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Finger Lakes
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Satellite view. Lake Ontario is at top, Oneida Lake upper right, Cazenovia Lake directly below Oneida.
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The Finger Lakes is a group of 11 long, narrow, roughly north–south lakes in a region called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York, in the United States. This region is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination.
The lakes' shapes reminded early map-makers of human fingers, and the name stuck. They are also characteristic glacial finger lakes. Cayuga (435 feet deep, 133 m) and Seneca (618 feet, 188 m) Lakes are among the deepest in the United States, with bottoms well below sea level. They are also the longest Finger Lakes, though neither's width exceeds 3.5 miles (5.6 km); Seneca Lake is 38.1 miles (61.3 km) long, and 66.9 square miles (173 km2), the largest in total area.
Oneida Lake is generally not considered one of the Finger Lakes, but it is sometimes called the "thumb".
Contents
[hide]
1 Lakes
2 Geology
2.1 Ecological concern
3 History
4 Notable places
4.1 Wine
4.2 Educational institutions
4.3 Museums
5 References
6 External links
Lakes[edit]
Map of the Finger Lakes
The 11 Finger Lakes, from east to west, are:
Otisco Lake
Skaneateles Lake
Owasco Lake
Cayuga Lake
Seneca Lake
Keuka Lake
Canandaigua Lake
Honeoye Lake
Canadice Lake
Hemlock Lake
Conesus Lake
Cazenovia Lake to the east, although smaller, is sometimes called "the 12th Finger Lake", because it is similar in shape. It is located in Appalachian hill terrain, with a historic village linked to other Finger Lakes by US 20. It may have been formed in the same manner as the Finger Lakes, as satellite photos show three valleys similar in character and spacing to the Finger Lakes east of Otisco Lake. The first is the Tully Valley, which includes a chain of small lakes at the south end that could be a "Finger Lake" that never formed because of a terminal moraine. The moraine caused the Tioughnioga River to flow south instead of north, the opposite of the Finger Lakes' waters. The next two valleys to the east contain Butternut Creek, which flows north, and the East Branch of the Tioughnioga River, which flows south. The next valley contains Limestone Creek, which flows north. The next valley after that contains Cazenovia Lake.
The Finger Lakes are in the center bottom of this west facing image; Lake Erie (upper left), Lake Huron (upper right), and Lake Ontario (lower right) are three of the Great Lakes
Oneida Lake, to the northeast of Syracuse, New York, is sometimes included as the "thumb", although it is shallow and somewhat different in character from the rest. Onondaga Lake, though located just north of the Finger Lakes region, is not considered one of the Finger Lakes. As with Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes, it drains into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Likewise, Chautauqua Lake, Findley Lake and Kinzua Lake to the west are not considered Finger Lakes; all three drain into the Allegheny River and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico, and in the case of Kinzua and Findley, the lakes are the artificial creation of dams.
Conesus, Hemlock, Canadice, Honeoye, and Otisco are considered the minor Finger Lakes. Other, smaller lakes, including Silver, Waneta, and Lamoka lakes, dot this region. Silver Lake, west of Conesus Lake, would seem to qualify because it is in the Great Lakes watershed, but Waneta and Lamoka lakes are part of the Susquehanna River watershed as they drain into a tributary of the Chemung River.
East of Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes are the headwaters of the Susquehanna River and Hudson River watersheds (the former in the foothills of the Catskills, the latter through the Mohawk Valley and southern Adirondack Mountains).
The 2,000-acre (8 km2) muckland of a valley located in Potter, New York, which is part of Torrey Farms, was almost a 12th Finger Lake, as the waterline is just below the surface. It lies between Lakes Canandaigua and Seneca, and was once a swamp.
Geology[edit]
Seneca Lake, from South Main Street in Geneva, New York.
These glacial finger lakes originated as a series of northward-flowing streams. Around two million years ago, the first of many continental glaciers of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved southward from the Hudson Bay area, initiating the Pleistocene glaciation. These scouring glaciers widened, deepened, and accentuated the existing river valleys. Glacial debris, possibly terminal moraine left behind by the receding ice, acted as dams, allowing lakes to form. Despite the deep erosion of the valleys, the surrounding uplands show little evidence of glaciation, suggesting that the ice was thin, or at least unable to cause much erosion at these higher altitudes. The deep cutting by the ice left some tributaries hanging high above the lakes—both Seneca and Cayuga have tributaries hanging as much as 120 m above the valley floors.[1]
Ecological concern[edit]
Much of the Finger Lakes area lies upon the Marcellus Shale and the Utica Shale, two prominent natural gas reserves. Due to the recent popularization of fracking technology, the natural gas is now available to extraction. While some large landowners have leased their lands, and a number of small landowners would like to follow suit, many residents of the Finger Lakes oppose the process of extraction due to concerns about groundwater contamination and the industrial impact of the extraction related activities. The first direct actions and local legislative actions against fracking occurred in the Finger Lakes bioregion.[2] In December 2014, the government of New York banned all fracking within the state, citing pollution risks.[3]
History[edit]
Bluff Point on Keuka Lake
Granger Homestead, Canandaigua
The Finger Lakes region contains evidence of pre-Iroquois habitation, such as The Bluff Point Stoneworks, but little is known about who may have constructed these enigmatic works.
