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Warning sign
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"Warning Sign" redirects here. For other uses, see Warning Sign (disambiguation).
For a sign on a boat or building relating to it or its contents, see placard.
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Exhibit mostly of warning signs (with some regulatory signs like Do Not Enter), Turin Automobile Museum
A warning sign is a type of sign which indicates a potential hazard, obstacle or condition requiring special attention. Some are traffic signs that indicate hazards on roads that may not be readily apparent to a driver.[1]
While warning traffic sign designs vary, they usually take the shape of an equilateral triangle with a white background and thick red border. In the People's Republic of China (except for Macau and Hong Kong), they appear with a black border and a yellow background. In Sweden, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Finland, Iceland, the Republic of Macedonia and Poland, they have a red border with an amber background. The polar bear warning sign in Svalbard recently changed from displaying a black bear on white background to a white bear on black background (both signs are triangular with a red border). Some countries (like France, Norway and Spain) that normally use a white background have adopted an orange or amber background for road work or construction signs.
Warning signs in some countries have a diamond shape in place of the standard triangular shape. In the United States, Canada, Mexico, Thailand, Australia, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand[2], most of South America, and also Ireland (diverging from the standards of the rest of Europe) use warning signs are black on a yellow background and usually diamond-shaped, while temporary signs (which are typically construction signs) are black on an orange background. Some other countries also use these standards for some signage.
The warning signs usually contain a symbol. In Europe they are based on the UNECE Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. In the United States they are based on the MUTCD standard and often contain text only.
Contents
1 History
2 Modern traffic warning sign shapes and colors
2.1 General caution
2.2 Obstacles
2.3 Animals crossing the roadway
2.4 Unusual vehicles in roadway
2.5 Road work or construction
2.6 Curves and corners
2.6.1 Chevrons and arrows
2.7 Tunnels
2.8 Bridges
2.9 Traffic signals
2.10 Warning signs for regulatory signs
2.11 Intersections
2.12 Lane starts and ends
2.13 Merge to stay with through traffic
2.14 Roads with one entry point
2.15 End of roadway
2.16 Pedestrian crossings
2.17 Schools
2.18 Bicycle
2.19 Fire stations
2.20 Oncoming traffic
2.21 Level crossing (railway crossing)
2.22 Falling rocks
2.23 Other warnings (aircraft-related)
2.24 Crosswinds or Side winds
2.25 Road conditions
3 Traffic warning signs with lights
4 Non-traffic warning signs
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
17th-century sign along Salvador Street in Alfama, Lisbon says "Year of 1686. His Majesty commands all coaches, seges and litters coming from Salvador's entrance to back up to the same part"
British specimen, c. 1860s.
Early Czech warning signs, c. mid-1930s. The blue signs were later supplanted with red-white-black signs.
Pre-standardization British School Zone with metal-cutout generic Warning symbol embellished with red glass reflector-spheres.
Some of the first roadside signs—ancient milestones—merely gave distance measures. Hazard warnings were rare though occasional specimens appeared, such as the specific warning about horse-drawn vehicles backing up which was carved in stone in Lisbon's Alfama neighborhood in 1686. The early signs did not have high-contrast lettering and their messages might have been easily overlooked. Signs were written in the local language (example); symbolic signs, though long used on certain tradesmen's signs (like the pawnbrokers' tri-ball symbol) were to be used for traffic only much later in history.
Complex signage systems emerged with the appearance of motorcars. In 1908 the automobile association in West London erected some warning signs. In 1909, nine European governments agreed on the use of four pictorial symbols, indicating bump, curve, intersection, and railroad crossing. The intensive work on international road signs that took place between 1926 and 1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign system.
As the 20th century progressed, and traffic volume and vehicle speeds increased, so did the importance of road sign visibility. Earlier flat-painted signs gave way to signs with embossed letters, which in turn gave way to button copy signs—round retroreflective "buttons" helped to achieve greater night visibility. Flat metal signs reappeared in the 1980s with the widespread use of surfaces covered with retroflective sheeting materials like Scotchlite.
In Europe, the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals (which became effective in 1978) tried, among other things, to standardize important signs. After the fall of the Iron Curtain and greater ease of country-to-country driving in the Eurozone, European countries moved toward lessening the regional differences in warning signs.
In modern regulations, U.S. warning signs are classified as Series W signs, such as: W1 Series (curves and turns), W2 Series (intersections), W22 Series (blasting), et cetera, ending with the W25 Series (concerning extended green traffic lights). Some U.S. warning signs are without category while others like the warning stripes at tunnel portals or plain red End of Roadway signs are classified as Object Markers (OM Series). In the U.S., Stop and speed limit signs fall under the R Series (Regulatory). Modern U.S. signs are widely standardized; unless they are antique holdovers from an earlier era, oddities like a yellow Stop sign or a red Slippery When Wet sign would typically appear only on private property—perhaps at a hospital campus or in a shopping mall parking lot.
Street sign theft by pranksters, souvenir hunters, and scrappers has become problematic: removal of warning signs costs municipalities money to replace lost signs, and can contribute to traffic collisions. Some authorities affix theft-deterrence stickers to the back sides of signs. Some jurisdictions have criminalized unauthorized possession of road signs or have outlawed their resale to scrap metal dealers. In some cases, thieves whose sign-removal lead to road fatalities have been charged with manslaughter.[3][4][5] Artistically inclined vandals sometimes paint additional details onto warning signs: a beer bottle, a handgun, or a boom box added to the outstretched hand of the Pedestrian Crossing person, for example.
Modern traffic warning sign shapes and colors[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warning sign.
Warning signs can indicate any potential hazard, obstacle or condition requiring special attention. Some of the most common warning signs are the following.
General caution[edit]
Diamond-shaped with yellow background and black border
General warning signs are used in instances in which the particular hazard, obstacle or condition is not covered by a standard sign. In Europe, they usually comprise an exclamation mark on the standard triangular sign (Unicode #9888: ⚠) with an auxiliary sign below in the local language identifying the hazard, obstacle or condition. In countries using diamond-shaped signs, the explanatory language is often written directly on the diamond-shaped sign, although it may contain only a general warning such as "Caution", and pictograms may also be used.
Obstacles[edit]
Belgium
Warning signs can be placed in advance of, next to or on a specific obstacle. Obstacles such as railway level crossings may have several warning signs beforehand, while bridge ramparts typically have reflective signs placed directly on them on either side. These signs can be specific to the shape requirements of the obstacle, for example, bridge rampart signs are often tall and skinny so as not to intrude into the lane.

