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Herpesviridae
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Herpesviridae
Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Order: Herpesvirales
Family: Herpesviridae
Genera
Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae
Iltovirus
Mardivirus
Simplexvirus
Varicellovirus
Subfamily: Betaherpesvirinae
Cytomegalovirus
Muromegalovirus
Proboscivirus
Roseolovirus
Subfamily: Gammaherpesvirinae
Lymphocryptovirus
Macavirus
Percavirus
Rhadinovirus
Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans.[1][2][3] The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"), referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses. Herpesviridae can cause latent or lytic infections.
At least five species of Herpesviridae – HSV-1 and HSV-2 (both of which can cause orolabial herpes and genital herpes), varicella zoster virus (the cause of chickenpox and shingles), Epstein–Barr virus (implicated in several diseases, including mononucleosis and some cancers), and cytomegalovirus – are extremely widespread among humans. More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one of these, and a latent form of the virus remains in most people.[4][5][6]
There are 9 herpesvirus types known to infect humans: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, HSV-1 and HSV-2, (also known as HHV1 and HHV2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV, which may also be called by its ICTV name, HHV-3), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5), human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8).[7] In total, there are more than 130 herpesviruses,[8] some of them from mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mollusks.[7]
There are antiviral drugs that are effective against some kinds of herpesvirus.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Viral structure
2 Herpesvirus life cycle
3 Taxonomy
3.1 Virus naming system
4 Evolution
5 Immune system evasions
5.1 cmvIL-10
5.2 MHC downregulation
6 Human herpesvirus types
6.1 Zoonotic Herpesviruses
7 Animal herpesviruses
8 Research
9 References
10 External links
Viral structure[edit]
Herpesviruses all share a common structure—all herpesviruses are composed of relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genomes encoding 100-200 genes encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid which is itself wrapped in a protein layer called the tegument containing both viral proteins and viral mRNAs and a lipid bilayer membrane called the envelope. This whole particle is known as a virion.
Genus
Structure
Symmetry
Capsid
Genomic arrangement
Genomic segmentation
Iltovirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Proboscivirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Cytomegalovirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Mardivirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Rhadinovirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Macavirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Roseolovirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Simplexvirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Scutavirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Varicellovirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Percavirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Lymphocryptovirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Muromegalovirus Spherical Pleomorphic T=16 Enveloped Linear Monopartite
Herpesvirus life cycle[edit]
All herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating—the viral DNA is transcribed to mRNA within the infected cell's nucleus.
Infection is initiated when a viral particle contacts a cell with specific types of receptor molecules on the cell surface. Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, replication of viral DNA and transcription of viral genes occurs.
During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency associated transcript (LAT) accumulate instead. In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free.
Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of diseases (e.g. Shingles, Pityriasis Rosea). Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from latency-associated LAT to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells.
Genus
Host details
Tissue tropism
Entry details
Release details
Replication site
Assembly site
Transmission
Iltovirus Birds: galliform: psittacine None Cell receptor endocytosis Budding Nucleus Nucleus Oral-fecal; aerosol
Proboscivirus Elephants None Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Contact
Cytomegalovirus Humans; monkeys Epithelial mucosa Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Urine; saliva
