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Little Boy
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For other uses, see Little boy (disambiguation).
Little Boy
A post-war Little Boy model
Type
Nuclear weapon
Place of origin
United States
Production history
Designer
Los Alamos Laboratory
Produced
1945
No. built
26
Specifications
Weight
9,700 pounds (4,400 kg)
Length
10 feet (3.0 m)
Diameter
28 inches (71 cm)
Filling
Uranium-235
Filling weight
140 lb (64 kg)
Blast yield
15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ; 0.7 g mass equivalent)
"Little Boy" was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ). The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants.
Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch's group of Captain William S. Parsons's Ordnance (O) Division at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer. The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb. Like Thin Man, it was a gun-type fission weapon, but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium-235, whereas Thin Man was based on fission of plutonium-239. Fission was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium (the "bullet") onto a solid cylinder of the same material (the "target") by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder. It contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium, of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission. Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design.
After the war ended, it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required, and many plans and diagrams were destroyed, but by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect, so six Little Boy assemblies were produced at Sandia Base. The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built another 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the Lockheed P2V Neptune nuclear strike aircraft (which could be launched from, but not land on, the Midway-class aircraft carriers). All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951.
Contents
[hide]
1 Naming
2 Development
3 Design
3.1 Assembly details
3.2 Counter-intuitive design
3.3 Fuse system
4 Rehearsals
5 Bombing of Hiroshima
5.1 Project Ichiban
6 Physical effects of the bomb
6.1 Blast
6.2 Fire
6.3 Radiation
6.4 Conventional weapon equivalent
7 Post-war
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Naming[edit]
The names for all three atomic bomb design projects during World War II—Fat Man, Thin Man, and Little Boy—were created by Robert Serber, a former student of Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer who worked on the Manhattan Project. According to Serber, he chose them based on their design shapes. The "Thin Man" was a long device, and its name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name. The "Fat Man" was round and fat, and was named after Kasper Gutman, Sydney Greenstreet's character in The Maltese Falcon. Little Boy came last, and was named after Elisha Cook, Jr.'s character in the same film, as referred to by Humphrey Bogart.[1]
Development[edit]
Main article: Manhattan Project
Because uranium-235 was known to be fissionable, it was the first material pursued in the approach to bomb development. As the first design developed (as well as the first deployed for combat), it is sometimes known as the Mark I.[2] The vast majority of the work came in the form of the isotope enrichment of the uranium necessary for the weapon, since uranium-235 makes up only 1 part in 140 of natural uranium.[3] Enrichment was performed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the electromagnetic separation plant, known as Y-12, became fully operational in March 1944.[4] The first shipments of highly enriched uranium were sent to the Los Alamos Laboratory in June 1944.[5]
Most of the uranium necessary for the production of the bomb came from the Shinkolobwe mine and was made available thanks to the foresight of the CEO of the High Katanga Mining Union, Edgar Sengier, who had 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) of uranium ore transported to a New York warehouse in 1939.[6] At least part of the 1,200 long tons (1,200 t) of uranium ore and uranium oxide captured by the Alsos Mission in 1944 and 1945 was used in the bomb.[7]
As part of Project Alberta, Commander A. Francis Birch (left) assembles the bomb while physicist Norman Ramsey watches. This is one of the rare photos where the inside of the bomb can be seen.
Little Boy was a simplification of Thin Man, the previous gun-type fission weapon design. Thin Man, 17 feet (5.2 m) long, was designed to use plutonium, so it was also more than capable of using enriched uranium. The Thin Man design was abandoned after experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor-produced plutonium from Oak Ridge and the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240. This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than the cyclotron-produced plutonium on which the original measurements had been made, and its inclusion in reactor-bred plutonium (needed for bomb-making due to the quantities required) appeared unavoidable. This meant that the background fission rate of the plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely the plutonium would predetonate and blow itself apart in the initial forming of a critical mass.[8]
In July 1944, almost all research at Los Alamos was redirected to the implosion-type plutonium weapon. Overall responsibility for the uranium gun-type weapon was assigned to Captain William S. Parsons's Ordnance (O) Division. All the design, development, and technical work at Los Alamos was consolidated under Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch's group.[9]
In contrast to the plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapon and the plutonium gun-type fission weapon, the uranium gun-type weapon was straightforward if not trivial to design. The concept was pursued so that in case of a failure to develop a plutonium bomb, it would still be possible to use the gun principle. The gun-type design henceforth had to work with enriched uranium only, and this allowed the Thin Man design to be greatly simplified. A high-velocity gun was no longer required, and a simpler weapon could be substituted. The simplified weapon was short enough to fit into a B-29 bomb bay.[10]
