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Mercedes-Benz
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This article is about the manufacturer. For the song, see Mercedes Benz (song).
Mercedes-Benz
The Best or Nothing
Type
Brand
Industry
Automotive industry
Predecessor
Benz & Cie.
(1883-1926)
Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft
(1890-1926)
Founded
28 June 1926; 91 years ago (1926-06-28)
Founders
Karl Benz
Gottlieb Daimler
Headquarters
Stuttgart, Germany
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Dieter Zetsche, Head of Mercedes-Benz Cars
Products
Automobiles
Trucks
Buses
Internal combustion engines
Luxury vehicles
Services
Financial services
Automobile repair
Owner
Daimler AG
Divisions
Mercedes-AMG
Mercedes-Maybach
Website
www.mercedes-benz.com/en/
Mercedes-Benz (German: [mɛʁˈtseːdəsˌbɛnts]) is a global automobile marque and a division of the German company Daimler AG. The brand is known for luxury vehicles, buses, coaches, and lorries. The headquarters is in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz.
Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first gasoline-powered automobile. The slogan for the brand is "the best or nothing".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Subsidiaries and alliances
2.1 Mercedes-AMG
2.2 Mercedes-Maybach
2.3 China
3 Production
3.1 Factories
3.2 Quality rankings
4 Models
4.1 Current model range
4.1.1 Vans
4.1.2 Trucks
4.1.3 Buses
4.2 Significant models produced
4.3 Car nomenclature
4.3.1 2015 and beyond
4.4 Environmental record
4.5 Bicycles
4.6 Electric cars
5 Motorsport
5.1 Formula One
6 Logo history
7 Noted employees
8 Innovations
8.1 Robot cars
9 Tuners
10 Sponsorships
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Karl Benz. Benz made the 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first automobile.
Gottlieb Daimler, founder of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft.
Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz's creation of the first petrol-powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, financed by Bertha Benz[2] and patented in January 1886,[3] and Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a stagecoach by the addition of a petrol engine later that year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (Daimler Motors Corporation).
Emil Jellinek, an Austrian automobile entrepreneur who worked with DMG, created the trademark in 1902, naming the 1901 Mercedes 35 hp after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek. Jellinek was a businessman and marketing strategist who promoted "horseless" Daimler automobiles among the highest circles of society in his adopted home, which, at that time, was a meeting place for the "Haute Volée" of France and Europe, especially in winter. His customers included the Rothschild family and other well-known personalities. But Jellinek's plans went further: as early as 1901, he was selling Mercedes cars in the New World as well, including to US billionaires Rockefeller, Astor, Morgan and Taylor. At a race in Nice in 1899, Jellinek drove under the pseudonym "Monsieur Mercédès", a way of concealing the competitor's real name as was normal in those days. The race ranks as the hour of birth of the Mercedes-Benz brand. In 1901, the name "Mercedes" was registered by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) worldwide as a protected trademark.[4] The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company.[3][5] On 28 June 1926, Mercedes-Benz was formed with the merger of Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler's two companies.
Gottlieb Daimler was born on 17 March 1834 in Schorndorf. After training as a gunsmith and working in France, he attended the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart from 1857 to 1859. After completing various technical activities in France and England, he started work as a draftsman in Geislingen in 1862. At the end of 1863, he was appointed workshop inspector in a machine tool factory in Reutlingen, where he met Wilhelm Maybach in 1865.[citation needed]
Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields.[6] Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz.[7] In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families.[8] Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that later became common in other vehicles.[9] Mercedes-Benz is one of the best-known and established automotive brands in the world.
For information relating to the famous three-pointed star, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft including the merger into Daimler-Benz.
Subsidiaries and alliances[edit]
As part of the Daimler AG company, the Mercedes-Benz Cars division includes Mercedes-Benz and Smart car production.[10]
Mercedes-AMG[edit]
Mercedes-AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1999.[11] The company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999,[12] and became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning on 1 January 1999.[13]
Mercedes-Maybach[edit]
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Daimler's ultra-luxury brand Maybach was under Mercedes-Benz cars division until 2013, when the production stopped due to poor sales volumes. It now exists under the Mercedes-Maybach name, with the models being ultra-luxury versions of Mercedes cars, such as the 2016 Mercedes-Maybach S600.
China[edit]
Daimler cooperates with BYD Auto to make and sell a battery-electric car called Denza in China.[14] In 2016, Daimler announced plans to sell Mercedes-Benz branded all-electric battery cars in China.[15]
Production[edit]
Factories[edit]
Beside its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are also manufactured or assembled in:
Sovereign state
Continent
Note
Algeria Africa Manufactures buses and trucks in cooperation with SNVI (Actros, Zetros, Unimog, and G-Class, Sprinter).
