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Geordie
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This article is about the people and dialect of Tyneside. For other uses, see Geordie (disambiguation).
Geordie (/ˈdʒɔːrdi/) is both a regional nickname for a person from the larger Tyneside[1] region of North East England and the name of the Northern English dialect spoken by its inhabitants. The term is associated with Tyneside, south eastern parts of Northumberland and northern parts of County Durham. Geordie has been used and still is used by people to refer to anyone from North East England.[2]
In many respects, Geordie speech represents a direct continuation and development of the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon settlers of this region – initially mercenaries employed by the ancient Brythons to fight the Pictish invaders after the end of Roman rule in Britannia in the 5th century. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes who arrived became – in the course of time – ascendant politically and culturally over the native British through subsequent migration from tribal homelands along the North Sea coast of the German Bight. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged during the Dark Ages spoke largely mutually intelligible varieties of what is now called Old English, each varying somewhat in phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. This linguistic conservatism can be seen today to the extent that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the Venerable Bede translate more successfully into Geordie than into present-day Standard English.[3] Thus in Northern England and the Scottish borders area, then dominated by the kingdom of Northumbria, there developed a distinct "Northumbrian" Old English dialect. Later Irish migrants (who, while relatively few in number, influenced Geordie phonology from the early 19th century onwards)[4][5] and Scottish admixture influenced the dialect. In more recent years (20th century to present), the North East area has received migrants from the rest of the world as well.
The word "Geordie" can refer to a supporter of Newcastle United,[6]. The Geordie Schooner glassware[7] was traditionally used to serve Newcastle Brown Ale, and more generally as a serving glass for bottled beer. A similar schooner style glass is often used to serve beer in the United States but this often extends to draft, unlike in the UK where draft beers and lagers tend to be served in a pint or half pint glass.
The Geordie dialect and self-identification as a Geordie are primarily associated with those of a working-class background. A 2008 newspaper survey found the Geordie accent the "most attractive in England".[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geographical coverage
2 Etymology
3 Phonology
3.1 Consonants
3.2 Vowels
4 Vocabulary
5 In popular culture
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Geographical coverage[edit]
When referring to the people, as opposed to the dialect, dictionary definitions of a Geordie typically refer to "a native or inhabitant of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, or its environs",[9] an area that encompasses Blyth, Ashington, North Tyneside, Newcastle, South Tyneside and Gateshead.[10][11] This area has a combined population of around 2,597,000, based on 2011 Census data.
The term itself, according to Brockett, originated from all the North East coal mines.[12] The catchment area for the term "Geordie" can include Northumberland and County Durham[13][14] or be confined to an area as small as the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and the metropolitan boroughs of Tyneside.[1]
People from Sunderland differentiate themselves as "Mackems". The earliest known recorded use of the term found by an Oxford English Dictionary word hunt occurred only as late as 1988.[15][16]
Just as a Cockney is often colloquially defined as someone "born within the sound of the Bow bells", the term Geordie is sometimes defined as "within spitting distance of the Tyne"[17] and thus the area more associated with the Geordie accent could be thought of as the watershed and bioregion of the River Tyne, and Geordies as its inhabitants. Geordie is referred to as Tyneside English in academic journals.[18][19][20][21]
Etymology[edit]
A number of rival theories explain how the term came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name George,[22] "a very common name among the pitmen"[12][23] (coal miners) in North East England; indeed, it was once the most popular name for eldest sons in the region.[citation needed]
One explanation is that it was established during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Jacobites declared that the natives of Newcastle were staunch supporters of the Hanoverian kings, in particular of George I during the 1715 rebellion. This contrasted with rural Northumberland, which largely supported the Jacobite cause. If true, the term may have derived from the popular anti-Hanoverian song "Cam Ye O'er Frae France?",[24] which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", a play on "George the Guelph".
Another explanation for the name is that local miners in the northeast of England used Geordie safety lamps, designed by George Stephenson, known locally as "Geordie the engine-wright",[25] in 1815[26] rather than the competing Davy lamps, designed by Humphry Davy, used in other mining communities. Using the chronological order of two John Trotter Brockett books, Geordie was given to North East pitmen; later he acknowledges that the pitmen also christened their Stephenson lamp Geordie.[12][23]
Alternatively; Geordie could also have been a derivative or continuation of the North Sea Germanic name Jordanes; which in-turn itself also derives from an Old Norse root word- jord ("land, earth") and possibly may have been brought over to the Eastern coast of Britain by Germanic or Nordic tribes; during Migration Period. Moreover, Roman bureaucrat and historian Jordanes bore this name; and consequently was believed to be a Romanised German author of Gothic background. Further supporting this hypotheses is that the Geordie dialect of English still retains the accent as well as many ancient words of Old English and Norse origin; which are usually not found in the other spoken regional dialects of Modern English.[original research?]
Linguist Katie Wales[27] also dates the term earlier than does the current Oxford English Dictionary; she observes that Geordy (or Geordie) was a common name given to coal mine pitmen in ballads and songs of the region, noting that such usage turns up as early as 1793. It occurs in the titles of two songs by songwriter Joe Wilson (1841–1875): "Geordy, Haud the Bairn" and "Keep your Feet Still, Geordie". Citing such examples as the song "Geordy Black", written by Rowland Harrison of Gateshead, she contends that, as a consequence of popular culture, the miner and the keelman had become icons of the region in the 19th century, and "Geordie" was a label that "affectionately and proudly reflected this," replacing the earlier ballad emblem, the figure of Bob Crankie.
In the English Dialect Dictionary of 1900, Joseph Wright gave the definition A man from Tyneside; a miner; a north-country vessel, quoting two sources from Northumberland, one from East Durham and one from Australia. The source from Durham stated, "In South Tyneside even, this name was applied to the Lower Tyneside men."[28]
Newcastle publisher Frank Graham's Geordie Dictionary states:
The origin of the word Geordie has been a matter of much discussion and controversy. All the explanations are fanciful and not a single piece of genuine evidence has ever been produced.
In Graham's many years of research, the earliest record he found of the term's use was in 1823 by local comedian Billy Purvis. Purvis had set up a booth at the Newcastle Races on the Town Moor. In an angry tirade against a rival showman, who had hired a young pitman called Tom Johnson to dress as a clown, Billy cried out to the clown:
Ah man, wee but a feul wad hae sold off his furnitor and left his wife. Noo, yor a fair doon reet feul, not an artificial feul like Billy Purvis! Thous a real Geordie! gan man an hide thysel! gan an' get thy picks agyen. Thou may de for the city, but never for the west end o' wor toon.[this quote needs a citation]
(Rough translation: "Oh man, who but a fool would have sold off his furniture and left his wife? Now, you're a fair downright fool, not an artificial fool like Billy Purvis! You're a real Geordie! Go on, man, and hide yourself! Go on and get your picks [axes] again. You may do for the city, but never for the west end of our town!")
Graham is backed up historically by John Camden Hotten, who wrote in 1869: "Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."[14] Using Hotten[14] as a chronological reference, Geordie has been documented for at least 249 years as a term related to Northumberland and County Durham.
