text:
Burying the hatchet
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This article is about the American English phrase. For other uses, see Bury the Hatchet (disambiguation).
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Bury the hatchet is an American English idiom meaning "to make peace". The phrase is an allusion to the figurative or literal practice of putting away the tomahawk at the cessation of hostilities among or by Native Americans in the Eastern United States, specifically concerning the formation of the Iroquois Confederacy and in Iroquois custom in general. Weapons were to be buried or otherwise cached in time of peace.
Contents
[hide]
1 Massachusetts
2 South Carolina
3 Nova Scotia
4 Montana
5 Quebec
6 Delaware
7 Texas
8 References
Massachusetts[edit]
The first mention of the practice in English is to an actual hatchet-burying ceremony. Years before he gained notoriety for presiding over the Salem witch trials, Samuel Sewall wrote in 1680, "I write to you in one [letter] of the Mischief the Mohawks did; which occasioned Major Pynchon's goeing to Albany, where meeting with the Sachem the[y] came to an agreement and buried two Axes in the Ground; one for English another for themselves; which ceremony to them is more significant & binding than all Articles of Peace[,] the hatchet being a principal weapon with them."[1]
South Carolina[edit]
The Treaty of Hopewell, signed by Col. Benjamin Hawkins, Gen. Andrew Pickens and Headman McIntosh, in Keowee, South Carolina in 1795 established the boundary of the Cherokee Nation, and made use of the phrase "bury the hatchet". Article 13 reads, in part, "The hatchet shall be forever buried, and the peace given by the United States, and friendship re-established between the said states on the one part, and all the Cherokees on the other, shall be universal; and the contracting parties shall use their utmost endeavors to maintain the peace given as aforesaid, and friendship re-established."
Nova Scotia[edit]
Main article: Burying the Hatchet Ceremony (Nova Scotia)
The Burying the Hatchet ceremony happened in Nova Scotia on June 25, 1761. It ended more than seventy-five years of war between the British and the Mi'kmaq.
Montana[edit]
Exactly 50 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, White Bull, a Sioux Indian Chief, and General Edward Settle Godfrey buried the hatchet in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Garryowen, Montana. It was near this site that Custer divided his forces and began his attack against the Sioux, Arapahoe and Cheyenne that were camped within the Valley of the Little Bighorn.[2]
Quebec[edit]
This practice was most famously used in recent time during the 1990 Oka Crisis in Canada, although the weapons were not buried. Faced by an ultimatum that would have seen battle with the Canadian Forces the next day, the besieged Mohawk warriors piled and burned their weapons, and then walked out of the cordon that had been tightened around them. The alternative was a bloody battle, which could have triggered further violent resistance to the Canadian government far beyond the immediate locality of the crisis, which centred on Montreal's suburbs of Oka, Quebec (Kanesatake) and Kahnawake. Mohawk commentators stated at the time that this was not a surrender, but a cessation of hostilities, as per the burying of weapons of honoured tradition.[citation needed]
The phrase was used in 1759 by the Shawnee orator Missiweakiwa when it became obvious that the French war effort during the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) was collapsing. The Shawnees had sided with the French against the English, but now the Shawnee would "bury the bloody Hatchet" with the English.
Delaware[edit]
At the Return Day festival in Georgetown, Delaware, which occurs after each Election Day, a "burying of the hatchet" ceremony is performed by the Sussex County chairs of the Democratic and Republican parties. The ceremony symbolizes the two parties making peace after the election and moving on.
Texas[edit]
First record of a peace ceremony in San Antonio, Texas in 1749 between Lipan Apache and the Spanish Commander of the Presidio, Captain Toribio de Urrutia and Fray Santa Ana.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hopeful Peacemaker: Bury the Hatchet: 2011 Bdote Peace Accord
Jump up ^ Custer Battlefield Museum Online Store : Index
Indigenous peoples of North America portal
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The Swiss Family Robinson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the original novel. For later adaptations, see The Swiss Family Robinson (disambiguation).
The Swiss Family Robinson
Frontispiece from the 1851 American edition by John Gilbert
Author
Johann David Wyss
Original title
Der Schweizerische Robinson
Illustrator
Johann Emmanuel Wyss
Country
Switzerland
Language
German
Genre
Adventure fiction
Publisher
Johann Rudolph Wyss (the author's son)
Publication date
1812
Media type
Print (hardback and paperback)
Pages
323
The Swiss Family Robinson (German: Der Schweizerische Robinson) is a novel by Johann David Wyss, first published in 1812, about a Swiss family shipwrecked in the East Indies en route to Port Jackson, Australia.
Contents
1 History
2 Plot
3 Characters
4 Other adaptations
