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Religion in the Middle East
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Three major religious groups (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) originated in the Middle East.[1] Smaller minority religions, such as the Bahá'í Faith, Druze, Nusalrism, Manichaeism, Sabianism, Bábism, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Gnosticism, Yarsanism, Samaritanism, Shabakism, Ishikism, Ali-Illahism, Alevi Yazdanism and Zoroastrianism are also present in the Middle East.
More than nine-in-ten people in the Middle East and North Africa were Muslim as of 2010 (93%), and the share of the region’s population that is Muslim is expected to be slightly higher in 2050 (94%). According to the survey, Middle East and North Africa region's Muslim population is expected to grow by 74% from 2010 to 2050, from 317 million to 552 million. 62 Christians and Jews are projected to remain the second- and third-largest religious groups in the region, respectively, with more modest population gains of 43% and 46%.
The smaller, religiously unaffiliated population is forecast to grow 56%, from about 2 million to more than 3 million. Hindus, adherents of folk religions and Buddhists are expected to experience the greatest growth as a percentage of their modest 2010 counts, with each group more than doubling in size by 2050.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bahá'í Faith
2 Christianity
2.1 Copts
2.2 Maronites
2.3 Syriacs and Assyrians
2.4 Armenians
2.5 Other Christian groups
3 Druze faith
4 Ishikism
5 Islam
5.1 Sunnism
5.2 Twelver Shia
5.3 Zaydi
5.4 Alawites
5.5 Alevism
6 Judaism
7 Mandaeism
8 Samaritanism
9 Shabakism
10 Yazīdī
11 Zoroastrianism
12 Unbelief
13 Other religions
14 Countries
14.1 Egypt
14.2 Iran
14.3 Iraq
14.4 Israel
14.5 Jordan
14.6 Lebanon
14.7 Saudi Arabia
14.8 Syria
14.9 Turkey
14.10 Yemen
15 References
Bahá'í Faith[edit]
The Bahá'í Faith has noteworthy representation in Iran, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Palestine, Israel and Turkey. Its international headquarters are located on the northern slope of Mount Carmel at Haifa, Israel. Founded in Iran in 1863,[2] the Bahá'í Faith is one of the youngest world major religions.[2] According to most encyclopedias, in the early 21st century there are an estimated 6 to 8 million Bahá'ís across the globe.
Christianity[edit]
See also: Christianity in the Middle East
Christianity originated in the region in the 1st century AD, and was one of the major religions of the region until the Muslim conquests of the mid-to-late 7th century AD. Christianity in the Middle East is characterized with its diverse beliefs and traditions compared to other parts of the old world.
Christians now make up 5% of the population, down from 20% in the early 20th century.[3] The number of Middle Eastern Christians is dropping due to such factors as forced acceptance of Islam, low birth rates compared with Muslims, extensive emigration (usually to escape religious persecution), and the religious persecution itself. In addition, political turmoil has been and continues to be a major contributor pressing indigenous Near Eastern Christians of various ethnicities towards seeking security and stability outside their homelands. Christian Palestinians face the same oppression as their Muslim compatriots.[4] Recent spread of Jihadist and Salafist ideology, foreign to the tolerant values of the local communities in Greater Syria and Egypt has also played a role in unsettling Christians' decades-long peaceful existence.[5] It is estimated that at the present rate, the Middle East's 12 million Christians will likely drop to 6 million by the year 2020.[6]
Copts[edit]
The largest Christian group in the Middle East is the originally Coptic-speaking, but now Arabic-speaking (due to a forced language change) Coptic Orthodox Christian population. This Egyptian ethnoreligious community of Copts, is cited by the census as consisting of 6–11 million people,[7] although Coptic sources cite the figure as being closer to 12–16 million.[8][9] Copts reside in mainly Egypt, but also in Sudan and Libya, with tiny communities in Israel, Cyprus and Jordan.
Maronites[edit]
Arabic-speaking Lebanese Maronites number some 1.1–1.2 million across the Middle East, and often avoid an Arabic identity in favour of a pre-Arab Phoenician-Canaanite heritage.
Syriacs and Assyrians[edit]
Syriac Christians of various non-Arab ethnoreligious heritages number roughly 2 to 3 million. The indigenous Eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrians of Iraq, south eastern Turkey, north western Iran and north eastern Syria have suffered both ethnic and religious persecution over the last few centuries such as the Assyrian Genocide, leading to many fleeing to the west or congregating in areas in the north of Iraq and Syria. In Iraq numbers of indigenous Assyrians has declined to somewhere between 500,000 and 800,000 (from 0.8–1.4 million before 2003 US invasion) or 6% of the population of 23 million.[10]
Currently, the largest community of Syriac Christians in the Middle East resides in Syria, numbering 877,000–1,139,000. These are a mix of Neo-Aramaic speaking Assyrians and largely Arabic-speaking Christians (originally speakers of the almost extinct Western Aramaic language) who ethnically identify as Syriacs.
Armenians[edit]
In the Middle Eastern states, there is a large community of Armenians. The Armenians in the Middle East number around 350,000-400,000[11] and are mostly concentrated in Iran, Lebanon, Cyprus, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine, although well-established communities exist in Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, and other countries of the area. Some other sources claim that the Armenians number around half a million, with their largest community in Iran with 200,000 - 300,000 members.[12] The number of Armenians in Turkey is disputed having a wide range of estimations. More Armenian communities reside in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and to lesser degree in other Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and Israel. The Armenian Genocide during and after World War I drastically reduced the once sizeable Armenian population.