Bad-weather Geordy was a name applied to cockle sellers:
As the season at which cockles are in greatest demand is generally the most stormy in the year – September to March – the sailors' wives at the seaport towns of Northumberland and Durham consider the cry of the cockle man as the harbinger of bad weather, and the sailor, when he hears the cry of 'cockles alive,' in a dark wintry night, concludes that a storm is at hand, and breathes a prayer, backwards, for the soul of Bad-Weather-Geordy.
—  S. Oliver, Rambles in Northumberland, 1835
Travel writer Scott Dobson used the term "Geordieland" in a 1973 guidebook to refer collectively to Northumberland and Durham.[13]
Phonology[edit]
This section contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by Watt & Allen (2003). Other scholars may use different transcriptions.
Consonants[edit]
Geordie consonants generally follow those of Received Pronunciation, with these unique characteristics as follows:
/ɪŋ/ appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in reading) is pronounced as [ən] (thus, reading is [ˈɹiːdən]).
Geordie is characterised by a unique type of glottal stops. /p, t, k/ can all be glottalised in Geordie, both at the end of a syllable and sometimes before a weak vowel.[29]
T-glottalisation, in which /t/ is realised by [ʔ] before a syllabic nasal (e.g., button as [ˈbʊʔn̩]), in absolute final position (get as [ɡɛʔ]), and whenever the /t/ is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (pity as [ˈpɪʔi]).
Glottaling in Geordie is often perceived as a full glottal stop [ʔ] but it is in fact more often realised as 'pre-glottalisation', which is 'an occlusion at the appropriate place of articulation and 'glottalisation', usually manifested as a short period of laryngealised voice before and/or after and often also during the stop gap'.[30] This type of glottal is unique to Tyneside English [31]
Other voiceless stops, /p, k/, are glottally reinforced in medial position, and preaspirated in final position.[30]
The dialect is non-rhotic, like most British dialects, most commonly as an alveolar approximant [ɹ], although a labiodental realisation [ʋ] is also growing for younger females (this is also possible by older males, albeit rarer). Traditionally, intrusive R was not present, instead glottalising between boundaries, however is present in newer varieties.[30]
Yod-coalescence in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that dew becomes [dʒuː]).
/l/ is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the velarised allophone is absent. However, modern accents may periodically use [ɫ] in syllable final positions, sometimes it may even be vocalised (as in bottle [ˈbɒʔʊ]).[30]
Vowels[edit]
Monophthongs of Geordie (from Watt & Allen (2003:268)). Some of these values may not be representative of all speakers.
Monophthongs of Geordie[32]
Front
Central
Back
unrounded
rounded
short
long
short
long
Close
ɪ iː ʊ uː
Close-mid
eː øː ə oː
Open-mid
ɛ ɛː ɔː
Open
a (aː) ɒ ɒː
Length
For some speakers, vowel length alternates with vowel quality in a very similar way to the Scottish vowel length rule.[32]
Vowel length is phonemic for many speakers of Geordie and there is often no other phonetic difference between /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ on one hand and /ɒ/ and /ɒː/ on the other.[32] If traditional dialect forms are considered, /a/ also has a phonemic long counterpart (/aː/), but they contrast only before voiceless consonants. There are minimal pairs such as tack /tak/ vs. talk /taːk/ (normal Geordie pronunciation: /tɔːk/). If they are disregarded, this [aː] is best regarded as a phonetic realisation of /ɔː/ in certain words (roughly, those spelt with a). It occurs only in broad Geordie. Another [aː] appears as an allophone of /a/ before final voiced consonants in words such as lad [laːd].[33]
Phonetic quality and phonemic incidence
/iː, uː/ are typically somewhat closer than in other varieties; /uː/ is also less prone to fronting than in other varieties of BrE and its quality is rather close to the cardinal [u]. However, younger women tend to use a central [ʉː] instead.[32]
/iː, uː/ are monophthongs [iː, uː ~ ʉː] only in morphologically closed syllables. In morphologically open syllables, they are realised as closing diphthongs [ei, ɵʊ]. This creates minimal pairs such as freeze [fɹiːz] vs. frees [fɹeiz] and bruise [bɹuːz ~ bɹʉːz] vs. brews [bɹɵʊz].[32][34] For simplicity, the monophthongal allophone of /uː/ is transcribed with [uː] throughout the article.
The HAPPY vowel is tense [i] and is best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ phoneme.[35]
As other Northern English varieties, Geordie lacks the FOOT-STRUT split, so that words like cut, up and luck have the same /ʊ/ phoneme as put, sugar and butcher. The typical phonetic realisation is unrounded [ɤ], but it may be hypercorrected to [ə] among middle-class (especially female) speakers.[36]
The long close-mid vowels /eː, oː/ may be realised as monophthongs [eː, oː] or as opening diphthongs [ɪə, ʊə]. Alternatively, /eː/ can be a closing diphthong [eɪ] and /oː/ can be centralised to [ɵː].[32] The opening diphthongs are recessive, as younger speakers reject them in favour of the monophthongal [eː, oː ~ ɵː].[37]
Other, now archaic, realisations of /oː/ include [aː] in snow [snaː] and [aʊ] in soldiers [ˈsaʊldʒɐz].[32]
Geordie does not always adhere to the same distributional patters of vowels found in Received Pronunciation or even the neighbouring accents. Examples of that include the words no and stone, which may be pronounced [niː] and [stɪən], so with vowels that are best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ and /eː/ phonemes.[32]
Many female speakers merge /oː/ with /ɔː/, but the exact phonetic quality of the merged vowel is uncertain.[32]
/øː/ may be phonetically [øː] or a higher, unrounded vowel [ɪː].[32] An RP-like vowel [ɜ̝ː] is also possible.[34]
In broad Geordie, /øː/ merges with /ɔː/ to [ɔː] under the influence of a uvular [ʁ] that once followed it (when Geordie was still a rhotic dialect).[34][38] The fact that the original /ɔː/ vowel is never hypercorrected to [øː] or [ɜ̝ː] suggests that either this merger was never categorical, or that speakers are unusually successful in sorting those vowels out again.[34]
The schwa /ə/ is often rather open ([ɐ]). It also tends to be longer in duration than the preceding stressed vowel, even if that vowel is phonologically long. Therefore, words such as water and meter are pronounced [ˈwɔd̰ɐː] and [ˈmid̰ɐː].[32] This feature is shared with the very conservative (Upper Crust) variety of Received Pronunciation.[39]
Words such as voices and ended have /ə/ in the second syllable (so /ˈvoesəz, ˈɛndəd/), rather than the /ɪ/ of RP. That does not mean that Geordie has undergone the weak vowel merger because /ɪ/ can still be found in some unstressed syllables in place of the more usual /ə/. An example of that is the second syllable of seven /ˈsɛvɪn/, but it can also be pronounced with a simple schwa /ə/ instead. Certain weak forms also have /ɪ/ instead of /ə/; these include at /ɪt/, of /ɪv/, as /ɪz/, can /kɪn/ and us /ɪz/.[40]
As in other Northern English dialects, the BATH vowel is short /a/ in Geordie. There are very few exceptions to this rule; for instance, master, plaster and sometimes also disaster are pronounced with /ɒː/.[41]
Some speakers unround /ɒː/ to [ɑː].[32] Regardless of the rounding, the difference in backness between /ɒː/ and /a/ is very pronounced, a feature which Geordie shares with RP and some northern cities such as Stoke-on-Trent and Derby, but not with the accents of the middle north.[33]
Part 1 of Geordie diphthongs (from Watt & Allen (2003:268))
Part 2 of Geordie diphthongs (from Watt & Allen (2003:268)). /æu/ has a considerable phonetic variation.