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Written by Swiss pastor Johann David Wyss, edited by his son Johann Rudolf Wyss and illustrated by another son, Johann Emmanuel Wyss, the novel was intended to teach his four sons about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. Wyss' attitude toward education is in line with the teachings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and many chapters involve Christian-oriented moral lessons such as frugality, husbandry, acceptance and cooperation.[1]
Wyss presents adventures as lessons in natural history and physical science. This resembles other educational books for young ones published about the same time. These include Charlotte Turner Smith's Rural Walks: in Dialogues intended for the use of Young Persons (1795), Rambles Farther: A continuation of Rural Walks (1796), A Natural History of Birds, intended chiefly for young persons (1807). But Wyss' novel is also modeled after Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story about a shipwrecked sailor first published in 1719 and the source of the "Robinson" in the title "Swiss Family Robinson".[1]
The book presents a geographically impossible array of large mammals and plants that probably could never have existed together on a single island, for the children's education, nourishment, clothing and convenience.
Over the years there have been many versions of the story with episodes added, changed, or deleted. Perhaps the best-known English version is by William H. G. Kingston, first published in 1879.[1] It is based on Isabelle de Montolieu's 1813 French adaptation and 1824 continuation (from chapter 37) Le Robinson suisse, ou, Journal d'un père de famille, naufragé avec ses enfants in which were added further adventures of Fritz, Franz, Ernest, and Jack.[1] Other English editions that claim to include the whole of the Wyss-Montolieu narrative are by W. H. Davenport Adams (1869–1910) and Mrs H. B. Paull (1879). As Carpenter and Prichard write in The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford, 1995), "with all the expansions and contractions over the past two centuries (this includes a long history of abridgments, condensations, Christianizing, and Disney products), Wyss's original narrative has long since been obscured."[1] The closest English translation to the original is William Godwin's 1816 translation, reprinted by Penguin Classics.[2]
Although movie and television adaptations typically name the family "Robinson", it is not a Swiss name. The German title translates as The Swiss Robinson which identifies the novel as part of the Robinsonade genre, rather than a story about a family named Robinson.
Plot[edit]
The Map of "New Switzerland"
This article needs an improved plot summary. (January 2012)
The novel opens with the family in the hold of a sailing ship, weathering a great storm. The ship's passengers evacuate without them, and William and Elizabeth and their four children (Fritz, Ernest, Jack and Francis) are left to survive alone. As the ship tosses about, the father – William – prays that God will spare them.
The ship survives the night and the family finds themselves within sight of a tropical desert island. The next morning, they decide to get to the island they can see beyond the reef. With much effort, they construct a vessel out of tubs. After they fill the tubs with food and ammunition and all other articles of value they can safely carry, they row toward the island. Two dogs from the ship named Turk and Juno swim beside them. The ship's cargo of livestock (including a cow, a donkey, two goats, six sheep, a ram, a pig, chickens, domestic ducks, domestic geese, and domestic pigeons), guns & powder, carpentry tools, books, a disassembled pinnace, and provisions have survived.
Upon reaching the island, the family set up a makeshift camp. The father knows that they must prepare for a long time on the island and his thoughts are as much on provisions for the future as for their immediate wants. William and his oldest son Fritz spend the next day exploring the island.
The family spends the next few days securing themselves against hunger. William and Fritz make several trips to the ship in their efforts to bring ashore everything useful from the vessel. The domesticated animals on the ship are towed back to the island. There is also a great store of firearms and ammunition, hammocks for sleeping, carpenter’s tools, lumber, cooking utensils, silverware, and dishes. Initially they construct a treehouse, but as time passes (and after Elizabeth is injured climbing the stairs down from it), they settle in a more permanent dwelling in part of a cave. Fritz rescues a young Englishwoman (Jenny Montrose) shipwrecked elsewhere on their island.
The book covers more than ten years. The father and older boys explore various environments and develop homes and gardens in various sites about the island. At the end, the father wonders if they will ever again see the rest of humanity. Eventually a British ship that is in search of Jenny Montrose anchors near the island and is discovered by the family. The captain is given the journal containing the story of their life on the island which is eventually published. Several members of the family choose to continue to live tranquilly on their island while several of them return to Europe with the British.