Mardivirus Chickens; turkeys; quail None Cell receptor endocytosis Budding Nucleus Nucleus Aerosol
Rhadinovirus Humans; mammals B-lymphocytes Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Sex; saliva
Macavirus Mammals B-lymphocytes Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Sex; saliva
Roseolovirus Humans T-cells; B-cells; NK-cell; monocytes; macrophages; epithelial Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Respiratory contact
Simplexvirus Humans; mammals Epithelial mucosa Cell receptor endocytosis Budding Nucleus Nucleus Saliva
Scutavirus Sea turtles None Cell receptor endocytosis Budding Nucleus Nucleus Aerosol
Varicellovirus Mammals Epithelial mucosa Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Aerosol
Percavirus Mammals B-lymphocytes Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Sex; saliva
Lymphocryptovirus Humans; mammals B-lymphocytes Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Saliva
Muromegalovirus Rodents Salivary glands Glycoproteins Budding Nucleus Nucleus Contact
Taxonomy[edit]
Group: dsDNA
Order: Herpesvirales[show]
Family: Herpesviridae[show]
Sub-Family: Alphaherpesvirinae[show]
Genus: Iltovirus [show]
Gallid herpesvirus 1
Psittacid herpesvirus 1
Genus: Mardivirus [show]
Anatid herpesvirus 1
Columbid herpesvirus 1
Gallid herpesvirus 2
Gallid herpesvirus 3
Meleagrid herpesvirus 1
Genus: Scutavirus [show]
Chelonid herpesvirus 5
Genus: Simplexvirus [show]
Ateline herpesvirus 1
Bovine herpesvirus 2
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 2
Human herpesvirus 1
Human herpesvirus 2
Leporid herpesvirus 4
Macacine herpesvirus 1
Macropodid herpesvirus 1
Macropodid herpesvirus 2
Papiine herpesvirus 2
Saimiriine herpesvirus 1
Genus: Unassigned [show]
Chelonid herpesvirus 6
Genus: Varicellovirus [show]
Bovine herpesvirus 1
Bovine herpesvirus 5
Bubaline herpesvirus 1
Canid herpesvirus 1
Caprine herpesvirus 1
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9
Cervid herpesvirus 1
Cervid herpesvirus 2
Equid herpesvirus 1
Equid herpesvirus 3
Equid herpesvirus 4
Equid herpesvirus 8
Equid herpesvirus 9
Felid herpesvirus 1
Human herpesvirus 3
Phocid herpesvirus 1
Suid herpesvirus 1
Sub-Family: Betaherpesvirinae[show]
Genus: Cytomegalovirus [show]
Aotine herpesvirus 1
Cebine herpesvirus 1
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5
Human herpesvirus 5
Macacine herpesvirus 3
Panine herpesvirus 2
Papiine herpesvirus 3
Saimiriine herpesvirus 4
Genus: Muromegalovirus [show]
Murid herpesvirus 1
Murid herpesvirus 2
Murid herpesvirus 8
Genus: Proboscivirus [show]
Elephantid herpesvirus 1
Genus: Roseolovirus [show]
Human herpesvirus 7
Human herpesvirus 6A
Human herpesvirus 6B
Genus: Unassigned [show]
Caviid herpesvirus 2
Suid herpesvirus 2
Tupaiid herpesvirus 1
Sub-Family: Gammaherpesvirinae[show]
Genus: Lymphocryptovirus [show]
Callitrichine herpesvirus 3
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 14
Gorilline herpesvirus 1
Human herpesvirus 4
Macacine herpesvirus 4
Panine herpesvirus 1
Papiine herpesvirus 1
Pongine herpesvirus 2
Genus: Macavirus [show]
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2
Bovine herpesvirus 6
Caprine herpesvirus 2
Hippotragine herpesvirus 1
Ovine herpesvirus 2
Suid herpesvirus 3
Suid herpesvirus 4
Suid herpesvirus 5
Genus: Percavirus [show]
Equid herpesvirus 2
Equid herpesvirus 5
Mustelid herpesvirus 1
Genus: Rhadinovirus [show]
Ateline herpesvirus 2
Ateline herpesvirus 3
Bovine herpesvirus 4
Cricetid herpesvirus 2
Human herpesvirus 8
Macacine herpesvirus 5
Murid herpesvirus 4
Murid herpesvirus 7
Saimiriine herpesvirus 2
Genus: Unassigned [show]
Equid herpesvirus 7
Phocid herpesvirus 2
Saguinine herpesvirus 1
[10]
The herpesvirus was first isolated from the blue wildebeest in 1960 by veterinary scientist Walter Plowright.[11] The genus Herpesvirus was established in 1971 in the first report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). This genus consisted of 23 viruses and 4 groups of viruses. In the second ICTV report in 1976 this genus was elevated to family level – the Herpetoviridae. Because of possible confusion with viruses derived from reptiles this name was changed in the third report in 1979 to Herpesviridae. In this report the family Herpesviridae was divided into 3 subfamilies (Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae) and 5 unnamed genera: 21 viruses were listed. In 2009 the family Herpesviridae was elevated to the order Herpesvirales. This elevation was necessitated by the discovery that the herpes viruses of fish and molluscs were only distantly related to those of birds and mammals. Two new families were created – the family Alloherpesviridae which incorporates bony fish and frog viruses and the family Malacoherpesviridae which contains those of molluscs.