Argentina South America Manufactures buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van. This is the first Mercedes-Benz factory outside of Germany. Built in 1951.[16]
Australia Australia Various models were assembled at the Australian Motor Industries facility in Port Melbourne from 1959 to 1965.[17]
Austria Europe G-Class[18]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe
Brazil South America Manufactures trucks and buses. Established in 1956. The A-Class (W168) was produced from 1999 to 2005 and the C-Class was produced until 2010 as well.[19]
Canada North America Fuel cell plant in Burnaby, British Columbia opened 2012.
Colombia South America Assembly of buses, Established in Soacha 2012 and Funza 2015
China Asia
Egypt Africa Via Egyptian German Automotive Company E-Class, C-Class and GLK
Finland Europe Valmet Automotive, New A-series (W176) is manufactured in Uusikaupunki since late 2013, being the first M-B passenger car ever built in that country.
Hungary[20] Europe Manufacturing plant in Kecskemét, making B-class and CLA.
Jordan Asia Bus company factory, Elba House, Amman.
India Asia Bangalore (MBRDI), Pune (Passenger cars).[21] Chennai (Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.) Buses, Trucks & Engine Manufacturing unit.
Indonesia[22] Asia / Australia Manufactures E250 Avantgarde and E300AMG E-class vehicles.
Iran [23] Asia
Malaysia Asia Assembly of C, E and S class vehicles by DRB-HICOM.
Mexico North America Mercedes-Benz Mexico fully manufactures some Mercedes and Daimler vehicles completely from locally built parts (C-Class, E-Class, M-Class, International trucks, Axor, Atego, and Mercedes Buses), manufactures other models in complete knock down kits (CL-Class, CLK-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class) and manufactures a select number of models in semi knockdown kits which use both imported components and locally sourced Mexican components (S-Class, CLS-Class, R-Class, GL-Class, Sprinter).
Nigeria Africa Assembly of buses, trucks, utility motors and the Sprinter van[24]
Russia Eurasia Joint venture Mercedes-Benz Car Trucks Vostok in Naberezhnye Chelny (jointly Kamaz). Available in trucks Actros, Axor, multi-purpose auto four wheel drive medium trucks Unimog. Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Classic is also produced in Russia.
Serbia Europe FAP produces Mercedes-Benz trucks under license.
Spain Europe Factory at Vitoria-Gasteiz Mercedes-Benz Vito, Viano and V-Class have been built there.
South Africa[25] Africa The assembly plant is located in East London, in the Eastern Cape province, where both right and left hand versions of the C-class are built.
South Korea Asia Mercedes-Benz Musso and MB100; Ssangyong Rexton models manufactured by SsangYong Motor Company.
Thailand Asia Assembly of C, E and S class vehicles by the Thonburi Group[26]
Turkey Eurasia Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş.[27]
United Kingdom Europe The SLR sports car was built at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking. Brackley, Northamptonshire, is home to the Mercedes Grand Prix factory, and Brixworth, Northamptonshire is the location of Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines
United States North America The Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class Sport Utility, the full-sized GL-Class Luxury Sport Utility and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class vehicles are all built at the Mercedes-Benz U.S. International production facility near Tuscaloosa, Alabama.[28] Trucks (6,000 per year in the early eighties) were once assembled in Hampton, VA.[29]
Vietnam Asia Assembly of E-Class, C-Class, S-Class, GLK-Class and Sprinter. Established in 1995.[30]
Taiwan Asia Assembly of Actros by the Shung Ye Group[31]
Quality rankings[edit]
Mercedes-Benz dealer in Munich, Germany.
Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had maintained a reputation for its quality and durability. Objective measures looking at passenger vehicles, such as J. D. Power surveys, demonstrated a downturn in reputation in these criteria in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, a measure of problems after the first 90 days of ownership, according to J. D. Power.[32] In J. D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place and earning several awards for its models.[33] For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial quality rating improved by yet another mark, to fourth place.[34] On top of this accolade, it also received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes’ Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant.[34] J. D. Power's 2011 US Initial Quality and Vehicle Dependability Studies both ranked Mercedes-Benz vehicles above average in build quality and reliability.[35][36] In the 2011 UK J. D. Power Survey, Mercedes cars were rated above average.[37] A 2014 iSeeCars.com study for Reuters found Mercedes to have the lowest vehicle recall rate.[38]
Models[edit]
See also: List of Mercedes-Benz vehicles
Mercedes-Benz A-Class (compact)
Mercedes-Benz B-Class (Tourer)
Mercedes-Benz C-Class (D-segment)
Mercedes-Benz E-Class (Executive car)
Mercedes-Benz S-Class (luxury sedan)
Mercedes-Benz SLC-Class (Roadster)
Mercedes-Benz GLC-Class (SUV)
Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class (luxury SUV)
Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class (full-size SUV)
Mercedes-Benz X-Class (pickup truck)
Current model range[edit]
Mercedes-Benz offers a full range of passenger, light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Vehicles are manufactured in multiple countries worldwide. The Smart marque of city cars are also produced by Daimler AG.
