text:
Olympic-size swimming pool
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Olympic sized swimming pool, used for Baku 2015 European Games
"Long Course" redirects here. It is not to be confused with long course triathlon.
An Olympic-size swimming pool is the type of swimming pool used in the Olympic Games, where the race course is 50 metres (164.0 ft) in length. This is typically referred to as "long course", distinguishing it from "short course" which applies to competitions in pools that are 25 metres (82.0 ft) in length. If touch panels are used in competition, then the distance between touch panels should be either 25 or 50 metres to qualify for FINA recognition. This means that Olympic pools are generally oversized, to accommodate touch panels used in competition.
An Olympic-size swimming pool is used as a colloquial unit of volume, to make approximate comparisons to similarly sized objects or volumes. It is not a specific definition, as there is no official limit on the depth of an Olympic pool. The value has an order of magnitude of 1 megaliter (ML).[1]
Specifications[edit]
FINA specifications for an Olympic-size pool are as follows:
Physical property Specified value
Length 7001500000000000000♠50.000+0.030
−0.000 m[2]
Width 7001250000000000000♠25.0 m[2]
Depth 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) minimum, 3.0 m (9 ft 10 in) recommended.[2]
Number of lanes 10
Lane width 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
Water temperature 25–28 °C (77–82 °F)
Light intensity minimum 1500 lux (140 footcandles)
Volume 2,500,000 L (550,000 imp gal; 660,000 US gal), assuming a nominal depth of 7000200000000000000♠2 m.
2,500 m3 (88,000 cu ft) in cubic units.
About 2 acre-feet.
There must be two spaces 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) wide outside lanes 1 and 8 (in effect, two empty lanes).[2] The length of 50 metres (164 ft) must be between the touch pads at the end of each lane, if they are used.[2] If starting blocks are used, then there must be a minimum depth of 1.35 metres (4.4 ft) from between 1.0 metre (3 ft) from the end of the pool to at least 6.0 metres (20 ft) from the end of the pool. At all other points, the minimum depth is 1.0 metre (3 ft).[2] If the pool is used for Olympic Games or World Championships, then the minimum depth is increased to 2.0 metres (7 ft).[2]
A simplified diagram of the FINA long course swimming pool standard.
At FINA's 2009 Congress, rules were approved for 10-lane courses for competition, as an alternative to the more traditional 8-lane course.
See also[edit]
Sport venue
List of Olympic-size swimming pools in the United Kingdom
List of Olympic-size swimming pools in Ireland
List of largest swimming pools
References[edit]
Jump up ^ SI Units: Volume
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Fina Facilities Rules 2015-2017" (PDF). FINA. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic-size_swimming_pool&oldid=800469107"
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Silversmith
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Silver goblet presented to the Tsar of Russia by John III Sobieski King of Poland, 17th century, over 1m height.
A silversmith is a craftsman who crafts objects from silver. The terms "silversmith" and "goldsmith" are not exactly synonyms as the techniques, training, history, and guilds are or were largely the same but the end product may vary greatly as may the scale of objects created. However most goldsmiths have also worked in silver although the reverse may not be the case.
Silversmithing is the art of turning silver sheet metal into hollow ware (dishes, bowls, porringers, cups, candlesticks, vases, ewers, urns, etc.), flatware (silverware), and other articles of household silver, church plate or sculpture. It may also include the making of jewelry.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Tools, materials and techniques
3 Related and overlapping trades
4 Canadian observations
5 Notable and historical silversmiths
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Paul Revere with a silver teapot and some of his engraving tools.
In the ancient Near East the value of silver to gold being less, allowed a silversmith to produce objects and store these as stock. Ogden states that according to an edict written by Diocletian in 301 A.D., a silversmith was able to charge 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 denarii for material produce (per Roman pound). At that time, guilds of silversmiths formed to arbitrate disputes, protect its members' welfare and educate the public of the trade.[1]
Silversmiths in medieval Europe and England formed guilds and transmitted their tools and techniques to new generations via the apprentice tradition. Silver working guilds often maintained consistency and upheld standards at the expense of innovation. Beginning in the 17th century, artisans emigrated to America and experienced fewer restrictions. As a result, silver working was one of the trades that helped to inaugurate the shift to industrialization in America.
Very exquisite and distinctly designed silverware, that goes by the name of Swami Silver, emerged from the stable of watchmaker turned silversmith P Orr and Sons in the South Indian city of Madras (now Chennai) during the British rule in 1875.
The Falasha Clan , or Beta Israel, of Ethiopia were known for their silversmithing skills.