This order currently has 3 families, 3 subfamilies plus 1 unassigned, 17 genera, 90 species and plus 48 as yet unassigned viruses.[12]
Virus naming system[edit]
The system of naming herpes viruses was originated in 1973 and has been elaborated considerably since. The recommended naming system specified that each herpes virus should be named after the taxon (family or subfamily) to which its primary natural host belongs. The subfamily name is used for viruses from members of the family Bovidae or from primates (the virus name ending in –ine, e.g. bovine) and the host family name for other viruses (ending in –id, e.g. equid). Human herpes viruses have been treated as an exception (human rather than hominid). Following the host-derived term, the word herpes virus is added, followed by an Arabic numeral (1,2,3,...). These last two additions bear no implied meaning about taxonomic or biological properties of the virus.
Some exceptions to this system exist. A number of viruses' names (e.g. Epstein–Barr virus) are so widely used that it is impractical to attempt to insist on their replacement. This has led to a dual nomenclature in the literature for some herpes viruses. All herpes viruses described since this system was adopted have been named in accordance with it.
Evolution[edit]
The three mammalian subfamilies – Alpha, Beta and Gamma – arose approximately 180 million years ago to 220 million years ago.[13] The major sublineages within these subfamilies were probably generated before the mammalian radiation of 80 million years ago to 60 million years ago. Speciations within sublineages took place in the last 80 million years probably with a major component of cospeciation with host lineages.
All the currently known bird and reptile species are alphaherpesviruses. Although the branching order of the herpes viruses has not yet been resolved, because herpes viruses and their hosts tend to coevolve this is suggestive that the alphaherpesviruses may have been the earliest branch.
The date of evolution of the iltovirus genus has been estimated to be 200 million years ago while those of the mardivirus and simplex genera have been estimated to be between 150 million years ago and 100 million years ago.[14]
Immune system evasions[edit]
Herpesviruses are known for their ability to establish lifelong infections. One way this is possible is through immune evasion. Herpesviruses have many different ways of evading the immune system. One such way is by encoding a protein mimicking human interleukin 10 (hIL-10) and another is by downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) in infected cells.
cmvIL-10[edit]
Research conducted on cytomegalovirus (CMV) indicates that the viral human IL-10 homolog, cmvIL-10, is important in inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. The cmvIL-10 protein has 27% identity with hIL-10 and only one conserved residue out of the nine amino acids that make up the functional site for cytokine synthesis inhibition on hIL-10. There is, however, much similarity in the functions of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10. Both have been shown to down regulate IFN-γ, IL-1α, GM-CSF, IL-6 and TNF-α, which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. They have also been shown to play a role in downregulating MHC I and MHC II and up regulating HLA-G (non-classical MHC I). These two events allow for immune evasion by suppressing the cell-mediated immune response and natural killer cell response, respectively. The similarities between hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 may be explained by the fact that hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 both use the same cell surface receptor, the hIL-10 receptor. One difference in the function of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 is that hIL-10 causes human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to both increase and decrease in proliferation whereas cmvIL-10 only causes a decrease in proliferation of PBMCs. This indicates that cmvIL-10 may lack the stimulatory effects that hIL-10 has on these cells.[15]
It was found that cmvIL-10 functions through phosphorylation of the Stat3 protein. It was originally thought that this phosphorylation was a result of the JAK-STAT pathway. However, despite evidence that JAK does indeed phosphorylate Stat3, its inhibition has no significant influence on cytokine synthesis inhibition. Another protein, PI3K, was also found to phosphorylate Stat3. PI3K inhibition, unlike JAK inhibition, did have a significant impact on cytokine synthesis. The difference between PI3K and JAK in Stat3 phosphorylation is that PI3K phosphorylates Stat3 on the S727 residue whereas JAK phosphorylates Stat3 on the Y705 residue. This difference in phosphorylation positions seems to be the key factor in Stat3 activation leading to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In fact, when a PI3K inhibitor is added to cells, the cytokine synthesis levels are significantly restored. The fact that cytokine levels are not completely restored indicates there is another pathway activated by cmvIL-10 that is inhibiting cytokine system synthesis. The proposed mechanism is that cmvIL-10 activates PI3K which in turn activates PKB (Akt). PKB may then activate mTOR, which may target Stat3 for phosphorylation on the S727 residue.[16]
