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Washington State Senate
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"Washington Senate" redirects here. For the Senate in Washington, D.C., see United States Senate.
Washington State Senate
Washington State Legislature
Type
Type
Upper house
Term limits
None
History
New session started
January 9, 2017
Leadership
Lieutenant Governor
Cyrus Habib (D)
Since January 11, 2017
President of the Senate pro tempore
Karen Keiser (D)
Since November 15, 2017
Majority Leader
Sharon Nelson (D)
Since November 15, 2017
Minority Leader
Mark Schoesler (R)
Since November 15, 2017
Structure
Seats
49
Political groups
Majority
Democratic (25)
Minority
Republican (23)
Ind. Democrat (1)
Length of term
4 years
Authority
Article II, Washington State Constitution
Salary
$42,106/year + per diem
Elections
Last election
November 8, 2016
(25 seats)
Next election
November 6, 2018
(24 seats)
Redistricting
Washington State Redistricting Commission
Meeting place
State Senate Chamber
Washington State Capitol
Olympia, Washington
Website
Washington State Senate
The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000. The State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia.
As with the lower House of Representatives, state senators serve without term limits, though senators serve four-year terms. Senators are elected from the same legislative districts as House members, with each district electing one senator and two representatives. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the state senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions and boards.
Contents
1 Leadership
2 Composition
2.1 Members (2017–2019, 65th Legislature)
3 Past composition of the Senate
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Leadership[edit]
The Lieutenant Governor of Washington serves as the President of the Senate, but only casts a vote if required to break a tie. In his or her absence, the President Pro Tempore presides over the Senate. The President Pro Tempore is nominated by the majority party caucus and elected by the entire Senate. The President Pro Tempore is a largely ceremonial position in the Senate. The primary leaders of the respective caucuses are the majority and minority leaders, which are elected by their respective party caucuses.
Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib is constitutionally the President of the Senate. The current President Pro Tempore is Karen Keiser. The Majority leader is Democrat Sharon Nelson, who assumed office following a special election that gave Democrats a majority. The Minority Leader is Republican Mark Schoesler.
Composition[edit]
Affiliation
Party
(Shading indicates majority caucus)
Total
Coalition
Non-coalition
Republican
Democratic
Vacant
End of previous legislature
25 1 23
49
0
Begin (January 9, 2017)[1]
24 1 24
49
0
January 24, 2017[2]
23
48
1
February 1, 2017[3]
24
49
0
November 7, 2017[4]
23 1 25
Latest voting share
7001490000000000000♠49%
7001510000000000000♠51%
Members (2017–2019, 65th Legislature)[edit]
District
Senator
Party
Residence
Counties Represented
First elected
Next election
1 Guy Palumbo Democratic Maltby King (part), Snohomish (part) 2016 2020
2 Randi Becker Republican Eatonville Pierce (part), Thurston (part) 2008 2020
3 Andy Billig Democratic Spokane Spokane (part) 2012 2020
4 Mike Padden Republican Spokane Valley Spokane (part) 2011^ 2020
5 Mark Mullet Democratic Issaquah King (part) 2012# 2020
6 Michael Baumgartner Republican Spokane Spokane (part) 2010 2018
7 Shelly Short Republican Addy Ferry, Okanogan (part), Pend Oreille, Spokane (part), Stevens 2017† 2017
8 Sharon Brown Republican Kennewick Benton (part) 2013† 2018
9 Mark Schoesler Republican Ritzville Adams, Asotin, Franklin (part), Garfield, Spokane (part), Whitman 2004 2020