Diphthongs of Geordie[32]
Endpoint
Front
Central
Back
Start point
Front
iɐ æu
Central
ai
Back
oe uɐ
As the transcription indicates, the second elements of /iɐ, uɐ/ are commonly as open as the typical Geordie realisation of /ə/ ([ɐ]).[38]
The first element of /æu/ is phonetically [ä] or [ɛ][42] or an intermediate [æ].[30] Traditionally, this vowel was a monophthong [uː] and this pronunciation can still be heard, as can a narrower diphthong [əu].[40]
/ai/ is phonetically [äi], but the Scottish vowel length rule applied by some speakers of Geordie creates an additional allophone [ɛi] that has a shorter, higher and more front onset than the main allophone [äi]. [ɛi] is used in words such as knife [nɛif], whereas [äi] is used in e.g. knives [näivz].[32] For simplicity, both of them are written [ai] in this article.
Vocabulary[edit]
For a list of words relating to the Geordie dialect, see the Geordie English category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Geordie dialect shares similarities with other Northern English dialects, as well as with the Scots language.
In her column for the South Shields Gazette, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid attests many samples of Geordie language usage, such as the nouns bairn ("child")[43] and clarts ("mud");[44] the adjectives canny ("pleasant")[45] and clag ("sticky");[44] and the imperative verb phrase howay ("hurry up!"; "come on!")[46]
Howay is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!" or the French "Allez-y!" ("Go on!"). Examples of common use include Howay man!, meaning "come on" or "hurry up", Howay the lads! as a term of encouragement for a sports team for example (the players' tunnel at St James' Park has this phrase just above the entrance to the pitch), or Ho'way!? (with stress on the second syllable) expressing incredulity or disbelief.[47] The literal opposite of this phrase is haddaway ("go away"); although not as common as howay, it is perhaps most commonly used in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'[48]).
Another word, divvie or divvy ("idiot"), seems to come from the Co-op dividend,[49] or from the two Davy lamps (the more explosive Scotch Davy[50] used in 1850, commission disapproved of its use in 1886 (inventor not known, nicknamed Scotch Davy probably given by miners after the Davy lamp was made perhaps by north east miners who used the Stephenson Lamp[26][51]), and the later better designed Davy designed by Humphry Davy also called the Divvy.[52]) As in a north east miner saying 'Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the word divvie then translated to daft lad/lass. Perhaps coming from the fact one would be seen as foolish going down a mine with a Scotch Divvy when there are safer lamps available, like the Geordie, or the Davy.
The Geordie word netty,[53] meaning a toilet and place of need and necessity for relief[53][54][55] or bathroom,[53][54][55] has an uncertain origin,[56] though some have theorised that it may come from slang used by Roman soldiers on Hadrian's Wall,[57] which may have later become gabinetti in the Romanic Italian language[57] (such as in the Westoe Netty, the subject of a famous painting from Bob Olley[57][58]). However, gabbinetto is the Modern Italian diminutive of gabbia, which actually derives from the Latin cavea ("hollow", "cavity", "enclosure"), the root of the loanwords that became the Modern English cave,[59] cage,[60] and gaol.[61] Thus, another explanation would be that it comes from a Modern Romanic Italian form of the word gabinetti,[56] though only a relatively small number of Italians have migrated to the North of England, mostly during the 19th century.[62]
Some etymologists connect the word netty to the Modern English word needy. John Trotter Brockett, writing in 1829 in his A glossary of north country words...,[55] claims that the etymon of netty (and its related form neddy) is the Modern English needy[63] and need.[64]
Bill Griffiths, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, points to the earlier form, the Old English níd; he writes: "MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of his house a knyttyng" York 1419, in which case the root could be OE níd 'necessary'".[54] Another related word, nessy is thought (by Griffiths) to derive from the Modern English "necessary".[54]
A poem called "Yam" narrated by author Douglas Kew, demonstrates the usage of a number of Geordie words.[65][66]
Vocabulary usage[show]
aa/aye/ai, yes[67]
aall, all[68]
aalwiz, always[69]
aboot, about[68]
alang, along[70]
alreet, alright[71]
an, and[68]
baccy, tobacco[68]
bairn, child[43]
cannit, cannot[72]
canny, pleasant[45]
childhud, childhood[73]
clag, sticky[44]
clarts, mud[44]
dee, do[68][74]
dinnor, dinner[68]
divvn't, don't[75][76]
divvy, idiot
doilum, idiot
Frida, Friday[77]
fud, food[78]
gan hyem, go home
gan on, go on[79]
gan, go[80]
gan't, gone to[81]
geet, very, really
guzzlin, eating[68]
haad, hold (e.g. keep a haad is 'keep a hold' and had yer gob becomes 'keep quiet'.)[47]
haadaway, get away, (disbelief)[82]
heor, hear[79]
hinny, honey (a term of endearment)[47][83]
hoose, house[68]
hooswife, Housewife[68]
hord, heard[84]
howay, hurry up, come on[46]
hoy, to throw[47]
hyem-myed, home made[85]
ivry, every[86]
lang, long[85]
larns, learns[87]
larnt, taught[88]
ma/mar/mam, mother[68]
mesel, myself[68]
Monda, Monday[88]
neebody, nobody[89]
neet, night[80]
noo, now[90]
nooadays, nowadays[80]
nowt, nothing[47][68]
oot, out[91]
owt, anything
pianna, piano[80]
reelise, realise[68]
reet, right[92]
roond, around or round[93]
smaall, small[94]
stotty-cyek, stotty cake (bread)[79]
summack or summit, something[80]
Sunda, Sunday[85]
taak, talk[79]
thor's, there's[82]
Thorsda', Thursday[88]
waarms, warms[79]
watt, what[95]
wawd, word[79]
wesh, wash[96]
wheor, where[80]
wor, our[79]
worsel's, ourselves[97]
y'kin, you can[98]
In popular culture[edit]
Singer Cheryl Tweedy is a famous Geordie speaker.
The Geordie dialect has featured prominently in the British media, as television presenters such as Ant & Dec (who first found fame in the Newcastle-set children's drama Byker Grove) are now happy to use their natural accents on air.[99]
Brendan Foster[100] and Sid Waddell[101] have both worked as television sports commentators. Cheryl Tweedy, a former member of Girls Aloud and judge on The X Factor, has a Geordie accent,[102] she says that she's "proud to be Geordie!" as does Joe McElderry the winner of the sixth series of The X Factor.[102] In May 2011, while named Cheryl Cole, she was let go from the American version of The X Factor because its "producers feared the American audience would not understand her Geordie accent."[103] During May 2011, taping of Britain's Got Talent, Declan Donnelly (of Ant & Dec) made an apparent attempt to stand up for Cole by asking co-producer and judge Simon Cowell on the show, "Can you understand my accent?".[104]
AC/DC vocalist Brian Johnson has a strong Geordie accent.[105]
Geordie
song-related topics
Singers
Songwriters
Songbooks
Characters, events and places
See also:
Geordie
v
t
e
The musicians Brian Johnson and Sting are Geordies (though Sting has lost much of his Geordie accent and speaks in a standard English accent). The song "Why Aye Man" is also a popular Geordie song by Geordie Mark Knopfler.