The Finger Lakes region is a central part of the Iroquois homeland. The Iroquois tribes include the Seneca and Cayuga nations, for which the two largest Finger Lakes are named. The Tuscarora tribe lived in the Finger Lakes region as well, from ca. 1720. The Onondaga and Oneida tribes lived at the eastern edge of the region, closer to their namesake lakes, Oneida Lake and Onondaga Lake. The easternmost Iroquois tribe was the Mohawk.
During colonial times, many other tribes moved to the Finger Lakes region, seeking the protection of the Iroquois. For example, in 1753 remnants of several Virginia Siouan tribes, collectively called the Tutelo-Saponi, moved to the town of Coreorgonel at the south end of Cayuga Lake near present-day Ithaca, until 1779 when their village was destroyed.
Major Iroquois towns in the Finger Lakes region included the Seneca town of Gen-nis-he-yo (present-day Geneseo), Kanadaseaga (Seneca Castle, near present-day Geneva), Goiogouen (Cayuga Castle, east of Cayuga Lake), Chonodote (Cayuga town, present-day Aurora), Catherine's Town (near present-day Watkins Glen) and Ganondagan State Historic Site in Victor, New York.
As one of the most powerful Indian nations during colonial times, the Iroquois were able to prevent European colonization of the Finger Lakes region for nearly two centuries after first contact, often playing the French off against the British interests in savvy demonstrations of political competence. Tribal politics and the military reality that the Iroquois held the strongest military force in North America were well appreciated. By the late 18th century with the French governmental influence gone from Canada Iroquois power had weakened, relative to the steady growth in European-Americans' populations, and internal strife eroded the political unity of the Iroquois Confederacy as they faced pressures from colonists itching to move west and a desire to keep them out of Amerindian lands. During the American Revolutionary War, some Iroquois sided with the British and some with the Americans, resulting in civil war among the Iroquois. In the late 1770s, British-allied Iroquois attacked various American frontier settlements, prompting counter-attacks, culminating in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779, which destroyed most of the Iroquois towns and effectively broke Iroquois power. After the Revolutionary War, the Iroquois and other Indians of the region were assigned reservations. Most of their land, including the Finger Lakes region, was opened up to purchase and settlement.
Roughly the western half of the Finger Lakes region comprised the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1790. The region was rapidly settled at the turn of the 19th century, largely by a westward migration from New England, and to a lesser degree by northward influx from Pennsylvania. The regional architecture reflects these area traditions of the Federal and Greek Revival periods.
Notable places[edit]
Canadice Lake is surrounded by the Hemlock-Canadice State Forest
The Finger Lakes region, together with the Genesee Country of Western New York, has been referred to as the burned-over district. There, in the 19th century, the Second Great Awakening was a revival of Christianity; some new religions were also formed.
The region was active in reform and utopian movements. Many of its Underground Railroad sites have been documented. For example, the Harriet Tubman Home at Auburn recalls the life and work of the African-American "Moses of her people."
On the northern end of the Finger Lakes are also Seneca Falls, the birthplace of the Women's suffrage movement; Waterloo, the birthplace of Memorial Day; and Palmyra, the birthplace of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). An annual outdoor drama, The Hill Cumorah Pageant, produced by the LDS Church, draws thousands of visitors each year.
Hammondsport was the home of aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss, and favorable air currents make the area a popular spot for glider pilots. Elmira, just to the south, was the home of Mark Twain in his later life, and the site of an infamous Civil War prison. Corning is most noted as the home of Corning Glass Works and the Corning Museum of Glass. Hornell, just southwest of the Finger Lakes, was a major railroad center; locomotives were repaired there until recently. Conesus remains the home of the oldest producer of pure grape sacramental wine in the Western hemisphere.
Hemlock Lake, one of the western Finger Lakes
Notable among the historic buildings of the region (most linked below) is the Granger Homestead (1816), a large village house in Federal Style at Canandaigua, New York. Another example of the Federal Style is the Prouty-Chew House (1829) at Geneva, portions of which were altered at various times in new fashions.
Three Greek Revival mansions are situated near three lakes: The Richard DeZeng House, Skaneateles (1839); Rose Hill, Geneva (1839); and Esperanza, Penn Yan (1838). The latter two are open to the public.
The Seward House in Auburn, a National Historic Landmark, is a mansion more characteristic of the Civil War era, virtually unchanged from the nineteenth century. Belhurst Castle, Geneva, a stone mansion in the Romanesque Revival style, now serves as an inn. Sonnenberg mansion at Canandaigua is later nineteenth-century residence in the Queen Anne style, known for its restored period gardens. Geneva on the Lake is a villa (1910–14) that recalls those on Italian lakes. Now an inn, it has European-style gardens. Many buildings and historic districts of the Finger Lakes region are notable, other than these historic houses.
Implemented in August 2010, the Hemlock-Canadice State Forest covers 6,684 acres (27.05 km2) that encompass the two western Finger Lakes, Hemlock and Canadice. These lakes have provided drinking water for the City of Rochester for more than 100 years. To protect water quality, the city acquired much of the property around the lakes. Over the decades, the land reforested, but a few traces of its past, such as stone walls or cottage foundations, remain. Today these two lakes, with their steep, forested, largely undeveloped shorelines and deep clear water, provide visitors a glimpse of the Finger Lakes of the past. The Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) manages this State Forest for compatible public access for recreation, including fishing, hunting, nature study, boating and hiking. Activities in Hemlock-Canadice State Forest are subject the DEC’s Rules and Regulations for the Use of State Lands, 6 NYCRR Part 190, as well as any other applicable state statutes, rules and regulations. These are sensitive areas because they protect public drinking water.