Characters[edit]
William – The father. He is the narrator of the story and leads the family. He knows an enormous amount of information on almost everything the family comes across, demonstrating bravery and self-reliance.
Elizabeth – The mother. She is intelligent and resourceful, arming herself even before leaving the ship with a "magic bag" filled with supplies, including sewing materials and seeds for food crops. She is also a remarkably versatile cook, taking on anything from porcupine soup to roast penguin.
Fritz – The oldest of the four boys, he is 15. Fritz is intelligent but impetuous. He is the strongest and accompanies his father on many quests.
Ernest – The second oldest of the boys, he is 13. Ernest is the most intelligent, but a less physically active boy, often described by his father as "indolent". Like Fritz however, he comes to be an excellent shot.
Jack – The third oldest of the boys, 11 years old. He is thoughtless, bold, vivacious, and the quickest of the group.
Franz (sometimes translated as Francis) – The youngest of the boys, he is 8 years old when the story opens. He usually stays home with his mother.
Turk – The family's English dog.
Juno – The family's Danish dog.
Emily Montrose (called Jenny in Montolieu's version) – An English girl found on Smoking Rock near the end of the novel. She is shy but is soon adopted into the family. Not a character in the original German, Emily was invented by Isabelle de Montolieu.
Nip (also called Knips or Nips in some editions) – An orphan monkey adopted by the family after their dogs Turk and Juno have killed his mother. The family use him to test for poisonous fruits.
Fangs – A jackal that was tamed by the family.
Other adaptations[edit]
The novels in one form or another have also been adapted numerous times, sometimes changing location and/or time period:
Book sequels
Willis the Pilot: a sequel to The Swiss family Robinson; or, Adventures of an emigrant family wrecked on an unknown coast of the Pacific Ocean (1858) has been attributed to Johann Wyss or to Johanna Spyri, author of Heidi.
Second Fatherland (Seconde Patrie, 1900), by Jules Verne takes up the story at the point where Wyss's tale left off. It has also been published in two volumes, Their Island Home and Castaways of the Flag.
Return to Robinson Island (2015), by T. J. Hoisington, based on the original 1812 Swiss Family Robinson novel.[3]
Film versions
Al-Ṭurfa al-Šahiyya fī aḫbār al-ʿAʾila al-Swīsiyya, Arabic translation (c. 1900)
Swiss Family Robinson (1940 film)
Swiss Cheese Family Robinson (Mighty Mouse short, 1947)
Swiss Family Robinson (1960 Walt Disney live-action film)
The Swiss Family Robinson (1976)
The Adventures of Swiss Family Robinson (1998)
Television series
English Family Robinson (1957)
Lost in Space (1965–1968) – A science fiction adaptation in which the Robinsons are a family of explorers whose spacecraft goes off course. Identical concept to, but not based upon, the Space Family Robinson comic book listed below.
Swiss Family Robinson (1974) — Canadian series starring Chris Wiggins
Swiss Family Robinson (1975) — American series starring Martin Milner
The Swiss Family Robinson: Flone of the Mysterious Island (1981) — An anime series.
The Adventures of Swiss Family Robinson (1998) — New Zealand series starring Richard Thomas
Made for TV movies
The Swiss Family Robinson (1958)
The Swiss Family Robinson (1973)
The Swiss Family Robinson (1973)
The Swiss Family Robinson (1975)
Beverly Hills Family Robinson (1998)
The New Swiss Family Robinson (1998) — Starring Jane Seymour, James Keach, and David Carradine
Stranded (2002)
Comic book series
Space Family Robinson (1962–1984) – science fiction adaptation
"Swiss Family Mouse n' Sons"(c. 1962) - straight adaptation with the Disney characters playing the roles
Stage adaptations
Swiss Family Robinson written by Jerry Montoya and performed at B Street Theatre in Sacramento, California in 2009.
Computer adventure game
Swiss Family Robinson created in 1984 by Tom Snyder Productions for the Apple II and Commodore 64, published under the Windham Classics label. The player takes the role of Fritz, the eldest brother.
Parody
The New Swiss Family Robinson by Owen Wister (1882).
See also[edit]
Novels portal
The Admirable Crichton
Castaway
The Coral Island
Lost in Space
Robinson Crusoe
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A Note on Wyss's Swiss Family Robinson, Montolieu's Le Robinson suisse, and Kingston's 1879 text" by Ellan Moody.
Jump up ^ John Seelye, ed. The Swiss Family Robinson. Penguin Classics. 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-310499-5.
Jump up ^ "TJ Hoisington Pens the First Swiss Family Robinson Sequel in Over 100 Years".
References[edit]
Weber, Marie-Hélène (1993). Robinson et robinsonnades: étude comparée de "Robinson Crusoe" de Defoe, "Le Robinson suisse" de J.R. Wyss, "L'Ile mystérieuse" de J. Verne, "Sa majesté des mouches" de W. Golding, "Vendredi ou les limbes du Pacifique" de M. Tournier, Ed. Universitaires du Sud.
Wyss, Johann. The Swiss Family Robinson, ed. John Seelye. Penguin Classics, 2007. The only unabridged complete text genuinely by Wyss (and his son) currently in print.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Swiss Family Robinson
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Swiss Family Robinson.