Other Christian groups[edit]
In the Persian Gulf states, Bahrain has 1,000 Christian citizens[13] and Kuwait has 400 native Christian citizens,[14] in addition to 450,000 Christian foreign residents in Kuwait.[15] Arab Christians, and those who tend to identify as Arabs, are mostly adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church. In 2010 they numbered 1.1 million in Syria, 250,000 in Lebanon, 250-300,000 in Jordan, 150,000 in Israel and Palestine and smaller numbers in Iraq. Protestant converts number around 400,000. Melkite Christians who are ethnically Arab Catholic Christians of the Greek Rite compose almost 600,000. Syrian Orthodox number about 1 million in Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon, with the great majority being in Syria.
The ethnic Greeks, who had once inhabited large parts of the western Middle East and Asia Minor, have declined since the Arab conquests and recently severely reduced in Turkey, as a result of the Asia Minor Catastrophe, which followed World War I. Today the biggest Middle Eastern Greek community resides in Cyprus numbering around 793,000 (2008).[16] Cypriot Greeks constitute the only Christian majority state in the Middle East, although Lebanon was founded with a Christian majority in the first half of the 20th century.
Smaller Christian groups include; Georgians, Messianic Jews, Russians and others, such as Kurdish, Turcoman, Iranian, Shabak, Azeri, Circassian and Arab converts exist in small numbers. There are currently several million Christian foreign workers in the Gulf area, mostly from the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Middle Eastern Christians are relatively wealthy, well educated, and politically moderate,[17] as they have today an active role in various social, economical, sporting and political aspects in the Middle East.
Druze faith[edit]
Druze, or Druse, is a monotheistic religion found in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. Representation ranges from 100,000 in Israel, to 700,000 in Syria. Developing from Isma'ilite teachings, Druze incorporates Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic and Iranian elements.[18]
Ishikism[edit]
Ishikism (also known as Chinarism or Ishik Alevism), a religious movement within Alevism that rejects its Islamic roots, is found in Turkey. Ishikīs consider themselves to be esotericists, claiming that Alevism is esotericism itself, meaning that they identify themselves with every type of esotericism in history. They claim that Alevism is the oldest religion in the world, that has changed shapes throughout time. This "First and True Religion" of the world, is claimed by Ishikís to have been a main source for all other religions and beliefs in the world.
Islam[edit]
Islam is the most widely followed religion in the Middle East. About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East.[19] Islam is monotheistic believing in Allah and follows the teaching of the written sacred text, the Qur'an.[19] Islam is believed to be an extension of Judaism and Christianity with the belief that Muhammad is the final prophet of God, in a long chain of prophets, from Adam on down to John the Baptist, Jesus, and finally Muhammad. The majority of the Muslims are Sunni, followed by Shi'a. Smaller sects include the Ahmadiyya.[20]
A major source of conflict in the Muslim Middle East is the divisive nature between the two main sects of Islam: Sunni and Shi'a. Though these two sects agree on the fundamentals of Islam and the teachings of the Qur'an, they are in conflict about who would lead the Muslim community after the Prophet Muhammad's death.[21] The Battle of Siffin was a significant schism between the two sects. Throughout the years, other differences have arisen between practices, beliefs and culture. Many conflicts between the two communities have occurred.
Sunnism[edit]
Sunni is the largest branch of Islam and dominates most countries in the Middle East.
Twelver Shia[edit]
Further information: Shia
Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia, making up perhaps 88 percent of Shias.[22][23][24][25] Twelver Shia have their largest populations in the Middle East in Iraq (55–65%), Iran (85–90%) and Bahrain (60-70%).
Zaydi[edit]
Further information: Zaidiyyah
Zaydi make up about 35-40% of the population of Yemen.[26] They emerged in the eighth century out of Shi'a Islam.[27] Zaidis are named after Zayd ibn ʻAlī, the grandson of Husayn ibn ʻAlī who they recognize as the fifth Imam.[27] Followers of the Zaydi Islamic jurisprudence are called Zaydi Shi'a and make up about 35-40% of Muslims in Yemen.[26] Unlike many other Shia, Zaidis dismiss religious dissimulation (taqiyya).[27]
Alawites[edit]
Further information: Alawites
Alawis, also rendered as Alawites, Alawīyyah or Nusạyriyya, are a syncretic sect of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, primarily centered in Syria. The eponymously named Alawites revere Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib), considered the 1st Imam of the Twelver school. However, they are generally considered to be Ghulat by most other sects of Shia Islam. The sect is believed to have been founded by Ibn Nusayr during the 9th century, and fully established as a religion For this reason, Alawites are sometimes called Nusayris (Arabic: نصيرية Nuṣayrīyyah), though the term has come to be used as a pejorative in the modern era. Another name, "Ansari" (Arabic: انصارية Anṣāriyyah), is believed to be a mistransliteration of "Nusayri". Today, Alawites represent 11 percent of the Syrian population and are a significant minority in Turkey and northern Lebanon. There is also a population living in the village of Ghajar in the Golan Heights. They are often confused with the Alevis of Turkey. Alawites form the dominant religious group on the Syrian coast and towns near the coast which are also inhabited by Sunnis, Christians, and Ismailis.