The design specifications were completed in February 1945, and contracts were let to build the components. Three different plants were used so that no one would have a copy of the complete design. The gun and breech were made by the Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C.; the target case and some other components were by the Naval Ordnance Plant in Center Line, Michigan; and the tail fairing and mounting brackets by the Expert Tool and Die Company in Detroit, Michigan.[11] The bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945.[12] The uranium-235 projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target on 24 July.[13] The target and bomb pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the fissile components) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, California, on 16 July aboard the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis, arriving on 26 July.[14] The target inserts followed by air on 30 July.[13]
Although all of its components had been tested,[13] no full test of a gun-type nuclear weapon occurred before the Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima. The only test explosion of a nuclear weapon concept had been of an implosion-type device employing plutonium as its fissile material, and took place on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity nuclear test. There were several reasons for not testing a Little Boy type of device. Primarily, there was little uranium-235 as compared with the relatively large amount of plutonium which, it was expected, could be produced by the Hanford Site reactors.[15] Additionally, the weapon design was simple enough that it was only deemed necessary to do laboratory tests with the gun-type assembly. Unlike the implosion design, which required sophisticated coordination of shaped explosive charges, the gun-type design was considered almost certain to work.[16]
The danger of accidental detonation made safety a concern. Little Boy incorporated basic safety mechanisms, but an accidental detonation could still occur. Tests were conducted to see whether a crash could drive the hollow "bullet" onto the "target" cylinder resulting in a massive release of radiation, or possibly nuclear detonation. These showed that this required an impact of 500 times the force of gravity, which made it highly unlikely.[17] There was still concern that a crash and a fire could trigger the explosives.[18] If immersed in water, the uranium halves were subject to a neutron moderator effect. While this would not have caused an explosion, it could have created widespread radioactive contamination. For this reason, pilots were advised to crash on land rather than at sea.[17]
Design[edit]
The "gun" assembly method. When the hollow uranium projectile was driven onto the target cylinder, a nuclear explosion resulted.
The Little Boy was 120 inches (300 cm) in length, 28 inches (71 cm) in diameter and weighed approximately 9,700 pounds (4,400 kg).[19] The design used the gun method to explosively force a hollow sub-critical mass of uranium-235 and a solid target cylinder together into a super-critical mass, initiating a nuclear chain reaction. This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto the other by means of four cylindrical silk bags of cordite. The bomb contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium. Most was enriched to 89% but some was only 50% uranium-235, for an average enrichment of 80%.[20] Less than a kilogram of uranium underwent nuclear fission, and of this mass only 0.6 g (0.021 oz) was transformed into several forms of energy, mostly kinetic energy, but also heat and radiation.[21]
Assembly details[edit]
Inside the weapon, the uranium-235 material was divided into two parts, following the gun principle: the "projectile" and the "target". The projectile was a hollow cylinder with 60% of the total mass (38.5 kg (85 lb)). It consisted of a stack of 9 uranium rings, each 6.25-inch (159 mm) in diameter with a 4-inch (100 mm) bore in the center, and a total length of 7 inches (180 mm), pressed together into the front end of a thin-walled projectile 16.25 inches (413 mm) long. Filling in the remainder of the space behind these rings in the projectile was a tungsten carbide disc with a steel back. At ignition, the projectile slug was pushed 42 inches (1,100 mm) along the 72-inch (1,800 mm) long, 6.5-inch (170 mm) smooth-bore gun barrel. The slug "insert" was a 4 inches (100 mm) cylinder, 7 inches (180 mm) in length with a 1 inch (25 mm) axial hole. The slug comprised 40% of the total fissile mass (25.6 kg or 56 lb). The insert was a stack of 6 washer-like uranium discs somewhat thicker than the projectile rings that were slid over a 1 inch (25 mm) rod. This rod then extended forward through the tungsten carbide tamper plug, impact-absorbing anvil, and nose plug backstop, eventually protruding out of the front of the bomb casing. This entire target assembly was secured at both ends with locknuts.[22][23]
When the hollow-front projectile reached the target and slid over the target insert, the assembled super-critical mass of uranium would be completely surrounded by a tamper and neutron reflector of tungsten carbide and steel, both materials having a combined mass of 2,300 kg (5,100 lb).[24] Neutron initiators at the base of the projectile were activated by the impact.[25]
Counter-intuitive design[edit]
For the first fifty years after 1945, every published description and drawing of the Little Boy mechanism assumed that a small, solid projectile was fired into the center of a larger, stationary target.[26] However, critical mass considerations dictated that in Little Boy the larger, hollow piece would be the projectile. The assembled fissile core had more than two critical masses of uranium-235. This required one of the two pieces to have more than one critical mass, with the larger piece avoiding criticality prior to assembly by means of shape and minimal contact with the neutron-reflecting tungsten carbide tamper.