A-Class – Hatchback
B-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)
C-Class – Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
CLA-Class – 4 Door Coupé and Estate
CLS-Class – 4 Door Coupé and Estate
E-Class – Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
G-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLA-Class – Compact Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)/ Crossover
GLC-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLE-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLS-Class – Large Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
S-Class – Luxury Saloon, Coupé & Cabriolet
SL-Class – Grand Tourer
SLC-Class – Roadster
V-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)/ Van
AMG GT – Sports car/ Supercar
X-Class - Luxury Pickup Truck
Vans[edit]
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
Mercedes-Benz produces a range of vans; Citan (a rebadged version of the Renault Kangoo), Vito and Sprinter.
Trucks[edit]
See also: List of Mercedes-Benz trucks
Mercedes-Benz Zetros used for snowplowing
Unimog, a famous allround vehicle by Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz Trucks is now part of the Daimler Trucks division, and includes companies that were part of the DaimlerChrysler merger. Gottlieb Daimler sold the world's first truck in 1886.[39] The first factory to be built outside Germany after WWII was in Argentina. It originally built trucks, many of which were modified independently to buses, popularly named Colectivo. Today, it builds buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van.[citation needed]
Buses[edit]
Main article: Mercedes-Benz buses
Mercedes-Benz produces a wide range of buses and coaches, mainly for Europe and Asia. The first model was produced by Karl Benz in 1895.
Significant models produced[edit]
1928: SSK racing car
1930: 770 "Großer Mercedes" state and ceremonial car
1934: 500 K
1936: 260 D World's first diesel production car
1936: 170
1938: W195 Speed Record-breaker
1939: 320A A military vehicle
1951: 300, known as the "Adenauer Mercedes"
1953: "Ponton" models
1954: 300SL "Gullwing"
1956: 190SL
1959: "Fintail" models
1960: 220SE Cabriolet
1963: 600 "Grand Mercedes"
1963: 230SL "Pagoda"
1965: S-Class
1966: 300SEL 6.3
1968: W114 "new generation" compact cars
1969: C111 experimental vehicle
1972: W107 350SL
1974: 450SEL 6.9
1977: W123- Mercedes' first station wagon
1978: 300SD - Mercedes' first turbo diesel
1979: 500SEL and G-Class
1983: 190E 2.3–16
1989: 300SL, 500SL
1990: 500E
1991: 600SEL
1993: C-Class
1995: C43 AMG
1995: SL73 AMG, 7.3 V12
1996: SLK
1997: A-Class and M-Class
2004: SLR McLaren and CLS-Class
2007: BlueTec E320, GL320 Bluetec, ML320 Bluetec, R320 Bluetec
2010: SLS AMG
2013: CLA-Class
2016: AMG GT
The Mercedes-Benz 600 or 600S Pullman Guard limousines offer the option of armour-plating and have been used by diplomats worldwide.[40]
Car nomenclature[edit]
Until 1994, Mercedes-Benz utilized an alphanumeric system for categorizing their vehicles, consisting of a number sequence approximately equal to the engine's displacement in liters multiplied by 100, followed by an arrangement of alphabetical suffixes indicating body style and engine type.
"C" indicates a coupe or cabriolet body style (for example, the CL and CLK models, though the C-Class is an exception, since it is also available as a sedan or station wagon).
"D" indicates the vehicle is equipped with a diesel engine.
"E" (for "Einspritzung") indicates the vehicle's engine is equipped with petrol fuel injection. Also used for electric models and plug-in hybrids.
"G" was originally used for the Geländewagen off-road vehicle, but is now applied to Mercedes SUVs in general (G, GLA, GLC, GLE and GLS).
"K" was used in the 1930s, indicating a supercharger ("Kompressor") equipped engine. Two exceptions : the SSK and CLK, where K indicates "Kurz" (short-wheelbase) (though the SSK had a supercharger).
"L" indicates "Leicht" (lightweight) for sporting models, and "Lang" (long-wheelbase) for sedan models.
"R" indicates "Rennen" (racing), used for racing cars (for example, the 300SLR).
"S" Sonderklasse "Special class" for flagship models, including the S-Class, and the SL-Class, SLR McLaren and SLS sportscars.
"T" indicates "Touring" and an estate (or station wagon) body style.