Tools, materials and techniques[edit]
Dish made by hand-hammering
saw (jeweler's saw)
snips
flat file
jewelers' files
planishing hammer
raising hammer
cross-pein hammer
ball-pein hammer
anvils
stakes
swage blocks
riveting
silver hard-solder
flux
borax
boric acid
torch or blow-pipe
pickle (Dilute sulphuric acid or organic acids which are used to remove firescale[2])
buffing wheels
polishing compounds.
chasing
repousse
engraving
Silversmiths saw or cut specific shapes from sterling and fine silver sheet metal and bar stock, and then use hammers to form the metal over anvils and stakes. Silver is hammered cold (at room temperature). As the metal is hammered, bent, and worked, it 'work-hardens'. Annealing is the heat-treatment used to make the metal soft again. If metal is work-hardened, and not annealed occasionally, the metal will crack and weaken the work.
Silversmiths can use casting techniques to create knobs, handles and feet for the hollowware they are making.
After forming and casting, the various pieces may be assembled by soldering and riveting.
During most of their history, silversmiths used charcoal or coke fired forges, and lung-powered blow-pipes for soldering and annealing. Modern silversmiths commonly use gas burning torches as heat sources. A newer method is laser beam welding.
Silversmiths may also work with copper and brass, especially when making practice pieces, due to those materials having similar working properties and being more affordable than silver.
Related and overlapping trades[edit]
Band made of silver
Although jewelers also work in silver and gold, and many of the techniques for working precious metals overlap, the trades of jeweler and Silversmith have distinct histories. Chain-making and gem-setting are common practices of jewelers that are not usually considered aspects of silversmiths.
The tradition of making (iron / plate) armor was interrupted sometime after the 17th century.[citation needed] Silversmithing and goldsmithing, by contrast, have an unbroken tradition going back many millennia. The techniques used to make armor today (whether for movies or for historical recreation groups) are an amalgam of silversmith forming techniques and blacksmith iron-handling techniques.
Canadian observations[edit]
In the western Canadian silversmith tradition, guilds do not exist; however, mentoring through colleagues becomes a method of professional learning within a community of craftspersons.[3]
In the Canadian western tradition, silversmithing is done through hand tooling and bright cut engraving of silver. There are silversmiths who only make jewellery and there are silversmiths who only make utensils.[4]
Notable and historical silversmiths[edit]
Main page: Category:Silversmiths
Companies
Garrard & Co**
People
Acragas
Kurt Aepli
Hester Bateman
Jocelyn Burton*
Adam Byrne*
Benvenuto Cellini
Thomas Germain
François-Thomas Germain
Georg Jensen
Sampson Mordan
Jean-Valentin Morel, French jeweler and craftsman
Paul Revere, American silversmith, manufacturer, and patriot
Atsidi Sani (Old Smith in English), the first known Navajo silversmith
Alfredo Sciarrotta
Sequoyah Cherokee silversmith, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary
Robert Welch

* still living.
** Garrad & Co. was founded by George Wickes in London in 1722, and is still operating.
See also[edit]
Yemenite silversmithing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jack Ogden. Ancient Jewellery. University of California Press, 7 July 1992. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Brain, Charles. "Pickling Notes". The Ganoksin Project. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Kelly McRae. "Trade Secrets". Western Horseman Magazine.
Jump up ^ Claude Blair. The craft of silversmith. The History of Silver. p. 225. ISBN 1-85501-900-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silver.
Society of American Silversmiths
Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau (Silversmith)
Stamped silver button, made 1787 image from Victoria & Albert Museum jewellery collection.
Gee,G. The silversmith's handbook : containing full instructions for the alloying and working of silver, including the different modes of refining and melting the metal; its solders; the preparation of imitation alloys...(1921.)
Wilson,H. Silverwork and jewelry : a text-book for students and workers in metal ( 1912.)
Sampson Mordan British butts
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Queensferry Crossing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Forth Crossing" redirects here; not to be confused with the 400 kV Forth Crossing or earlier crossings, see History of the Forth Crossing.
Queensferry Crossing
The Queensferry Crossing nearing completion, photographed in March 2017
Coordinates
56°00′17″N 3°24′45″W / 56.0046°N 3.4124°W / 56.0046; -3.4124Coordinates: 56°00′17″N 3°24′45″W / 56.0046°N 3.4124°W / 56.0046; -3.4124
Carries
M90 motorway
Crosses
Firth of Forth
Locale
Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Characteristics
Design
Cable-stayed bridge
Total length
2,700 metres (8,858 ft)
Longest span
650 metres (2,133 ft)
No. of lanes
Dual two-lane carriageway with hard shoulders[1]
History
Constructed by
Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors (FCBC)
Construction start
September 2011
Construction end
27 August 2017
Construction cost
£1.35 billion
Inaugurated
September 4, 2017 (2017-09-04)
Opened
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)
Queensferry Crossing
Location of the bridge in relation to Edinburgh
The Queensferry Crossing (formerly the Forth Replacement Crossing) is a road bridge in Scotland.[2] It was built alongside the existing Forth Road Bridge and carries the M90 motorway across the Firth of Forth between Edinburgh, at South Queensferry, and Fife, at North Queensferry.