The Swiss Family Robinson, available at Internet Archive (original edition scanned books with illustrations in color)
The Swiss Family Robinson, available at Google Books (original edition scanned books with illustrations)
The Swiss Family Robinson at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML). Version unknown, ca. 1850, missing two pages of text.
The Swiss Family Robinson at Project Gutenberg (plain text). Kingston's 1879 translation.
"A Note on Wyss's Swiss Family Robinson, Montolieu's Le Robinson suisse, and Kingston's 1879 text", by Ellen Moody. Information about the book and its many versions.
The Swiss Family Robinson public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann David Wyss
Sequel novels
The Castaways of the Flag (1900)
Films
Perils of the Wild (1925)
Swiss Family Robinson (1940)
Swiss Family Robinson (1960)
Television
Lost in Space (1965)
Swiss Family Robinson (1974)
Swiss Family Robinson (1975)
The Swiss Family Robinson: Flone of the Mysterious Island (1981)
The Swiss Family Robinson (1975)
Beverly Hills Family Robinson (1997)
The New Swiss Family Robinson (1998)
Stranded (2002)
Other
Space Family Robinson
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Swiss_Family_Robinson&oldid=865515764"
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text:
Rio Grande
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"Río Bravo" redirects here. For other uses, see Río Bravo (disambiguation) and Rio Grande (disambiguation).
"Rio Grande del Norte" redirects here. For the Brazilian states, see Rio Grande do Norte and Rio Grande do Sul.
Rio Grande
Río Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)
The Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border
Countries
United States, Mexico
States
Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas
Tributaries
- left Red River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River
- right Conejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River
Source
Canby Mountain, Continental Divide
- location San Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States
- elevation 12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]
- coordinates 37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]
Mouth
Gulf of Mexico
- location Cameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas
- elevation 0 ft (0 m)
- coordinates 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]
Length
1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]
Depth
18 m (59 ft)
Basin
182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]
Discharge
for Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila
- average 2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]
- max 964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)
- min 24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)
Map of the Rio Grande drainage basin
The Rio Grande (/ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/;[5][6][7] Spanish: Río Bravo del Norte, pronounced [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River). The Rio Grande begins in south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico.[8] Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, its total length was 1,896 miles (3,051 km) in the late 1980s, though course shifts occasionally result in length changes. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is either the fourth- or fifth-longest river system in North America.[1]
The river serves as part of the natural border between the U.S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. A very short stretch of the river serves as part of the boundary between the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. Since the mid–20th century, heavy water consumption of farms and cities along with many large diversion dams on the river has left only 20% of its natural discharge to flow to the Gulf. Near the river's mouth, the heavily irrigated lower Rio Grande Valley is an important agricultural region. The Rio Grande is one of 19 Great Waters recognized by America's Great Waters Coalition.[9]
The Rio Grande's watershed covers 182,200 square miles (472,000 km2).[3] Many endorheic basins are situated within, or adjacent to, the Rio Grande's basin, and these are sometimes included in the river basin's total area, increasing its size to about 336,000 square miles (870,000 km2).[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Navigation
3 History
4 River modifications
5 Crossings
6 Names and pronunciation
7 Tributaries
8 See also
9 Notes
10 Further reading
10.1 Primary sources
11 External links
Geography[edit]
Island within the Rio Grande from the North Valley in Albuquerque, New Mexico
The Rio Grande rises in the western part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado. The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain in the San Juan Mountains, just east of the Continental Divide. From there, it flows through the San Luis Valley, then south into the Middle Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico, passing through the Rio Grande Gorge near Taos, then toward Española, and picking up additional water from the San Juan-Chama Diversion Project from the Rio Chama. It then continues on a southerly route through the desert cities of Albuquerque, and Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. In the Albuquerque area, the river flows past a number of historic Pueblo villages, including Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo. Below El Paso, it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico.