Some models in the 1950s also had lower-case letters (b, c, and d) to indicate specific trim levels. For other models, the numeric part of the designation does not match the engine displacement. This was done to show the model's position in the model range independent of displacement or in the price matrix. For these vehicles, the actual displacement in liters is suffixed to the model designation. An exception was the 190-class with the numeric designation of "190" as to denote its entry level in the model along with the displacement label on the right side of the boot (190E 2.3 for 2.3-litre 4-cylinder petrol motor, 190D 2.5 for 2.5-litre 5-cylinder diesel motor, and so forth). Some older models (such as the SS and SSK) did not have a number as part of the designation at all.
For the 1994 model year, Mercedes-Benz revised the naming system. Models were divided into "classes" denoted by an arrangement of up to three letters (see "Current model range" above), followed by a three-digit (or two-digit for AMG models, with the number approximately equal to the displacement in litres multiplied by 10) number related to the engine displacement as before. Variants of the same model such as an estate version or a vehicle with a diesel engine are no longer given a separate letter. The SLR, SLS and GT supercars do not carry a numerical designation.
Today, many numerical designations no longer reflect the engine's actual displacement but more of the relative performance and marketing position. Despite its engine displacement in two litres, the powerplant in the A45 AMG produces 355 brake horsepower so the designation is higher as to indicate the greater performance. Another example is the E250 CGI having greater performance than the E200 CGI due to the different engine tuning even though both have 1.8-litre engines. From the marketing perspective, E200 seems more "upscale" than E180. Recent AMG models use the "63" designation (in honor of the 1960s 6.3-litre M100 engine) despite being equipped with either a 6.2-litre (M156), a 5.5-litre (M157) or even a 4.0-litre engine.
Some models carry further designations indicating special features:
"4MATIC" indicates the vehicle is equipped with all-wheel-drive.
"BlueTEC" indicates a diesel engine with selective catalytic reduction exhaust aftertreatment.
"BlueEFFICIENCY" indicates special fuel economy features (direct injection, start-stop system, aerodynamic modifications, etc.)
"CGI" (Charged Gasoline Injection) indicates direct gasoline injection.
"CDI" (Common-rail Direct Injection) indicates a common-rail diesel engine.
"Hybrid" indicates a petrol- or diesel-electric hybrid.
"NGT" indicates a natural gas-fueled engine.
"Kompressor" indicates a supercharged engine.
"Turbo" indicates a turbocharged engine, only used on A-, B-,E- and GLK-Class models.
"AMG Line" indicates the interior or engine, depending which car, has been fitted with the luxuries of their AMG sports cars
Model designation badges can be removed at the request of the customer.
2015 and beyond[edit]
Rationalisation of the model nomenclature was announced in November 2014 for future models.[41][42] The changes consolidate many confusing nomenclature and their placements in the model range such as CL-Class is now called the S-Class Coupé. The naming structure is divided into four categories: core, off-road vehicle/SUV, 4-door coupé, and roadster. AMG GT, and V-Class are unaffected by the change. In October 2016, Mercedes unveiled the X-Class; a pickup truck built on the Nissan Navara.[43][44] At the 2016 Paris Motor Show, the company announced the EQ, a family of upcoming battery electric vehicles based on a modular platform, expected to represent up to 25% of its global sales by 2025.[45]
Core
Off-Road Vehicles/SUV
4-Door Coupé
Roadster
A GLA CLA
B
C GLC SLC
E GLE CLS
S GLS SL
N/A G N/A N/A
Note: The CLA is positioned between the A- and B-Class models, while the CLS sits between the E- and S-Classes.
In addition to the revised nomenclature, Mercedes-Benz has new nomenclature for the drive systems.