Hemlock Lake is home to the state's oldest nesting bald eagle site, dating back to the early 1960s. The nesting bald eagles of Hemlock Lake have fostered a resurgence of bald eagles throughout New York State. Hemlock Lake, originally known as "O-Neh-Da" which is Seneca for "Lake of Hemlock Trees", is home to the nation's oldest sacramental winery, founded by Bishop McQuaid in 1872. Today, O-Neh-Da Vineyard continues to make premium natural pure grape wine for churches and foodies alike.
Wine[edit]
Main article: Finger Lakes AVA
Sunrise overlooking a vineyard on Canandaigua Lake
The Finger Lakes area is New York's largest wine producing region. Over 100 wineries and vineyards are located around Seneca, Cayuga, Canandaigua, Keuka, Conesus, and Hemlock Lakes. Because of the lakes' great depth, they provide a lake effect to the lush vineyards that flank their shores. Retaining residual summer warmth in the winter, and winter's cold in the spring, the grapes are protected from disastrous spring frost during shoot growth, and early frost before the harvest. The main grape varieties grown are Chardonnay, Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Pinot noir, Cabernet Franc, Vidal blanc, Seyval blanc and many Vitis labrusca (American native) varieties or cultivars.
With the passage of the Farm Winery Act in 1976, numerous wineries are now open to visitors. Wineries are a growth industry of the region, contributing through their production and by attracting visitors.
The Finger Lakes American Viticulture Area (AVA) includes two of America's oldest wineries, O-Neh-Da Vineyard (1872) on Hemlock Lake and The Pleasant Valley Wine Company (1860) on Keuka Lake.
Educational institutions[edit]
Wells College, Aurora
The area is also known for education; the largest institution is Cornell University in Ithaca. Other notable schools are Ithaca College, also located in Ithaca; the University of Rochester, Nazareth College, St. John Fisher College and Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester; Elmira College in Elmira; Tompkins Cortland Community College in Dryden, Ithaca, and Cortland; Wells College in Aurora; Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva; Keuka College in Keuka Park; Finger Lakes Community College in Canandaigua and Geneva; and The State University of New York at Cortland in Cortland; New York Chiropractic College in Seneca Falls; Cayuga Community College in Auburn; and The State University of New York at Geneseo in Geneseo.
Museums[edit]
The Finger Lakes region is home to several museums. These include the Corning Museum of Glass, the Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University, the Strong National Museum of Play, the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum, the Finger Lakes Boating Museum, the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center, the Sciencenter, the Museum of the Earth, the National Soaring Museum, the Rockwell Museum, the Seward House Museum, the William H. Seward and the Samuel Warren Homesteads of the York Historical Society, birthplace of New York State's first successful commercial winery.
The Women's Rights National Historic Park is located in Seneca Falls. The park includes the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Wesleyan Chapel, where she held the first convention on women's rights in 1848.
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Flint, R.F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology. (Wiley and Sons, NY), p. 117.
Jump up ^ http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2015/01/09/new-york-fracking-history/21534581/
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/nyregion/cuomo-to-ban-fracking-in-new-york-state-citing-health-risks.html
Bibliography
Thompson, John H., ed. Geography of New York State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1977)
Engeln, O. D., von. The Finger Lakes Region: Its Origin and Nature (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961, 1988)
Finger Lakes Tourism Statistics [1]
House, Kirk W. and Mitchell, Charles R. Finger Lakes (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2008)
Bloomfield, Jay A., ed. Lakes of New York State: Volume I: Ecology of the Finger Lakes (New York, NY: Academic Press, 1978)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Finger Lakes.
Finger Lakes travel guide from Wikivoyage
Finger Lakes at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
The official Finger Lakes Tourism Alliance website
Coordinates: 42°40′N 76°50′W / 42.667°N 76.833°W / 42.667; -76.833
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Eastern Cape
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Eastern Cape
Oos-Kaap (in Afrikaans)
Mpuma Koloni (in Xhosa)
Province of South Africa

Coat of arms
Motto(s): Development through Unity

Location of the Eastern Cape in South Africa
Country
South Africa
Established
27 April 1994
Capital
Bhisho
Largest city
Port Elizabeth
Districts
List[show]
Nelson Mandela Bay
Buffalo City
Sarah Baartman
Amatole
Chris Hani
Joe Gqabi
OR Tambo
Alfred Nzo
Government
• Type
Parliamentary system
• Premier
Phumulo Masualle (ANC)
Area[1]:9
• Total
168,966 km2 (65,238 sq mi)
Area rank
2nd in South Africa
Highest elevation
3,019 m (9,905 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population (2011)[1]:18[2]
• Total
6,562,053
• Estimate (2017)
6,498,700
• Rank
4th in South Africa
• Density
39/km2 (100/sq mi)
• Density rank
6th in South Africa
Population groups[1]:21
• Black African
86.3%
• Coloured
8.3%
• White
4.7%
• Indian or Asian
0.4%
Languages[1]:25
• Xhosa
78.8%
• Afrikaans
10.6%
• English
5.6%
• Sotho
2.5%
Time zone
SAST (UTC+2)
ISO 3166 code
ZA-EC
Website
www.ecprov.gov.za
The Eastern Cape is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bhisho, but its two largest cities are Port Elizabeth and East London. It was formed in 1994 out of the Xhosa homelands of Transkei and Ciskei, together with the eastern portion of the Cape Province. Landing place and home of the 1820 settlers, the central and eastern part of the province is the traditional home of the Xhosa people.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Law and government
3 Geography
4 Climate
5 Tourism
6 Economy
6.1 Agriculture
6.2 Industry
7 Municipalities
7.1 Metropolitan municipalities
7.2 District municipalities
8 Education
8.1 Universities
8.2 Other Educational Institutions
9 Health
9.1 Initiation rituals
10 Sports
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
The Eastern Cape as a South African Province came into existence in 1994 and incorporated areas from the former Xhosa homelands of the Transkei and Ciskei, together with what was previously part of the Cape Province. This resulted in several anomalies including the fact that the Province has four supreme courts (in Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth, Bhisho and Mthatha) and enclaves of KwaZulu-Natal in the province. The latter anomaly has fallen away with amendments to municipal and provincial boundaries.The province is also made of Mpondo clan, which primitively descended from Xhosa clan. Some of the Mpondo clan went to this province when they were running away from King Shaka's war. Mpondo people are more closely related to Xhosa, as they use Xhosa as their main home language.