Animals crossing the roadway[edit]
Kangaroo crossing sign in Australia
These signs warn of wild animals (moose, bear, elk, deer, reindeer, polar bears, camels, wallabies, kangaroos, alligators, etc.) or farm animals (cows, horses, ducks, sheep) that may stray onto the road. In the United States, a "share the road" plaque is sometimes placed below these warning signs when used in this manner.
Unusual vehicles in roadway[edit]
Taiwan: handcarts crossing.
These signs are found where road users could encounter slow, large or non-typical vehicle such as tractors, forklifts, snowmobiles, Amish buggies etc. They are more common around quarries, airports, industrial zones and rural areas.

Road work or construction[edit]
New Zealand road work sign
These signs are often temporary in nature and used to indicate road work (construction), poor roads, or temporary conditions ahead on the road including: flagmen, survey crew, single-lane, detour, bridge out, utility crew ahead, blasting area, bump, dip, frost heaves, flooding (with signs labeled "High water"), soft shoulder, uneven pavement, freshly oiled road, loose gravel, smoke on road, trucks entering, etc. (Note that some "high water" signs are posted to alert drivers of a flood-prone area and do not actually mean that there is a flooded section of road ahead.) In France, Italy, Spain, Norway etc., warning (and speed limit) signs connected with road work have a yellow background in place of the usual white background on signs. In America and Ireland, signs connected with road work have an orange background.
Curves and corners[edit]
Brazil sharp turn sign
These signs indicate that dangerous or unexpected bends in the road are ahead. Signs typically indicate whether the curves are to the right or to the left, the angle of the curve and whether it is one curve or a series of curves.

Chevrons and arrows[edit]
Philippines curve chevron
Chevron-shaped symbols or arrows on rectangular signs may be placed at the actual location of the bend or curve to further mark the location of the curve and to assist in the negotiation of the curve. They may also be used to indicate "merge" with other traffic, as for an on-ramp of a limited-access highway.
An unusual occurrence of the rectangular arrow sign appears on the eastbound approach to Dead Man's Curve in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, a curve so sharp that in places an arrow's stem is printed on one sign and the arrow's point is printed on another larger sign further down the road; from the driver's perspective at a distance the two signs visually blend together to form one large arrow image.

Tunnels[edit]
United States (California)
These signs are used to indicate tunnels, where lights are usually required, and a general change in the light level. May also indicate low ceiling clearance. Truck drivers should also watch for prohibited cargo signs (e.g., hazmat, propane, explosives) upon approach to tunnels.
Bridges[edit]
Italy drawbridge ahead sign
These signs are used where traffic may be constricted to a narrow bridge, or where the bridge may have a movable span closed to vehicles while boats pass (e.g., drawbridge or floating bridge). They may also be used for underpass to indicate low overhead clearance.

Traffic signals[edit]
Australian traffic signal
These warning signs indicate that traffic lights are ahead, and are often used when it is difficult to see that a traffic light may already be showing red, to warn a driver to prepare to slow down. They may be supplemented with flashing light or lighted sign when light is red or turning red. Some countries also have signs warning of signals for ramp meters, fire stations, and airfields.

Warning signs for regulatory signs[edit]
Jamaica give way ahead sign
As for traffic signals, above, some "stop" or "yield" signs may require additional warning or reminder, especially in dense areas or where the sign has been added recently.

Intersections[edit]
Uruguay crossroads sign
These signs warn of road crossings at (crossroads, T-intersection, forks (Y-intersection), rotary/roundabout). They may also indicate "hidden driveway" intersecting the road ahead. (Compare with bridges, overpasses, viaducts).

Lane starts and ends[edit]
Japan lane decrease sign
These signs indicate when a multilane highway is being narrowed, when a passing lane is ending, or where the road is widening or a passing lane starting. Another type of sign is used to indicate central "two-way" left turning lane in center of roadway. Warning signs may also warn of "Highway ends", where the road changes class or type.

Merge to stay with through traffic[edit]
Peru merging traffic sign
In the United States and Canada, there is special signage for lanes that are about to exit, so that drivers who wish to remain on the main road have adequate time to merge. Such lanes are sometimes indicated by special striping ("alligator stripes") and the sign, "Through Traffic Merge Left" (or right). On freeways, the green directions sign for the exit ramp may have the additional notation, "Exit Only," and should have black letters on a yellow background for emphasis.

Roads with one entry point[edit]
Canada: "no exit" sign
Roadways that only have one entry/exit point - "dead end", "not a through street" or "no outlet".

End of roadway[edit]
U.S. (New York City): roadway ends.
Signs indicating the end point of a roadway.

Pedestrian crossings[edit]
Netherlands pedestrian crossing sign
These signs are used to warn drivers of people walking in the street. They may also be used to warn of children playing, playgrounds, bicycle area, deaf child, blind pedestrians, and thickly settled zones where pedestrians may enter the road.
In California, United States near the Mexican border, there are warning signs showing a running family. This is to warn motorists to look out for illegal immigrants who try to escape authorities by running through freeway traffic. The symbol was created by California Department of Transportation employee John Hood in the late 1980s.[6]
Schools[edit]
Thailand School crossing ahead
These signs mark school zones (in which lower speed limits may be in place), student crossings, crossing guards or signals ahead. In the U.S. and Canada, pentagon-shaped signs are used in place of the usual diamond-shaped signs. The shape of the U.S. school zone resembles a one-room schoolhouse and is the only U.S. sign shaped this way. Some Canadian provinces use an identical sign. Ontario uses a white on blue version of this sign.[7]
Bicycle[edit]
Russia bicycle crossing warning sign
Bicycle crossing signs warn that bicycles will cross at their location.
Fire stations[edit]
Texas emergency vehicles sign.
These signs warn of approach to where firefighters may be entering the road with fire engines or other emergency apparatus, where other drivers will have to stop and wait until they pass.
Oncoming traffic[edit]
Norway two-way traffic sign
These signs may be used to warn people of oncoming traffic; shown when a motorway becomes a dual carriageway or a normal road without a central reservation or median.
Level crossing (railway crossing)[edit]
Ireland level crossing with gates sign
These signs are used to warn of level crossings ahead. In most countries, a red triangle warning sign is used, with various pictograms for unguarded crossings, crossings with manual gates, and automatic level crossings. In most of Europe, an old-style gate is used for a crossing with gates, and a steam locomotive for a crossing without gates. Germany uses an electric train. Similar pictograms are also used in Ireland, albeit on an amber diamond sign. In the United States the warning of all types of railway crossings is made using a circular yellow sign. The actual crossing is also marked with crossed "railroad crossing" crossbuck signs (stop, look, listen) and possibly lights, bells, and barriers.
Falling rocks[edit]
Ukraine falling rocks sign
These signs may be used to indicate the hazards of fallen or falling rocks on the road ahead. They are usually pictographs, but may also include wording, such as "fallen rock", "falling rock", or "rock slide". In Italy the words may be "caduta sassi" or "caduta massi"; in France "chûte de pierres"; in Mexico "derrumbes".