Current
New
Example
Natural Gas Drive c for "compressed natural gas" B 200 c
BlueTec
CDI
d for "diesel" E 350 d
GLA 200 d
PLUG-IN HYBRID
Electric Drive
e for "electric" S 500 e
B 250 e
Fuel Cell f for "fuel cell" B 200 f
HYBRID
BlueTEC HYBRID
h for "hybrid" S 400 h
E 300 h
4MATIC 4MATIC E 400 4MATIC
The revised A45 AMG for 2016 model year on has shifted the model designation to the right side while AMG is on the left side.[46] This trend commenced with Mercedes-Maybach with MAYBACH on the left and S500/S600 on the right.[47]
Environmental record[edit]
Mercedes-Benz has developed multi concept cars with alternative propulsion, such as hybrid-electric, fully electric, and fuel-cell powertrains. At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show, Mercedes-Benz showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car, powered by a hybrid-electric drivetrain featuring the DiesOtto engine.[48][49] In 2009, Mercedes-Benz displayed three BlueZERO concepts at the North American International Auto Show. Each car features a different powertrain - battery-electric, fuel-cell electric, and gasoline-electric hybrid.[50][51] In the same year, Mercedes also showed the Vision S500 PHEV concept with a 19 miles (31 km) all-electric range and CO2 emissions of 74 grams/km in the New European Driving Cycle.[52]
Since 2002, Mercedes-Benz has developed the F-Cell fuel cell vehicle. The current version, based on the B-Class, has a 250-mile range and is available for lease, with volume production scheduled to begin in 2014. Mercedes has also announced the SLS AMG E-Cell, a fully electric version of the SLS sports car, with deliveries expected in 2013.[53] The Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHYBRID[54] was launched in 2009, and is the first production automotive hybrid in the world to use a lithium-ion battery.[55][56][57] In mid-2010, production commenced on the Vito E-Cell all-electric van. Mercedes expects 100 vehicles to be produced by the end of 2010 and a further 2000 by the end of 2011.[58]
In 2008, Mercedes-Benz announced that it would have a demonstration fleet of small electric cars in two to three years.[59] Mercedes-Benz and Smart are preparing for the widespread uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) in the UK by beginning the installation of recharging points across their dealer networks. So far 20 Elektrobay recharging units, produced in the UK by Brighton-based Elektromotive, have been installed at seven locations as part of a pilot project, and further expansion of the initiative is planned later in 2010.[60]
In the United States, Mercedes-Benz was assessed a record US$30.66 million fine for their decision to not meet the federal corporate average fuel economy standard in 2009.[61] Certain Mercedes-Benz cars, including the S550 and all AMG models sold in the United States, also face an additional gas guzzler tax.[62] However, newer AMG models fitted with the M157 engine will not be subject to the gas-guzzler tax, due to improved fuel economy,[63] and newer models powered by the M276 and M278 engines will have better fuel economy. In 2008, Mercedes also had the worst CO2 average of all major European manufacturers, ranking 14th out of 14 manufacturers.[64] Mercedes was also the worst manufacturer in 2007 and 2006 in terms of average CO2 levels, with 181 g and 188 g of CO2 emitted per km, respectively.[65]
In May 2017, Mercedes partnered with Vivint Solar to develop a solar-energy home storage battery.[66]
In February 2018, it was announced that Mercedes cabin air filters earned the Asthma and Allergy Friendly Certification. [67]
Bicycles[edit]
Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH introduced three new bicycles in 2005,[68] and the range has developed to include the patent pending Foldingbike in 2007.[69] Other models include the Mercedes-Benz Carbon Bike,[70] Trekking Bike,[71] Fitness Bike[72] and the Trailblazer Bike.[73]
Electric cars[edit]
Mercedes is to open its sixth battery factory in 2018, which makes it a tough competitor to Tesla, Inc. The six factories will be established across 3 continents.
The brand also has planned to launch its electric EQ brand with an SUV being set for production in the year 2019.
2022 will be the year in which Daimler has said that the company will have invested $11 billion to ensure that every Mercedes-Benz has a fully electric or hybrid version available on the market.[74]
While releasing details of the project, Markus Schäfer said,
"Our electric vehicles will be built in six plants on three continents. We address every market segment: from the smart fortwo seater, to the large SUV. The battery is the key component of e-mobility. As batteries are the heart of our electric vehicles we put a great emphasis on building them in our own factories. With our global battery network we are in an excellent position: As we are close to our vehicle plants we can ensure the optimal supply of production. In case of a short-term high demand in another part of the world our battery factories are also well prepared for export. The electric initiative of Mercedes-Benz Cars is right on track. Our global production network is ready for e-mobility. We are electrifying the future."[75]
Motorsport[edit]
Main article: Mercedes-Benz in motorsport
A DMG Mercedes Simplex 1906 in the Deutsches Museum
The two companies which were merged to form the Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new sport of motor racing throughout their separate histories. A single Benz competed in the world's first motor race, the 1894 Paris–Rouen, where Émile Roger finished 14th in 10 hours 1 minute. Throughout its long history, the company has been involved in a range of motorsport activities, including sports car racing and rallying. On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period, notably in the late 1930s, and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, where a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR rammed another car (An Austin-Healey), took off into the stands, and killed more than 80 spectators. Stirling Moss and co-driver Denis Jenkinson made history by winning the 1955 Mille Miglia road race in Italy during a record-breaking drive with an average speed of almost 98 mph in a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR.[76]
Although there was some activity in the intervening years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM), and Formula One with Sauber. The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase British engine builder Ilmor (now Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines), and campaign IndyCars under the USAC/CART rules, eventually winning the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 CART IndyCar World Series Championship with Al Unser, Jr. at the wheel. The 1990s also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT racing, and the Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR, both of which took the company to new heights by dominating the FIA's GT1 class.
Mercedes-Benz is currently active in four motorsport categories, Formula Three, DTM, Formula One and GT3.