Proposals for a second Forth road crossing were first put forward in the 1990s, but it was not until the discovery of structural issues with the Forth Road Bridge in 2005 that plans were moved forward. The decision to proceed with a replacement bridge was taken at the end of 2007; the following year it was announced that the existing bridge would be retained as a public transport link. The Forth Crossing Act received Royal Assent in January 2011, and construction began in September 2011.
The Queensferry Crossing is a three-tower cable-stayed bridge, with an overall length of 2.7 kilometres (1.7 miles).[3] Around 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) of new connecting roads were built,[4] including new and upgraded junctions at Ferrytoll in Fife, South Queensferry and Junction 1A on the M9.
The bridge was first due to be completed by December 2016, but this deadline was extended to August 2017 after several delays.[5] It is the third bridge across the Forth at Queensferry, alongside the Forth Road Bridge completed in 1964, and the Forth Bridge completed in 1890. Following a public vote, it was formally named on 26 June 2013 and opened to traffic on 30 August 2017. The official opening was carried out on 4 September 2017 by Queen Elizabeth II, fifty-three years to the day after she opened the adjacent Forth Road Bridge.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Planning
2.1 Bidding process
3 Construction
4 The bridge
5 Connecting roads
5.1 Admiralty Junction
5.2 Ferrytoll Junction
5.3 South Queensferry Junction
5.4 M9 Junction 1a
5.5 Intelligent Transport System
6 Archaeological finds
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
A crossing route over the Forth had existed at the site since the eleventh century, when the queen of Scotland, Margaret, founded a free ferry to take pilgrims north to St Andrews.[6] The site of the ferry crossing became the location of the Forth Road Bridge, which opened in 1964. Proposals for an additional road crossing at Queensferry were drawn up in the early 1990s, as part of the "Setting Forth" consultation document prepared by the Scottish Office.[7] The plans met stiff opposition from environmentalists and from the City of Edinburgh Council on the grounds of the increased traffic. Following the Labour victory in the 1997 general election, the proposals were shelved.[8]
An inspection of the integrity of the cables under way on the Forth Road Bridge
The existing bridge had a planned design life of 120 years,[9] but by the early years of the 21st century the planned theoretical capacity for the bridge was being routinely exceeded. It was designed for up to 11 million vehicles per year, but this had risen steadily to 23 million vehicles in 2006.[10] Between 2003 and 2005, an inspection programme found that the main suspension cables had suffered an estimated 8–10% loss of strength as a result of corrosion. Projections highlighted the likelihood of an accelerating loss of strength, with traffic restrictions to limit loading required in 2014 in the worst-case scenario.[11]
The strategic transport importance of the road bridge – and the threat of closure by 2019 if major structural work was not successful – led to fears of serious economic consequences, especially as work on a new crossing was estimated to take up to 11 years.[12] Scottish Transport Minister Nicol Stephen commissioned a new study, which priced a second Forth Road Bridge at £300 million, in 2003.[8] The Forth Estuary Transport Authority voiced support for a new bridge in 2005,[13] and in 2006 the UK Transport Secretary, Alistair Darling, spoke in favour of the idea.[14]
Planning[edit]
In 2007, the Forth Replacement Crossing Study was commissioned by Transport Scotland to examine various options for new bridges or tunnels across the Forth. The report recommended adoption of a cable-stayed bridge, located to the west of the Forth Road Bridge, as the preferred solution. The study concluded that this option was significantly cheaper than a tunnel, would take less time to construct, and would represent better value for money, though it was noted that a tunnel would have fewer environmental impacts.[15] In December 2007 finance secretary John Swinney announced that a new cable-stayed bridge would be constructed, with an estimated cost of between £3.25 billion and £4.22 billion. He claimed it would be "the largest construction project in a generation in Scotland".[16]
There was opposition to the project on environmental, traffic and cost grounds. The ForthRight Alliance, an umbrella group including Friends of the Earth, the Scottish Green Party, the RSPB, sustainable transport groups and other local organisations, opposed the scheme as being "both unwelcome and unnecessary".[17] Another group, Forth Tunnel Action Group, campaigned for a tunnel as the solution with lowest costs and fewest long-term environmental impacts.[18]