Other warnings (aircraft-related)[edit]
Delaware low flying aircraft
For example, a warning sign with the image of an aircraft in the middle of it indicates an airport or airfield, where drivers should be prepared for low-flying aircraft.

Crosswinds or Side winds[edit]
Poland side winds sign
Flying socks, as indicated by a windsock on red triangle or yellow diamond signs, indicate locations where a strong side wind may cause the trajectory of the moving vehicle to change drastically, perhaps even "flying" across lanes, causing an accident.

Road conditions[edit]
Nebraska, may be icy ahead
"Slippery when wet", "grooved pavement" (warning to motorcyclists and bicyclists), "Open joints on bridge", "Icy Road", "Bridge freezes before roadway" and variants thereof, and "bump" or "dip" ahead (not related to construction). Truck drivers will need to pay attention to "Steep grade" warnings (or "Down grade, use lower gear"), sometimes posted with the percent grade (e.g., 5 percent). Steep hills may also feature "Runaway truck escape" or "Emergency stop" areas with corresponding signs. The UK has a sign warning of "Adverse camber" on a curve. Also "Loose gravel", "Soft shoulder", "Speed hump", and "Watch for Ice."

Traffic warning signs with lights[edit]
Some warning signs have flashing lights to alert drivers of conditions ahead or remind drivers to slow down. In Britain, they are called warning light. Flashing lights can be dangerous for people with certain forms of epilepsy and/or sensory processing disorder.
Attached lights
School zone traffic warning sign in Denmark.
France red traffic signal ahead.
Crosswalk alert with solar-powered lit outline.
Denmark portable multipurpose traffic warning array.
School Zone sign with warning light in U.S.
U.S. flood zone sign.
Non-traffic warning signs[edit]
Warning signs are also found on other potential dangerous sites. At the base of electricity pylons or fences of substations or radiotechnical equipment with open parts leading high voltage, there are signs warning of high voltage. Warning signs can be found at the top of inclines. "Beware of Dog" is a typical warning of the presence of a dog, but there is no standard sign design.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wet floor signs.
Wet floor signs are used after floor cleaning to warn people about wet floors and to prevent them from slipping and falling.[8][9] Businesses often place such warnings to avoid negligence charges brought by people on their property. In many countries, if an injury results from a wet floor, the owner of the premises may be found liable for compensatory damages. Many lawyers specialize in such tort lawsuits. Sometimes wet floor signs are not enough.[10] Effectiveness in modifying behavior has been shown to be enhanced when a wet floor warning is also presented aurally every 10 seconds by a tape player.[11] Robotic cleaning equipment can use wet floor signs to know when its job is finished via sonar.[12]
One of the oldest known warning signs, from the 1st century AD or BC. It warns non-Jews that they face the death penalty if they enter the Temple.
Sign in Niagara Falls, Ontario, warning people not to climb over guard rail overlooking the Niagara River.
"Beware of Dog" sign at the Glasgow Necropolis
Wet floor sign with warnings in both English and Spanish
A sign indicating that no parking is allowed on a lane
Shark spotting information sign at Noordhoek Beach in South Africa
See also[edit]
Hazard symbol
ISO 3864
ISO 7010
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration. "Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual". Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (2003 ed.). Washington, DC. p. 1A-14. Retrieved 2009-03-01. Warning Sign—a sign that gives notice to road users of a situation that might not be readily apparent.
Jump up ^ "Permanent Warning Signs in New Zealand".
Jump up ^ "CNN - Defendants get 15-year prison sentences for stop-sign killings - June 20, 1997". cnn.com.
Jump up ^ "Florida Defendants Get Retrial on Manslaughter Convictions Resulting from Deaths at Intersection Where Stop Sign Downed; Dissenting Judge Argues for Acquittal". usroads.com.
Jump up ^ "Tampabay: Suddenly, stop sign case is over". sptimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Highway safety sign becomes running story on immigration - The San Diego Union-Tribune". signonsandiego.com.
Jump up ^ "Driver's Handbook". Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
Jump up ^ Steven Di Pilla. Slip and Fall Prevention: A Practical Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-659-9.
Jump up ^ "Patent US7013590 - Floor sign - Google Patents". Google.com. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
Jump up ^ RJ Kendzior (2002), When 'wet floor' signs aren't enough, Occupational Health & Safety
Jump up ^ MS Wogalter, SL Young (1991), Behavioural compliance to voice and print warnings (PDF), Ergonomics
Jump up ^ Larson, Jan (1998). "RoboKent - a case study in man-machine interfaces". Industrial Robot: An International Journal. 25 (2): 95–100. doi:10.1108/01439919810204577. ISSN 0143-991X. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
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Summer Time in Europe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Time in Europe:
light blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time (UTC+1)
red Central European Time (UTC+1)
Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)
yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time (UTC+2)
golden Eastern European Time (UTC+2)
Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3)
light green Further-eastern European Time / Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+3)
Light colours indicate where standard time is observed all year; dark colours indicate where a summer time is observed.
European Summer Time is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries, not including Iceland, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkey and Russia — in the period between spring and autumn, during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year, in order to make the most efficient use of seasonal daylight. It corresponds to the notion and practice of "daylight saving time" to be found in many other parts of the world.
European Summer Time begins at 01:00 UTC/WET (02:00 CET, 03:00 EET) on the last Sunday in March and ends at 01:00 UTC (02:00 WEST, 03:00 CEST, 04:00 EEST) on the last Sunday in October each year; i.e. the change is made at the same absolute time across all time zones.
Greenland, except for the northeastern coast around Danmarkshavn (UTC year-round), observes Summer Time simultaneously with Europe, except for Thule Air Base (which follows Atlantic Time and observes in accordance with Canadian rules). Summer Time thus begins at 00:00 East Greenland Time and Saturday 22:00 West Greenland Time, and ends 01:00 EGST and Saturday 23:00 WGST.
Summer Time lasts, depending upon the calendar year, for either 30 or 31 weeks of the year.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Exact transition dates
3 Double Summer Time
4 Countries not switching to and from summer time
5 Local observations
5.1 Austria-Hungary
5.2 Bulgaria
5.3 Czech Republic
5.4 Czechoslovakia
5.5 Denmark
5.6 Estonia
5.7 Finland
5.8 France
5.9 Germany
5.10 Hungary
5.11 Iceland
5.12 Ireland
5.13 Italy
5.14 Norway
5.15 Poland
5.16 Portugal
5.17 Romania
5.18 Russia
5.19 Slovakia
5.20 Slovenia
5.21 Sweden
5.22 Switzerland