Law and government[edit]
Main article: Politics of the Eastern Cape
The first premier was Raymond Mhlaba of the African National Congress and the current premier of Eastern Cape province is Phumulo Masualle of the African National Congress
This region is the birthplace of many prominent South African politicians, such as Steve Biko, James Calata, Charles Coghlan, Matthew Goniwe, Chris Hani, Bantu Holomisa, Nelson Mandela, Govan Mbeki, his son Thabo Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Vuyisile Mini, Wilton Mkwayi, Oscar Mpetha, Griffiths Mxenge, Robert Resha, Walter Rubusana, Walter Sisulu, Robert Sobukwe, Oliver Tambo and many more.
Geography[edit]
See also: List of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape
The Eastern Cape gets progressively wetter from west to east. The west is mostly semi-arid Karoo, except in the far south, which is temperate rainforest in the Tsitsikamma region. The coast is generally rugged with interspersed beaches. Most of the province is hilly to very mountainous between Graaff-Reinet and Rhodes including the Sneeuberge (English: Snow Mountains), Stormberge, Winterberge and Drakensberg (English: Dragon Mountains). The highest point in the province is Ben Macdhui at 3001m. The east from East London and Queenstown towards the KwaZulu-Natal border – a region known previously as Transkei – is lush grassland on rolling hills, punctuated by deep gorges with intermittent forest.
Eastern Cape has a shoreline on its east which lines southward, creating shores leading to the South Indian Ocean. In the northeast, it borders the following districts of Lesotho:
Mohale's Hoek – west of Quthing
Quthing – between Mohale and Qacha's Nek
Qacha's Nek – east of Quthing
Domestically, it borders the following provinces:
Western Cape – west
Northern Cape – northwest
Free State – north
KwaZulu-Natal – far northeast
Climate[edit]
Climate is highly varied. The west is dry with sparse rain during winter or summer, with frosty winters and hot summers. The area Tsitsikamma to Grahamstown receives more precipitation, which is also relatively evenly distributed and temperatures are mild. Further east, rainfall becomes more plentiful and humidity increases, becoming more subtropical along the coast with summer rainfall. The interior can become very cold in winter, with heavy snowfalls occasionally occurring in the mountainous regions between Molteno and Rhodes.
Port Elizabeth: Jan Max: 25 °C, Min: 18 °C; Jul Max: 20 °C, Min: 9 °C
Molteno & Barkly East: Jan Max 28 °C, Min 11 °C; Jul Max: 14 °C, Min: -7 °C
Tourism[edit]
Aloe ferox on the R61 route between Cofimvaba and Ngcobo.
The landscape is extremely diverse. The western interior is largely arid Karoo, while the east is well-watered and green. The Eastern Cape offers a wide array of attractions, including 800 km of untouched and pristine coastline along with some particularly splendid beaches, and "big-five" viewing in a malaria-free environment.
The Addo Elephant National Park, situated 73 km from Port Elizabeth, was proclaimed in 1931. Its 743 km² offers sanctuary to 170 elephants, 400 Cape buffalo and 21 black rhino of the very scarce Kenyan sub-species.
The province is the location of South Africa's only Snow skiing resort, Tiffindell, which is situated near the hamlet of Rhodes in the Southern Drakensberg on the slopes of Ben Macdhui, the highest mountain peak in the Eastern Cape (3001 m).
The National Arts Festival, held annually in Grahamstown, is Africa's largest and most colourful cultural event, offering a choice of the very best of both indigenous and imported talent. Every year for 11 days the town's population almost doubles, as over 50,000 people flock to the region for a feast of arts, crafts and sheer entertainment.
The Tsitsikamma National Park is an 80 km long coastal strip between Nature's Valley and the mouth of the Storms River. In the park the visitor finds an almost untouched natural landscape. Near the park is the Bloukrans Bridge and Bloukrans Bridge Bungy which is the world's third highest bungee jump,
Jeffreys Bay is an area with some of the country's wildest coastline, which is backed by some of Africa's most spectacular sub-tropical rainforest. Famous for its "supertubes", probably South Africa's longest and most consistently good wave, it's charged with a surf vibe as relaxed as it is friendly, and this tends to soften the effect of the wealthy set who have made this part of the coast their own.
Aliwal North, lying on a splendid agricultural plateau on the southern bank of the Orange River, is one of the country's most popular inland resorts and is famous for its hot springs.