Jade Thirlwall and Perrie Edwards from girl group Little Mix are both from South Shields, near Newcastle and have Geordie accents, Jade's sometimes being very strong.
The dialect was also popularized by the comic magazine Viz, where the dialect is often conveyed phonetically by unusual spellings within the comic strips. Viz magazine was founded on Tyneside by two locals, Chris Donald and his brother Simon. The Steve Coogan-helmed BBC comedy I'm Alan Partridge featured a Geordie named Michael (Simon Greenall) as the primary supporting character and de facto best friend of the eponymous hero, despite Partridge's referring to Michael at one point as 'just the Work Geordie' and having great difficulty understanding what he says. The movie Goal!, which stars Kuno Becker and Alessandro Nivola (and also sees a cameo of Brian Johnson) prominently exposes the Newcastle football club, as well as exposing the Geordies and their dialect.
Mike Neville presenter of the BBC local news programme Look North, in the 1960s and 1970s, not only incorporated Geordie into the show, albeit usually in comedy pieces pointing up the gulf between ordinary Geordies and officials speaking Standard English, but were responsible for a series of recordings, beginning with Larn Yersel' Geordie[106] which attempted, not always seriously, to bring the Geordie dialect to the rest of England.
In the lyrics of the song "Sailing to Philadelphia" by Mark Knopfler, Jeremiah Dixon, surveyor of the Mason-Dixon line, describes himself as a "Geordie boy".[107] Knopfler also includes a "Geordie" reference in the song "5:15 am", from the album Shangri-La: "the bandit man / came up the great north road / up to geordieland / to mine the motherlode." In an earlier live album and video, Alchemy: Dire Straits Live, the band are seen in a pub – on the wall hangs a scoreboard for darts featuring "Geordies" vs. "All Others."
The Jocks and the Geordies was a Dandy comic strip running from 1975 to the early 1990s. Dorfy, real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer who once wrote for the South Shields Gazette.[108][109][110][111][112]
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet was a popular fictional British comedy-drama series about three Geordies (Dennis, Oz and Neville) leaving England to go and find work in Germany during the heights of unemployment in Thatcher's Britain. Finding work on a building site in Düsseldorf, they lived there on-site in a basic wooden hut (not dissimilar from ones seen in a WWII-era POW camp) as part of a group of seven British migrant construction workers: the other four were Wayne from London, Bomber from somewhere in the West Country, Barry from the West Midlands, and Moxey from Liverpool.[113][114] The three Geordie characters were supposed to be from Birtley Co. Durham (Dennis, played by Tim Healy), Gateshead (Oz, played by Jimmy Nail), and North Shields (Neville, played by Kevin Whately) and all three actors who played them were Geordies themselves.
In 1974, Alan Price's "Jarrow Song" reached number one in the old RNI International Service, and number 4 in the UK charts, which brought to the attention once again of the Jarrow Crusade.[115] The character Detective Inspector Robert "Robbie" Lewis (formerly Detective Sergeant) in the long-running ITV series Inspector Morse is a self-described Geordie – although not a "professional" one. His speech variety serves as a foil to Morse's pedantry and RP. Comedian Sarah Millican is also a Geordie. The Hairy Bikers are a pair of television chefs, consisting of Geordie Simon King and Lancastrian Dave Myers. The duo's lifestyle TV show The Hairy Bikers' Cookbook is a mixture of cookery and travelogue.[116]
The character "Geordie Georgie", as portrayed by Catherine Tate in her eponymous TV show, is a Geordie, complete with a thick affected accent, and is portrayed regularly taking part in (mostly ridiculously ambitious) sponsored events for a North East-based charity – the charity in question usually has a website with an outrageous domain name, for instance, the site for the charity she supports for battered husbands is "www.chinnedbythemissus.co.uk". The sketches usually conclude with her remonstrating her co-worker Martin, sometimes by violent means, for his apparent non-support of her charitable crusades.[117]
The MTV programme Geordie Shore, a spin-off of Jersey Shore, is set in Newcastle and features several Geordie speaking cast members. The Richard Adams novel The Plague Dogs features a fox who speaks "Northumbrian" Geordie, with a pronunciation guide and glossary. Scott Dobson provided assistance on the dialect. Actor Robson Green is a Geordie. Standup comic Ross Noble, a Newcastle native, has been known to make jokes about being Geordie. Capitalising on pride in speaking Geordie, a number of objects are sold that highlight Geordie speech and culture, such as a "Borth Sortificat for a genuine Geordie", coffee mugs, etc.[118]
Charlie Hunnam, who hails from Newcastle, refers to the swagger he walks with in Pacific Rim as a "Geordie walk".[119] Episode 8.13 "And Justice for All" of the ABC program Castle included a blue collar character who was a native Geordie speaker and student of English as a second language; this was somewhat humorous since, technically, speakers of this dialect already speak English.
In the BBC Radio drama series The Archers, the character Ruth Archer hails from Prudhoe, Northumberland and speaks with a Geordie accent, in contrast to the various Midland and other more southerly accents on the show, which is set in a fictional county in the English Midlands. The actress portraying her, Felicity Finch was raised in Egglescliffe, a town in the southern part of County Durham.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "AskOxford.com – a person from Tyneside". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Geordie Accent and Dialect Origins". englandsnortheast.co.uk. 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Simpson, David (2009). "Venerable Bede". Retrieved 6 August 2010. Bede's Latin poems seem to translate more successfully into Geordie than into modern day English!
Jump up ^ A Source Book for Irish English. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Migration of Irish to Newcastle upon Tyne and Weetslade Northumberland". Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Andy Gray & Richard Keys: EPL predictions
Jump up ^ Ewalt, David M. "Meet The Geordie Schooner". Forbes.
Jump up ^ Published on 24/09/2008 22:31 (2008-09-24). "Scots accent is UK's second favourite - UK - Scotsman.com". Thescotsman.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ "geordie – Definitions from Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jarrow Song". allyrics.net. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Blaydon Races". Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brockett, John Trotter (1829). A Glossary of North Country Words in Use with Their Etymology and Affinity to Other Languages, and Occasional Notices of Local Customs and Popular Superstitions. E. Charnley. p. 131. GEORDIE, George-a very common name among the pitmen. "How! Geordie man! how is't"
^ Jump up to: a b Dobson, Scott (1973). A Light Hearted Guide to Geordieland. Graham. ISBN 978-0-902833-89-0. Plus Geordieland means Northumberland and Durham
^ Jump up to: a b c Camden Hotten, John (2004) [1869]. The Slang Dictionary: Or Vulgar Words, Street Phrases and Fast Expressions of High and Low Society (reprint ed.). p. 142. Retrieved 2007-10-11. Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century
Jump up ^ "New Entry for OED Online: Mackem, n. (Draft Entry Jan. 2006)". OED.com. 11 January 2006. pp. "OED News: BBC Balderdash and Piffle (Series One)" section. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Mackem Wordhunt!". BBC News. 21 June 2005. pp. "Wear > Voices 2005" section.