5.23 Turkey
5.24 Ukraine
5.25 United Kingdom
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
History[edit]
Summer Time was first introduced during the First World War. However, most countries discontinued the practice after the war. It was then restarted in various countries during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath. Again it was widely cancelled by the 1950s, although re-introduced in isolated cases until the late 1960s when the energy crisis began to prompt policy makers to re-introduce the policy across the continent. It has remained in place in most European countries since that time.
Historically the countries of Europe had different practices for observing Summer Time, but this hindered coordination of transport, communications and movements. Starting in 1981 the European Community began issuing directives requiring member states to legislate particular start and end dates for Summer Time.[1]
Since 1981 each directive has specified a transition time of 01:00 UTC and a start date of the last Sunday in March, but the end dates have differed. Successive Directives laid down two dates for the end: one on the last Sunday in September applied by the continental Member States, and the other on the fourth Sunday in October for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[1] In 1996 the end date was changed to the fourth Sunday in October for all countries.[2] In 1998 the end date was adjusted to be the last Sunday in October; this happened to be the same as the previous rule for 1996 and 1997.[3] The ninth directive, currently in force, has made this permanent.[4]
There have been proposals in 2015 and 2016 from members of the European Parliament to abolish summer time observance, but the European Commission has yet to put forward proposals to be considered as it says it has not found conclusive evidence in favour of a change and member states are divided. It did however note that there would be a cost to lose harmonisation between member states' summer time rules.[5][6] In 2017 the Finnish and Lithuanian parliaments both voted in favour of proposals calling on the EU to reconsider daylight saving, with similar criticism from Poland and Sweden. The European Commission at the time was reviewing the practice.[7][8]
On 8 February 2018, the European Parliament voted to make the European Commission re-evaluate DST in Europe.[9]
Exact transition dates[edit]
European Summer Time begins (clocks go forward) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in March:
30 March 2014
29 March 2015
27 March 2016
26 March 2017
25 March 2018
31 March 2019
29 March 2020
28 March 2021
27 March 2022
The formula used to calculate the beginning of European Summer Time is
Sunday (31 − ((((5 × y) ÷ 4) + 4) mod 7)) March at 01:00 UTC
where y is the year, and a mod b is the remainder of division after truncating a and b to integers. The above formula is valid until 2099.[10]
European Summer Time ends (clocks go back) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in October:
26 October 2014
25 October 2015
30 October 2016
29 October 2017
28 October 2018
27 October 2019
25 October 2020
31 October 2021
30 October 2022
To calculate the end of European Summer Time, a variant of the formula above is used for October:
Sunday (31 − ((((5 × y) ÷ 4) + 1) mod 7)) October at 01:00 UTC
Double Summer Time[edit]
"Double Summer Time" (two hours ahead of local winter time) has been observed on some occasions, notably in 1921, 1941-5 and 1947. See:
British Double Summer Time (UTC+02:00)
Central European Midsummer Time (UTC+03:00)
Moscow Midsummer Time (UTC+05:00)
Countries not switching to and from summer time[edit]
There are three countries that do not use summer time, and keep the same time all year.
Some may be thought of as using "permanent" summer time since they are using time zones allocated to regions further east than themselves. Belarus explicitly decided to stay permanently on (what it formerly called) summer time after 2011.
Spain, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands may also be thought of as observing "summer time" throughout the winter, and "double-summer time" during summer, because of their position far to the west of the central European time zone.
Belarus switched to summer time in Spring 2011 and did not switch back, and is now observing UTC+03:00 all year round. The midpoint of Belarus has longitude 28°E (corresponds to UTC+1.8).
Iceland observes UTC all year round despite being at longitudes (13°W-24°W) which would indicate UTC−1. Iceland's high latitude (the Reykjavík region, home to nearly two-thirds of the country's people, is at 64°N) means that sunset and sunrise times change by many hours over the year, and the effect of changing the clock by one hour would, in comparison, be small.
Russia used "permanent summer time" from 2011 to 2014. In October 2014 Russia changed permanently back to standard time (UTC+03:00 in the country's west, including Moscow), setting the clocks back one hour at the same time as other European countries did.[11]
Turkey decided not to observe daylight saving time anymore in September 2016, and decided to stay in UTC+3 throughout the year rather than switching back to its original time UTC+2.
Local observations[edit]
In most of Europe, the word Summer is added to the name of each European time zone during this period: thus, in the UTC+01:00 time zone, Central European Time becomes Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00).
Austria-Hungary[edit]
Austria-Hungary used summer time during World War I in 1916, 1917 and 1918, similar to the German Empire.
Bulgaria[edit]
Summer time was introduced in Bulgaria in 1979 by a regulation of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers. Bulgaria observes the European Union rules for summer time.[12]
Czech Republic[edit]
In the Kingdom of Bohemia, summer time was used for three seasons since 1916 to 1918, while being part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I. During the World War II period, when Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia became a de facto part of Nazi Germany, summer time was used since 1940. In 1940/1941 and 1941/1942, the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter. Czechoslovakia used summer time from 1945 to 1949 and from 1979 up to 1992. In winter 1946/1947 (from 1 December to 23 February), also winter time (CET+01:00) was used.
So Czechoslovakia used summer time yearly from 1979 and both Czech Republic and Slovakia continued in doing so after the dissolution in 1993.
Czechoslovakia[edit]
Czech lands and Slovakia used summer time in 1916, 1917 and 1918 under the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I.
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia used summer time since 1940. In 1940/1941 and 1941/1942, the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter. The Slovak State during World War II also used summer time.
Czechoslovakia continued to use the summer time since 1945 to 1949. In winter 1946/1947 (from 1 December to 23 February), also winter time (CET−01:00) was used.
Czechoslovakia used summer time since 1979 up to 1992 (year of its dissolution). Czech Republic and Slovak Republic continue to use the summer time.
Denmark[edit]
Although summer time has been observed in Denmark for the past few decades, a national association against summer time (Landsforeningen mod Sommertid) still exists.[13]
Estonia[edit]
In Estonia the use of summer time was not used in 1989–1996 and 2000–2001. It was used under Soviet rule in 1981–1988.