The rugged and unspoilt Wild Coast is a place of spectacular scenery, and a graveyard for many vessels.
Whittlesea, Eastern Cape, situated in the beautiful Amatola Mountains,is now famous for the first wine estate in the province.
Economy[edit]
The Eastern Cape is one of the poorest provinces in South Africa. This is largely due to the poverty found in the former homelands, where subsistence agriculture predominates.
Agriculture[edit]
There is much fertile land in the Eastern Cape, and agriculture remains important. The fertile Langkloof Valley in the southwest has enormous deciduous fruit orchards, while sheep farming predominates in the Karoo. The Alexandria-Grahamstown area produces pineapples, chicory and dairy products, while coffee and tea are cultivated at Magwa. People in the former Transkei region are dependent on cattle, maize and sorghum-farming. An olive nursery has been developed in collaboration with the University of Fort Hare to form a nucleus of olive production in the Eastern Cape.
Domestic stock farming is slowly giving way to game farming on large scale, fueled by the commercial benefits of eco-tourism and the lower risk needed to protect wild game against drought, the natural elements and poaching.
The area around Stutterheim is being grown extensively with timber plantations.
The basis of the province's fishing industry is squid, some recreational and commercial fishing for line fish, the collection of marine resources, and access to line-catches of hake.
Industry[edit]
With three import/export harbours and three airports offering direct flights to the main centres, and an excellent road and rail infrastructure, the province has been earmarked as a key area for growth and economic development in modern South Africa.
The two major industrial centres, Port Elizabeth and East London have well-developed economies based on the automotive industry. General Motors and Volkswagen both have major assembly lines in the Port Elizabeth area, while East London is dominated by the large DaimlerChrysler plant, now known as Mercedes-Benz South Africa.
Environmental-friendly projects include the Fish River Spatial Development Initiative, the Wild Coast SDI, and two industrial development zones, the East London Industrial Development Zone and the Coega IDZ near Port Elizabeth. Coega is the largest infrastructure development in post-apartheid South Africa. The construction of the deepwater Port of Ngqura was completed and the first commercial ship anchored in October 2009. It is expected that this development will give the province a major economic boost.
Other important sectors include finance, real estate, business services, wholesale and retail trade, eco-tourism (nature reserves and game ranches) and hotels and restaurants.
Municipalities[edit]
Population density in the Eastern Cape
<1 /km²
1–3 /km²
3–10 /km²
10–30 /km²
30–100 /km²
100–300 /km²
300–1000 /km²
1000–3000 /km²
>3000 /km²
Dominant home languages in the Eastern Cape
Afrikaans
English
Xhosa
Zulu
Sotho
No language dominant
The Eastern Cape Province is divided into 37 local municipalities and two metropolitan municipalities:
Metropolitan municipalities[edit]
Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
District municipalities[edit]
Alfred Nzo District
Matatiele
Mbizana
Ntabankulu
Umzimvubu
Amatole District
Amahlathi
Great Kei
Mbhashe
Mnquma
Ngqushwa
Raymond Mhlaba
Chris Hani District
Emalahleni
Ngcobo
Enoch Mgijima
Intsika
Inxuba Yethemba
Sakhisizwe
Joe Gqabi District
Elundini
Walter Sisulu
Senqu
O.R. Tambo District
Ingquza Hill
King Sabata Dalindyebo
Mhlontlo
Nyandeni
Port St. Johns
Sarah Baartman District
Dr Beyers Naudé
Blue Crane Route
Kou-Kamma
Kouga
Makana
Ndlambe
Sunday's River Valley
Education[edit]
The Eastern Cape Department of Education has been roundly criticised for poor primary and secondary education[3] resulting from dysfunction,[4] special interests, and issues with the South Africa teachers union, SADTU.[5][6] The province struggles with a lack of schools; a lack of teachers leading to overcrowding; a lack of textbooks; a lack of basic facilities like toilets, electricity or water; and poor transport infrastructure which regularly absents and endangers learners.[7]
By 2011, basic education had so deteriorated that the national Department of Basic Education intervened under section 100(1)(b) of the Constitution of South Africa, taking control of the province's educational administration.[6] The Eastern Cape has since been the worst-performing province educationally and especially in terms of matriculation;[7] matriculants' results averaged 51% in 2009,[8] 58.3% in 2011,[9] 64.9% in 2013,[10] 65.4% in 2014, and 56.8% in 2015.[11][12]
In the 2015/2016 financial year, the province failed to spend R530 million of its allocated R1.5 billion budget for education, most of it intended for infrastructure development.[13][14]
Equal Education's 2017 report, Planning to Fail, found a "systemic failure in Eastern Cape education".[15]
Universities[edit]
Rhodes University (Grahamstown)
Nelson Mandela University (Port Elizabeth)
University of Fort Hare (main campus in Alice, satellite campuses in Bhisho and East London)
Walter Sisulu University (campuses in Buffalo City, Butterworth, Mthatha and Queenstown)
Pearson Institute of Higher Education (campuses in East London and Port Elizabeth)
Other Educational Institutions[edit]
Port Elizabeth College
College of the Transfiguration, Grahamstown
Eastcape Midlands TVET College (6 campuses in Uitenhage, 1 in Grahamstown, 1 in Graaff-Reinet, and 1 in Port Elizabeth)
Various independent FET Colleges (Further Education and Training)
Health[edit]
Tuberculosis and HIV are the province's leading causes of avoidable mortality, accounting for 9.8% and 5.4% of those deaths.[4]
Initiation rituals[edit]
The Eastern Cape is known for its traditional black initiation schools, which perform coming-of-age ceremonies involving circumcision and bushwhacking. These annually lead to the deaths of teenage males due to botched circumcisions, sepsis, pneumonia and hypothermia.[16][17]
Sports[edit]
Boxing
Premier Boxing League
Checkers/Draughts
Mind Sports South Africa
eSports
Mind Sports South Africa
Soccer
Chippa United F.C. (Port Elizabeth)
Cricket
Chevrolet Warriors (Port Elizabeth)
Rugby
Eastern Province Kings (Port Elizabeth)
Border Bulldogs (East London)
Southern Kings (Port Elizabeth)
CUESPORT
Eastern Cape Pool Billiards ( 8 Ball Pool) - ( Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, Despatch, Jeffreysbay, Humansdorp, St. Francis, East Londen)
Eastern Cape Blackball Pool ( Port Elizabeth, Grahamstown)
Eastern Cape Billiards and Snooker ( Port Elizabeth, East Londen)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 9780621413885.