It was initially suggested that the new bridge would be funded via the Scottish Futures Trust, an alternative to public-private partnership funding for major public-sector schemes. However, the Scottish Government announced in December 2008 that public funding would be used.[19] As part of the Scottish Government's Strategic Transport Projects Review, the new Forth crossing was priced at between £1.72 billion and £2.34 billion.[20] Under the revised scheme, the existing bridge will be retained for public transport, cyclists and pedestrians, and the new bridge was to be operational by 2016.[19]
A joint venture between consultancies Arup and Jacobs was appointed as project manager, and in February 2008 environmental and technical studies were begun, continuing through 2009. Public consultations were held, and some changes to the scheme were made in response to the comments received.[21] An environmental statement was published in November 2009,[22] coinciding with the introduction of the Forth Crossing Bill into the Scottish Parliament by John Swinney. A majority of MSPs voted in favour of the new legislation on 16 December 2010,[23] and the Forth Crossing Act received Royal Assent in January 2011.[24]
Bidding process[edit]
In 2009, Transport Scotland solicited for tenders to construct the proposed bridge.[25] Although Transport Scotland received 39 expressions of interest, concerns over the risks associated with the fixed-price contract resulted in only two consortia of large construction companies bidding.[26] Due to the bidders' concerns that the bidding process itself would prove to be an expensive proposition, the Scottish Government allocated £10 million to defray the bidders' costs during the full bidding process, should the project be abandoned.[26]
The two consortia were Forthspan, which included Morgan Sindall, BAM Nuttall and Balfour Beatty; and Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors (FCBC), which consists of Dragados, Hochtief, American Bridge, and Morrison Construction.[27] Bids for the main contract, priced at between £900m and £1.2bn, and including design and construction of the bridge and approach roads,[27] were submitted in January 2011.[25] In March 2011 the Scottish Government announced FCBC as preferred bidder, with a bid of £790 million.[28][29] Ramboll is leading the Design Joint Venture which includes Sweco and Leonhardt Andra und Partners.[30]
In addition to the main contract, two smaller contracts form part of the scheme. The contract to implement the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) traffic management system in Fife was awarded to John Graham (Dromore) Ltd, with a tender of £12.9 million, while the upgrade of M9 Junction 1a was awarded to a joint venture between John Sisk and Roadbridge, with a tender of £25.6 million. As with the main contract, the tenders received were below the original estimated budgets.[31][32] Naeem Hussain, Global Bridge Design Practice Leader at Arup, was the lead design engineer for the project.[33]
Construction[edit]
Queensferry Crossing under construction in 2016
The Queensferry Crossing in March 2017
Preparatory works for the new bridge began in September 2011 with works beginning at the southern end of the M90 to build the northern approach roads. 149 segments of bridge deck, each of which is 12 metres (39 ft) long and 40 metres (130 ft) wide, were constructed in China and Spain, then delivered by sea in October 2013.[34] The approach steel bridge sections were manufactured by Cleveland Bridge UK in Darlington.[35]
The towers reached 160 metres (525 ft) in height in August 2015, making it the UK's tallest bridge.[36] The completed towers stand at 207 metres (679 ft).[36]
On 28 April 2016, one construction worker was killed and another injured in an accident involving a crane. Work on the bridge was halted to allow an investigation to take place.[37][38]
The bridge was due to be completed by December 2016, but that date was put back to May 2017 due to weather delays slowing construction,[39] with 25 days lost due to high winds during April and May 2016.[40] An additional delay was announced in March 2017 again due to weather (more specifically, high winds) and an estimation period of six weeks in July / August 2017 was proposed.[41]
The bridge opened on 30 August 2017 and formally opened by the Queen on 4 September 2017.[42]
The bridge[edit]
The Queensferry Crossing (left) in relation to the Forth Road Bridge (centre) and the Forth Bridge (right)
The Beamer Rock, prior to removal of the lighthouse to make way for the bridge
The new bridge is a cable-stayed structure, with three towers each 207 metres (679 ft) high.[34] Including approaches, the overall length of the bridge is 2.7 kilometres (1.7 miles); at opening, it is the longest triple tower cable-stayed bridge in the world.[43] The bridge carries motor-cycles, cars and heavy goods vehicles, while public transport, cyclists and pedestrians use the existing bridge. Wind shielding has been built into the design, to enable use of the bridge in high winds, which regularly led to restrictions on the existing bridge.[1][44]