Finland[edit]
In Finland, summer time has been used on a regular basis since 1981.
A citizens' initiative to abolish daylight saving time was signed by 70,000 Finnish citizens. It was handed over to the Finnish parliament in June 2017.[14][15]
France[edit]
From 1923 until the Second World War France observed summer time from the last Saturday in March until the first Saturday in October. During the Second World War France also observed summer time. However, after the war the practice was abandoned (since the country changed time zones instituting de facto permanent summer time). In 1975, summer time was reimplemented because of the oil crisis.[16]
Since GMT (now UTC) is France's "natural" time zone its use of UTC+1 in winter can be seen as a form of daylight saving time in winter, while its use of Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) in summer can be seen as a form of "double summer time".[17]
France follows EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time.
Germany[edit]
Summer time was first introduced during World War I by the German Empire from the year 1916 to 1918. After the end of the war and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in November 1918, summer time ceased to be observed in peace time. Summer time was reintroduced in 1940, during World War II, in an attempt to save energy for the war economy. After the defeat of Germany, summer time was retained by the occupation powers. In 1945, Berlin and the Soviet Occupation Zone even observed Central European Midsummer Time (Mitteleuropäische Hochsommerzeit, MEHSZ; UTC+03:00); in 1947, all of Germany switched to midsummer time from 11 May to 29 June. After the Federal Republic (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were established in 1949, summer time again ceased to be observed in 1950.
In 1978, West Germany decided to re-introduce summer time, following the example set by several neighbouring states in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis. However, it only came into effect in 1980, after West and East Germany reached an agreement to simultaneously observe summer time from the last Sunday in March (02:00 CET) to the last Sunday in September (03:00 CEST). Therefore, both German states observed the same time until the German re-unification in 1990, after which the re-unified Germany retained the laws and thus also the Time Act (Zeitgesetz) of West Germany.
After 1980, West and East Germany; since 1991 reunified Germany: Central European Summer Time.[18]
Germany follows EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time.
Hungary[edit]
Summer time was introduced in Hungary first in 1916 and it was observed until 1919. After that summer time was in use between 1941–1949 and 1954–1957. Summer time has been in use again since 1980 and follows EU rules. Hungary may scrap DST in 2017.[19]
Iceland[edit]
Iceland uses UTC but has not used summer time since April 1968. From 1908 to 1968 Iceland used UTC−1. Summer time was used in 1917-1919, 1921 and 1939-1967.
Ireland[edit]
Further information: Time in Ireland
In Ireland, Summer Time, known as Irish Standard Time (IST) is observed during Summer (March to October). IST is sometimes mistaken for "Irish Summer Time", though this is incorrect.
Italy[edit]
Summer time in Italy was adopted and abolished several times, being observed from 1916 to 1920 and between 1944 and 1948. A law was approved in 1965 that took effect the following year, and made the application of summer time mandatory in the whole country. Since 1996, it has been coordinated with the European Union.
Norway[edit]
In Norway, summer time was observed in 1916, 1940–45, and 1959-65. The arrangement was controversial, and in 1965 the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget) voted to discontinue the practice. Their neighbour, Sweden, did not use it.
However, in 1980 summer time was reintroduced (together with Sweden and Denmark), and since at least 2002 Norway has followed the European Union in this matter.[20]
Poland[edit]
In Poland, "the summer time" was observed in the following years:
1918
1946 - 1949
1957 - 1964
1977 - (still)
In the years 1979 - 1995 the last day of summer time was the last Saturday of September. In 1996 it was changed to the last Saturday of October, in order to synchronise with other countries of the EU.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, summer time (locally known by "Hora de Verão") was introduced in 1916. In the years 1922, 1923, 1925, 1930, 1933 and from 1967 to 1975 summer time was not applied.[21] For many years the official hour in the Madeira Islands was one hour earlier than that in Lisbon, and the Azores Islands was two hours behind. Today, in the Madeira Islands the official time is the same as that of Lisbon, and in the Azores Islands is one hour behind Lisbon. The start and end dates for summer time in Portugal follow the pattern in the rest of the EU: the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October.
Romania[edit]
Summer time in Romania was originally introduced in 1932 (between 22 May and 2 October). Between 1933 and 1940 summer time started on the first Sunday in April and ended on the first Sunday in October. Summer time was abandoned in 1941 and reintroduced in 1979. Until 1996, with few exceptions, summer time started at the end of March and ended at the end of September. Since 1997, it has started in the last Sunday in March and ended on the last Sunday in October, in accordance with European Union rules.[22]
Russia[edit]
Further information: Time in Russia
A decree of the Russian Provisional Government introduced summer time (Russian: летнее время) in Russia on 30 June 1917, and clocks moved one hour forward. A decree of the Soviet government led to the abandonment of this system five months later: clocks moved one hour back again on 28 December.[23]
From 1930, Decree time had the effect of imposing year-round time-zone advances in the Soviet Union.
A decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR reintroduced summer time in the USSR (Moscow Summer Time, for example) on 1 April 1981, and its practice continued into post-Soviet times until 2011. The changeover dates in Russia were the same as for other European countries, but clocks were moved forward or back at 02:00 local time in all zones. Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), summer time commenced at 02:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ended at 03:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. (Note that "day before the last Sunday" is not the same as "the last Saturday" in a month where the last day is a Saturday.)
Night black sky at 9:06 am (UTC+4) on 23 December 2013 in Moscow
On 8 February 2011, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced cancellation of biannual clock changes in Russia in favor of a permanent switch to summer time. An hour was added in March 2011 for the last time, and clocks did not move back again. At the same time some of Russia's time zones were consolidated.[24] After this reform many Russian cities had a "standard time" two hours more than would be suggested by their "astronomical time" (because the original standard time was already ahead of astronomical time in many areas).[24]