Jump up ^ Mid-year population estimates, 2017 (PDF) (Report). Statistics South Africa. 31 July 2017. p. 2. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "As Zuma woos support, Eastern Cape suffers". Times LIVE. 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Ngcukana, Lubabalo (2016-02-19). "Premier's bold plans to deal with the education crisis in Eastern Cape". CityPress. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Gqirana, Thulani (2016-01-06). "Eastern Cape is a 'failed state' - education expert". News24. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b John, Victoria. "Special Investigating Unit to probe Eastern Cape education". The M&G Online. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Motsepe, Tshepo (2016-01-26). "Motshekga has to account for her role in the education crisis – especially in the Eastern Cape". The Daily Maverick. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Keet, Jacques. "Matric results a wake-up call for SA". The M&G Online. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Matric pass rate 'a significant achievement'". The M&G Online. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Matric: Eastern Cape remains worst province". News24. 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Jemsana, Busisiwe (2016-03-13). "Tripartite alliance to address E Cape education crisis". South African Broadcasting Corporation.
Jump up ^ Quintal, Genevieve. "Matric results 2015: Pass rate drops to 70.7%". The M&G Online. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Majangaza, Sino (2016-03-09). "R530-million of unspent EC budget meant for poor schools given to other provinces". DispatchLIVE. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Phandle, Gugu (2016-03-24). "EC to return unspent R1bn: challenge is 'incapacity to utilise funds'". DispatchLIVE. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Damba-Hendrik, Nombulelo (2017-04-28). "Systemic "failure in Eastern Cape education"". Retrieved 2017-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Eastern Cape initiation claims another victim". The M&G Online. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Koyana, Xolani. "Nine boys in hospital after botched circumcisions". Retrieved 2017-05-02.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Eastern Cape.
Eastern Cape National Government information
Eastern Cape Provincial Government
Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council
Eastern Cape Development Corporation
www.queenstown.org.za
[show]
v
t
e
Province of the Eastern Cape
Capital: Bhisho
Largest city: Port Elizabeth
Population: 6,829,958 (2011)
Land area: 168,966 km2
Topics
History
Government
Politics
Economy
Climate
Ecology
Government
Premier
Legislature
High Court
Municipalities
Cities and
major towns
Port Elizabeth
East London
Uitenhage
Mthatha
Grahamstown
Queenstown
Despatch
Cradock
King William's Town
Jeffreys Bay
[show]
v
t
e
Administrative divisions of South Africa
Capitals: Pretoria (executive)
Bloemfontein (judicial)
Cape Town (legislative)
Provinces
Eastern Cape
Free State
Gauteng
KwaZulu-Natal
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
North West
Northern Cape
Western Cape
Municipalities
List of municipalities in South Africa
By province
Eastern Cape
Free State
Gauteng
KwaZulu-Natal
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
North West
Northern Cape
Western Cape
Types
Metropolitan
Local
District
Transitional
Settlements
By province
Eastern Cape
Free State
Gauteng
KwaZulu-Natal
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
North West
Northern Cape
Western Cape
Coordinates: 32°S 27°E / 32°S 27°E / -32; 27
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Cape&oldid=821807492"
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Eastern Cape
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1994 establishments in South Africa
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Oymyakon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Oymyakon
Оймякон (Russian)
Өймөкөөн (Yakut)
- Rural locality -
Selo[citation needed]

Oymyakon in February 2013

Location of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in Russia
Oymyakon
Location of Oymyakon in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic
Coordinates: 63°27′39″N 142°47′09″E / 63.46083°N 142.78583°E / 63.46083; 142.78583Coordinates: 63°27′39″N 142°47′09″E / 63.46083°N 142.78583°E / 63.46083; 142.78583
Administrative status
Country
Russia
Federal subject
Sakha Republic
Administrative district
Oymyakonsky District[citation needed]
Municipal status
Municipal district
Oymyakonsky Municipal District[citation needed]
Statistics
Population (July 17, 2011 est.)