Jump up ^ "Geordie Dialect – BBC". Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Keuchler (2010)
Jump up ^ Simmelbauer (2000:27)
Jump up ^ Watt (2000:69–101)
Jump up ^ Watt & Allen (2003:267–271)
Jump up ^ "AskOxford.com – from the given name George". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Brockett, John Trotter (1846). A Glossary of North Country Words (revised ed.). p. 187. GEORDIE, George – a very common name among the pitmen. 'How! Geordie man! How is't' The Pitmen have given the name of Geordie to Mr George Stephenson's lamp in contra-distinction of the Davy, or Sir Humphry Davy's Lamp.
Jump up ^ Recorded by the folk group Steeleye Span on their album Parcel of Rogues, 1973.
Jump up ^ Smiles, Samuel (1862). "chapter 8". The lives of the engineers. III.
^ Jump up to: a b Smiles, Samuel (1859). The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer. p. 120. As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor.
Jump up ^ Katie Wales (2006). Northern English: A Cultural and Social History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 978-0-521-86107-6.
Jump up ^ Wright, Joseph (1900). English Dialect Dictionary Volume 2: D-G. London: Henry Frowde. p. 597.
Jump up ^ Wells (1982), p. 374.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
Jump up ^ Docherty & Foulkes (2005). Hardcastle & Mackenzie Beck, ed. Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: an acoustic profiling study. A Figure of Speech – a Festschrift for John Laver. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 173–199.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Watt & Allen (2003), p. 269.
^ Jump up to: a b Wells (1982), pp. 360, 375.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wells (1982), p. 375.
Jump up ^ Wells (1982), pp. 362, 376.
Jump up ^ Beal (2004), pp. 121–122.
Jump up ^ Beal (2004), pp. 123–124.
^ Jump up to: a b Beal (2004), p. 126.
Jump up ^ Wells (1982), p. 283.
^ Jump up to: a b Wells (1982), p. 376.
Jump up ^ Beal (2004), pp. 122–123.
Jump up ^ Wells (1982), pp. 375–376.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Aa wuz a bairn.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Wor Geordie taalk is hyemly taalk; an wawds like 'clag' and 'clarts'
^ Jump up to: a b "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Is canny, friendly, hyemly wawds that waarms aall Geordie hearts.
^ Jump up to: a b "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. wawds y've nigh forgot – ""Howay!"" ""Gan on!""
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Dorphy dialog". Archived from the original on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Colls, Robert; Lancaster, Bill; Bryne, David; Carr, Barry; Hadaway, Tom; Knox, Elaine; Plater, Alan; Taylor, Harvey; Williamson; Younger, Paul (2005). Geordies. Northumbria University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-904794-12-7. Hadaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'
Jump up ^ IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems). BSI Standards. 2003. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-580-41426-8. An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...
Jump up ^ Henderson, Clarks. "NEIMME: Lamps – No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP". Retrieved 2 December 2007. CONSTRUCTION. Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter. 41/2" high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the peak. 24 mesh iron. Light. Candle.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Clarks. "NEIMME: Lamps – No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP". Retrieved 2 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Clarks. "NEIMME: Lamps – No. 1 – DAVY LAMP". Retrieved 2 December 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Graham, Frank (November 1986). The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide. Butler Publishing; New Ed edition. ISBN 978-0-946928-08-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Griffiths, Bill (1 December 2005). A Dictionary of North East Dialect. Northumbria University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-904794-16-5. Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. "nessy or netty" Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; "outside netties" Dobson Tyne 1972; 'lavatory' Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N'd. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of hys house knyttyng" York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid 'necessity'. Plus "to go to the Necessary" (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: "lav" Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; "oot back" G'head 2001 Q; "larty – toilet, a children's word, the school larties'" MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory
^ Jump up to: a b c Trotter Brockett, John (1829). A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions. Oxford University. p. 214. NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick's Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity.
^ Jump up to: a b "Netty". although some theories suggest it is an abbreviation of Italian gabbinetti, meaning 'toilet'
^ Jump up to: a b c Wainwright, Martin (4 April 2007). "Urinal finds museum home". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 October 2007. the urinals have linguistic distinction: the Geordie word "netty" for lavatory derives from Roman slang on Hadrian's Wall which became "gabinetto" in Italian
Jump up ^ "Famed Geordie netty is museum attraction". The Northern Echo. 31 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Rod. "Italian Migration to Nineteenth Century Britain: Why and Where, Why?". anglo-italianfhs.org.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2008. They were never in great numbers in the northern cities. For example, the Italian Consul General in Liverpool, in 1891, is quoted as saying that the majority of the 80–100 Italians in the city were organ grinders and street sellers of ice-cream and plaster statues. And that the 500–600 Italians in Manchester included mostly Terrazzo specialists, plasterers and modellers working on the prestigious, new town hall. While in Sheffield 100–150 Italians made cutlery.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ YAM narrated by author Douglas Kew. 29 July 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Kew, Douglas (7 February 2001). A Traveller's Tale. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55212-552-6.
Jump up ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Aa aalwiz...
Jump up ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Aa gan alang the streets...
Jump up ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. It larnt us alreet...
Jump up ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. when y' cannit produce a ticket?
Jump up ^ "Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms". South Shields Gazette. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. the whole o' me childhud
Jump up ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Aa cud dee aall these things.
Jump up ^ "Dorfy on the stress of Christmas shopping". South Shields Gazette. 2009-12-16. Retrieved 2013-10-01. Y' divvent see onny salt so...
Jump up ^ "We divvn't want ta gan..." Evening Chronicle. 2004-02-06. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. that on Frida's..
Jump up ^ "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. wor fud.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Wheor d' the' gan t'?
^ Jump up to: a b "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Thor's music in the hyemly soond o' 'howk,' or 'haadaway.'
Jump up ^ "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. an' w' had nivvor hord o'...
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms". South Shields Gazette. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. o' ivry parent wuz t' own...
Jump up ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. one 'musical' bairn that wuz sent t' larn music.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. NEEBODY seems t' reelise that a hooswife aalwiz...
Jump up ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. that had been shifted oot..
Jump up ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. y' warn't reet.
Jump up ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. come roond an’...
Jump up ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. a bucket o' smaall coal t’...
Jump up ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. o' watt sh'...
Jump up ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Cud Aa wesh?
Jump up ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. w' got worsel's interested...
Jump up ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. y' kin set doon as...
Jump up ^ "ANT & DEC". celebrity.itv.com. 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Graeme (17 April 2000). "The long road well taken; Graeme Smith FACE TO FACE with Brendan Foster". The Herald (Glasgow).
Jump up ^ Walters, Mike (18 December 2008). "Darts commentary legend Sid Waddell hopes he discovered the next Doctor Who". Daily Mirror.