During his 2012 election campaign, Vladimir Putin proposed re-introducing summer time, as some workers had complained about not seeing any daylight during the winter, since the sun had not risen when they went to work.[25] According to a report in the International Herald Tribune, Russian citizens remembered the winter of 2011-12 as the "darkest winter on record" as a result of the time change.[24] However, Putin later said it would be up to then Prime Minister Medvedev's cabinet to decide how to proceed with a seasonal time shift, and it decided to stay with the 2011 policy.[24]
On 26 October 2014 Russia permanently returned to "winter" time.[26][27]
Slovakia[edit]
In Slovakia, formerly part of Czechoslovakia, the authorities introduced summer time (locally known as "Letný čas"), with occasional breaks, in the early 1940s. Annual summer time, however, dates only from 1979. After several years, Slovakia established the rule that summer time begins in the last weekend of March (during the night from Saturday to Sunday) and ends in the last weekend of September. Since 1996, summer time has been prolonged about one month so it lasts until the last weekend in October, in accordance with European Union rules.
Slovenia[edit]
Summer time in Slovenia (locally known as "Poletni čas") was introduced on 16 November 1982 when it was one of the Yugoslavia republics. Same law was valid until 1996 when the end of summer time was changed from first Sunday in October to last Sunday in October. In 2006, the European Union standard was adopted and is still used today.
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden summer time was originally introduced on 15 May 1916. Then it proved unpopular, and on 30 September in the same year, Sweden returned to year-round standard time. This situation continued for more than half a century.
On 6 April 1980, Sweden again introduced summer time, and since then summer time has been observed every summer in Sweden. Except for the introduction year 1980, summer time has always started on the last Sunday in March. It ended on the last Sunday in September during the years 1980-1995, and has ended on the last Sunday in October since 1996, following a unification of start/end dates of summer time within the EU as well as in several European countries then outside the EU.
The transit authority Västtrafik changes their clocks at 4 AM, so that the last tram that leaves around 3:30 actually goes 2:30 on last weekend of October for those who have changed their clocks at the legal time.[28] The public transport company SL changes their clocks at the legal time, and runs extra departures during the October transition hour.[29]
Switzerland[edit]
The last country in Europe to adopt summer time, in 1981, was Switzerland, despite the fact the summer time was rejected in a federal voting in 1977 by 52.1% of voters.[30] Since 1996 Swiss summer time follows EU regulations. It had been in use in 1941 and 1942.[31]
Turkey[edit]
Summer time was introduced in Turkey in 1947, but suspended from 1965 through 1972. Since 1974, Turkey follows European Summer Time.
In 2008, the Turkish Ministry of Energy proposed that Turkey should abolish summer time while at the same time switching to GMT +2.5, originally from 2009 onwards, but when this appeared infeasible, to start in 2011.[32] The plan has not been heard of since.
For the year 2011, Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3:00 am (03:00) on Monday 28 March, one day later than the rest of Europe, to avoid disrupting the national university-entrance examinations held on 27 March.[33]
Once again, for the year 2014, Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3:00 am (03:00) on Monday 31 March, one day later than the rest of Europe, to avoid disrupting the local elections held on 30 March.[34]
In 2015, Turkey delayed the switch from European Summer Time by 2 weeks, to 4:00 am (04:00) on Sunday 8 November, two weeks later than the rest of Europe, due to the calling of a snap general election on Sunday, 1 November.[35]
In 2016, Turkey scrapped winter time, by switching to New Turkey Time. This means permanent UTC+3, which was used during summer time in Turkey. The switch was on 12:00 am (00:00) on Thursday 8 September, in reality stopping switches between summer and winter time.[36]
Ukraine[edit]
Summer time was introduced in Ukraine in the early 1980s; from 1981 till 1989 this was Moscow Summer Time; since 1992 Eastern European Summer Time has been used.[37][38]
On 20 September 2011 the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) voted not to return from Eastern European Summer Time to Eastern European Time.[37][39] This change would have had the effect of moving Ukraine into the Further-eastern European Time zone UTC+03:00 along with Belarus and western Russia (which do not observe summer time). However, on 18 October 2011 the Parliament canceled these plans and the country returned to Eastern European Time as scheduled.[38][40] 295 MPs voted in favour out of 349 registered MPs.[38]
Crimea and regions of eastern Ukraine under the control of separatist militants observe Further-eastern European Time.[41]
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: British Summer Time
In the United Kingdom local time during this period is known as British Summer Time (BST) (UTC+01:00) while local time during the rest of the year is normally referred to as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). More generally British Summer Time is part of Western European Summer Time.
Legislation: Summer Time Act 1916; Summer Time Act 1922; Time (Ireland) Act, 1916; Summer Time Act, 1925; Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939; The Summer Time Order 1964; The Summer Time Order 1967; Summer Time Act 1972; The Summer Time Order 1997; The Summer Time Order 2002.[42]
Since 1996 all clocks in the European Union, of which the UK is a member state, have changed on same dates and at the same time, 01:00 GMT.[43]
British Summer Time starts: Last Sunday in March
British Summer Time ends: Last Sunday in October
British Summer Time clocks change at 01:00 (1.00 am) Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
See also[edit]
Daylight saving time in the Americas—Greenland (uses European summer time rule)
Winter time (Czechoslovakia) – 1946/1947
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Communication from the commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European economic and social committee under Article 5 of Directive 2000/84/EC on summer time arrangements". European Commission. 23 November 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "European Commission - Mobility and Transport: Summertime". 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Joseph Myers (21 January 2007). "History of legal time in Britain". Retrieved 24 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 January 2001 on summer time arrangement".
Jump up ^ "Summertime: changing the clocks". epthinktank.eu. 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU Politicians Speak Up to Remove DST". www.timeanddate.com.
Jump up ^ Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time, Euractiv 27/10/17
Jump up ^ Lithuania hopes to kill daylight savings time, Euractiv 22/11/17
Jump up ^ "EU Parliament Votes to Re-Evaluate DST in Europe". www.timeanddate.com.
Jump up ^ Attributed to Robert H. van Gent. "Daylight Saving Time: About this exhibit"
Jump up ^ "Russia set to turn back the clocks with daylight-saving time shift". The Guardian. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ http://m3web.bg, M3 Web -. "Bulgaria Turns Clocks to Daylight Saving Time March 28 - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". novinite.com.