The bridge is the third crossing of the Forth at Queensferry, alongside the Forth Road Bridge, completed in 1964, and the Forth Bridge, a railway bridge completed in 1890. It is sited west of the road bridge, with the northern landfall at St Margaret's Hope, between Rosyth Dockyard and North Queensferry and the southern landfall just west of Port Edgar in South Queensferry. The central tower was constructed on the Beamer Rock, a small islet in the Forth. The project was known as the Forth Replacement Crossing, and a name for the new bridge was selected in a public vote in 2013 after a panel of independent advisers provided a shortlist of possible names.[45][46] A short-list of five names were selected, these were Caledonia Bridge, Firth of Forth Crossing, Queensferry Crossing, Saltire Crossing and St Margaret's Crossing. A public vote was held up until 7 June 2013 and the Queensferry Crossing name received the most votes, with 12,039 (of 37,000) votes (32%) in a public poll.[47]
Connecting roads[edit]
This section needs to be updated. In particular: since the bridge has been opened, the connecting roads presumably have been rearranged. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)
Several new and upgraded roads will connect the bridge into the existing road network with around 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) of new roads to be constructed. These new roads will join the M9 and M90 motorways together for the first time, with the Queensferry Crossing being built to motorway standard in order to carry the M90 across the Forth. The M90 motorway terminates at Admiralty Junction, around 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) north of the current Forth Road Bridge, with the road continuing as all-purpose dual carriageway across the existing bridge and joining the M9 via the M9 Spur.[48][49]
Admiralty Junction[edit]
Admiralty Junction, the present Junction 1 of the M90 motorway will be unaltered, with the exception of a bus lane to be added on the southbound carriageway. The junction will be renumbered to Junction 1C of the M90 when the Queensferry Crossing opens.[49]
Ferrytoll Junction[edit]
Ferrytoll Junction will be redesigned to give access to the new crossing and to maintain public transport access to the Forth Road Bridge. The design of the new junction requires the realignment of the B981 road to North Queensferry.[50] Ferrytoll Junction will be numbered Junction 1B of the M90 following completion of the Queensferry Crossing.[49]
South Queensferry Junction[edit]
The M90 will be extended west from the current bridge access at Ferry Muir, wrapping around South Queensferry to the southern landfall of the new crossing. A grade-separated junction will be built on the A904 just west of Echline, at the south-west edge. The existing access from the Forth Road Bridge to the A90 will remain open to public transport.[51] South Queensferry Junction will become Junction 1A of the M90 when the Queensferry Crossing opens.[49]
M9 Junction 1a[edit]
Junction 1a provides access from the M9 to the Forth Road Bridge via the M9 Spur. Originally, only east-facing connections were provided to the M9, forcing traffic heading west from the bridge onto the A904 through the village of Newton in West Lothian. The upgrade of the junction included new west-facing slip roads, enabling direct access onto the M9 from the Forth Road Bridge and the new crossing, as well as widening of the existing connections to assist the flow of traffic at peak times.[52] The improvements were completed in February 2013 at a cost of £25.6m.[53] The M9 Spur will become the M90 upon completion of the Queensferry Crossing, the junction connecting the A90 coming from the Forth Road Bridge with the A90 towards Edinburgh city centre and the M9 Spur will be named the Scotstoun Junction and will be numbered as Junction 1 of the M90.[49]
Intelligent Transport System[edit]
An "Intelligent transportation system" (ITS) will be installed between Halbeath on the M90, and the M9, covering the whole scheme. The ITS is a Active traffic management, enabling variable speed restrictions and lane closures to be displayed on overhead gantries.[49]
Archaeological finds[edit]
During routine archaeological excavations in advance of work on the new Queensferry Crossing remnants of a Mesolithic dwelling were found on the south bank of the Forth. The dwelling, based around an oval pit approximately 7 metres (23 ft) in length, has been dated to around 8300 BC, making it the earliest known dwelling in Scotland.[54]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The new bridge". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Queensferry crossing 'could last 150 years'". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Transport Scotland The Queensferry Crossing". Transport Scotland. 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Transport Scotland The Queensferry Crossing". Transport Scotland. 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
Jump up ^ User, Super. "Queensferry Crossing Opening Date Announced". Forth Bridges Forum - Queensferry Crossing News. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
Jump up ^ Michael Lynch (1992). Scotland: A New History. London: Pimlico, p. 94.
Jump up ^ "Setting Forth: a consultation document on the Firth of Forths transport links". TRID. Transportation Research Board. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "£300m price tag put on bridge to beat gridlock". scotsman.com. 6 June 2004.