Alawites have historically kept their beliefs secret from outsiders and non-initiated Alawites.[28][29] At the core of Alawite belief is a divine triad, comprising three aspects of the one God.
Alawites have traditionally lived in the An-Nusayriyah Mountains along the Mediterranean coast of Syria. Latakia and Tartus are the region's principal cities. They are also concentrated in the plains around Hama and Homs. Alawites also live in Syria's major cities, and are estimated at about 12 percent of the country's population[30][31][32] (2.6 million, out of a total population of 22 million).[33]
Alevism[edit]
Further information: Alevism
Alevism is a small syncretic,[34] heterodox[35] form of Islam, following Shia, Sufi, Sunni and local traditions,[36] whose adherents follow the mystical (bāṭenī)[37][37] teachings of Ali, the Twelve Imams, and a descendant—the 13th century Alevi saint Haji Bektash Veli. There are between 10-25 million Alevi and they are found primarily in Turkey among ethnic Turks and Kurds,[38] and make up between 10-25% of Turkey's population, the largest branches of Islam there after the majority Sunni.[36][39]
Some of the differences that mark Alevis from mainstream Muslims are the use of cemevi halls rather than mosques; worship ceremonies that feature wine, music and dancing, and where both women and men participate;[40] non-observance of the five daily salat prayers and prostrations (they only bow twice in the presence of their spiritual leader), Ramadan, and the Hajj (considering true pilgrimage to be internal one).[36] Alevis have some links with Twelver Shia Islam (such as importance of the Ahl al-Bayt, the day of Ashura, the Mourning of Muharram, commemorating Karbala), but do not follow taqlid towards a Marja' "source of emulation". Some practices of the Alevis are based on Sufi elements of the Bektashi[35] tariqa.[41][42]
Judaism[edit]
For over 2,000 years a large portion of world Jewry lived the Muslim world. They are colloquially knows as Mizrahi Jews. They include descendants of Babylonian Jews and Mountain Jews from modern Iraq, Morocco, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Syria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Uzbekistan, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan and Yemen. Since the 1950s because of growing antisemitism most of these Jews fled to Israel where they make up the majority of Israel's Jewish population and roughly a third of total world Jewry. While they no longer live among a Muslim majority, they continue to follow many customs with strong Muslim and Middle Eastern influences making them distinct from European Jewry. Today Judaism in the Middle East is mostly practiced in Israel. Israel’s population is 75.3% Jewish, with the remainder made up of Muslims (20.6%), Christians, Druze, Bahá'í and various other minorities (4.1%).[43] There are few other countries in the Middle East with significant Jewish populations, but the communities are small and scattered.
Mandaeism[edit]
There are between 60,000 and 70,000 Mandaeans worldwide[44] and in the Middle East they are found in Iraq and Iran.[45] They revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enosh and Noah. Mandaeans are an ethnoreligious community, which doesn't allow conversion.
Samaritanism[edit]
Samaritanism is a closely affiliated religion with Judaism, practiced by the ethnoreligious Samaritan community, largely residing in Israel. In the past, Samaritans used to populate also Egypt and Syria, but their community had almost collapsed by the late 19th century due to religious persecution by radical Islamists. Today the Samaritan community has grown to about 800 persons from as few as 150 in the early 20th century.
Shabakism[edit]
There are about 60,000 Shabak people living today all in northern Iraq.[46] They are an ethnic group with a religion similar to orthodox Islam and Christianity. The Shabak have much in common with the Yazidis.
Yazīdī[edit]
Yazidis ( Yezīdī, Azīdī, Zedī, or Izdī ) are found in Iraq, Syria, and Iran.[47] It is a fusion of Zoroastrian, Manichaean, Jewish, Nestorian Christian and Islamic elements.[47] They do not see themselves as descendent from Adam and maintain complete segregation from the rest of the population (5). They number between 200,000 to one million world-wide and worship a main divinity called Yazīdī is Malak Ṭāʾūs (“Peacock Angel”).[47] Most live in Iraq but also 70,000 in Syria.