Formula One[edit]
Both Mercedes-AMG Formula One cars at the 2013 Malaysian Grand Prix.
Main article: Mercedes-Benz in Formula One
Mercedes-Benz took part in the world championship in 1954 and 1955, but despite being successful with two championship titles for Juan-Manuel Fangio,[77] the company left the sport after just two seasons. Fangio is considered by many to be the best F1 driver in history.[78]
Mercedes-Benz returned as an engine supplier in the 1990s and part-owned Team McLaren for some years, to which it has supplied engines engineered by Ilmor[79] since 1995. This partnership brought success, including drivers championships for Mika Häkkinen in 1998 and 1999, and for Lewis Hamilton in 2008, as well as a constructors championship in 1998. The collaboration with McLaren had been extended into the production of roadgoing cars such as the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren.
In 2007, McLaren-Mercedes was fined a record US$100 million for stealing confidential Ferrari technical data.[80]
In 2009, Ross Brawn's newly conceived Formula One team, Brawn GP used Mercedes engines to help win the constructor's championship, and Jenson Button to become champion in the F1 drivers' championship. At the end of the season, Mercedes-Benz sold its 40% stake in McLaren to the McLaren Group and bought 70% of the Brawn GP team jointly with an Abu Dhabi-based investment consortium. Brawn GP was renamed Mercedes GP for the 2010 season and is, from this season on, a works team for Mercedes-Benz. As of 2017, the company currently provides engines to Williams Martini Racing and Sahara Force India F1 Team.[81]
In 2014, Mercedes clinched its first F1 Constructor's title with drivers Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg with 3 races to go, after dominating much of the season. Mercedes repeated its dominance in 2015 in similar fashion, losing only 3 races out of 19 once again. Mercedes yet again dominated in 2016, losing only 2 races out of 21. In 2017, Mercedes secured a 4th title. In these four years of dominance, Lewis Hamilton won the F1 drivers' championship in 2014, 2015, and 2017 while Nico Rosberg won in 2016.[citation needed]
Logo history[edit]
In June 1909, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) registered both a three-pointed and a four-pointed star as trademarks, but only the three-pointed star was used. To DMG, the star symbolized Gottlieb Daimler's aims for universal motorization: on land, water and in the air.[82]
1902–1909
1909–1916
1916–1926
1926–current
1980–current
1990–current
Noted employees[edit]
Paul Bracq – major designer of automobiles in the 20th century
Béla Barényi – car safety pioneer (rigid passenger safety shell), joined Daimler-Benz in 1937[83]
Wilhelm Maybach – automotive pioneer, first met Gottlieb Daimler in 1865[84]
Ferdinand Porsche – founder of Porsche, joined Mercedes in 1923 and developed the Kompressor [85]
Bruno Sacco – joined Daimler-Benz as a designer in 1958. Head of Design in 1975, retired in 1999[86]
Rudolf Uhlenhaut – joined Daimler-Benz in 1931, his designs included the Silver Arrows, the 300 SL and 300SLR[87]
Adolf Eichmann – former Nazi criminal. Worked in Argentina's factory after WWII[88]
Rudolf Caracciola – one of the greatest GP drivers in history drove MB Silver Arrows in competition.
Josef Ganz - Technical consultant and "Godfather" of the *Mercedes-Benz W136, with the revolutionary Independent suspension, Swing axle layout.
Juan Manuel Fangio - Five time Formula 1 World Champion, honorary president of Mercedes-Benz Argentina from 1987 until his death in 1995.
Michael Schumacher - Seven time Formula 1 World Champion, drove for Mercedes in the World Endurance Championship in the 80s and then in their Formula One Team from 2010 till 2012.
Lewis Hamilton - Four-time Formula 1 World Champion, current driver for in their Formula One Team since2013 who holds the record for most pole positions in F1 since the 2017 Italian Grand Prix. Despite being a Mercedes driver since 2013, Hamilton has competed his entire career using Mercedes engines since 2007 and has been affiliated with Mercedes since he was 13 years old.
Nico Rosberg - 2016 Formula 1 World Champion, drove for Mercedes in their Formula One Team from 2010 till 2016. Rosberg won all his races and achieved all his pole positions with Mercedes and is currently a brand ambassador for Mercedes.
Innovations[edit]
Numerous technological innovations have been introduced on Mercedes-Benz automobiles throughout the many years of their production, including:
The internal combustion engine automobile was developed independently by Benz and Daimler & Maybach in 1886
Daimler invented the honeycomb radiator of the type still used on all water-cooled vehicles today
Daimler invented the float carburetor which was used until replaced by fuel injection
The "drop chassis" – the car originally designated the "Mercedes" by Daimler was also the first car with a modern configuration, having the carriage lowered and set between the front and rear wheels, with a front engine and powered rear wheels. All earlier cars were "horseless carriages", which had high centres of gravity and various engine/drive-train configurations
The first passenger road car to have brakes on all four wheels (1924)[89]
In 1936, the Mercedes-Benz 260 D was the first diesel-powered passenger car.