Jump up ^ "FAQs". Forth Estuary Transport Authority. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Firms told time running out on Forth Road Bridge". The Scotsman. 7 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Barry R Colford & Charles P E Cocksedge (2006). "Forth Road Bridge – First internal inspection, strength evaluation, acoustic monitoring and dehumidification of the main cables" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Time running out for new bridge – News". scotsman.com. 2006-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Vote favours 'new Forth Bridge'". BBC News. 29 April 2005.
Jump up ^ "Minister defiant on bridge issues". BBC News. 26 January 2006.
Jump up ^ Jacobs (June 2007). "Forth Replacement Crossing Study Report 5 : Final Report Non Technical Summary" (PDF). Transport Scotland. pp. 16–17.
Jump up ^ "Forth to get new iconic bridge – News". scotsman.com. 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
Jump up ^ "The ForthRight Alliance". ForthRight Alliance. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Our Objectives". Forth Tunnel Action Group. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cut-price Forth crossing outlined". BBC News. 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Transport blueprint at-a-glance". BBC News. 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Public helps shape Forth Replacement Bridge Project". Transport Scotland. 23 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Forth Replacement Crossing: Environmental Statement". Transport Scotland. 17 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – New Forth bridge plans approved by MSPs". bbc.co.uk. 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Royal Assent granted for Forth Replacement Crossing". Transport Scotland. 21 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Principal contract". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Just two bidders to build new Forth bridge". Scotsman.com. 29 September 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Construction industry invited to bid for Forth Replacement Crossing contract" (Press release). Transport Scotland. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Consortium to build new Forth bridge". BBC News. 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Preferred bidder announced for Forth Replacement Crossing" (Press release). Forth Estuary Transport Authority. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Queensferry Crossing". Retrieved 23 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Another major contract award for Forth Replacement Crossing scheme" (Press release). Transport Scotland. 10 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "More savings, more jobs announced on Forth Replacement Crossing" (Press release). Transport Scotland. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2012/June/visionary-bridge-designer-naeem-hussain
^ Jump up to: a b "Forth Bridge may be finished a year early (if Scottish weather allows)". The Scotsman. 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "No Scots Bids for Forth Bridge Contract". The National. 21 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Queensferry Crossing becomes UK's tallest bridge". BBC News. 13 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Worker killed in incident on Queensferry Crossing". British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tragedy occurs on Workers' Memorial Day". Union of Construction, Allied Trades, and Technicians (UCATT). 28 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Queensferry Crossing opening delayed until May 2017". BBC News. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Morby, Aaron (9 June 2016). "Queensferry Crossing to open five months late". Construction Enquirer. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opening of Queensferry Crossing delayed until summer". 29 March 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Queensferry Crossing across the Firth of Forth opens to traffic".
Jump up ^ "The Queensferry Crossing shimmering its way across the Forth". EdinburghReporter. 16 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Everything you need to know about the Queensferry Crossing". BBC News. 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Transport Minister Announces Naming Process for New Forth Crossing". Transport Scotland. 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Public to be involved in naming of new bridge". Transport Scotland. 22 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Forth bridge: Queensferry Crossing wins naming contest". BBC News. 26 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Connecting road network". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Transport Scotland. "Intelligent Transport Systems - Transport Scotland". Scottish Government. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Ferrytoll Junction". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "South Queensferry Junction". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "M9 Junction 1a". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "FRC junction opens early and under budget". Transport Scotland. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Alistair; Lochrie, Julie; Timpany, Scott (2013). "Built to last: Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement at two sites beside the Forth estuary, Scotland". The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 143: 73–136. doi:10.5284/1000184. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queensferry Crossing.