The official river border measurement ranges from 889 miles (1,431 km) to 1,248 miles (2,008 km), depending on how the river is measured.[1] A major tributary, the Rio Conchos, enters at Ojinaga, Chihuahua, below El Paso, and supplies most of the water in the border segment. Other tributaries include the Pecos and the smaller Devils, which join the Rio Grande on the site of Amistad Dam. Despite its name and length, the Rio Grande is not navigable by ocean-going ships, nor do smaller passenger boats or cargo barges use it as a route. It is barely navigable at all, except by small boats in a few places; at its deepest point, the river's depth is 60 feet (18 m),[11]
The Rio Grande rises in high mountains and flows for much of its length at high elevation; Albuquerque is 5,312 feet (1,619 m), and El Paso 3,762 feet (1,147 m) above sea level. In New Mexico, the river flows through the Rio Grande rift from one sediment-filled basin to another, cutting canyons between the basins and supporting a fragile bosque ecosystem on its flood plain. From El Paso eastward, the river flows through desert. Although irrigated agriculture exists throughout most of its stretch, it is particularly extensive in the subtropical Lower Rio Grande Valley. The river ends in a small, sandy delta at the Gulf of Mexico. During portions of 2001 and 2002, the mouth of the Rio Grande was blocked by a sandbar. In the fall of 2003, the sandbar was cleared by high river flows around 7,063 cubic feet per second (200 m3/s).[4]
Navigation[edit]
Navigation was active during much of the 19th century,[12] with over 200 different steamboats operating between the river's mouth close to Brownsville, and Rio Grande City, Texas. Many steamboats from the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were requisitioned by the US government and moved to the Rio Grande during the Mexican War in 1846. They provided transport for the U.S. Army, under General Zachary Taylor, to invade Monterrey, Mexico, via Camargo Municipality, Tamaulipas. Army engineers recommended that with small improvements, the river could easily be made navigable as far north as El Paso.[citation needed] Those recommendations were never acted upon.
The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge, a large swing bridge, dates back to 1910 and is still in use today by automobiles connecting Brownsville with Matamoros, Tamaulipas. It has not been opened since the early 1900s, though, when the last of the big steamboats disappeared. At one point, the bridge also had rail traffic. Railroad trains no longer use this bridge. A new rail bridge (West Rail International Crossing) connecting the U.S. and Mexico was built about 15 miles west of the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge. It was inaugurated in August 2015. It moved all rail operations out of downtown Brownsville and Matamoros.[13] The West Rail International Crossing is the first new international rail crossing between the U.S. and Mexico in 105 years.[14] The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge is now operated by the Brownsville and Matamoros Bridge Company, a joint venture between the Mexican government and the Union Pacific Railroad.
At the mouth of the Rio Grande, on the Mexican side, was the large commercial port of Bagdad. During the American Civil War, this was the only legitimate port of the Confederacy. European warships anchored offshore to maintain the port's neutrality, and managed to do so successfully throughout that conflict, despite occasional stare-downs with blockading ships from the US Navy. It was a shallow-draft river port, with several smaller vessels that hauled cargo to and from the deeper-draft cargo ships anchored off shore. These deeper-draft ships could not cross the shallow sandbar at the mouth of the river. The port's commerce was European military supplies, in exchange for bales of cotton.
History[edit]
The Upper Rio Grande near Creede, Colorado
Railway Bridges and the Great Customs Smelter (postcard, circa 1916)
During the late-1830s and early-1840s, the river marked the disputed border between Mexico and the nascent Republic of Texas; Mexico marked the border at the Nueces River. The disagreement provided part of the rationale for the US invasion of Mexico in 1846, after Texas had been admitted as a new state. Since 1848, the Rio Grande has marked the boundary between Mexico and the United States from the twin cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, to the Gulf of Mexico. As such, crossing the river was the escape route used by some Texan slaves to seek freedom. Mexico had liberal colonization policies and had abolished slavery in 1828.[15]
In 1899, after a gradual change to the river position, a channel was dug for flood control which moved the river, creating what was called Cordova Island, which became the center of the Chamizal dispute. Resolving the dispute took many years and almost resulted in the assassination of the American and Mexican presidents.