^ Jump up to: a b "X-Factor's Cheryl and Joe's Geordie banter". Metro. 4 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cheryl Cole in talks with over return to UK X Factor". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Colin (31 May 2011). "Boos and cigarettes for Simon Cowell Cheryl Cole fans taunt X Factor boss". The Sun (United Kingdom). London. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ac/Dc's Brian Johnson To Receive Honorary Doctorate From U.K.'S Northumbria University". Blabbermouth. 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Neville,Mike: George House – Very Best Of Larn Yersel: Geordie & Geordierama". TV Presenter. 13 December 1995. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Sailing To Philadelphia". Retrieved 9 November 2007. I Am Jeremiah Dixon; I Am A Geordie Boy
Jump up ^ "Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette". Archived from the original on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Sandvid, D (1970). Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings. H Hill. ISBN 978-0-900463-11-2.
Jump up ^ Sandvid, D (1988). Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings. Sandhill P. ISBN 978-0-946098-12-5.
Jump up ^ Sandvid, D (1969). Between Ye an' Me. H Hill. ISBN 978-0-900463-08-2.
Jump up ^ Sandvid, D (1976). I Remember. Tree P. ISBN 978-0-904790-02-3.
Jump up ^ "THE ORIGINAL AUF WIEDERSEHEN PET HOMEPAGE". Retrieved 17 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Wayne Winston Norris, Denis Patterson, Leonard "Oz" Osborne, Brian "Bomber" Busbridge, Barry Taylor, Neville Hope, Albert Arthur Moxey (7 October 2002). Auf Wiedersehen Pet Box Set – The Complete Series 1 and 2 [1983] (PAL). Region 2. ASIN B00005UPJX. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "RNI International Service Number One Hits, 1971–1974". 14 June 1974. Retrieved 28 August 2009. 14-06, "Jarrow Song", Alan Price
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Euan (11 December 2005). "Meet the new Delia and Nigella". Observer Food Monthly. London. 'just no relation to what you get late on a Geordie night out,' recalls Si.
Jump up ^ "The Catherine Tate Show Series 3". seesaw.com. Retrieved 23 February 2011. Geordie Georgie drums up support for all the little folk in the North East who suffer from sex addiction.
Jump up ^ p. 146, 147. Joan C. Beal. 2009. "Enregisterment, commodification, and historical context: 'Geordie' versus 'Sheffieldish'". American Speech vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 138–156.
Jump up ^ Brian Truitt (11 July 2013). "Charlie Hunnam brings swagger to world of 'Pacific Rim'". USA Today. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
References[edit]
Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Keuchler, Karsten (2010), Geordie Accent and Tyneside English, GRIN Verlag, ISBN 978-3640742738
Rowe, Charley (2007), "He divn't gan tiv a college ti di that, man! A study of do (and to) in Tyneside English", Language Sciences, 12 (2): 360–371
Rowe, Charley (2009), Salience and resilience in a set of Tyneside English shibboleths, Language Variation: European Perspectives II, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 191–204
Simmelbauer, Andrea (2000), The dialect of Northumberland: A lexical investigation, Anglistische Forschungen, Universitätsverlag C. Winter, ISBN 978-3825309343
Watt, Dominic (2000), "Phonetic parallels between the close–mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated?", Language variation and change, 12 (1): 69–101
Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-52128540-2
External links[edit]
Look up Geordie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Newcastle English (Geordie)
Sounds Familiar?– Listen to examples of Geordie and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
'Hover & Hear' Geordie pronunciations, and compare side by side with other accents from the UK and around the World.
The Geordie Directory – Find out about & learn the Geordie accent
How To Get A Geordie Accent, in which actor and voice coach Gareth Jamison explains the essentials of the Geordie accent
A Geordie Dialect Song that describes a romantic encounter on the short bus journey from St James' Park to the General Hospital: Mother of Me Bairns (lyrics included)
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American Psycho
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1991 novel by Bret Easton Ellis. For the film adaptation, see American Psycho (film). For the musical, see American Psycho (musical). For other uses, see American Psycho (disambiguation).
American Psycho
First American paperback edition (1991)
Author
Bret Easton Ellis
Cover artist
Marshall Arisman[1]
Genre
Transgressive fiction, postmodern novel, satire, horror
Publisher
Vintage Books, New York
Publication date
1991
Pages
399
ISBN
978-0-679-73577-9
OCLC
22308330
Dewey Decimal
813/.54 20
LC Class
PS3555.L5937 A8 1991
American Psycho is a novel by Bret Easton Ellis, published in 1991. The story is told in the first person by Patrick Bateman, a serial killer and Manhattan businessman. The Observer notes that while "some countries [deem it] so potentially disturbing that it can only be sold shrink-wrapped", "critics rave about it" and "academics revel in its transgressive and postmodern qualities."[2]
A film adaptation starring Christian Bale as Bateman was released in 2000 to generally favorable reviews.[3] In 2008, it was confirmed that producers David Johnson and Jesse Singer were developing a musical adaptation[4] of the novel to appear on Broadway. The musical premiered at the Almeida Theatre, London in December 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Plot
3 Themes
4 Characters
4.1 Major characters
4.2 Minor characters
5 Controversy
6 Adaptations
6.1 2000 film
6.2 Other adaptations
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Development[edit]
Ellis researched murders at the New York Public Library. His first draft of American Psycho left all the grisly scenes until last, to be added in later. In 2010, in conversation with Jeff Baker, Ellis commented:
“ [Bateman] was crazy the same way [I was]. He did not come out of me sitting down and wanting to write a grand sweeping indictment of yuppie culture. It initiated because of my own isolation and alienation at a point in my life. I was living like Patrick Bateman. I was slipping into a consumerist kind of void that was supposed to give me confidence and make me feel good about myself but just made me feel worse and worse and worse about myself. That is where the tension of American Psycho came from. It wasn't that I was going to make up this serial killer on Wall Street. High concept. Fantastic. It came from a much more personal place, and that's something that I've only been admitting in the last year or so. I was so on the defensive because of the reaction to that book that I wasn't able to talk about it on that level.[5] ”
Plot[edit]
Set in Manhattan during the Wall Street boom of the late 1980s, American Psycho follows the life of wealthy young investment banker Patrick Bateman. Bateman, in his mid-20s when the story begins, narrates his everyday activities, from his recreational life among the Wall Street elite of New York to his forays into murder by night. Through present tense stream-of-consciousness narrative, Bateman describes his daily life, ranging from a series of Friday nights spent at nightclubs with his colleagues — where they snort cocaine, critique fellow club-goers' clothing, trade fashion advice, and question one another on proper etiquette — to his loveless engagement to fellow yuppie Evelyn and his contentious relationship with his brother and senile mother. Bateman's stream of consciousness is occasionally broken up by chapters in which he directly addresses the reader in order to critique the work of 1980s pop music artists. The novel maintains a high level of ambiguity through mistaken identity and contradictions that introduce the possibility that Bateman is an unreliable narrator. Characters are consistently introduced as people other than themselves, and people argue over the identities of others they can see in restaurants or at parties. Deeply concerned with his personal appearance, Bateman gives extensive descriptions of his daily beauty regimen. The question of whether any of the crimes depicted in the novel actually happened or whether they were simply the fantasies of a delusional psychotic is only perpetuated further by the cinematic adaptation.[6]
After killing Paul Owen, one of his colleagues, Bateman appropriates his apartment as a place to host and kill more victims. Bateman's control over his violent urges deteriorates. His murders become increasingly sadistic and complex, progressing from simple stabbings to drawn-out sequences of rape, torture, mutilation, cannibalism, and necrophilia, and his grasp on sanity begins to slip. He introduces stories about serial killers into casual conversations and on several occasions openly confesses his murderous activities to his coworkers, who never take him seriously, do not hear what he says, or misunderstand him completely—for example, hearing the words "murders and executions" as "mergers and acquisitions." These incidents culminate in a shooting spree during which he kills several random people in the street, resulting in a SWAT team being dispatched in a helicopter. This narrative episode sees the first-person perspective shift to third-person and the subsequent events are, although not for the first time in the novel, described in terms pertaining to cinematic portrayal. Bateman flees on foot and hides in his office, where he phones his attorney, Harold Carnes, and confesses all his crimes to the answering machine.