MHC downregulation[edit]
Another one of the many ways in which herpes viruses evade the immune system is by down regulation of MHC I and MHC II. This is observed in almost every human herpesvirus. Down regulation of MHC I and MHC II can come about by many different mechanisms, most causing the MHC to be absent from the cell surface. As discussed above, one way is by a viral chemokine homolog such as IL-10. Another mechanism to down regulate MHCs is to encode viral proteins that detain the newly formed MHC in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The MHC cannot reach the cell surface and therefore cannot activate the T cell response. The MHCs can also be targeted for destruction in the proteasome or lysosome. The ER protein TAP also plays a role in MHC down regulation. Viral proteins inhibit TAP preventing the MHC from picking up a viral antigen peptide. This prevents proper folding of the MHC and therefore the MHC does not reach the cell surface.[17]
It is important to note that HLA-G is often up regulated in addition to downregulation of MHC I and MHC II. This prevents the natural killer cell response.[citation needed]
Human herpesvirus types[edit]
There are nine distinct viruses in this family known to cause disease in humans.[18][19][20]
Human Herpesvirus (HHV) classification[1][19]
Name
Synonym
Subfamily
Primary Target Cell
Pathophysiology
Site of Latency
Means of Spread
HHV‑1 Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) α (Alpha) Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (oral or sexually transmitted infection)
HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) α Mucoepithelial Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital), as well as other herpes simplex infections Neuron Close contact (oral or sexually transmitted disease)
HHV-3 Varicella zoster virus (VZV) α Mucoepithelial Chickenpox and shingles Neuron Respiratory and close contact (including sexually transmitted disease)
HHV-4 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus γ (Gamma) B cells and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients,
post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HIV-associated hairy leukoplakia B cell Close contact, transfusions, tissue transplant, and congenital
HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) β (Beta) Monocyte, lymphocyte, and epithelial cells Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome,[21] retinitis Monocyte, lymphocyte, and ? Saliva, urine, blood, breast milk
HHV-6A and 6B Roseolovirus, Herpes lymphotropic virus β T cells and ? Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum) T cells and ? Respiratory and close contact?
HHV-7 β T cells and ? drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, encephalopathy, hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome, hepatitis infection, postinfectious myeloradiculoneuropathy, pityriasis rosea, and the reactivation of HHV-4, leading to "mononucleosis-like illness" T cells and ? ?
HHV-8 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
(KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus γ Lymphocyte and other cells Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castleman's disease B cell Close contact (sexual), saliva?
Zoonotic Herpesviruses[edit]
In addition to the herpesviruses considered endemic in humans, some viruses associated primarily with animals may infect humans. These are zoonotic infections:
Zoonotic Herpesviruses
Species
Type
Synonym
Subfamily
Human Pathophysiology
Macaque monkey CeHV-1 Cercopithecine herpesvirus-1, (monkey B virus) α Very unusual, with only approximately 25 human cases reported.[22] Untreated infection is often deadly; sixteen of the 25 cases resulted in fatal encephalomyelitis. At least four cases resulted in survival with severe neurologic impairment.[22][23] Symptom awareness and early treatment are important for laboratory workers facing exposure.[24]
Mouse MuHV‑4 Murid herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) γ Zoonotic infection found in 4.5% of general population and more common in laboratory workers handling infected mice.[25] ELISA tests show factor-of-four (x4) false positive results, due to antibody cross-reaction with other Herpes viruses.[25]
Animal herpesviruses[edit]
In animal virology, the most important herpesviruses belong to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. PrV is now extensively studied as a model for basic processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, and for unraveling molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine herpesvirus 1, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of latency. The avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogenetically distant from these two viruses and serves to underline similarity and diversity within the Alphaherpesvirinae.[2][3]
Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
Genus Simplexvirus
Ateline herpesvirus 1, spider monkey herpesvirus.