10 Barbara Bailey Republican Oak Harbor Island, Skagit (part), Snohomish (part) 2012 2020
11 Bob Hasegawa Democratic Seattle King (part) 2012 2020
12 Brad Hawkins Republican East Wenatchee Chelan, Douglas, Grant (part), Okanogan (part) 2016 2020
13 Judy Warnick Republican Moses Lake Grant (part), Kittitas, Lincoln, Yakima (part) 2014 2018
14 Curtis King Republican Yakima Clark (part), Klickitat, Skamania, Yakima (part) 2007^ 2020
15 Jim Honeyford Republican Sunnyside Yakima (part) 1998 2018
16 Maureen Walsh Republican College Place Benton (part), Columbia, Franklin (part), Walla Walla 2016 2020
17 Lynda Wilson Republican Vancouver Clark (part) 2016 2020
18 Ann Rivers Republican La Center Clark (part) 2012† 2020
19 Dean Takko Democratic Longview Cowlitz (part), Grays Harbor (part), Lewis (part), Pacific, Wahkiakum 2015† 2020
20 John Braun Republican Centralia Clark (part), Cowlitz (part), Lewis (part), Thurston (part) 2012 2020
21 Marko Liias Democratic Everett Snohomish (part) 2014† 2018
22 Sam Hunt Democratic Olympia Thurston (part) 2016 2020
23 Christine Rolfes Democratic Bainbridge Island Kitsap (part) 2010† 2020
24 Kevin Van De Wege Democratic Sequim Clallam, Grays Harbor (part), Jefferson 2016 2020
25 Hans Zeiger Republican Puyallup Pierce (part) 2016# 2020
26 Jan Angel Republican Port Orchard Kitsap (part), Pierce (part) 2013^ 2018
27 Jeannie Darneille Democratic Tacoma Pierce (part) 2012 2020
28 Steve O'Ban Republican Tacoma Pierce (part) 2013† 2020
29 Steve Conway Democratic Tacoma Pierce (part) 2010 2018
30 Mark Miloscia Republican Federal Way King (part), Pierce (part) 2014 2018
31 Phil Fortunato Republican Auburn King (part), Pierce (part) 2017† 2017
32 Maralyn Chase Democratic Edmonds King (part), Snohomish (part) 2010 2018
33 Karen Keiser Democratic Des Moines King (part) 2001† 2018
34 Sharon Nelson Democratic Vashon King (part) 2010# 2018
35 Tim Sheldon Democratic (MCC) Potlatch Kitsap (part), Mason, Thurston (part) 1997^ 2018
36 Reuven Carlyle Democratic Seattle King (part) 2016† 2020
37 Rebecca Saldaña Democratic Seattle King (part) 2016† 2017
38 John McCoy Democratic Tulalip Snohomish (part) 2013† 2018
39 Keith Wagoner Republican Sedro-Woolley King (part), Skagit (part), Snohomish (part) 2018† 2018
40 Kevin Ranker Democratic Orcas Island San Juan, Skagit (part), Whatcom (part) 2008 2020
41 Lisa Wellman Democratic Mercer Island King (part) 2016 2020
42 Doug Ericksen Republican Ferndale Whatcom (part) 2010 2018
43 Jamie Pedersen Democratic Seattle King (part) 2013† 2018
44 Steve Hobbs Democratic Lake Stevens Snohomish (part) 2006 2018
45 Manka Dhingra Democratic Redmond King (part) 2017^ 2018
46 David Frockt Democratic Seattle King (part) 2011† 2018
47 Joe Fain Republican Auburn King (part) 2010 2018
48 Patty Kuderer Democratic Clyde Hill King (part) 2017† 2017
49 Annette Cleveland Democratic Vancouver Clark (part) 2012 2020
†Originally Appointed
^Originally Elected in Special Election
#Sworn in early to fill vacant seat
Past composition of the Senate[edit]
Main article: Political party strength in Washington (state)
See also[edit]
Washington State Capitol
Washington State Legislature
Washington House of Representatives
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Republican Andy Hill died October 31, 2016, after the 2016 legislative session ended. Republican Dino Rossi was appointed to replace Hill on December 5. Democrat Pramila Jayapal (District 37) resigned December 12, 2016 after her successful election to Congress. Democrat Rebecca Saldaña was appointed to replace Jayapal on December 12. Democrat Cyrus Habib resigned January 4, 2017 after his successful election as Lieutenant Governor of Washington. Democrat Patty Kuderer was appointed to replace Habib on January 9.