Mercedes-Benz were the first to offer direct fuel injection on the Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing
The "safety cage" or "safety cell" construction with front and rear crumple zones was first developed by Mercedes-Benz in 1951. This is considered by many as the most important innovation in automobile construction from a safety standpoint[9][verification needed]
In 1959, Mercedes-Benz patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a traction control system that worked under both braking and acceleration
an Anti-Lock Brake system (ABS) was first offered on the W116 450SEL 6.9. They became standard on the W126 S-Class starting production in 1979 and first sold in most markets in 1980.
Airbags were first introduced in the European market, beginning with model year 1981 S-Class.
Mercedes-Benz was the first to introduce pre-tensioners to seat belts on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pre-tensioner will tighten the belt instantaneously, removing any 'slack' in the belt, which prevents the occupant from jerking forward in a crash
In September 2003, Mercedes-Benz introduced the world's first seven-speed automatic transmission called '7G-Tronic'
Electronic Stability Programme (ESP), brake assist,[90] and many other types of safety equipment were all developed, tested, and implemented into passenger cars – first – by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz has not made a large fuss about its innovations, and has even licensed them for use by competitors – in the name of improving automobile and passenger safety. As a result, crumple zones and anti-lock brakes (ABS) are now standard on all modern vehicles.[9][verification needed]
Mercedes M156 engine
The (W211) E320 CDI which has a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) 3.0-litre V6 common rail diesel engine (producing 224 hp or 167 kW), set three world endurance records. It covered 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in a record time, with an average speed of 224.823 km/h (139.70 mph). Three identical cars did the endurance run (one set above record) and the other two cars set world records for time taken to cover 100,000 kilometres (62,137 mi) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) respectively. After all three cars had completed the run, their combined distance was 300,000 miles (480,000 km) (all records were FIA approved).[91][clarification needed]
Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called Pre-Safe to detect an imminent crash – and prepares the car's safety systems to respond optimally. It also calculates the optimal braking force required to avoid an accident in emergency situations, and makes it immediately available for when the driver depresses the brake pedal. Occupants are also prepared by tightening the seat belt, closing the sunroof and windows, and moving the seats into the optimal position.
At 181 horsepower per litre, the M133 engine installed in Mercedes-Benz A45 AMG is the most powerful series production four-cylinder turbocharged motor (as of June 2013) and has one of the highest power density for a passenger vehicle.[92]
Half a century of vehicle safety innovation helped win Mercedes-Benz the Safety Award at the 2007 What Car? Awards.[89]
Robot cars[edit]
Main article: Driverless car
In the 1980s, Mercedes built the world's first robot car, together with the team of Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr University Munich.[93] Encouraged in part by Dickmanns' success, in 1987 the European Union's EUREKA programme initiated the Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly €800 million. In 1995 Dickmanns' re-engineered autonomous S-Class Mercedes took a long trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark, and back. On highways, the robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 km/h (109 mph) (permissible in some areas of the German Autobahn).
In October 2015, the company introduced the Vision Tokyo, a five-seat self-driving electric van powered by a hybrid hydrogen fuel-cell system. The super-sleek van is touted as "a chill-out zone in the midst of megacity traffic mayhem." [94]
Tuners[edit]
Several companies have become car tuners (or modifiers) of Mercedes Benz, in order to increase performance and/or luxury to a given model. AMG is Mercedes-Benz's in-house performance-tuning division, specialising in high-performance versions of most Mercedes-Benz cars. AMG engines are all hand-built,[95] and each completed engine receives a tag with the signature of the engineer who built it. AMG has been wholly owned by Mercedes-Benz since 1999.[96] The 2009 SLS AMG, a revival of the 300SL Gullwing, is the first car to be entirely developed by AMG.
There are numerous independent tuners including Brabus, Carlsson, Kleemann and Renntech.
Sponsorships[edit]
Mercedes-Benz sponsors the German national football team.