Zoroastrianism[edit]
In the Middle East, Zoroastrianism is found in central Iran.[48] Today, there are estimated to be under 20,000 Zoroastrians in Iran.[49] It is one of the oldest monotheistic religions as it was founded 3500 years ago.[48] It was also one of the most powerful religions in the world for about 1000 years.[48] Now, however, it is considered one of the smallest religions with only 190,000 followers worldwide.[48] There are two deities: Azhura Mazda, who fights for a person’s goodness, and Ahriman, who fights for a person’s evil.[50] It is ultimately up to the individual to decide which deity they will follow. Zoroastreans follow the Avesta which is their primary sacred text.[50]
Unbelief[edit]
According to a 2012 WIN-Gallup International ‘Religiosity and Atheism Index’, atheists are a small minority in the Middle East with only 2% of those surveyed in the Arab World identifying themselves as "committed atheists".[51] Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah, the branch of the Egyptian government that issues fatawa (religious edicts), gives lower (if less reliable) numbers, stating that there are 866 atheists in Egypt – "roughly 0.001% of the population"—325 in Morocco, and 32 in Yemen (defined as not only unbelievers, but secularists and "Muslims who convert to other religions").[52]
Some countries (Iraq, Tunisia) surveyed had 0% of respondents identifying as atheists.[53] Other countries indicated low percentages (Palestinian Territories 4%, Turkey, Uzbekistan 2%). However 18% of those surveyed in the Arab world identified themselves as "not a religious person" (Iraq 9%, Saudi Arabia 19%, West Bank and Gaza 29%, Tunisia 22%),[54] a higher percentage than in Africa, Latin America, or South Asia.[51]
According to unbelievers in the Arab world their numbers are growing but they suffer from persecution.[55][56] Author and historian Faisal Devji notes that despite the fact that Saudi Arabia punishes unbelief with death, 5% of those surveyed identified themselves as atheists (a slightly higher percent than did in the United States) and 19 percent did not consider themselves religious.[55] Devji states there is "a new movement of atheists in countries such as Saudi Arabia ... which takes the form of secret societies", meeting "in internet chat rooms and unnamed physical locations, like the mystics of old".[55]
In Egypt, Al Jazeera reported a clandestine atheist group of over 100 in Alexandria in 2013.[56] The group complained of mistreatment of atheists by society and government. A Pew survey found 63% of Egyptian Muslims favored the death penalty for those who leave the religion of Islam. The Egyptian penal code punishes "contempt of heavenly religions", and as of 2013 Egyptians had been arrested and/or imprisoned for activities such as setting up a Facebook page calling for atheism, writing a book entitled Where is God?, and "defamation of religion".[56]
Other religions[edit]
Main articles: Hinduism in Arab states and Buddhism in the Middle East
There are many Hindus in Arab states, many due to the migration of Indians to the oil-rich states around the Persian Gulf. Hindu temples have been built in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Yemen and Oman.
Though Buddhism has had a presence in the Middle East for over 1000 years, it has recently[when?] experienced a revival with an estimated 900,000 people (perhaps more) who profess Buddhism as their religion. Buddhist adherents make up just over 0.3% of the total population of the Middle East. Many of these Buddhists are workers who have migrated from other parts of Asia to the Middle East in the last 20 years,[when?] many from countries and regions that have large Buddhist populations, such as China, Vietnam, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. A small number of engineers, company directors, and managers from Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea have also moved to the Middle East.
Sikhism, the fifth-largest organized religion in the world after Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, having over 25 million Sikhs worldwide, has a small presence in the Middle East too, mainly in the U.A.E, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Iran. Most of them are Punjabi-speaking Indian expatriates.[57]
Countries[edit]
Egypt[edit]
Religion in Egypt consists of Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 90%, Coptic Christians 9% and Other Christians 1%.[58] As Egypt has modernized with new forms of media and the Egyptian press was liberalized in the 2000s, Coptic Christianity has become a main topic of religious controversy.[59] There is much tension between the Muslims and Copts of Egypt as Copts argue for more representation in government and less legal and administrative discrimination; they also feel underprotected from religious hate-crimes . With this greater freedom of press, the Coptic issue has just begun to break into public awareness, but also due to rises in extremism in both communities, media may also be exacerbating the sectarian tension by only publicizing examples of prejudice.[59]
Another current religious tension in Egypt is the role of the Muslim Brotherhood, founded by Hassan al-Banna in Egypt. Many countries have now developed their own branches. Many are violent and most Arab governments actively try to restrain the group by arresting and killing members. Currently, as the new government of Egypt is trying to establish itself, many are concerned that a member of the Muslim Brotherhood will again step in and claim leadership. For the current candidates for presidency, more than one is likely to be affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.
The Brotherhood is however unpopular among the majority of Egyptians on account of its fundamentalist views, its clampdown on tourism and its desire to impose Sharia law on the nation.
Iran[edit]
Religion in Iran is made up of 98% Islam (Shi'a 89%, Sunni 9%) and 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i.[58] There was much religious oppression and executions of members of the Bah’ai faith. Religious minorities are now beginning to hold a larger presence and significance in Iran and are being acknowledged as such.
The Islamic Revolution replaced an old world monarchy with a theocracy based on the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (Velayat-e Faqih) where a Shia cleric (faqih) is the ruler, though there are also competitive elections of candidates approved by another clerical body.[60] This is a mix of republicanism and religion where that would use religion to rule for elective and democratic institutions; it was to be a blend of liberalism and religious injunctions (abs). Islam would be protected under this Islamic Republic and unelected positions like the Supreme Leader and the Guardian Council would have unlimited power over the nation. With the nuclear program developing in Iran and much conflict after September 22, 2001, Iran and the Islamic Republic are at a crossroads.[60]
Iraq[edit]
Religion in Iraq is represented by 97% Islam (Shiite 60%–65%, Sunni 32%–37%), and 3% Christian or other.[58] Because of this large majority of Shia over Sunni Muslim, there is much tension between the two groups.