In 1944, the US and Mexico signed a treaty regarding the river,[16] and in 1997, the US designated the Rio Grande as one of the American Heritage Rivers. Two portions of the Rio Grande are designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, one in northern New Mexico and the other in Texas, at Big Bend National Park.
In the summer of 2001, a 328-foot (100 m)-wide sandbar formed at the mouth of the river, marking the first time in recorded history that the Rio Grande failed to empty into the Gulf of Mexico. The sandbar was subsequently dredged, but it reformed almost immediately. Spring rains the following year flushed the reformed sandbar out to sea, but it returned in the summer of 2002. As of the fall of 2003, the river once again reaches the Gulf.[4]
River modifications[edit]
View of the Rio Grande from Overlook Park, White Rock, New Mexico
Further information: Rio Grande Project
The United States and Mexico share the water of the river under a series of agreements administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IWBC), US-Mexico. The most notable of these treaties were signed in 1906 and 1944.[17][18] The IBWC traces its institutional roots to 1889, when the International Boundary Committee was established to maintain the border. The IBWC today also allocates river waters between the two nations, and provides for flood control and water sanitation.
Use of that water belonging to the United States is regulated by the Rio Grande Compact, an interstate pact between Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The water of the Rio Grande is over-appropriated: that is, more users for the water exist than water in the river. Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged "The Forgotten River" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.[19]
Rio Grande in west El Paso near the New Mexico state line
A number of dams are on the Rio Grande, including Rio Grande Dam, Cochiti Dam, Elephant Butte Dam, Caballo Dam, Amistad Dam, Falcon Dam, Anzalduas Dam, and Retamal Dam. In southern New Mexico and the upper portion of the Texas border segment, the river's discharge dwindles. Diversions, mainly for agricultural irrigation, have increased the natural decrease in flow such that by the time the river reaches Presidio, little or no water is left. Below Presidio, the Rio Conchos restores the flow of water.[1] Near Presidio, the river's discharge is frequently zero. Its average discharge is 178 cubic feet per second (5 m3/s), down from 945 cubic feet per second (27 m3/s) at Elephant Butte Dam. Supplemented by other tributaries, the Rio Grande's discharge increases to its maximum annual average of 3,504 cubic feet per second (99 m3/s) near Rio Grande City. Large diversions for irrigation below Rio Grande City reduce the river's average flow to 889 cubic feet per second (25 m3/s) at Brownsville and Matamoros.[4]
Crossings[edit]
Main article: List of crossings of the Rio Grande
The major international border crossings along the river are at Ciudad Juárez and El Paso; Presidio, and Ojinaga; Laredo, and Nuevo Laredo; McAllen and Reynosa; and Brownsville and Matamoros. Other notable border towns are the Texas/Coahuila pairings of Del Rio–Ciudad Acuña and Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras.
Names and pronunciation[edit]
The Rio Grande (Rio del Norte) as mapped in 1718 by Guillaume de L'Isle
Río Grande is Spanish for "Big River" and Río Grande del Norte means "Great River of the North". In English, Rio Grande is pronounced either /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/. Because río means "river" in Spanish, the phrase Rio Grande River is redundant.
In Mexico, it is known as Río Bravo or Río Bravo del Norte, bravo meaning (among other things) "furious" or "agitated".
Historically, the Pueblo and Navajo peoples also had names for the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo:
mets'ichi chena, Keresan, "Big River"
posoge, Tewa, "Big River"
paslápaane, Tiwa, "Big River"
hañapakwa, Towa, "Great Waters"
The four Pueblo names likely antedated the Spanish entrada by several centuries.[20]
Tó Baʼáadi, Navajo, "Female River" (the direction south is female in Navajo cosmology)[21]
Rio del Norte was most commonly used for the upper Rio Grande (roughly, within the present-day borders of New Mexico) from Spanish colonial times to the end of the Mexican period in the mid-19th century. This use was first documented by the Spanish in 1582. Early American settlers in South Texas began to use the modern 'English' name Rio Grande. By the late 19th century, in the United States, the name Rio Grande had become standard in being applied to the entire river, from Colorado to the sea.[20]
By 1602, Río Bravo had become the standard Spanish name for the lower river, below its confluence with the Rio Conchos.[20]
Tributaries[edit]
Main article: List of tributaries of the Rio Grande
The largest tributary of the Rio Grande by discharge is the Rio Conchos, which contributes almost twice as much water as any other. In terms of drainage basin size, the Pecos River is the largest.
[hide]Tributary
Average discharge
Drainage basin
cu ft/s
m3/s
sq mi
km2
San Juan River 368 10[4] 12,950 33,500[4]
Rio Alamo 130 3.68[4] 1,675 4,340[4]
Rio Salado 354 10.0[4] 23,323 60,400 [4]
Rio San Rodrigo 130 3.68[4] 1,050 2,720[4]
Devils River 362 10.3[4] 137 355[22]