Jump up ^ Republican Brian Dansel (District 7) resigned to take a job in the United States Department of Agriculture. [1]
Jump up ^ Republican Shelly Short appointed to replace Dansel. [2]
Jump up ^ Democrat Mark Dhingra defeats Republican Jinyoung Lee Englund in special election for District 45. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/washington-state-senate-special-election_us_5a00a45be4b0baea2633bfae
External links[edit]
Washington State Senate
Map of Legislative Districts
show
v
t
e
Members of the Washington State Senate
65th State Legislature (2017–2019)
President of the Senate: Cyrus Habib (D)
President pro Tempore: Karen Keiser (D)
Majority Leader: Sharon Nelson (D)
Minority Leader: Mark Schoesler (R)
Guy Palumbo (D)
Randi Becker (R)
Andy Billig (D)
Mike Padden (R)
Mark Mullet (D)
Michael Baumgartner (R)
Shelly Short (R)
Sharon Brown (R)
Mark Schoesler (R)
Barbara Bailey (R)
Bob Hasegawa (D)
Brad Hawkins (R)
Judy Warnick (R)
Curtis King (R)
Jim Honeyford (R)
Mike Hewitt (R)
Lynda Wilson (R)
Ann Rivers (R)
Dean Takko (D)
John Braun (R)
Marko Liias (D)
Sam Hunt (D)
Christine Rolfes (D)
Kevin Van De Wege (D)
Hans Zeiger (R)
Jan Angel (R)
Jeannie Darneille (D)
Steve O'Ban (R)
Steve Conway (D)
Mark Miloscia (R)
Phil Fortunato (R)
Maralyn Chase (D)
Karen Keiser (D)
Sharon Nelson (D)
Tim Sheldon (MCC)
Reuven Carlyle (D)
Rebecca Saldaña (D)
John McCoy (D)
Kirk Pearson (R)
Kevin Ranker (D)
Lisa Wellman (D)
Doug Ericksen (R)
Jamie Pedersen (D)
Steve Hobbs (D)
Manka Dhingra (D)
David Frockt (D)
Joe Fain (R)
Patty Kuderer (D)
Annette Cleveland (D)
Democratic (25)
Republican (23)
Majority Coalition Caucus (1)
Washington State Legislature
Washington House of Representatives
Washington State Senate
show
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t
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Elections in Washington
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Senate elections
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Class 3
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House of Rep. elections
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Legislative elections
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State of Washington
Olympia (capital)
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Regions
Western
Kitsap Peninsula
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Columbia Plateau
Methow Valley
Okanogan Country
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Counties
Adams
Asotin
Benton
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Clallam
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Ferry
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Island
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Stevens
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Wahkiakum
Walla Walla
Whatcom
Whitman
Yakima
Coordinates: 47°02′09″N 122°54′16″W / 47.0358°N 122.9045°W / 47.0358; -122.9045
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0004 0543 6081
LCCN: n79107966
VIAF: 147736613
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_State_Senate&oldid=854137625"
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Government of Washington (state)
State upper houses in the United States
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text:
Just for One Day (Heroes)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Just for One Day (song)" redirects here. For the song by The Grace, see Graceful 4.
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
Single by David Guetta vs. Bowie
from the album Fuck Me I'm Famous 2003
Released
16 June 2003
Format
Digital download, CD single
Recorded
2003
Genre
House, Pop Rock
Length
3:00
Label
Virgin
Songwriter(s)
David Bowie
Producer(s)
David Guetta, Joachim Garraud
David Guetta singles chronology
"Give Me Something"
(2002) "Just for One Day (Heroes)"
(2003) "Money"
(2004)
"Give Me Something"
(2002) "Just for One Day (Heroes)"
(2003) "Money"
(2004)
"Just for One Day (Heroes)" is a house song performed by French DJ David Guetta, and featuring vocals from singer David Bowie. The song was released as the lead single from Guetta's compilation album, Fuck Me I'm Famous 2003 in June 2003, and was also credited as the fifth single from his debut studio album, Just a Little More Love. The song contains a sample from Bowie's 1970s track, "'Heroes'". The track was officially credited to 'David Guetta vs. Bowie'. It peaked at No. 73 on the UK Singles Chart in July 2003.[1] The music video for "Just for One Day (Heroes)" can be found on YouTube. It features a group of people partying at a rave, with Guetta performing the track in the background.[2]
Track listing[edit]
German CD single[3]
"Just For One Day (Heroes)" (radio edit) – 3:00
"Just For One Day (Heroes)" (extended version) – 6:39
"Distortion" (Maxi Vocal Remix) – 7:02
French CD single[4]
"Just For One Day (Heroes)" (radio edit) – 3:00
"Just A Little More Love" (Wally Lopez Remix Edit) – 3:45
"Distortion" (Maxi Vocal Remix) – 7:02
"Just For One Day (Heroes)" (music video) – 3:00
Charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Peak
position[5]
French Singles Chart 54
UK Singles Chart 73
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart data from chartstats.com
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yy4N36xgIjE
Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=450376
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.fr/Just-One-Heroes-David-Guetta/dp/B0000D8G2B/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1346405408&sr=1-1
Jump up ^ "Just For One Day (Heroes) Chart Positions". aCharts.us. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
[show]
v
t
e
David Guetta singles
Discography
Production discography
Just a Little More Love
"Just a Little More Love"
"Love Don't Let Me Go"
"People Come People Go"
"Give Me Something"
Guetta Blaster
"Money"
"Stay"
"The World Is Mine"
"In Love with Myself"
Pop Life
"Love Is Gone"
"Baby When the Light"
"Delirious"
"Tomorrow Can Wait"
"Everytime We Touch"
One Love
"When Love Takes Over"
"I Gotta Feeling (FMIF Remix)"
"Sexy Bitch"
"I Wanna Go Crazy"
"One Love"
"Memories"
"Gettin' Over You"
One More Love
"Revolver (One Love Remix)"
"Acapella"
"Freak"
"Commander"
"Who's That Chick?"
