other constantly.
Elliot[edit]
In the third season, Jack finds out that he has a son, Elliot (Michael Angarano), conceived through in vitro fertilization using sperm that Jack donated to a sperm bank years before.[10] Jack initially has trouble adjusting to fatherhood, especially since Elliot's mother Bonnie (Rosie O'Donnell) dislikes him.[11] Eventually, however, Jack realizes that he loves Elliot and commits (in his own way) to being a good father.
In the revived series, Jack and Elliot have been estranged for several years. Jack learns that Elliot has a son, Skip, who is presumed to be gay. He is horrified to learn that Elliot and his wife are sending Skip to "hetero camp", and follows the boy there to tell him that there is nothing wrong with him. Elliot realizes the error of his ways and invites Jack into his family.[21]
Reception[edit]
The character has gained a mixed reception from critics for perpetuating gay stereotypes.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Nevertheless, Hayes won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2000 for his performance.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gypsies, Tramps and Weed". Will & Grace. Season 3. Episode 7. November 16, 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "A.I.: Artificial Insemination". Will & Grace. Season 4. Episode 25. May 16, 2002. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Yours, Mine or Ours". Will & Grace. Season 1. Episode 16. March 2, 1999. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Love Plus One". Will & Grace. Season 3. Episode 6. November 9, 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Bacon & Eggs". Will & Grace. Season 5. Episode 2. October 3, 2002. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Acting Out". Will & Grace. Season 2. Episode 14. February 29, 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Birds of a Feather Boa". Will & Grace. Season 8. Episode 7. November 17, 2005. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Object of My Rejection". Will & Grace. Season 1. Episode 22. May 13, 1999. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Fear and Clothing". Will & Grace. Season 3. Episode 2. October 19, 2000. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sons and Lovers". Will & Grace. Season 3. Episode 22. May 17, 2001. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dyeing is Easy, Comedy is Hard". Will & Grace. Season 4. Episode 14. January 31, 2002. NBC.
Jump up ^ "From Queer to Eternity". Will & Grace. Season 7. Episode 22. May 10, 2005. NBC.
Jump up ^ "I Do, Oh, No, You D-Int". Will & Grace. Season 6. Episode 22. April 29, 2004. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Back Up, Dancer". Will & Grace. Season 7. Episode 2. September 26, 2004. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Buy, Buy Baby". Will & Grace. Season 8. Episode 18. March 30, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Blanket Apology". Will & Grace. Season 8. Episode 19. April 6, 2006. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Finale". Will & Grace. Season 8. Episode 23. May 18, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ Framke, Caroline (September 28, 2017). "Will & Grace, despite what NBC says, isn't the same show that ended 11 years ago. Good". vox.com. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Definition of Marriage". Will & Grace. Season 8. Episode 15. February 9, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Will on Ice". Will & Grace. Season 1. Episode 11. January 12, 1999. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Grandpa Jack". Will & Grace. Season 9. Episode 4. October 19, 2017. NBC.
Jump up ^ Stossel, John (2006-09-15). "Gay Stereotypes: Are They True? - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ MARGY ROCHLINPublished: April 18, 1999 (1999-04-18). "TELEVISION / RADIO; He's Self-Involved, He Does Headstands, He's Will's Pal Jack - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ Rebeka Burns (2004-04-28). "Tv's Portrayal Of Gays Not A Realistic Picture - Sun Sentinel". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Gay Characters Gaining TV Popularity". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 2003-11-30. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ Broverman, Neal. "Sean Hayes The Interview He Never Gave". Advocate.com. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Sweet Roles: Season's Best Characters - Chicago Tribune". Articles.chicagotribune.com. 2001-03-23. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ Virtel, Louis (2012-04-20). "The 8 Most Annoying Gay Male Characters in TV History". AfterElton.com. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Will & Grace". Ew.com=. 25 September 1998. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
External links[edit]
Jack McFarland (Character) at the Internet Movie Database
[hide]
v
t
e
Will & Grace
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Characters
Will Truman
Grace Adler
Jack McFarland
Karen Walker
Rosario Salazar
Supporting characters
Episodes
"Pilot"
"Grace, Replaced"
"Gypsies, Tramps and Weed"
"A Chorus Lie"
"Fagel Attraction"
"Marry Me a Little, Marry Me a Little More"
"Dolls and Dolls"
"Back Up, Dancer"
"Alive and Schticking"
"Buy, Buy Baby"
"The Finale"
"11 Years Later"
Related
Awards
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_McFarland&oldid=826252953"
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