Later, Bateman revisits Paul Owen's apartment, where he had earlier killed and mutilated two prostitutes, carrying a surgical mask in anticipation of the decomposing bodies he expects to encounter. He enters the perfectly clean, refurbished apartment, however, filled with strong-smelling flowers meant, perhaps, to conceal a bad odor. The real estate agent, who sees his surgical mask, fools him into stating he was attending the apartment viewing because he saw an "ad in the Times" (when there was no such advertisement). She tells him to leave and never return.
Bateman's mental state continues to deteriorate, and he begins to experience bizarre hallucinations such as seeing a Cheerio interviewed on a talk show, being stalked by an anthropomorphic park bench, and finding a bone in his Dove Bar. At the end of the story, Bateman confronts Carnes about the message he left on his machine, only to find the attorney amused at what he considers a hilarious joke. Mistaking Bateman for another colleague, Carnes claims that the Patrick Bateman he knows is too much of a coward to have committed such acts. In the dialogue-laden climax, Carnes stands up to a defiant Bateman and tells him his claim of having murdered Owen is impossible, because he had dinner in London with him a few days before, not once but twice.
The book ends as it began, with Bateman and his colleagues at a new club on a Friday night, engaging in banal conversation. The sign seen at the end of the book simply reads "This is not an exit."
Themes[edit]
According to literary critic Jeffrey W. Hunter, American Psycho is largely a critique of the "shallow and vicious aspects of capitalism."[7] The characters are predominantly concerned with material gain and superficial appearances, traits indicative of a postmodern world in which the 'surface' reigns supreme. This leads Patrick Bateman to act as if "everything is a commodity, including people,"[8] an attitude that is further evident in the rampant objectification and brutalization of women that occurs in the novel. This distancing allows Bateman to rationalize his actions;[9] in one anthropophagic scene, Bateman remarks "though it does sporadically penetrate how unacceptable some of what I'm doing actually is, I just remind myself that this thing, this girl, this meat, is nothing..."[10]
Patrick Bateman's consumption of what he views as nothing more than a piece of meat is an almost parodically literal interpretation of a monster created by consumer culture. This, combined with sex, violence, drugs, and other desires of the id, is how Bateman enacts his sociopathic violence in a superficial world.[11]
Characters[edit]
Major characters[edit]
Patrick Bateman - The narrator and anti-hero protagonist of the novel.
Evelyn Richards - Bateman's fiancée.
Timothy Price - Bateman's best friend and colleague. Later appears as a teenager in Ellis' novel The Informers.
Paul Owen - Bateman's colleague who is later murdered by Bateman.
Jean - Bateman's secretary, whom Bateman refers to as "Jean, my secretary who is in love with me".
Luis Carruthers - A closeted homosexual co-worker who is in love with Bateman, something that disgusts the latter.
Courtney Lawrence - Luis' girlfriend who is having an affair with Bateman.
Craig McDermott - Bateman's colleague, part of a social foursome alongside Bateman, Timothy Price and David Van Patten.
David Van Patten - Bateman's colleague, also part of Bateman's main social group.
Minor characters[edit]
"Christie" – A prostitute, employed and abused sexually on multiple occasions by Bateman before he eventually murders her. Bateman gives her this name; her real one is never revealed.
Elizabeth - A dinner date of Bateman's, drugged and coerced into having sex with "Christie" before being murdered.
Marcus Halberstam – Bateman's colleague; Paul Owen repeatedly mistakes Bateman for Marcus.
Donald Kimball – Private detective hired to investigate Paul Owen's disappearance.
Alison Poole – Sexually assaulted by Bateman; created by Ellis' friend Jay McInerney in his novel Story of My Life[12] and based on McInerney's former girlfriend Rielle Hunter; reappears as a main character in Ellis's later novel Glamorama, where she is involved with the lead character, Victor Ward.
Sean Bateman – Younger brother of Patrick Bateman and also the lead character of The Rules of Attraction.
Paul Denton – Friend of Paul Owen, who also appears in The Rules of Attraction where he is possibly romantically involved with Patrick's brother Sean.
Christopher Armstrong – Bateman's colleague at Pierce & Pierce.
Bethany – An old girlfriend of Patrick's whom, after a date, he murders in a particularly heinous manner.
Stash – Evelyn's friend, who is HIV positive.
Vanden – Evelyn's friend from the East Village who attends Camden College, the main setting of The Rules of Attraction.
Al - A homeless man whom Bateman blinds and disfigures with a knife.
Controversy[edit]
The book was originally to have been published by Simon & Schuster in March 1991, but the company withdrew from the project because of "aesthetic differences". Vintage Books purchased the rights to the novel and published the book after the customary editing process. The book was not published in hardcover in the United States until 2012, when a limited hardcover edition was published by Centipede Press,[13] although a deluxe paperback was offered.[14] Ellis received numerous death threats and hate mail after the publication of American Psycho.[15][16]
In Germany, the book was deemed "harmful to minors", and its sales and marketing severely restricted from 1995 to 2000. In Australia, the book is sold shrink-wrapped and is classified "R18" under national censorship legislation. The book may not be sold to those under 18 years of age. Along with other Category 1 publications, its sale is theoretically banned in the state of Queensland and it may only be purchased shrink-wrapped.[17] In Brisbane, the novel is available to those over 18 from all public libraries and can still be ordered and purchased (shrink-wrapped) from many book stores despite this prohibition.[18] Bret Easton Ellis has commented on this, saying "I think it's adorable. I think it's cute. I love it."[19][20] In New Zealand, the Government's Office of Film & Literature Classification has rated the book as R18. The book may not be sold or lent in libraries to those under 18 years of age. It is generally sold shrink wrapped in bookstores.[citation needed] In Canada, the book generated renewed controversy during the trial of serial killer Paul Bernardo after it was discovered that Bernardo owned a copy of the book and had "read it as his 'bible'."[21]
Feminist activist Gloria Steinem was among those opposed to Ellis' book because of its portrayal of violence toward women.[22] Steinem is the stepmother of Christian Bale, who played Bateman in the film.[23] This coincidence is mentioned in Ellis' mock memoir Lunar Park.