Pecos River 265 7.50[4] 44,402 115,000[23]
Rio Conchos 848 24.0[4] 26,400 68,400[24]
Rio Puerco 39.5 1.1[25] 7,350 19,000[25]
Jemez River 59.5 1.68[26] 1,038 2,688[26]
Santa Fe River 10.9 0.31[27] 231 598.3[27]
Rio Chama 571 16.2[28] 3,144 8,143[28]
Conejos River 176 4.98[29] 887 2,297[29]
See also[edit]
Colorado portal
New Mexico portal
Texas portal
Mexico portal
Chihuahuan Desert
List of international border rivers
List of longest rivers of Mexico
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
List of rivers of Colorado
List of rivers of New Mexico
List of rivers of Texas
Rio Bravo, Texas
Rio Grande border disputes
Rio Grande dams and diversions
Rio Grande Gorge
Rio Grande Trail
Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River
Trans-Pecos
West Texas
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Metz, Leon C. "Rio Grande". The Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rio Grande
^ Jump up to: a b "Rio Grande NASQAN Program". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Water Bulletin Number 75: Flow of the Rio Grande and Related Data; From Elephant Butte Dam, New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico". International Boundary and Water Commission. 2005. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Oxford Pronunciation June 28, 2017
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Santa Fe June 28, 2017
Jump up ^ Washington State University June 28, 2017
Jump up ^ Mighty Rio Grande Now a Trickle Under Siege April 12, 2015
Jump up ^ National Wildlife Federation (August 18, 2010). "America's Great Waters Coalition". Retrieved 2011-08-26.
Jump up ^ Benke, Arthur C.; Colbert E. Cushing (2005). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. pp. 186–192. ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3.
Jump up ^ "Rio Grande River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 18, 2016. In some places the depth of the river has varied from nearly 60 feet (18 metres) to a bare trickle or nothing.
Jump up ^ Tom Lea (1957) The King Ranch writes that Richard King made his fortune as a riverman on the Rio Grande before he proposed marriage to Henrietta and started his cattle ranch.
Jump up ^ https://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/iro/international-bridges.pdf page 7
Jump up ^ http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_08233c84-4b9b-11e5-b445-bfe2de4ccd95.html
Jump up ^ "The UGRR on the Rio Grande"
Jump up ^ "Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law: Rio Grande". Peace Palace Library. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ IBWC: Treaties Between the U.S. and Mexico
Jump up ^ Thompson, Olivia N., "Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region" (2009). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 313.[specify]
Jump up ^ "Rio Grande Sucked Dry for Irrigation, Industry", CNN Saturday Morning News, (Aired June 9, 2001)
^ Jump up to: a b c Source for historical names: Carroll L. Riley, 1995, Rio del Norte, University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-496-5
Jump up ^ For the spelling of Navajo terms: Young, Robert W & William Morgan, Sr. The Navajo Language. A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, NM: 1987.
Jump up ^ "Devils River Protection Campaign, Devils River Conservation Easements". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Largest Rivers of the United States, USGS
Jump up ^ "The Rio Conchos: An Essential Ribbon of Life". Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08353000 Rio Puerco near Barnardo, NM" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08329000, Jemez River below Jemez Canyon Dam, NM" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08317200 Santa Fe River above Cochiti Lake, NM" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08290000, Rio Chama near Chamita, NM" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08249000, Conejos River near Lasauses, CO" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
Further reading[edit]
D¡az, George T. Border Contraband: A History of Smuggling across the Rio Grande (University of Texas Press, 2015) xiv, 241 pp.
Horgan, Paul (1991). Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History (4th ed.). Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6251-3. ; Pulitzer Prize
Kearney, Milo; Anthony K. Knopp (1995). Boom and Bust: The Historical Cycles of Matamoros and Brownsville. Austin, Tex: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-0-89015-815-9.
Kelley, Pat (1986). River of Lost Dreams: Navigation on the Rio Grande. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2712-5.
Lea, Tom (1957). The King Ranch. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-51745-4.
Primary sources[edit]
Coker, Caleb (1992). The News from Brownsville: Helen Chapman's Letters from the Texas Military Frontier, 1848-1852. Austin, Tex: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 0-87611-115-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rio Grande (river).
Border Stories: the only hand pulled ferry on the Rio Grande (video)
1854 map of Rio Grande entrance (hosted by the Portal to Texas History).
Rio Grande Cam – in Mission Texas. Mexico is on the left and the US is on the right.
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values: ريو غراندي – Arabic