Queensferry Crossing in the Gazetteer for Scotland
Forth Replacement Crossing, Transport Scotland
Financial Scrutiny Unit Briefing: The Forth Replacement Crossing First Principles, Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) Briefing
New Forth Bridge construction blog
Ramboll's project description, Ramboll's project description of Queensferry Crossing
http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2012/June/visionary-bridge-designer-naeem-hussain
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Love Runs Out
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For 1965 song, see Willie Hutch.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Love Runs Out"
Single by OneRepublic
from the album Native
Released
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2012–13; Studio Faust Records (Prague); Studio Le Roy (Amsterdam); Motorbass Studio (Paris); Metropolis Studio (London); Tritonus Studio (Berlin)
Length
3:44
Label
Mosley
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Ryan Tedder
Brent Kutzle
Drew Brown
Zach Filkins
Eddie Fisher
Producer(s)
Ryan Tedder
OneRepublic singles chronology
"Something I Need"
(2013) "Love Runs Out"
(2014) "I Lived"
(2014)
"Something I Need"
(2013) "Love Runs Out"
(2014) "I Lived"
(2014)
"Love Runs Out" is a song recorded by American pop rock band OneRepublic for the 2014 reissue of their third studio album Native (2013). It was produced by Ryan Tedder, who co-wrote the song with Brent Kutzle, Drew Brown, Zach Filkins, and Eddie Fisher. The song was digitally released in Australia on April 14, 2014, and was serviced to contemporary hit radio in the United States on May 6 as the fifth overall single from the album.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Critical reception
3 Commercial performance
4 Music video
5 Track listing
6 Credits and personnel
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Certifications
9 Release history
10 References
Background and composition[edit]
"Love Runs Out" was originally intended to be the first single from Native, but was eventually passed over in favour of "If I Lose Myself". Tedder told Capital FM, "We have a new single that's not even on the album that's about to drop. I can't quote the date," and "I wanted ["Love Runs Out"] to be the first single, a few of us in the band did, but I could not finish the chorus. And you can't have a song without a chorus."[1]
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, "Love Runs Out" is written in the key of G minor with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute. Tedder's vocals span from D3 to D5 in the song.[2]
Critical reception[edit]
4Music called "Love Runs Out" a "spine-tingling track" with "slick production"[3] and a "stomper".[4]
Commercial performance[edit]
"Love Runs Out" debuted at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 22 on the New Zealand Singles Chart. The song eventually reached a peak of number 15 on the Hot 100. It reached its million sales mark in the US in August 2014[5] and by the end of 2014 had sold 1.4 million copies.[6]
The song charted even higher in other countries. It reached the top 5 in Austria, Luxembourg, Canada, Germany and the UK, as well as the top 10 in Spain and South Africa.
Music video[edit]
A music video was produced for the song. It cost the group $180,000. The video has references to Sade's video "Soldier of Love".[7] It has 100 million views as of June 16, 2017, and is OneRepublic's fifth most viewed music video (excluding "Apologize", whose music video is on the VEVO channel for Timbaland instead of OneRepublic).
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[8]
"Love Runs Out" – 3:44
CD single
"Love Runs Out" – 3:44
"Counting Stars" (Mico C remix edit) – 3:18
"Love Runs Out" – remixes
"Love Runs Out" (Passion Pit Remix) – 5:00
"Love Runs Out" (Grabbitz Remix) – 3:19
"Love Runs Out" (Disciples Remix) – 4:59
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Native.[9]
Locations
Recorded at Studio Faust Records, Prague, Czech Republic; Studio Le Roy Amsterdam, Netherlands; Motorbass Studio, Paris, France; Metropolis Studio London, United Kingdom; Tritonus Studio Berlin, Germany
Mixed at MixStar Studios, Virginia Beach, Virginia
Personnel
Songwriting – Ryan Tedder, Brent Kutzle, Drew Brown, Zach Filkins, Eddie Fisher
Production – Ryan Tedder
Backing vocals – Bobbie Gordon, Brent Kutzle, Zach Filkins
Bass – Brent Kutzle
Drums – Eddie Fisher
Engineer – Gerd Krueger, Luke Oldham, Mikel Le Roy, Ryan Tedder, Benjamin McCulloch, Derek Saxenmeyer, Steve Walsh
Engineering assistant – Aaron Ahmad, Sam Harper
Guitar – Drew Brown, Ryan Tedder
Mixing – Serban Ghenea
Piano – Ryan Tedder
Percussion – Zach Filkins
Additional programming – Ryan Tedder
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–15)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[10]
22
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[11]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12]
33
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[13]
19
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[14]
4
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[15]
33
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[16]
19
Denmark (Tracklisten)[17]
13
France (SNEP)[18]
76
Germany (Official German Charts)[19]
3
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[20]
5
Hungary (Single Top 40)[21]
3
Ireland (IRMA)[22]
14
Israel (Media Forest)[23]
4
Italy (FIMI)[24]
17
Luxembourg (Billboard)[25]
2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[26]
29
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[27]
20
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [28]
5
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[29]
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[30]
31
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[31]
19
Slovenia (SloTop50)[32]
4
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[33]
10
South Africa (EMA)[34]
8
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[35]
31
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[36]
3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[37]
3
US Billboard Hot 100[38]
15
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[39]
9
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[40]
15
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[41]
4
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[42]
9
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2014)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[43]
28
Germany (Official German Charts)[44]
10
Italy (FIMI)[45]
69
Poland (ZPAV)[46]
27
Slovenia (SloTop50)[47]
26
United Kingdom (Official Charts Company)[48]
77
US Billboard Hot 100[49]
67
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[50]
31
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[51]
Gold 35,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[52]
Platinum 80,000^
Germany (BVMI)[53]
Gold 150,000^
Italy (FIMI)[54]
Platinum 30,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[55]
Gold 7,500*
Sweden (GLF)[56]
Platinum 40,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[57]
Platinum 30,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[58]
Gold 400,000
United States
1,400,000[6]
Streaming
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[59]
Gold 1,300,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Australia[8]
April 15, 2014 Digital download
Mosley Music Group
Interscope Records
Austria[60]
Netherlands[61]
Switzerland[62]
United States[63][64]
May 5, 2014 Adult album alternative radio
May 6, 2014 Contemporary hit radio
Germany[65]
June 6, 2014 Digital download
Ireland[66]
July 25, 2014
United Kingdom[67]
August 3, 2014
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rigby, Sam (April 13, 2014). "OneRepublic's new single 'Love Runs Out' leaks online". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tedder, Ryan. "OneRepublic "Love Runs Out" Sheet Music - Download & Print". musicnotes.com.