Jump up ^ "Landsforeningen mod Sommertid" (in Danish). Retrieved 2007-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Citizens' initiative to dump Daylight Saving Time heads to Finnish lawmakers". yle.fi.
Jump up ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time". reuters.com.
Jump up ^ Poulle, Yvonne (1999). "La France à l'heure allemande" (PDF). Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes (in French). 157 (2): 493–502. doi:10.3406/bec.1999.450989. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Thorsen, Steffen. "France and Spain kicks into "Double Summer Time"". Time and Date.com. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
Jump up ^ DST and midsummer DST in Germany until 1979, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. (2010)
Jump up ^ "@sztro.NET - horoszkóp, asztrológia - nyári időszámítás Magyarországon". asztro.net.
Jump up ^ "Hva er sommertid?". Forskning.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Hora Legal desde 1911 (Legal Time since 1911)" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Observatorul Astronomic - Ora de vara" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2008-11-15. Contains tables with all historical summer time start and end dates since 1932.
Jump up ^ "Time Zone & Clock Changes 1900-1924 in Moscow, Russia". www.timeanddate.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gessen, Masha (1 October 2012). "Will Russia Turn Back the Clock?". Latitude: Views from Around the World. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Russian prime minister promises daylight saving time". Time and Date.com. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ BBC Russia: Putin abolishes "daylight savings" time change
Jump up ^ Российская Газета: Президент вернул "зимнее время"
Jump up ^ Natten mellan lördag och söndag går vi över till sommartid (Swedish)
Jump up ^ Sommartid blir vintertid - även i SL-trafiken (Swedish)
Jump up ^ ChF, Chancellerie fédérale. "Votation No". www.admin.ch.
Jump up ^ "Seit 30 Jahren Sommerzeit in der Schweiz". www.suedostschweiz.ch.
Jump up ^ "Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011". Turkish Daily News. Worldtimezone.com. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Turkey switches to summer time one day later". World Bulletin. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Turkey's election delays summertime". World Bulletin. 23 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
Jump up ^ "End of Daylight Saving Time delayed in Turkey". Hürriyet. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Scraps Winter Time delayed In Turkey". Hürriyet. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Ukraine cancels use of daylight saving time, Kyiv Post (20 September 2011)
^ Jump up to: a b c Ukraine to return to standard time on 30 Oct (updated), Kyiv Post (18 October 2011)
Jump up ^ Deputies cancelled the winter time, WorldTimeZone.com (20 September 2011)
Jump up ^ Ukraine cancels plan to drop winter time change, Kyiv Post (18 October 2011)
Jump up ^ "DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time". ITAR TASS. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Full text - Daylight Saving Time - United Kingdom Law - The Summer Time Order 1997". www.webexhibits.org.
Jump up ^ British Summer Time, wwp.greenwichmeantime.com
Further reading[edit]
David Prerau. Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-796-7.
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Kenya Moore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kenya Moore
Born
Kenya Summer Moore
(1971-01-24) January 24, 1971 (age 46)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Education
Wayne State University
Occupation
Actress
model
producer
author
television personality
entrepreneur
Years active
1992–present
Title
Miss USA 1993
Miss Michigan USA 1993
Spouse(s)
Marc Daly (m. 2017)[1][2]
Beauty pageant titleholder
Major
competition(s)
Miss Michigan USA 1993
(Winner)
Miss USA 1993
(Winner)
Miss Universe 1993
(Top 6)
Kenya Summer Moore (born January 24, 1971),[3] is an American actress, model, producer, author, television personality, and entrepreneur. She currently co-stars in the Bravo TV series The Real Housewives of Atlanta and was a member of the cast of The Celebrity Apprentice 7 (2015). Moore rose to prominence in 1993 after winning the Miss USA contest which led her to compete in that year's Miss Universe pageant ultimately landing her among the top six, but she did not place. She subsequently appeared in minor roles in films including Waiting To Exhale (1995) and Deliver Us From Eva (2003). Moore has produced several film projects, had a book published, and starred in her own exercise video.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Modeling and pageants
2.2 Post-pageant
2.3 Film production
3 Personal
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Moore was born in Detroit, Michigan,[3][4] the daughter of teenagers Patricia Moore and Ronald Grant[5], and was raised by her paternal grandmother Doris Grant[6][7][8](1931–2017)[9] and aunt after her mother abandoned her at three days old. The reality TV show star revealed that her mother never named her. "Since birth, my mother made the decision at age 16 to pretend she never had me. She has never spoken to me,” Kenya wrote. “Even if present in the same room with other people and family, she pretends that I simply don’t exist. She pretends I’m invisible," Kenya revealed on her Bravo blog.[10] Moore graduated from Cass Technical High School in 1989[11] and attended Wayne State University, where she majored in psychology and minored in communication.[12]
Career[edit]
Modeling and pageants[edit]
Moore began modeling at the age of 14 and in the course of her modeling career was the January 1992 cover girl for Chicago-based Johnson Publishing Company's Ebony Man's (EM) magazine.[13] She also became a model for the Ebony Fashion Fair cosmetic line. At 22, Moore won Miss Michigan USA (1993) and then became the second African American woman to win Miss USA. She then represented the United States in the Miss Universe 1993 pageant and placed sixth.[14]
Post-pageant[edit]
Moore had small, background parts in television programs including: The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Meet The Browns, Homeboys in Outer Space, Sparks, Smart Guy, Video Soul Living Single, Damon, In the House, The Jamie Foxx Show, The Parent 'Hood, The Steve Harvey Show, Martin, Nubian Goddess, Men, Women & Dogs, The Parkers, Under One Roof, and Girlfriends[citation needed]. She has also appeared on the covers of Glamour, Seventeen, Ebony, and Essence magazines and can be seen in the music videos for Jermaine Dupri's "Money Ain't a Thang" (1998), Nas's "Street Dreams" (1996), Shai's "I Don't Wanna Be Alone" (1996),[15] and Tupac's "Temptations".[16] Additionally, Moore has appeared in several films: Waiting to Exhale (1995), Senseless (1998), Trois (2000), Deliver Us from Eva (2003), Brothers in Arms (2005), Cloud 9 (2006), I Know Who Killed Me (2007), and Trapped: Haitian Nights (2010).[citation needed] Her advice book "Game, Get Some!" was published in November 2007.[12] In May 2012, Moore joined the season five cast of Bravo's The Real Housewives of Atlanta.[17] In 2013, she released a workout DVD titled Kenya Moore: Booty Boot Camp.[18] In 2015 Moore was cast on The Celebrity Apprentice 7.[19]
Film production[edit]