Bovine herpesvirus 2 causes bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease.
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, also known as Herpes B virus, causes a herpes simplex-like disease in macaques, usually fatal if symptomatic and untreated in humans.
Fruit bat alphaherpesvirus 1
Leporid herpesvirus 4
Macacine herpesvirus 1
Macropodid herpesvirus 2
Papiine herpesvirus 2
Genus Varicellovirus
Bovine herpesvirus 1 causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, and abortion in cattle.
Bovine herpesvirus 5 causes encephalitis in cattle.
Bubaline herpesvirus 1
Caprine herpesvirus 1 causes conjunctivitis and respiratory disease in goats.
Canine herpesvirus 1 causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in puppies.
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9
Cervid herpesvirus 1
Cervid herpesvirus 2
Elk herpesvirus 1
Equine herpesvirus 1 causes respiratory disease, neurological disease/paralysis, and spontaneous abortion in horses.
Equine herpesvirus 3 causes coital exanthema in horses.
Equine herpesvirus 4 causes rhinopneumonitis in horses.
Equine herpesvirus 8
Equine herpesvirus 9
Feline herpesvirus 1 causes feline viral rhinotracheitis and keratitis in cats.
Suid herpesvirus 1 causes Aujeszky's disease, also called pseudorabies.
Genus Mardivirus
Anatid herpesvirus 1
Columbiform herpesvirus 1
Gallid herpesvirus 2 causes Marek's disease.
Gallid herpesvirus 3 (GaHV-3 or MDV-2)
Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (HVT)
Peacock herpesvirus 1
Genus Iltovirus
Gallid herpesvirus 1 causes infectious laryngotracheitis in birds.
Psittacid herpesvirus 1 causes Pacheco's disease in birds.
Reptilian alphaherpesviruses[26]
Caretta caretta herpesvirus
Chelonid herpesvirus 1
Chelonid herpesvirus 2
Chelonid herpesvirus 3
Chelonid herpesvirus 4
Chelonia mydas herpesvirus
Coober herpesvirus
Emydid herpesvirus 1
Emydid herpesvirus 2
Fibropapilloma associated herpes virus
Gerrhosaurid herpesvirus 1
Gerrhosaurid herpesvirus 2
Gerrhosaurid herpesvirus 3
Glyptemis herpesvirus 1
Glyptemys herpesvirus 2
Iguanid herpesvirus 1
Iguanid herpesvirus 2
Loggerhead orocutaneous herpesvirus
Lung-eye-trachea associated herpesvirus
Pelomedusid herpesvirus 1
Red eared slider herpes virus
Terrapene herpesvirus 1
Terrapene herpesvirus 2
Testudinid herpesvirus 1
Testudinid herpesvirus 2
Testudinid herpesvirus 3
Testudinid herpesvirus 4
Varanid herpesvirus 1
Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
Genus Proboscivirus
Porcine herpesvirus 2 causes inclusion body rhinitis in swine.
Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae
Genus Macavirus
Genus Percavirus
Genus Rhadinovirus
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever.
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 causes an antelope and hartebeest version of MCF
Ateline herpesvirus 2
Bovine herpesvirus 4
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 17
Equine herpesvirus 2 causes equine cytomegalovirus infection.
Equine herpesvirus 5[27]
Equine herpesvirus 7
Japanese macaque rhadinovirus[28]
Leporid herpesvirus 1
Murid herpesvirus 4 Also known as Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68)
Research[edit]
Main article: Herpes simplex research
Research is currently ongoing into a variety of side-effect or co-conditions related to the herpesviruses. These include:
Alzheimer's disease
atherosclerosis
cholangiocarcinoma
Crohn's disease
chronic fatigue syndrome
dysautonomia
fibromyalgia
Irritable bowel syndrome
multiple sclerosis
labile hypertension
lupus
pancreatic cancer
pancreatitis
pityriasis rosea
Type II Diabetes
Ménière's disease
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Jump up ^ Herpes-B Fact Sheet Archived 2008-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Hricova M, Mistrikova J (2007). "Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 serum antibodies in general human population". Acta virologica. 51 (4): 283–7. PMID 18197737.