A hole in the center of the larger piece dispersed the mass and increased the surface area, allowing more fission neutrons to escape, thus preventing a premature chain reaction.[27] But, for this larger, hollow piece to have minimal contact with the tamper, it must be the projectile, since only the projectile's back end was in contact with the tamper prior to detonation. The rest of the tungsten carbide surrounded the sub-critical mass target cylinder (called the "insert" by the designers) with air space between it and the insert. This arrangement packs the maximum amount of fissile material into a gun-assembly design.[27]
Fuse system[edit]
Arming plugs for a Little Boy type atomic bomb on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
The bomb employed a fusing system that was designed to detonate the bomb at the most destructive altitude. Calculations showed that for the largest destructive effect, the bomb should explode at an altitude of 580 metres (1,900 ft). The resultant fuze design was a three-stage interlock system:[28]
A timer ensured that the bomb would not explode until at least fifteen seconds after release, one-quarter of the predicted fall time, to ensure safety of the aircraft. The timer was activated when the electrical pull-out plugs connecting it to the airplane pulled loose as the bomb fell, switching it to internal (24V battery) power and starting the timer. At the end of the 15 seconds, the radar altimeters were powered up and responsibility was passed to the barometric stage.[28]
The purpose of the barometric stage was to delay activating the radar altimeter firing command circuit until near detonation altitude. A thin metallic membrane enclosing a vacuum chamber (a similar design is still used today in old-fashioned wall barometers) gradually deformed as ambient air pressure increased during descent. The barometric fuze was not considered accurate enough to detonate the bomb at the precise ignition height, because air pressure varies with local conditions. When the bomb reached the design height for this stage (reportedly 2,000 metres, 6,600 ft), the membrane closed a circuit, activating the radar altimeters. The barometric stage was added because of a worry that external radar signals might detonate the bomb too early.[28]
Two or more redundant radar altimeters were used to reliably detect final altitude. When the altimeters sensed the correct height, the firing switch closed, igniting the three BuOrd Mk15, Mod 1 Navy gun primers in the breech plug, which set off the charge consisting of four silk powder bags each containing two pounds of WM slotted-tube cordite. This launched the uranium projectile towards the opposite end of the gun barrel at an eventual muzzle velocity of 300 metres per second (980 ft/s). Approximately 10 milliseconds later the chain reaction occurred, lasting less than 1 microsecond. The radar altimeters used were modified U.S. Army Air Corps APS-13 tail warning radars, nicknamed "Archie", normally used to warn a fighter pilot of another plane approaching from behind.[28]
Rehearsals[edit]
Little Boy in the bomb pit on Tinian island, before being loaded into Enola Gay's bomb bay. A section of the bomb bay door is visible on the top right.
The Little Boy pre-assemblies were designated L-1, L-2, L-3, L-4, L-5, L-6, L-7, and L-11. L-1, L-2, L-5, and L-6 were expended in test drops. The first drop test was conducted with L-1 on 23 July 1945. It was dropped over the sea near Tinian in order to test the radar altimeter by the B-29 later known as Big Stink, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, the commander of the 509th Composite Group. Two more drop tests over the sea were made on 24 and 25 July, using the L-2 and L-5 units in order to test all components. Tibbets was the pilot for both missions, but this time the bomber used was the one subsequently known as Jabit. L-6 was used as a dress rehearsal on 29 July. The B-29 Next Objective, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney, flew to Iwo Jima, where emergency procedures for loading the bomb onto a standby aircraft were practiced. This rehearsal was repeated on 31 July, but this time L-6 was reloaded onto a different B-29, Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, and the bomb was test dropped near Tinian. L-11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb.[29][30]
Bombing of Hiroshima[edit]
Main article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki § Bombing of Hiroshima
Parsons, the Enola Gay's weaponeer, was concerned about the possibility of an accidental detonation if the plane crashed on takeoff, so he decided not to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech until the aircraft was in flight. Parsons and his assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, made their way into the bomb bay along the narrow catwalk on the port side. Jeppson held a flashlight while Parsons disconnected the primer wires, removed the breech plug, inserted the powder bags, replaced the breech plug, and reconnected the wires. Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target, Jeppson switched the three safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red. The bomb was then fully armed. Jeppson monitored the bomb's circuits.[31]
The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of Little Boy
The bomb was dropped at approximately 08:15 (JST) 6 August 1945. After falling for 44.4 seconds, the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism. The detonation happened at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet (600 ± 15 m). It was less powerful than the Fat Man, which was dropped on Nagasaki, but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher, as Hiroshima was on flat terrain, while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley. According to figures published in 1945, 66,000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast, and 69,000 were injured to varying degrees.[32] Of those deaths, 20,000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army.[33]