Phil Collins, whose solo career is referenced in the book, recalled: "I didn't read it. At the time, I just thought, 'That's all we need: glorifying all this crap. I'm not interested.' Then the film came out and I thought it was very funny."[24]
Adaptations[edit]
2000 film[edit]
Main article: American Psycho (film)
In 2000, writer Guinevere Turner and writer/director Mary Harron adapted American Psycho into a dark, comic film released by Lions Gate Films. This screenplay was selected over three others, including one by Ellis himself. Bateman is played by Christian Bale with Willem Dafoe and Reese Witherspoon in supporting roles. As a promotion for the film, one could register to receive e-mails "from" Patrick Bateman, supposedly to his therapist.[25] The e-mails, written by a writer attached to the film and approved by Ellis, follow Bateman's life since the events of the film. American Psycho premiered at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival where it was touted as the next Fight Club.[26] The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) gave the film an NC-17 rating for a scene featuring Bateman having a threesome with two prostitutes. The producers excised approximately 18 seconds of footage to obtain an R-rating for the film.[27]
It polarized audiences and critics with some showering praise, others scorn.[28] Upon its theatrical release, however, the film received positive reviews in crucial publications, including The New York Times which called it a "mean and lean horror comedy classic".[29] Author Bret Easton Ellis said, "American Psycho was a book I didn't think needed to be turned into a movie," as "the medium of film demands answers," which would make the book "infinitely less interesting."[30] The film currently holds a 67% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
A direct-to-video spin-off, American Psycho 2 was released and directed by Morgan J. Freeman. This spin-off was not based on the novel or the original film, as its only connection with the original is the death of Patrick Bateman (played by Michael Kremko wearing a face mask), briefly shown in a flashback.
Other adaptations[edit]
In 2009, Audible.com produced an audio version of American Psycho, narrated by Pablo Schreiber, as part of its Modern Vanguard line of audiobooks.[31] A Hungarian version of the novel was written by Attila Hazai (1967-2012) called Budapesti skizo ("Budapest Psycho", 1997); it was Hazai's best known work but as of his death never translated into English.[32]
In 2013, a Kickstarter campaign was launched by Ellis and others to get a musical stage adaptation made.[33] The premiere of the musical, with music and lyrics by Duncan Sheik opened at the Almeida Theatre, London in December 2013. The role of Patrick Bateman was played by Matt Smith.[34]
Also in 2013, FX was planning a TV series, set in the present, with Patrick Bateman in his 50s.[35]
See also[edit]
Novels portal
LGBT portal
1990s portal
American Psycho (film)
American Psycho (musical)
Aestheticization of violence
Transgressive fiction
Unreliable narrator
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Marshall Arisman illustrations". Marshallarisman.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Alison (27 June 2010). "Imperial Bedrooms by Bret Easton Ellis". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Metacritic reviews for American Psycho". Metacritic.com. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
Jump up ^ Kepler, Adam W. (2012-04-22). "'American Psycho' as a Musical". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Baker, Jeff (July 2010). "Q&A: Bret Easton Ellis talks about writing novels, making movies". OregonLive. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
Jump up ^ Kyle Buchanan. "Bret Easton Ellis on American Psycho, Christian Bale, and His Problem with Women Directors". Movieline. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Contemporary Literary Criticism. Jeffrey W. Hunter (ed.). Vol. 229. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007, pp. 228-294. From Literature Criticism Online.
Jump up ^ Contemporary Literary Criticism.
Jump up ^ Brock, Leigh. "Distancing in Bret Easton Ellis' American Psycho. Notes on Contemporary Literature 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 6-8.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Bret Easton. American Psycho. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. Page 345
Jump up ^ Heyler, Ruth. "Parodied to Death: The Postmodern Gothic of American Psycho. Modern Fiction Studies 46, no. 3 (fall 2000): 725-46.
Jump up ^ "Allow Bret Easton Ellis to Introduce You to Alison Poole, A.K.A. Rielle Hunter". New York Magazine. 2008-08-06. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
Jump up ^ "American Psycho". centipedepress.com. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Benatar, Giselle (1990-11-30). "American Psychodrama – EW.com". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ Messier, Vartan (2005). "Canons of Transgression: Shock, Scandal, and Subversion from Matthew Lewis's The Monk to Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho" (PDF). Dissertation Abstracts International. 43 (4): 1085 ff. (University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez). Chapter Pornography and Violence: The Dialectics of Transgression in Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho provides an in-depth analysis of the novel.
Jump up ^ Bret Easton Ellis on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Police ask for new edition of American Psycho to be removed from Adelaide bookshelves". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Government of Australia National Classification Scheme.
Jump up ^ "Bret Easton Ellis Slams Self-Censorship Among Artists". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
Jump up ^ "American Psycho Author Bret Easton Ellis: In Conversation". FORA.tv. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
Jump up ^ Cairns, Alan (1995-09-01). "Life imitates 'art' in Bernardo 'bible'". The Toronto Sun.
Jump up ^ Venant, Elizabeth (11 December 1990). "An 'American Psycho' Drama : Books: The flap surrounding Bret Easton Ellis' third novel flares again. NOW is seeking a boycott of his new publisher. Other observers raise questions of censorship". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Graham, Caroline (26 July 2008). "'Who's the greatest actor in the world?' Christian Bale's former assistant reveals how the star's father boosted his son's ego". Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
Jump up ^ White, Terri (December 2014). "Cash for questions". Q: 33.
Jump up ^ Howell, Peter (March 8, 2000). "American Psychos Web Promo Sickens Star". Toronto Star. Toronto.
Jump up ^ "American Psycho hits Sundance". The Guardian. London. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
Jump up ^ "American Psycho cut to appease censors". The Guardian. London. 2000-02-29. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (January 24, 2000). "Sundance Sorority". Time. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen (April 14, 2000). "Murderer! Fiend! Cad! (But Well-Dressed)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Bret Easton Ellis talks film adaptations at SCAD". Creative Loafing. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
Jump up ^ Audible Announces New Modern Vanguard Line of Audiobooks. International Business Times
Jump up ^ Hazai Attila (1967-2012), complete review, "The Literary Saloon", April 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AMERICAN PSYCHO". Kickstarter. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Almeida Theatre. "American Psycho". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Elavsky, Cindy (6 October 2013). "Celebrity Extra". King Features. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: American Psycho
Bret Easton Ellis (6 March 1991). American psycho: a novel. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-679-73577-9.
[show]
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Works by Bret Easton Ellis
Novels
Less Than Zero (1985)
The Rules of Attraction (1987)
American Psycho (1991)
Glamorama (1998)
Lunar Park (2005)
Imperial Bedrooms (2010)
Short fiction
The Informers (1994)
Film adaptations
Less Than Zero (1987)
American Psycho (2000)
The Rules of Attraction (2002)
Glitterati (2004)
The Informers (2008)
Screenplays
The Canyons (2013)
[show]
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American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis
Films
American Psycho (2000)
American Psycho 2 (2002)
Music
American Psycho: Music from the Controversial Motion Picture (2000)
Musical
American Psycho (2013)
Related
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This page was last edited on 26 December 2017, at 17:34.
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