500 inhabitants[1]
Time zone
VLAT (UTC+10:00)[2]
Postal code(s)[3]
678752
Dialing code(s)
+7 41154[citation needed]
Oymyakon on Wikimedia Commons
Oymyakon (Russian: Оймяко́н, pronounced [ɐjmʲɪˈkon]; Sakha: Өймөкөөн, Öymököön, IPA: [øjmøˈkøːn]) is a rural locality (a selo) in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located along the Indigirka River, 30 kilometers (19 mi) northwest of Tomtor on the Kolyma Highway. It is one of the coldest permanently inhabited locales on Earth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 History
4 Climate
5 In the media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
It is named after the Oymyakon River, whose name reportedly comes from the Even word kheium, meaning "unfrozen patch of water; place where fish spend the winter."[4] However, another source states that the Even word heyum (hэjум) (kheium may be a misspelling) means "frozen lake".[5]
Geography[edit]
Oymyakon, population of 500 people, is in eastern Yakutia at approximately 750 meters above sea level. At the village's northerly position, day length varies from three hours in December to twenty-one hours in June.[6]
History[edit]
During World War II, an airfield was built here for the Alaska-Siberian (ALSIB) air route used to ferry American Lend-Lease aircraft to the Eastern Front.[7]
Climate[edit]
With an extreme subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwd), Oymyakon is known as one of the places considered the Northern Pole of Cold, the other being the town of Verkhoyansk, located 629 km (391 miles) away by air. The ground is permanently frozen (continuous permafrost).
On February 6, 1933, a temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.[8][9] This was the coldest officially recorded temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Only Antarctica has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.)[10][11]
The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and Tomtor. The station is at 750 meters (2,460 ft) and the surrounding mountains at 1,100 meters (3,600 ft), causing cold air to pool in the valley: in fact, recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area increase with altitude by as much as 10 °C (18 °F).[12]
Some years the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) in late September and may remain below freezing until mid-May. In Oymyakon sometimes the average minimum temperature for January, February and December remains below −50 °C (−58 °F). Sometimes summer months can also be quite cold, but June and July are the only months where temperature has never dropped below −10 °C (14 °F). Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are the only two permanently inhabited places in the world that have recorded temperatures below −60.0 °C (−76 °F) for every day in January.[13][14]
Oymyakon has never recorded an above freezing temperature between October 25 and March 17.[15]
Although winters in Oymyakon are long and excessively cold, summers are mild to warm, sometimes hot. The warmest month on record is July 2010 with an average temperature of +18.7 °C (65.7 °F).[citation needed] In June, July and August temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F) are not rare during the day. On July 28, 2010, Oymyakon recorded a record high temperature of 34.6 °C (94 °F),[16] yielding a temperature range of 102.3 °C (184.1 °F). Verkhoyansk and Yakutsk are the only other places in the world with a temperature amplitude higher than 100 °C (180 °F).[citation needed]
The climate is quite dry, but as average monthly temperatures are below freezing for seven months of the year, substantial evaporation occurs only in summer months. Summers are much wetter than winters.
[hide]Climate data for Oymyakon (1981-2010), extremes 1891-present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
−16.6
(2.1) −15.3
(4.5) 2.0
(35.6) 11.7
(53.1) 26.2
(79.2) 31.1
(88) 34.6
(94.3) 33.1
(91.6) 23.7
(74.7) 11.0
(51.8) −2.1
(28.2) −6.5
(20.3) 34.6
(94.3)
Average high °C (°F)
−42.5
(−44.5) −35.4
(−31.7) −20.8
(−5.4) −3.7
(25.3) 9.1
(48.4) 20.0
(68) 22.7
(72.9) 18.2
(64.8) 8.9
(48) −9.2
(15.4) −30.7
(−23.3) −42
(−44) −8.8
(16.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−46.4
(−51.5) −42
(−44) −31.2
(−24.2) −13.6
(7.5) 2.7
(36.9) 12.6
(54.7) 14.9
(58.8) 10.3
(50.5) 2.3
(36.1) −14.8
(5.4) −35.2
(−31.4) −45.5
(−49.9) −15.5
(4.1)
Average low °C (°F)
−50
(−58) −47.3
(−53.1) −40
(−40) −23.9
(−11) −4.7
(23.5) 4.0
(39.2) 6.2
(43.2) 2.6
(36.7) −3.7
(25.3) −20.4
(−4.7) −39.3
(−38.7) −48.8
(−55.8) −22.1
(−7.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−65.4
(−85.7) −67.7
(−89.9) −60.6
(−77.1) −46.4
(−51.5) −28.9
(−20) −9.7
(14.5) −9.3
(15.3) −17.1
(1.2) −25.3
(−13.5) −47.6
(−53.7) −58.5
(−73.3) −62.8
(−81) −67.7
(−89.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
6
(0.24) 7
(0.28) 5
(0.2) 6
(0.24) 13
(0.51) 34
(1.34) 45
(1.77) 39
(1.54) 23
(0.91) 14
(0.55) 12
(0.47) 8
(0.31) 215
(8.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
3.0 2.6 1.4 1.8 3.2 6.6 8.7 7.7 5.1 4.9 4.0 3.0 52.0
Average rainy days
0 0 0.03 0.4 10 17 17 18 13 1 0 0 76
Average snowy days
23 23 16 10 9 1 0.2 0.3 9 21 23 20 156
Average relative humidity (%)
75 74 72 68 60 59 65 70 73 79 77 74 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours
28 118 244 284 282 304 298 236 151 113 58 13 2,129
Source #1: Погода и Климат,[17]January record low[18]February record low[19][20]
Source #2: NOAA (precipitation days and sunshine hours)[21]
In the media[edit]
Oymyakon has been featured in a number of television series:
The episode "The Winter's Tale" of the 1996 PBS weather documentary series Savage Skies.