values: রিও গ্রান্দে – Bangla

values: Рио-Гранде (Мексика ҡултығына ҡойоусы йылға) – Bashkir

values: रियो ग्रांडे – Bhojpuri

values: Рио Гранде – Bulgarian

values: Рио-Гранде (юханшыв, Мексика кӳлмекĕ) – Chuvash

values: Rio Grande (přítok Mexického zálivu) – Czech

values: Ρίο Γκράντε – Greek

values: ریو گرانده – Persian

values: 리오그란데강 – Korean

values: Ռիո Գրանդե (գետ) – Armenian

values: রিও গ্রান্ডে – Bishnupriya

values: Rio Grande (fiume Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian

values: ריו גראנדה – Hebrew

values: რიო-გრანდე – Georgian

values: Рио-Гранде – Kyrgyz

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Riogrande – Latvian
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values: Рио Гранде – Macedonian

values: रियो ग्रांदे – Marathi

values: リオ・グランデ川 – Japanese

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values: ទន្លេរីយ៉ូហ្គ្រែនដេ – Khmer

values: Rio Grande (rzeka w Ameryce Północnej) – Polish

values: Rio Grande (América do Norte) – Portuguese

values: Рио-Гранде (река, впадает в Мексиканский залив) – Russian

values: Рио Гранде – Serbian

values: ரியோ கிராண்டே – Tamil

values: รีโอแกรนด์ – Thai

values: Ріо-Гранде – Ukrainian

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