Nothing but the Beat
"Sweat"
"Where Them Girls At"
"Little Bad Girl"
"Lunar"
"Night of Your Life"
"Repeat"
"Without You"
"Titanium"
"Turn Me On"
"The Alphabeat"
"I Can Only Imagine"
"Crank It Up"
"Sunshine"
Nothing but the Beat 2.0
"Wild One Two"
"She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)"
"Just One Last Time"
"Play Hard"
Lovers on the Sun
"Shot Me Down"
"Bad"
"Blast Off"
"Lovers on the Sun"
Listen
"Dangerous"
"What I Did for Love"
"Hey Mama"
"Sun Goes Down"
"Bang My Head"
"Listen"
Fuck Me I'm Famous series
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
"Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)"
"GRRRR"
"Louder than Words"
"Ain't a Party"
Other singles
"Nation Rap"
"Up & Away"
"Would I Lie to You"
"Light My Body Up"
"Another Life"
"2U"
"Complicated"
"Dirty Sexy Money"
"So Far Away"
Featured singles
"Wavin' Flag (Celebration Mix)"
"Club Can't Handle Me"
"Pass at Me"
"LaserLight"
"Rest of My Life"
"Right Now"
Produced singles
"Rock That Body"
"Angel"
"Scream"
"The Best One Yet"
"Everything is Wonderful"
"Forever and a Day"
"Something for the DJs"
"Phresh Out the Runway"
Remixed songs
"Love at First Sight"
"The Sound of Violence"
"Bye Bye Superman"
"I've Got a Life"
"Miss Me Blind"
"Flashdance"
"World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)"
"Who's Your Daddy?"
"Save My Soul"
"Wow"
"Boom Boom Pow"
"Flash Back"
"Celebration"
"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"
"Rapture"
"Club Rocker"
" Turn the Lights Down"
"Wonderwall"
"Pacha on Acid"
"This Is What It Feels Like"
"Alive"
"Addicted to You"
"Ten Feet Tall"
[show]
v
t
e
David Bowie singles
1960s
"Liza Jane"
"I Pity the Fool"
"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"
"Can't Help Thinking About Me"
"Do Anything You Say"
"I Dig Everything"
"Rubber Band"
"The Laughing Gnome"
"Love You till Tuesday"
"Space Oddity"
"Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola"
1970s
"The Prettiest Star"
"Memory of a Free Festival"
"Holy Holy"
"Moonage Daydream"
"Hang On to Yourself"
"Changes"
"Starman"
"John, I'm Only Dancing"
"The Jean Genie"
"Drive-In Saturday"
"Time"
"Life on Mars"
"Let's Spend the Night Together"
"Sorrow"
"Rebel Rebel"
"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"
"Diamond Dogs"
"1984"
"Knock on Wood"
"Rock 'n' Roll with Me"
"Young Americans"
"Fame"
"Golden Years"
"TVC 15"
"Suffragette City"
"Stay"
"Sound and Vision"
"Be My Wife"
"'Heroes'"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Breaking Glass"
"Boys Keep Swinging"
"DJ"
"Yassassin"
"Look Back in Anger"
"John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)"
1980s
"Alabama Song"
"Crystal Japan"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Fashion"
"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)"
"Up the Hill Backwards"
"Under Pressure"
"Wild Is the Wind"
"The Drowned Girl"
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
"Let's Dance"
"China Girl"
"Modern Love"
"Without You"
"White Light/White Heat"
"Blue Jean"
"Tonight"
"This Is Not America"
"Loving the Alien"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Absolute Beginners"
"Underground"
"As the World Falls Down"
"Magic Dance"
"When the Wind Blows"
"Day-In Day-Out"
"Time Will Crawl"
"Never Let Me Down"
"Under the God"
"Heaven's in Here"
"Tin Machine" / "Maggie's Farm (live)"
"Prisoner of Love"
1990s
"Fame '90"
"You Belong in Rock n' Roll"
"Baby Universal"
"One Shot"
"Real Cool World"
"Jump They Say"
"Black Tie White Noise"
"Miracle Goodnight"
"The Buddha of Suburbia"
"Ziggy Stardust"
"The Hearts Filthy Lesson"
"Strangers When We Meet" / "The Man Who Sold the World (live)"
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Telling Lies"
"Little Wonder"
"Dead Man Walking"
"Seven Years in Tibet"
"Pallas Athena"
"I'm Afraid of Americans"
"I Can't Read"
"Without You I'm Nothing"
"Thursday's Child"