The season two episode "Siberia" of the documentary series World's Most Dangerous Roads.
Oxford geographer Nick Middleton's television series and accompanying book Going to Extremes, in which he discusses his visit to this village and describes ways in which inhabitants cope with the extreme cold. Middleton describes how Oymyakon lies between two mountain ranges, trapping cold air between throughout the year.[22] In the winter, once every two days, the village's cattle's herd bull was harnessed between the shafts of a sledge with a big water tank on it and led to the spring. The men broke the ice on the spring, let the bull drink its fill, filled the water tank from the spring, and let the bull pull the tanker sledge back into the warm. The water spring was naturally warm and so stayed liquid below the surface ice.
Cameraman Geoff Mackley along with Rachael Wilson and Mark Whetu from New Zealand, made an episode for Discovery Channel series Dangerman. They were accompanied by translator Rob Walker (USA) and Vyacheslav Ipatiev (TourServiceCenter). Geoff rode the bull which pulled the water tank sledge to the spring, and spent a night outside in a tent.[23][24]
The episode "Hot and Cold" in the 2010 BBC series Extreme World features the village.[25]
The episode "Chilling Out" in the 1 April 2012 Episode of Australia's "60 Minutes".[26]
The travel series Departures Season 3 Episode 2 "Russia: The Bull of Winter" March 13, 2010. Travelers Scott Wilson and Justin Lukach, Director of Photography/Director Andre Dupuis, Translator Bogdan Almazov.[27]
"Coldest Road," an episode of the Discovery Channel three-part series Driven to Extremes starring Tom Hardy
The TV show Castle episode "Dead Red" talked about sending a Russian diplomat there to serve his time for a crime he committed.
See also[edit]
Verkhoyansk the other candidate "Northern Pole of Cold" if one considers mean winter temperature
Yakutsk, coldest major city
Summit Camp
Eismitte
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Coldest Inhabited Place on Earth: Oymyakon, Russia". . Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
Jump up ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
Jump up ^ Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998, p. 307.
Jump up ^ Tsintsius, V. I. (1977), Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков : материалы к этимологическому словарю, 2, Leningrad: Nauka, p. 361
Jump up ^ Garrett, Jenna (January 12, 2015). "What It's Like Living in the Coldest Town on Earth". Wired.
Jump up ^ Lebedev, Igor Aviation Lend-Lease to Russia Nova Publishers (1997) pp.44-49
Jump up ^ N.A. Stepanova. "On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth" (PDF). Docs.lib.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth
Jump up ^ "World:Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "International Glaciological Society (IGS)" (PDF). Igsoc.org. 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Верхоянске". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Погода и Климат - Климат Оймякона". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
Jump up ^ "From Russia with love: Coldest place on the earth in Siberia". fromrussiawithlove.blogspot. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Asia: Lowest Temperature". WMO. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Погода в Оймяконе. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 2014 г". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ojmjakon Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Bijal P. Trivedi, Life Is a Chilling Challenge in Subzero Siberia, National Geographic Channel, May 12, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Geoff Mackley - Siberia -Oymyakon expedition Jan 2004". Rambocam.com. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Events 2005-2010 | Sakha Yakutia – Heart of Siberia". Yakutiatravel.com. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Extreme world - How great are the world's divides?". BBC News. November 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chilling Out". Sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au. 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide". Departureentertainment.coms. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Oymyakon.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oymyakon.
Oymyakon 1996/97 Expedition
2008/09 Expedition
City map Oymyakon
Video report from SkyNews
Life in Oymyakon. AskYakutia.com
Russia: The Bull of Winter Season 3 Episode 2 Departures
General information about Oymyakon
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oymyakon&oldid=814754842"
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Oymyakon is located in Sakha Republic

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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimjakon
Oimjakon – Afrikaans
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values: أويمياكون – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakon
Oymyakon – Azerbaijani
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimiakon
Oimiakon – Catalan
ca
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Czech
cs
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Danish
da
da
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimjakon
Oimjakon – German
de
de
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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimjakon
Oimjakon – Estonian
et
et
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values: Οϊμιάκον – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Esperanto
eo
eo
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values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimiakon
Oimiakon – Basque
eu
eu
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values: اویمیاکن – Persian

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakon
Oymyakon – Galician
gl
gl
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values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
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values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Croatian
hr
hr
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Oymyakon – Indonesian
id
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Ojmjakon – Italian
it
it
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values: אוימיאקון – Hebrew

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimjakona
Oimjakona – Latvian
lv
lv
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values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Hungarian
hu
hu
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values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Оймякон – Chechen

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakon
Ojmjakon – Norwegian
no
no
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values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmiakon
Ojmiakon – Polish
pl
pl
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakon
Oymyakon – Portuguese
pt
pt
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimiakon
Oimiakon – Romanian
ro
ro
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values: Оймякон – Russian

values: Өймөкөөн (Өймөкөөн улууһа) – Sakha

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https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakon
Oymyakon – Scots
sco
sco
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https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojmjakoni
Ojmjakoni – Albanian
sq
sq
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Ojmiakon – Slovak
sk
sk
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Ojmjakon – Slovenian
sl
sl
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Ojmjakon – Serbo-Croatian
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sh
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Oimjakon – Finnish
fi
fi
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Ojmjakon – Swedish
sv
sv
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Oymyakon – Turkish
tr
tr
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Oymyakon – Vietnamese
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