Israel[edit]
Religion in Israel is represented by the following religious make-up: Judaism 77%, Islam 16%, Christian 2%, Druze 2% (2003).[58] As of 2013, the Israeli "Government - Christians Forum" was formed under the umbrella of the Ministry of Public Security, by Dr. Mordehcai Zaken, head of the Minorities Affairs Desk, to address and promote the concerns of Christian leaders and representative in their interactions with the State. Israel represents the religious Holy Land for Jews, Christians, Muslims and Baha'is. All religions are present in Israel and lay personal claim to the land. Due to the significant Israeli/Palestinian conflict, tensions are high in the religious community. The majority of displaced and upset Palestinians are Muslim and the majority of current Israeli citizens are Jewish so establishing the state borders is highly influenced by religion.
One of the main difficulties in establishing peace between the two countries is because of Jerusalem. Each of the three main religions is incredibly attached to this city and claim it as their own. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether Palestinian Territories or Israel will encompass this region. Maps produced within the territories actually represent Jerusalem differently. Palestinian maps draw Jerusalem as divided and Israeli maps show it as a part of Israeli territory.[61]
Jordan[edit]
Religion in Jordan is represented by 92% Muslim (Sunni), 6% Christian (mostly Greek Orthodox), and 2% other.[58]
Lebanon[edit]
Saint George Maronite Cathedral and the Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque, Beirut. 41% in Lebanon are Christians representing the mosaic of the Middle East, and contributing heavily in the Media, Politics, Entertainment, Banking... sectors in Lebanon and the World.
Religion in Lebanon is the most unique[clarification needed] in the Middle East, and a mix of religions make up Lebanon, represented by 59% Muslim (Shi'a, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite/Nusayri), 41% Christian (Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Melkite, Protestant, and Christian churches non-native to Lebanon like Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Catholic Church, Armenian Evangelical Church, Roman Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria).Lebanon has a confessional political system in which, regardless of political parties, the President is always Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Parliament a Shi’ite Muslim, and the Deputy Prime Minister Greek Orthodox Christian. Also, the Army General has to be Christian and the Bank Governor has to be always Christian as well.[citation needed] In addition, 50% of the Parliament is represented by Christian Members, according to the law in Lebanon since the end of the war until today. This is the foundation of uniqueness of Lebanon and the source of much of its conflicts; and while changes have been made to attempt to make parliamentary representation more even, many are still urging for reform and change.[62] Some would like the confessionalist government to be abolished.[62]
Saudi Arabia[edit]
Religion in Saudi Arabia is allegedly 100% Muslim.[58] It is illegal to practice any other religion than Islam in Saudi Arabia. There is still tension, however, between the Sunnis and the Shiias. Shiite Islamist revolution has never been a huge threat to the Saudi Arabian government, though, because it is such a small population.[63] Sunni Islamists, though, present a larger threat to the government because of their large Saudi Arabian population. These Sunni groups often dissent through violence targeted at government, Western or non-Muslims that threat the Muslim nation, Shiites, and sometimes generally directed against moral corruption.[63]
Syria[edit]
Religion in Syria is represented by 70% Islam (Sunni), 12% Alawite, 5% Druze, and other Islamic sects, 10% Christian (various sects), and there is some Jewish representation (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo).[58]
Turkey[edit]
Religion in Turkey is represented by 99.8% Muslim (mostly Sunni and approximately 20% are Alevi), and 0.2% other (mostly Christians and Jews).[58] Originally a militarily secularized government, under the relatively new president Erdogan, religious freedom for Muslims has become much more accessible in Turkey. There has been a growing religious resurgence in Turkey and more and more citizens find significance in their religious identities. The previous laws disallowing the Hijab, religious headscarf, in schools and public places has been a huge source of contention. Now, it is a matter of civil rights in courts. The case of Sahin 2004 was one that really exemplified the tension between religious secularism, civil rights and the government’s power in Turkey.[64] The case revolved around a student at university being allowed to wear the Hijab in class.[64] Religious education is also a topic of debate in Turkey. Before 1980, private religious education was banned and then it was changed to be required. As it is currently being reevaluted, the question is whether religious education should be banned again, optional or if it should be obligatory and plural.
Yemen[edit]
Religion in Yemen is represented by a majority Islam (including Sunni and Shiite), small numbers of Jewish, Baha'i, Christian, and Hindu.[58]
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^ Jump up to: a b c KINGSLEY, PATRICK (22 July 2017). "Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence". New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Radtke, B. "Bāṭen". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alevism". Harvard Divinity School Religious Literacy Project. Retrieved 2017-07-31.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Stephen Suleyman (August 17, 2012). "Alawites in Syria and Alevis in Turkey: Crucial Differences". Gatestone Institute. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Introduction to the Modern Middle East, History, Religion, Political ... CTI Reviews. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Excerpts from Baba Rexheb's The Mysticism of Islam & Bektashism – The Bektashi Order of Dervishes". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alevitisme: De vijf zuilen? (met NL ondertiteling)". YouTube. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_SHTML&ID=705
Jump up ^ Thaler, Kai (9 March 2007). "Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention". Yale Daily News. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Deutsch, Nathanial (6 October 2007). "Save the Gnostics". New York Times. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Shabak". Encyclopedia of the Orient. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Yazidi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Zoroastrianism". BBC. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Richard Foltz (2011). "Zoroastrians in Iran: What Future in the Homeland?". Middle East Journal: 73–84.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zoroastrianism". FindTheBest.com. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "WIN-Gallup International 'Religiosity and Atheism Index' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century". WINGIA.com. 6 August 2012. p. 17. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Kingsley, Patrick (12 December 2014). "Egypt's atheists number 866 – precisely". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "WIN-Gallup International 'Religiosity and Atheism Index' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century". WINGIA.com. 6 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "WIN-Gallup International 'Religiosity and Atheism Index' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century". WINGIA.com. 6 August 2012. pp. 15–6. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c DEVJI, FAISAL (15 August 2017). "Conversions From Islam in Europe and Beyond". New York Times. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keddie, Patrick (18 November 2013). "Egypt's embattled atheists". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.adherents.com/misc/rel_by_adh_CSM.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "World's Religions". InfoPlease. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Elsasser, Sebastian (12 February 2010). "Press Liberalization, the New Media, and the 'Coptic Question': Muslim-Coptic Relations in Egypt in a Changing Media Landscape". Middle Eastern Studies. 46 (1): 131–150. doi:10.1080/00263200903432308.