"The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell"
2000s
"Survive"
"Seven"
"Slow Burn"
"Everyone Says 'Hi'"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"Shadow Man"
"New Killer Star"
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
"Never Get Old"
"Rebel Never Gets Old"
2010s
"Where Are We Now?"
"The Stars (Are Out Tonight)"
"The Next Day"
"Valentine's Day"
"Love Is Lost"
"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore"
"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)"
"Blackstar"
"Lazarus"
"I Can't Give Everything Away"
"Life on Mars? (2016 Mix)"
Discography
Book:David Bowie Book:Bowie singles and songs
Category:David Bowie
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_for_One_Day_(Heroes)&oldid=818574716"
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text:
Le Chatelier's principle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In chemistry, Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced /lə ˈʃɑːtəlieɪ/), also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. The principle is named after Henry Louis Le Chatelier and sometimes Karl Ferdinand Braun who discovered it independently. It can be stated as:
When any system at equilibrium is subjected to change in concentration, temperature, volume, or pressure, then the system readjusts itself to counteract (partially) the effect of the applied change and a new equilibrium is established.
In other words, whenever a system in equilibrium is disturbed the system will adjust itself in such a way that the effect of the change will be nullified.
This principle has a variety of names, depending upon the discipline using it (see homeostasis, a term commonly used in biology). It is common to take Le Chatelier's principle to be a more general observation,[1] roughly stated:
Any change in status quo prompts an opposing reaction in the responding system.
In chemistry, the principle is used to manipulate the outcomes of reversible reactions, often to increase the yield of reactions. In pharmacology, the binding of ligands to the receptor may shift the equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle, thereby explaining the diverse phenomena of receptor activation and desensitization.[2] In economics, the principle has been generalized to help explain the price equilibrium of efficient economic systems. In simultaneous equilibrium systems, phenomena that are in apparent contradiction to Le Chatelier's principle can occur; these can be resolved by the theory of response reactions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Status as a physical law
2 Chemistry
2.1 Effect of change in concentration
2.2 Effect of change in temperature
2.3 Effect of change in pressure
2.4 Effect of change in volume
2.5 Effect of adding an inert gas
2.6 Effect of a catalyst
3 Applications in economics
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Status as a physical law[edit]
Le Chatelier's principle describes the qualitative behavior of systems where there is an externally induced, instantaneous change in one parameter of a system; it states that a behavioural shift occurs in the system so as to oppose (partially cancel) the parameter change. The duration of adjustment depends on the strength of the negative feedback to the initial shock. Where a shock initially induces positive feedback (such as thermal runaway), the new equilibrium can be far from the old one, and can take a long time to reach. In some dynamic systems, the end-state cannot be determined from the shock. The principle is typically used to describe closed negative-feedback systems, but applies, in general, to thermodynamically closed and isolated systems in nature, since the second law of thermodynamics ensures that the disequilibrium caused by an instantaneous shock must have a finite half-life.[3] The principle has analogs throughout the entire physical world.