Jump up ^ Origgi FC, Tecilla M, Pilo P, Aloisio F, Otten P, Aguilar-Bultet L, Sattler U, Roccabianca P, Romero CH, Bloom DC, Jacobson ER (2015). "A Genomic Approach to Unravel Host-Pathogen Interaction in Chelonians: The Example of Testudinid Herpesvirus 3". PLoS ONE. 10 (8): e0134897. PMC 4526542  . PMID 26244892. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134897.
Jump up ^ Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-253056-X.
Jump up ^ Estep, R. D.; Hansen, S. G.; Rogers, K. S.; Axthelm, M. K.; Wong, S. W. (2012). "Genomic Characterization of Japanese Macaque Rhadinovirus, a Novel Herpesvirus Isolated from a Nonhuman Primate with a Spontaneous Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease". Journal of Virology. 87 (1): 512–523. PMC 3536378  . PMID 23097433. doi:10.1128/JVI.02194-12.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to: Herpesviridae
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herpesviridae.
ICTV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (official site)
Viralzone: Herpesviridae
Animal viruses
Article on Cercopithecine herpesvirus
National B Virus Resource Center
Pityriasis Rosea overview
Herpes simplex: Host viral protein interactions.A database of Host/HSV-1 interactions
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Herpesviridae
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q149348
EoL: 5016
GBIF: 7761
ICTV: 00.031.
NCBI: 10292
[show]
v
t
e
Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
Growths
Epidermal
wart
callus
seborrheic keratosis
acrochordon
molluscum contagiosum
actinic keratosis
squamous-cell carcinoma
basal-cell carcinoma
Merkel-cell carcinoma
nevus sebaceous
trichoepithelioma
Pigmented
Freckles
lentigo
melasma
nevus
melanoma
Dermal and
subcutaneous
epidermal inclusion cyst
hemangioma
dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
keloid
lipoma
neurofibroma
xanthoma
Kaposi's sarcoma
infantile digital fibromatosis
granular cell tumor
leiomyoma
lymphangioma circumscriptum
myxoid cyst
Rashes
With
epidermal
involvement
Eczematous
contact dermatitis
atopic dermatitis
seborrheic dermatitis
stasis dermatitis
lichen simplex chronicus
Darier's disease
glucagonoma syndrome
langerhans cell histiocytosis
lichen sclerosus
pemphigus foliaceus
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Zinc deficiency
Scaling
psoriasis
tinea (corporis
cruris
pedis
manuum
faciei)
pityriasis rosea
secondary syphilis
mycosis fungoides
systemic lupus erythematosus
pityriasis rubra pilaris
parapsoriasis
ichthyosis
Blistering
herpes simplex
herpes zoster
varicella
bullous impetigo
acute contact dermatitis
pemphigus vulgaris
bullous pemphigoid
dermatitis herpetiformis
porphyria cutanea tarda
epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Papular
scabies
insect bite reactions
lichen planus
miliaria
keratosis pilaris
lichen spinulosus
transient acantholytic dermatosis
lichen nitidus
pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
Pustular
acne vulgaris
acne rosacea
folliculitis
impetigo
candidiasis
gonococcemia
dermatophyte
coccidioidomycosis
subcorneal pustular dermatosis
Hypopigmented
tinea versicolor
vitiligo
pityriasis alba
postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
tuberous sclerosis
idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
leprosy
hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
Without
epidermal
involvement
Red
Blanchable
Erythema
Generalized
drug eruptions
viral exanthems