In football (soccer), Mercedes-Benz sponsors the Germany national team. Mercedes-Benz sponsors Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart and provides the naming rights for their stadium, the Mercedes-Benz Arena. The company also holds the naming rights to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome, an American football stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.[97] On 24 August 2015, Mercedes-Benz was announced as the naming rights sponsor for the Atlanta Falcons' new home, Mercedes-Benz Stadium, (Mercedes-Benz's US headquarters are in Greater Atlanta) which opened in August 2017.[98]
See also[edit]
Baden-Württemberg portal
Germany portal
Cars portal
Bertha Benz
Mercedes-Benz AMG
Diesel emissions scandal
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External links[edit]
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« DMG/Mercedes road car timeline — « Benz road car timeline — Mercedes-Benz road car timeline, 1926–1944 — next »
Class 1920s 1930s 1940s
6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Small car W23 W28
Small family car W15 W136
Family car Benz 10/35 W02 W21 W143
W11 W153
W138
Large family car Benz 16/50 W03 W10 (& W19) W18 W142
Large car 15/70/100 PS (400) W08
W31 (Typ G4 - 3 axle off-road)
Luxury car 24/100/140 PS (630) W07 W150
W22 W29 / W24
Sports car W06
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4-cylinder Sedan W136
W191
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W121 W110 W115 W123
6-cylinder Sedan, Coupé W105 W111 W110 W114
S-class Sedan W187 W180 W111
W128 W111 W108 W116 W126
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Limousine V126 V140 V220 V221 V222
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Shooting brake X218
CLC / C Coupé CL203 CL203 C204 C205
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CLK / E Coupé C124 C208 C209 C207 C238
Cabriolet A124 A208 A209 A207 A238
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W463
X Pickup truck BR 470
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Model Body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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First General Army (Japan)
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First General Army
Active
April 8, 1945 – November 30, 1945
Country
Empire of Japan
Branch
Imperial Japanese Army
Type
Infantry
Role
Army group
Garrison/HQ
Tokyo
Nickname(s)
Toho (東方, Eastern)
Engagements
None (Operation Downfall)
hide
Japanese First General Army (1945)
Parent unit
Imperial General Headquarters
Components

Japanese Eleventh Area Army
IJA 50th Army
72nd Division
142nd Division
222nd Division
322nd Division
113th Independent Mixed Brigade
Japanese Twelfth Area Army
Tokyo Defense Army
Army of Tokyo Bay
36th Army
51st Army
52nd Army
53rd Army
321st Division
IJA 66th Independent Combined Brigade
IJA 67th Independent Combined Brigade
IJA 1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade
Japanese Thirteenth Area Army
54th Army
73rd Division
153rd Division
229th Division
8th Independent Mixed Brigade
IJA 2nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade
The First General Army (第1総軍 (日本軍), Dai-ichi Sōgun) was an army group of the Imperial Japanese Army responsible for the defense of eastern and northern Honshū, including the Tōkai and Kantō regions during the final stage of the Pacific War.
Contents
1 History
2 Commanders
2.1 Commanding officer
2.2 Chief of Staff
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Books
5 External links
History[edit]
The First General Army was established on April 8, 1945, with the dissolution of the General Defense Command into the First and Second General Army. It was essentially a home guard and garrison, responsible for civil defense, anti-aircraft defenses, and for organizing guerilla warfare cells in anticipation of the projected Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands in Operation Downfall (or Operation Ketsugō (決号作戦, Ketsugō sakusen) in Japanese terminology). Although its territory encompassed all of northern Japan, its primary mission was to ensure the security of the heavily populated Kantō region, which included Tokyo. Its forces consisted mostly of poorly trained and poorly armed reservists, conscripted students and home guard militia.
The First General Army remained active for several months after the surrender of Japan to help maintain public order until the arrival of the American occupation forces, and to oversee the final demobilization and dissolution of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Commanders[edit]
Commanding officer[edit]
Name
From
To
1 Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama 7 April 1945 12 September 1945
2 General Kenji Doihara 14 September 1945 23 September 1945
3 General Yoshijirō Umezu 23 September 1945 1 October 1945
4 General Masakazu Kawabe 1 October 1945 30 November 1945
Chief of Staff[edit]
Name
From
To
1 Lieutenant General Einosuke Sudo 6 April 1945 30 October 1945
See also[edit]
Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army
References[edit]
Books[edit]
Brooks, Lester (1968). Behind Japan's Surrender: The Secret Struggle That Ended an Empire. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Drea, Edward J. (1998). "Japanese Preparations for the Defense of the Homeland & Intelligence Forecasting for the Invasion of Japan". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
Frank, Richard B (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41424-X.
Jowett, Bernard (1999). The Japanese Army 1931–45 (Volume 2, 1942–45). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-354-3.
Madej, Victor (1981). Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945. Game Publishing Company. ASIN: B000L4CYWW.
Marston, Daniel (2005). The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-882-0.
Skates, John Ray (1994). The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb Downfall. New York: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-972-3.
External links[edit]
Wendel, Marcus. "Axis History Factbook". First General Army.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_General_Army_(Japan)&oldid=821349327"
Categories:
Army groups of Japan
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
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This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 22:39 (UTC).
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