^ Jump up to: a b Rad, Anahita Motazed (2 May 2011). "The Relation Between Religion and Government in Iran After the Islamic Revolution (1979)": 261. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Collins-Kreiner, Y; Mansfeld, Kliot (11 August 2006). "The Reflection of a Political Conflict in Mapping: The Case of Israel's borders and Frontiers". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (3): 381–408. doi:10.1080/00263200500521230.
^ Jump up to: a b Makhzoumi, Fouad (25 March 2010). "Lebanon's Crisis in Sovereignty". Survival: Global Politics and Strategy. 52 (2): 5–12. doi:10.1080/00396331003764298.
^ Jump up to: a b Hegghammer, Thomas (15 December 2009). "Jihad, Yes, But Not Revolution: Explaining the Extraversion of Islamist Violence in Saudi Arabia". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 36 (3): 395–416. doi:10.1080/13530190903338938.
^ Jump up to: a b Durham, Cole (2012). Islam, Europe and Emerging Legal Issues. Ashgate.
[hide]
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text:
List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
San Francisco Bay Area
The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, is a metropolitan region surrounding the San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay estuaries in Northern California. According to the 2010 United States Census, the region has over 7.1 million inhabitants and approximately 6,900 square miles (18,000 km2) of land.[1] The region is home to three major cities: San Jose, San Francisco and Oakland.
The Bay Area has been inhabited since antiquity, first by the Ohlone and Miwok peoples, followed by the Spanish, who first arrived in 1769 and established the area's first mission, Mission San Francisco de Asís, in 1776.[2][3][4] After being ceded to the United States in 1848, the Bay Area grew immensely due to the California Gold Rush, establishing itself as one of the most important regions on the West Coast. Today, the Bay Area is the home of Silicon Valley, Wine Country, and numerous companies, universities, bridges, airports, and parks.
The Bay Area consists of nine counties (Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma) and 101 municipalities.[5] One, San Francisco, is a consolidated city–county. California law makes no distinction between "city" and "town", and municipalities may use either term in their official names.[6] The first municipalities to incorporate were Benicia and San Jose on March 27, 1850, while the most recent was Oakley on July 1, 1999.[7] The largest municipality by population and land area is San Jose with 945,942 residents and 176.53 square miles (457.2 km2). The smallest by population is Colma with 1,792 people, while the smallest by land area is Belvedere at 0.52 square miles (1.3 km2).[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cities and towns
2 See also
3 References
Cities and towns[edit]
Skyline of San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco
Lake Merritt in Oakland
Central Park in Fremont
Old Courthouse Square in Santa Rosa
City Hall in Hayward
Murphy Street in Sunnyvale
Todos Santos Plaza in Concord
McAfee corporate headquarters in Santa Clara
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo
County seat
Name
Type
County
Population (2010)[8][9]
Land area[8]
Incorporated[7]
sq mi
km2
Alameda
City Alameda 73,812 10.61 27.5 000000001854-04-19-0000April 19, 1854
Albany
City Alameda 18,539 1.79 4.6 000000001908-09-22-0000September 22, 1908
American Canyon
City Napa 19,454 4.84 12.5 000000001992-01-01-0000January 1, 1992
Antioch
City Contra Costa 102,372 28.35 73.4 000000001872-02-06-0000February 6, 1872
Atherton
Town San Mateo 6,914 5.02 13.0 000000001923-09-12-0000September 12, 1923
Belmont
City San Mateo 25,835 4.62 12.0 000000001926-10-29-0000October 29, 1926
Belvedere
City Marin 2,068 0.52 1.3 000000001896-12-24-0000December 24, 1896
Benicia
City Solano 26,997 12.93 33.5 000000001850-03-27-0000March 27, 1850
Berkeley
City Alameda 112,580 10.47 27.1 000000001878-04-04-0000April 4, 1878
Brentwood
City Contra Costa 51,481 14.79 38.3 000000001948-01-21-0000January 21, 1948
Brisbane
City San Mateo 4,282 3.10 8.0 000000001961-11-27-0000November 27, 1961
Burlingame
City San Mateo 28,806 4.41 11.4 000000001908-06-06-0000June 6, 1908
Calistoga
City Napa 5,155 2.60 6.7 000000001886-01-06-0000January 6, 1886