The principle while well rooted in chemical equilibrium and extended into economic theory, can also be used in describing mechanical systems in that the system put under stress will respond in a way such as to reduce or minimize that stress. Moreover, the response will generally be via the mechanism that most easily relieves that stress. Shear pins and other such sacrificial devices are design elements that protect systems against stress applied in undesired manners to relieve it so as to prevent more extensive damage to the entire system, a practical engineering application of Le Chatelier's principle.
Chemistry[edit]
Effect of change in concentration[edit]
Changing the concentration of a chemical will shift the equilibrium to the side that would reduce that change in concentration. The chemical system will attempt to partially oppose the change affected to the original state of equilibrium. In turn, the rate of reaction, extent, and yield of products will be altered corresponding to the impact on the system.
This can be illustrated by the equilibrium of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas, reacting to form methanol.
CO + 2 H2 ⇌ CH3OH
Suppose we were to increase the concentration of CO in the system. Using Le Chatelier's principle, we can predict that the amount of methanol will increase, increasing the total change in CO. If we are to add a species to the overall reaction, the reaction will favor the side opposing the addition of the species. Likewise, the subtraction of a species would cause the reaction to "fill the gap" and favor the side where the species was reduced. This observation is supported by the collision theory. As the concentration of CO is increased, the frequency of successful collisions of that reactant would increase also, allowing for an increase in forward reaction, and generation of the product. Even if the desired product is not thermodynamically favored, the end-product can be obtained if it is continuously removed from the solution.
Effect of change in temperature[edit]
The effect of changing the temperature in the equilibrium can be made clear by 1) incorporating heat as either a reactant or a product, and 2) assuming that an increase in temperature increases the heat content of a system. When the reaction is exothermic (ΔH is negative, puts energy out), heat is included as a product, and, when the reaction is endothermic (ΔH is positive, takes energy in), heat is included as a reactant. Hence, whether increasing or decreasing the temperature would favor the forward or the reverse reaction can be determined by applying the same principle as with concentration changes.
Take, for example, the reversible reaction of nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas to form ammonia:
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) ΔH = -92 kJ mol−1
Because this reaction is exothermic, it produces heat:
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) + heat
If the temperature was increased, the heat content of the system would increase, so the system would consume some of that heat by shifting the equilibrium to the left, thereby producing less ammonia. More ammonia would be produced if the reaction was run at a lower temperature, but a lower temperature also lowers the rate of the process, so, in practice (the Haber process) the temperature is set at a compromise value that allows ammonia to be made at a reasonable rate with an equilibrium concentration that is not too unfavorable.
In exothermic reactions, increase in temperature decreases the equilibrium constant, K, whereas, in endothermic reactions, increase in temperature increases the K value.
Le Chatelier's principle applied to changes in concentration or pressure can be understood by having K have a constant value. The effect of temperature on equilibria, however, involves a change in the equilibrium constant. The dependence of K on temperature is determined by the sign of ΔH. The theoretical basis of this dependence is given by the Van 't Hoff equation.
The value of K changes with temperature. In the endothermic reaction N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g), the equilibrium position can be shifted by changing the temperature. When heat is added and the temperature increases, the reaction shifts to the right and the flask turns reddish brown due to an increase in NO2. When heat is removed and the temperature decreases, the reaction shifts to the left and flask turns colorless due to an increase in N2O4. This demonstrates Le Châtelier’s Principle because the equilibrium shifts in the direction that consumes energy.
Effect of change in pressure[edit]
The equilibrium concentrations of the products and reactants do not directly depend on the total pressure of the system. They may depend on the partial pressures of the products and reactants, but if the number of moles of gaseous reactants are equal to number of moles of gaseous products, pressure has no effect on equilibrium.
Changing total pressure by adding an inert gas at constant volume does not affect the equilibrium concentrations (see §Effect of adding an inert gas below).
Changing total pressure by changing the volume of the system changes the partial pressures of the products and reactants and can affect the equilibrium concentrations (see §Effect of change in volume below).
Effect of change in volume[edit]
See also: § Effect of change in pressure
Changing the volume of the system changes the partial pressures of the products and reactants and can affect the equilibrium concentrations. With a pressure increase due to a decrease in volume, the side of the equilibrium with fewer moles is more favorable[4] and with a pressure decrease due to an increase in volume, the side with more moles is more favorable. There is no effect on a reaction where the number of moles of gas is the same on each side of the chemical equation.