Jump up ^ "This Week's Fresh Music". 19 July 2014. 4Music. Missing or empty |series= (help)
Jump up ^ "This Week's Fresh Music". 25 July 2014. 4Music. Missing or empty |series= (help)
Jump up ^ Paul Grein (August 13, 2014). "Chart Watch: MAGIC! Again Blocks Sam". Yahoo! Music.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Big 9 in 2014: Interscope". HITS Daily Double. HITS Digital Ventures. December 10, 2014. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "This Week's Fresh Music Top 20". 26 August 2014. 4Music. Missing or empty |series= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Music - Love Runs Out - Single by OneRepublic". iTunes Store (AU). Retrieved April 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Native (inlay cover). OneRepublic. Mosley Music Group, Interscope Records. 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201426 into search. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201430 into search. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". Tracklisten. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – OneRepublic Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 33, 2014". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic – Love Runs Out Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Digital Download – Classifica settimanale WK 31 (dal 28-07-2014 al 03-08-2014)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Luxembourg Digital Songs". Billboard. July 19, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 21, 2014" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201426 into search. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201427 into search. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart" (in Slovenian). SloTop50. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – {{{artist}}} – {{{song}}}" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "EMA Top 10 Airplay: Week Ending 2014-06-17". Entertainment Monitoring Africa. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". Singles Top 100. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100: Year End 2014". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 "TOP OF THE MUSIC" FIMI-GfK: un anno di musica italiana" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Utwory, których słuchaliśmy w radiu – Airplay 2014" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50 | Slovenian official year-end singles charts" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 31 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (31 December 2014). "The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs: Year End 2014". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Adult Alternative Songs: Year End 2014". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (OneRepublic; 'Love Runs Out')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic - Love Runs Out" (in Swedish). Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (OneRepublic; 'Love Runs Out')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – OneRepublic – Love Runs Out". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 3, 2017. Enter Love Runs Out in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Certificeringer - OneRepublic - Love Runs Out" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Musik – „Love Runs Out - Single" von OneRepublic". iTunes.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Muziek - 'Love Runs Out - Single' van OneRepublic". iTunes.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Musik – „Love Runs Out - Single" von OneRepublic". iTunes.
Jump up ^ "Triple A E-Weekly". All Access Music Group. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Music - Love Runs Out - Single by OneRepublic". iTunes Store (IE). Retrieved April 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Music - Love Runs Out - Single by OneRepublic". iTunes Store (GB). Retrieved April 19, 2014.
[hide]
v
t
e
OneRepublic
Ryan Tedder
Zach Filkins
Drew Brown
Eddie Fisher
Brent Kutzle
Tim Myers
Studio albums
and singles
Dreaming Out Loud (2007)
"Apologize"
"Stop and Stare"
"Say (All I Need)"
"Come Home"
Waking Up (2009)
"All the Right Moves"
"Secrets"
"Marchin On"
"Good Life"
Native (2013)
"Feel Again"
"If I Lose Myself"
"Counting Stars"
"Something I Need"
"Love Runs Out"
"I Lived"
Oh My My (2016)
"Wherever I Go"
"Kids"
"Let's Hurt Tonight"
Other singles
"No Vacancy"
"Rich Love"
"Stranger Things"
Concert tours
Native Tour
16th Annual Honda Civic Tour
Related
Discography
List of awards and nominations
Mosley Music Group
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Runs_Out&oldid=830526413"
Categories:
2014 songs
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Hidden categories:
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