Campbell
City Santa Clara 39,349 5.80 15.0 000000001952-03-28-0000March 28, 1952
Clayton
City Contra Costa 10,897 3.84 9.9 000000001964-03-18-0000March 18, 1964
Cloverdale
City Sonoma 8,618 2.65 6.9 000000001872-02-28-0000February 28, 1872
Colma
Town San Mateo 1,792 1.91 4.9 000000001924-08-05-0000August 5, 1924
Concord
City Contra Costa 122,067 30.55 79.1 000000001905-02-09-0000February 9, 1905
Corte Madera
Town Marin 9,253 3.16 8.2 000000001916-06-10-0000June 10, 1916
Cotati
City Sonoma 7,265 1.88 4.9 000000001963-07-16-0000July 16, 1963
Cupertino
City Santa Clara 58,302 11.26 29.2 000000001955-10-10-0000October 10, 1955
Daly City
City San Mateo 101,123 7.66 19.8 000000001911-03-22-0000March 22, 1911
Danville
Town Contra Costa 42,039 18.03 46.7 000000001982-07-01-0000July 1, 1982
Dixon
City Solano 18,351 7.00 18.1 000000001878-03-30-0000March 30, 1878
Dublin
City Alameda 46,036 14.91 38.6 000000001982-02-01-0000February 1, 1982
East Palo Alto
City San Mateo 28,155 2.51 6.5 000000001983-07-01-0000July 1, 1983
El Cerrito
City Contra Costa 23,549 3.69 9.6 000000001917-08-23-0000August 23, 1917
Emeryville
City Alameda 10,080 1.25 3.2 000000001896-12-08-0000December 8, 1896
Fairfax
Town Marin 7,441 2.20 5.7 000000001931-03-02-0000March 2, 1931
Fairfield
City Solano 105,321 37.39 96.8 000000001903-12-12-0000December 12, 1903
Foster City
City San Mateo 30,567 3.76 9.7 000000001971-04-27-0000April 27, 1971
Fremont
City Alameda 214,089 77.46 200.6 000000001956-01-23-0000January 23, 1956
Gilroy
City Santa Clara 48,821 16.15 41.8 000000001870-03-12-0000March 12, 1870
Half Moon Bay
City San Mateo 11,324 6.42 16.6 000000001959-07-15-0000July 15, 1959
Hayward
City Alameda 144,186 45.32 117.4 000000001876-03-11-0000March 11, 1876
Healdsburg
City Sonoma 11,254 4.46 11.6 000000001867-02-20-0000February 20, 1867
Hercules
City Contra Costa 24,060 6.21 16.1 000000001900-12-15-0000December 15, 1900
Hillsborough
Town San Mateo 10,825 6.19 16.0 000000001910-05-05-0000May 5, 1910
Lafayette
City Contra Costa 23,893 15.22 39.4 000000001968-07-29-0000July 29, 1968
Larkspur
City Marin 11,926 3.03 7.8 000000001908-03-01-0000March 1, 1908
Livermore
City Alameda 80,968 25.17 65.2 000000001876-04-01-0000April 1, 1876
Los Altos
City Santa Clara 28,976 6.49 16.8 000000001952-12-01-0000December 1, 1952
Los Altos Hills
Town Santa Clara 7,922 8.80 22.8 000000001956-01-27-0000January 27, 1956
Los Gatos
Town Santa Clara 29,413 11.08 28.7 000000001887-08-10-0000August 10, 1887
Martinez
City Contra Costa 35,824 12.13 31.4 000000001876-04-01-0000April 1, 1876
Menlo Park
City San Mateo 32,026 9.79 25.4 000000001927-11-23-0000November 23, 1927
Mill Valley
City Marin 13,903 4.76 12.3 000000001900-09-01-0000September 1, 1900
Millbrae
City San Mateo 21,532 3.25 8.4 000000001948-01-14-0000January 14, 1948
Milpitas
City Santa Clara 66,790 13.59 35.2 000000001954-01-26-0000January 26, 1954
Monte Sereno
City Santa Clara 3,341 1.62 4.2 000000001957-05-14-0000May 14, 1957
Moraga
Town Contra Costa 16,016 9.43 24.4 000000001974-11-13-0000November 13, 1974
Morgan Hill
City Santa Clara 37,882 12.88 33.4 000000001906-11-10-0000November 10, 1906
Mountain View
City Santa Clara 74,066 12.00 31.1 000000001902-11-07-0000November 7, 1902
Napa
City Napa 76,915 17.84 46.2 000000001872-03-23-0000March 23, 1872
Newark
City Alameda 42,573 13.87 35.9 000000001955-09-22-0000September 22, 1955
Novato
City Marin 51,904 27.44 71.1 000000001960-01-20-0000January 20, 1960
Oakland
City Alameda 390,724 55.79 144.5 000000001852-05-04-0000May 4, 1852
Oakley
City Contra Costa 35,432 15.85 41.1 000000001999-07-01-0000July 1, 1999
Orinda
City Contra Costa 17,643 12.68 32.8 000000001985-07-01-0000July 1, 1985
Pacifica
City San Mateo 37,234 12.66 32.8 000000001957-11-22-0000November 22, 1957
Palo Alto
City Santa Clara 64,403 23.88 61.8 000000001894-04-23-0000April 23, 1894
Petaluma
City Sonoma 57,941 14.38 37.2 000000001858-04-12-0000April 12, 1858
Piedmont
City Alameda 10,667 1.68 4.4 000000001907-01-31-0000January 31, 1907
Pinole
City Contra Costa 18,390 5.32 13.8 000000001903-06-25-0000June 25, 1903
Pittsburg
City Contra Costa 63,264 17.22 44.6 000000001903-06-25-0000June 25, 1903
Pleasant Hill
City Contra Costa 33,152 7.07 18.3 000000001961-11-14-0000November 14, 1961
Pleasanton
City Alameda 70,285 24.11 62.4 000000001894-06-18-0000June 18, 1894
Portola Valley