toxic erythema
systemic lupus erythematosus
Localized
cellulitis
abscess
boil
erythema nodosum
carcinoid syndrome
fixed drug eruption
Specialized
urticaria
erythema (multiforme
migrans
gyratum repens
annulare centrifugum
ab igne)
Nonblanchable
Purpura
Macular
thrombocytopenic purpura
actinic/solar purpura
Papular
disseminated intravascular coagulation
vasculitis
Indurated
scleroderma/morphea
granuloma annulare
lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
necrobiosis lipoidica
Miscellaneous
disorders
Ulcers
Hair
telogen effluvium
androgenic alopecia
alopecia areata
systemic lupus erythematosus
tinea capitis
loose anagen syndrome
lichen planopilaris
folliculitis decalvans
acne keloidalis nuchae
Nail
onychomycosis
psoriasis
paronychia
ingrown nail
Mucous
membrane
Aphthous stomatitis
oral candidiasis
lichen planus
leukoplakia
pemphigus vulgaris
mucous membrane pemphigoid
cicatricial pemphigoid
herpesvirus
coxsackievirus
syphilis
systemic histoplasmosis
squamous-cell carcinoma
[show]
v
t
e
Baltimore (virus classification)
DNA
[show]
I: dsDNA viruses
Caudovirales
Myoviridae
Podoviridae
Siphoviridae
Herpesvirales
Alloherpesviridae
Herpesviridae
Malacoherpesviridae
Ligamenvirales
Lipothrixviridae
Rudiviridae
Unassigned
NLCDV: Ascoviridae
Asfarviridae
Iridoviridae
Marseilleviridae
Mimiviridae
Phycodnaviridae
Poxviridae
genera: Dinodnavirus
nonenveloped: Adenoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Papovaviridae (obsolete)
Polyomaviridae
genera: Rhizidiovirus
Ampullaviridae
Baculoviridae
Bicaudaviridae
Clavaviridae
Corticoviridae
Fuselloviridae
Globuloviridae
Guttaviridae
Hytrosaviridae
Nimaviridae
Nudiviridae
Plasmaviridae
Polydnaviridae
Sphaerolipoviridae
Tectiviridae
Turriviridae
genera: Salterprovirus
[show]
II: ssDNA viruses
Anelloviridae
Bidnaviridae
Circoviridae
Geminiviridae
Inoviridae
Microviridae
Nanoviridae
Parvoviridae
Spiraviridae
genera: Bacilladnavirus
RNA
[show]
III: dsRNA viruses
Amalgaviridae
Birnaviridae
Chrysoviridae
Cystoviridae
Endornaviridae
Hypoviridae
Megabirnaviridae
Partitiviridae
Picobirnaviridae
Quadriviridae
Reoviridae
Totiviridae
[show]
IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (primarily icosahedral)
Nidovirales
Arteriviridae
Coronaviridae
Mesoniviridae
Roniviridae
Picornavirales
Comoviridae (obsolete)
Dicistroviridae
Iflaviridae
Marnaviridae
Picornaviridae
Secoviridae
Sequiviridae (obsolete)
genera: Bacillarnavirus
Labyrnavirus
Tymovirales
Alphaflexiviridae
Betaflexiviridae
Gammaflexiviridae
Tymoviridae
Unassigned
Alphatetraviridae
Alvernaviridae
Astroviridae
Barnaviridae
Benyviridae
Bromoviridae
Caliciviridae
Carmotetraviridae
Closteroviridae
Flaviviridae
Flexiviridae (obsolete)
Hepeviridae
Leviviridae
Luteoviridae
Narnaviridae
Nodaviridae
Permutotetraviridae
Potyviridae
Tetraviridae (obsolete)
Togaviridae
Tombusviridae
Virgaviridae
genera: Cilevirus
Higrevirus
Idaeovirus
Ourmiavirus
Polemovirus
Sobemovirus
[show]
V: (-)ssRNA viruses (primarily helical)
Mononegavirales
Bornaviridae
Filoviridae
Nyamiviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Unassigned
Arenaviridae
Bunyaviridae
Ophioviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
genera: Deltavirus
Emaravirus
Tenuivirus
Varicosavirus
RT
[show]
VI: ssRNA-RT viruses
Metaviridae
Pseudoviridae
Retroviridae
[show]
VII: dsDNA-RT viruses
Caulimoviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpesviridae&oldid=800413914"
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