Moore has also produced and directed various projects, and launched her own company, Moore Vision Media in 2008.[20] Moore Vision Media produced the erotic thriller “The Confidant”. Moore is credited as producer/director of the film Trapped: Haitian Nights.[21] After the project lost its director, Moore took over the production and completed the film. When the film failed to find distribution, Moore founded Moore Vision Media, an independent movie production and home-video distribution company.[20] The company's first production was The Confidant, released by Universal Vivendi on August 24, 2010.[22]
Personal[edit]
Moore married in June of 2017 to businessman and restaurant owner[23] Marc Daly.[24][25]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1995 Waiting to Exhale Denise [26]
1998 Senseless Lorraine [27]
2000 Trois Jasmine Davis [28]
2001 No Turning Back Lia
2003 Deliver Us From Eva Renee Johnson [29]
Hot Parts Passion
2004 Nas: Video Anthology Vol. 1 Herself
2005 Resurrection: The J.R. Richard Story Leticia
Brothers in Arms Mara
2006 Cloud 9 Champagne
2007 I Know Who Killed Me Jazmin [30]
2010 Trapped: Haitian Nights Nadine
The Confidant Eden Patterson [31]
2013 Dolls of Voodoo Nadine
2016 Sharknado: The 4th Awakens Monique
Television
Year
Show
Role
Notes
1994 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Dana Mothers Day
1996 Martin Lena Bozack You're All I Need
Homeboys in Outer Space Nefertiti Super Bad Foxy Lady Killer or Ty and Morris Get the Shaft
1997 Sparks Ms. Collins I, Spy
Smart Guy Vivian Kennedy Brother, Brother
Living Single Lisa DeLongPre One Degree of Separation
Nubian Goddess Herself Host
1998 Damon Julia Burton The Designer
The Steve Harvey Show Miss Gerard Educating Piggy
1999 The Jamie Foxx Show Heidi Change of Heart
The Parent 'Hood Celeste Wedding Bells Blues,
A Sister Scorned
In The House Valerie Bridgeforth How Nana Got Her Groove Back,
Not as Good as It Gets
2001 Men, Women, & Dogs Carmen Sick as a Dog
2004 Girlfriends Kara Maybe Baby,
New York Bound
2012–Present The Real Housewives of Atlanta Herself Main Cast
2013 Walk This Way n/a Abstinence
2015 The Celebrity Apprentice 7 Herself 7th Place
2015 The Millionaire Matchmaker Herself
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bravo TV - The Daily Dish - Kenya Moore With Husband Marc Daly Photo - November 9, 2017
Jump up ^ Bravo TV - The Daily Dish - Here's a Mouthwatering New Fact About Kenya Moore's Husband Marc Daly - September 25, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b McCann, Bob (2009). Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television. McFarland. p. 236. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Celebrity Apprentice - Kenya Moore". NBC.Com. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ People - RHOA Season 10 Premiere: Kenya Moore regrets not inviting her father to her wedding - November 5, 2017
Jump up ^ Kenya Moore's Grandmother Dies: RHOA star reacts - July 25, 2017
Jump up ^ DailyMail - RHOA star Kenya Moore mourns lost of grandmother - July 25, 2017
Jump up ^ US Weekly - IN MEMORIAM: Kenya Moore Mourns Loss of Grandmother Who Raised Her: ‘Thank You for My Life’ - July 25, 2017
Jump up ^ Doris A. Grant (1931-2017)
Jump up ^ "Kenya Moore Talks About Mother: 'She's Never Spoken to Me'". Black America Web. 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Free Press - Home". Detroit Free Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Hoffman, Melody K. (March 10, 2008). "Actress Kenya Moore Coaches Men On What Women Really Want In Book "Game, Get Some!"". JET. 113 (9): 46. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Miss USA KENYA MOORE Tells Why She Feels 'Beauty Is Within'". JET. 83 (21): 20–23. March 22, 1993. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Watch Kenya Moore Win Miss USA 1993!". BravoTV.Com. February 5, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ 2Pac - Temptations [Music Video]. 13 September 2013 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Nas - Street Dreams. 27 March 2011 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Season 5 Overview Archived 2014-04-14 at the Wayback Machine.. The Real Housewives of Atlanta. Bravo. NBCUniversal
Jump up ^ Kenya Moore: Booty Boot Camp (Color, NTSC, Widescreen)|format= requires |url= (help). March 5, 2013. ASIN B00BEZEFM4.
Jump up ^ Scott, Tracy. "NeNe Leakes: Porsha Williams was provoked". S2SMagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore Vision Media – http://www.moorevisionmedia.com/
Jump up ^ Kenya Moore. eurweb.com (September 24, 2008)
Jump up ^ "The Confidant (2010)". BlockBuster.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bravo TV - Here's a Mouthwatering New Fact About Kenya Moore's Husband Marc Daly - September 25, 2017
Jump up ^ Quinn, Dave (June 15, 2017). "Kenya Moore Is Married! Details from The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star's Romantic St. Lucia Getaway". People. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Brittney (June 20, 2017). "What We Know About Kenya Moore's New Husband". Essence. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "5 Things to Know About Real Housewife of Atlanta, Kenya Moore!". Wetpaint. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 50 Hottest Bad Actresses Of All Time". Complex. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trois". Yahoo. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chris Witherspoon. "'Real Housewives of Atlanta' star Kenya Moore developing show similar to Tyra Banks' 'Top Model'". The Grio. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "And Sheree Whitfield's Replacement On Real Housewives Of Atlanta Is…". Perez Hilton. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rapper David Banner Starring In Upcoming Thriller". Icelebz. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
External links[edit]
Kenya Moore on IMDb
Kenya Moore's Official Website
Game, Get Some! on Amazon.com
Trois – Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Miss USA titleholders (1980–1999)
Shawn Weatherly/Jineane Ford (1980)
Kim Seelbrede (1981)
Terri Utley (1982)
Julie Hayek (1983)
Mai Shanley (1984)
Laura Martinez-Herring (1985)
Christy Fichtner (1986)
Michelle Royer (1987)
Courtney Gibbs (1988)
Gretchen Polhemus (1989)
Carole Gist (1990)
Kelli McCarty (1991)
Shannon Marketic (1992)
Kenya Moore (1993)
Lu Parker (1994)
Chelsi Smith/Shanna Moakler (1995)
Ali Landry (1996)
Brook Lee/Brandi Sherwood (1997)
Shawnae Jebbia (1998)
Kimberly Pressler (1999)
[hide]
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Kenya Moore
Miss Teen USA
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[show]
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Miss Universe 1993, national titleholders
Paula Andrea Betancourt
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Giselle González
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Johanna Lind
Kenya Moore
Milka Chulina
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v
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Patricia Donnelly (1939)
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Toni Jo Abbenante (1967)
Pamela Eldred (1969)
Kaye Lani Rae Rafko (1987)
Melanie Churella (1987)
Kirsten Haglund (2007)
Miss Michigan USA
Carole Gist (1990)
Kenya Moore (1993)
Jill Dobson (2000)
Kenya Howard (2001)
Crystal Hayes (2005)
Rima Fakih (2010)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 41647039
LCCN: no2008052635
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Moore&oldid=814463483"
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