Town San Mateo 4,353 9.09 23.5 000000001964-07-14-0000July 14, 1964
Redwood City
City San Mateo 76,815 19.42 50.3 000000001867-05-11-0000May 11, 1867
Richmond
City Contra Costa 103,701 30.07 77.9 000000001905-08-07-0000August 7, 1905
Rio Vista
City Solano 7,360 6.69 17.3 000000001894-01-06-0000January 6, 1894
Rohnert Park
City Sonoma 40,971 7.00 18.1 000000001962-08-28-0000August 28, 1962
Ross
Town Marin 2,415 1.56 4.0 000000001908-08-21-0000August 21, 1908
St. Helena
City Napa 5,814 4.99 12.9 000000001876-03-24-0000March 24, 1876
San Anselmo
Town Marin 12,336 2.68 6.9 000000001907-04-09-0000April 9, 1907
San Bruno
City San Mateo 41,114 5.48 14.2 000000001914-12-23-0000December 23, 1914
San Carlos
City San Mateo 28,406 5.54 14.3 000000001925-07-08-0000July 8, 1925
San Francisco
City and county San Francisco 805,235 46.87 121.4 000000001850-04-16-0000April 16, 1850[10]
San Jose
City Santa Clara 945,942 176.53 457.2 000000001850-03-27-0000March 27, 1850
San Leandro
City Alameda 84,950 13.34 34.6 000000001872-03-21-0000March 21, 1872
San Mateo
City San Mateo 97,207 12.13 31.4 000000001894-09-04-0000September 4, 1894
San Pablo
City Contra Costa 29,139 2.63 6.8 000000001948-04-27-0000April 27, 1948
San Rafael
City Marin 57,713 16.47 42.7 000000001874-02-18-0000February 18, 1874
San Ramon
City Contra Costa 72,148 18.06 46.8 000000001983-07-01-0000July 1, 1983
Santa Clara
City Santa Clara 116,468 18.41 47.7 000000001852-07-05-0000July 5, 1852
Santa Rosa
City Sonoma 167,815 41.29 106.9 000000001868-03-26-0000March 26, 1868
Saratoga
City Santa Clara 29,926 12.38 32.1 000000001956-10-22-0000October 22, 1956
Sausalito
City Marin 7,061 1.77 4.6 000000001893-09-04-0000September 4, 1893
Sebastopol
City Sonoma 7,379 1.85 4.8 000000001902-06-13-0000June 13, 1902
Sonoma
City Sonoma 10,648 2.74 7.1 000000001883-09-03-0000September 3, 1883
South San Francisco
City San Mateo 63,632 9.14 23.7 000000001908-09-19-0000September 19, 1908
Suisun City
City Solano 28,111 4.11 10.6 000000001868-10-09-0000October 9, 1868
Sunnyvale
City Santa Clara 140,081 21.99 57.0 000000001912-12-24-0000December 24, 1912
Tiburon
Town Marin 8,962 4.43 11.5 000000001964-06-23-0000June 23, 1964
Union City
City Alameda 69,516 19.47 50.4 000000001959-01-26-0000January 26, 1959
Vacaville
City Solano 92,428 28.37 73.5 000000001892-08-09-0000August 9, 1892
Vallejo
City Solano 115,942 30.67 79.4 000000001868-03-30-0000March 30, 1868
Walnut Creek
City Contra Costa 64,173 19.76 51.2 000000001914-10-21-0000October 21, 1914
Windsor
Town Sonoma 26,801 7.27 18.8 000000001992-07-01-0000July 1, 1992
Woodside
Town San Mateo 5,287 11.73 30.4 000000001956-11-16-0000November 16, 1956
Yountville
Town Napa 2,933 1.53 4.0 000000001965-02-04-0000February 4, 1965
See also[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
List of cities and towns in California
List of communities in California
List of largest California cities by population
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "GCT-PH1 – Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – State — County / County Equivalent". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kroeber, Alfred L. (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 273, 462.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco Bay Discovery Site". National Historical Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mission Dolores Parish: Home Page". Mission Dolores Parish. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Population and Land Area". FOCUS. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ California Government Code Sections 34502 and 56722.
^ Jump up to: a b "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "GCT-PH1 – Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – State — Place and (in selected states) County Subdivision". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Census 2010: Table 3A — Total Population by Race (Hispanic exclusive) and Hispanic or Latino: 2010". California Department of Finance. Archived from the original (Excel) on November 24, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Long, Percy V. (1911). "Consolidated City and County Government of San Francisco". Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). 8 (Eighth Annual Meeting): 109–121. JSTOR 3038399. doi:10.2307/3038399.
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