Considering the reaction of nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas to form ammonia:
N2 + 3 H24 moles ⇌ 2 NH32 moles ΔH = -92kJ mol−1
Note the number of moles of gas on the left-hand side and the number of moles of gas on the right-hand side. When the volume of the system is changed, the partial pressures of the gases change. If we were to decrease pressure by increasing volume, the equilibrium of the above reaction will shift to the left, because the reactant side has a greater number of moles than does the product side. The system tries to counteract the decrease in partial pressure of gas molecules by shifting to the side that exerts greater pressure. Similarly, if we were to increase pressure by decreasing volume, the equilibrium shifts to the right, counteracting the pressure increase by shifting to the side with fewer moles of gas that exert less pressure. If the volume is increased because there are more moles of gas on the reactant side, this change is more significant in the denominator of the equilibrium constant expression, causing a shift in equilibrium.
Effect of adding an inert gas[edit]
See also: § Effect of change in pressure
An inert gas (or noble gas), such as helium, is one that does not react with other elements or compounds. Adding an inert gas into a gas-phase equilibrium at constant volume does not result in a shift.[4] This is because the addition of a non-reactive gas does not change the equilibrium equation, as the inert gas appears on both sides of the chemical reaction equation. For example, if A and B react to form C and D, but X does not participate in the reaction: a A + b B + x X ↽ − − ⇀ c C + d D + x X {\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}+{\mathit {x}}X<=>{{\mathit {c}}C}+{{\mathit {d}}D}+{{\mathit {x}}X}}}} . While it is true that the total pressure of the system increases, the total pressure does not have any effect on the equilibrium constant; rather, it is a change in partial pressures that will cause a shift in the equilibrium. If, however, the volume is allowed to increase in the process, the partial pressures of all gases would be decreased resulting in a shift towards the side with the lesser number of moles of gas.
Effect of a catalyst[edit]
A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the reaction. The use of a catalyst does not affect the position and composition of the equilibrium of a reaction, because both the forward and backward reactions are sped up by the same factor.
For example, consider the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia (NH3):
N2 + 3 H2 ⇌ 2 NH3
In the above reaction, iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) will function as catalysts if present. They will accelerate any reactions, but they do not affect the state of the equilibrium.
Applications in economics[edit]
In economics, a similar concept also named after Le Chatelier was introduced by U.S. economist Paul Samuelson in 1947. There the generalized Le Chatelier principle is for a maximum condition of economic equilibrium: Where all unknowns of a function are independently variable, auxiliary constraints—"just-binding" in leaving initial equilibrium unchanged—reduce the response to a parameter change. Thus, factor-demand and commodity-supply elasticities are hypothesized to be lower in the short run than in the long run because of the fixed-cost constraint in the short run.[5]
See also[edit]
Homeostasis
Common-ion effect
Response reactions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gall, John (2002). The Systems Bible (3rd ed.). General Systemantics Press. The System always kicks back
Jump up ^ "The Biophysical Basis for the Graphical Representations". Retrieved 2009-05-04.
Jump up ^ Kay, J. J. (February 2000) [1999]. "Application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and Le Chatelier's Principle to the Developing Ecosystem". In Muller, F. Handbook of Ecosystem Theories and Management. Environmental & Ecological (Math) Modeling. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56670-253-9. As systems are moved away from equilibrium, they will utilize all available avenues to counter the applied gradients... Le Chatelier's principle is an example of this equilibrium seeking principle.
For full details, see: "Ecosystems as Self-organizing Holarchic Open Systems: Narratives and the Second Law of Thermodynamics": 5. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.856  .
^ Jump up to: a b Atkins1993, p. 114
Jump up ^ Samuelson, Paul A (1983). Foundations of Economic Analysis. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-31301-1.
Bibliography[edit]
Atkins, P.W. (1993). The Elements of Physical Chemistry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Le Chatelier, H. and Boudouard O. (1898), "Limits of Flammability of Gaseous Mixtures", Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France (Paris), v. 19, pp. 483–488.
Hatta, Tatsuo (1987), "Le Châtelier principle," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 155–57.
Samuelson, Paul A. (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983). Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-31301-1
D.J. Evans, D.J. Searles and E. Mittag (2001), "Fluctuation theorem for Hamiltonian systems—Le Châtelier's principle", Physical Review E, 63, 051105(4).
External links[edit]
YouTube video of Le Châtelier's principle and pressure
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