The exact measurement of the yield was problematic since the weapon had never been tested. President Harry S. Truman officially announced that the yield was 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ). This was based on Parsons's visual assessment that the blast was greater than what he had seen at the Trinity nuclear test. Since that had been estimated at 18 kilotons of TNT (75 TJ), speech writers rounded up to 20 kilotons. Further discussion was then suppressed, for fear of lessening the impact of the bomb on the Japanese. Data had been collected by Luis Alvarez, Harold Agnew, and Lawrence H. Johnston on the instrument plane, The Great Artiste, but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time.[34]
After hostilities ended, a survey team from the Manhattan Project that included William Penney, Robert Serber, and George T. Reynolds was sent to Hiroshima to evaluate the effects of the blast. From evaluating the effects on objects and structures, Penney concluded that the yield was 12 ± 1 kilotons.[35] Later calculations based on charring pointed to a yield of 13 to 14 kilotons.[36] In 1953, Frederick Reines calculated the yield as 13 kilotons.[34] This figure became the official yield.[37]
Project Ichiban[edit]
In 1962, scientists at Los Alamos created a mockup of Little Boy known as "Project Ichiban" in order to answer some of the unanswered questions, but it failed to clear up all the issues. In 1982, Los Alamos created a replica Little Boy from the original drawings and specifications. This was then tested with enriched uranium but in a safe configuration that would not cause a nuclear explosion. A hydraulic lift was used to move the projectile, and experiments were run to assess neutron emission.[38] Based on this and the data from The Great Artiste, the yield was estimated at 16.6 ± 0.3 kilotons.[39] After considering many estimation methods, a 1985 report concluded that the yield was 15 kilotons ± 20%.[37]
When 1 pound (0.45 kg) of uranium-235 undergoes complete fission, the yield is 8 kilotons. The 16 kiloton yield of the Little Boy bomb was therefore produced by the fission of 2 pounds (0.91 kg) of uranium-235, out of the 141 pounds (64 kg) in the pit. The remaining 139 pounds (63 kg), 98.5% of the total, contributed nothing to the energy yield.[40]
Physical effects of the bomb[edit]
Play media
The General Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a US Air Force film.
After being selected in April 1945, Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed.[41] While damage could be studied later, the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation, using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb. Radio-transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons.[37]
Comparing this yield to the observed damage produced a rule of thumb called the 5 psi lethal area rule. Approximately 100% of people inside the area where the shock wave carries an overpressure of 5 psi or greater would be killed.[42] At Hiroshima, that area was 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) in diameter.[43]
The damage came from three main effects: blast, fire, and radiation.[44]
Blast[edit]
The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X-ray-heated air (the fireball) sending a shock wave or pressure wave in all directions, initially at a velocity greater than the speed of sound,[45] analogous to thunder generated by lightning. Knowledge about urban blast destruction is based largely on studies of Little Boy at Hiroshima. Nagasaki buildings suffered similar damage at similar distances, but the Nagasaki bomb detonated 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) from the city center over hilly terrain that was partially bare of buildings.[46]
Frame house in 1953 nuclear test, 5 psi overpressure
In Hiroshima almost everything within 1.6 kilometres (1.0 mi) of the point directly under the explosion was completely destroyed, except for about 50 heavily reinforced, earthquake-resistant concrete buildings, only the shells of which remained standing. Most were completely gutted, with their windows, doors, sashes, and frames ripped out.[47] The perimeter of severe blast damage approximately followed the 5 psi (34 kPa) contour at 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi).
Later test explosions of nuclear weapons with houses and other test structures nearby confirmed the 5 psi overpressure threshold. Ordinary urban buildings experiencing it will be crushed, toppled, or gutted by the force of air pressure. The picture at right shows the effects of a nuclear-bomb-generated 5 psi pressure wave on a test structure in Nevada in 1953.[48]
A major effect of this kind of structural damage was that it created fuel for fires that were started simultaneously throughout the severe destruction region.
Fire[edit]
The first effect of the explosion was blinding light, accompanied by radiant heat from the fireball. The Hiroshima fireball was 370 metres (1,200 ft) in diameter, with a surface temperature of 6,000 °C (10,830 °F).[49] Near ground zero, everything flammable burst into flame. One famous, anonymous Hiroshima victim, sitting on stone steps 260 metres (850 ft) from the hypocenter, left only a shadow, having absorbed the fireball heat that permanently bleached the surrounding stone.[50] Simultaneous fires were started throughout the blast-damaged area by fireball heat and by overturned stoves and furnaces, electrical shorts, etc. Twenty minutes after the detonation, these fires had merged into a firestorm, pulling in surface air from all directions to feed an inferno which consumed everything flammable.[51]
Hiroshima blast and fire damage, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey map
The Hiroshima firestorm was roughly 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) in diameter, corresponding closely to the severe blast damage zone. (See the USSBS[52] map, right.) Blast-damaged buildings provided fuel for the fire. Structural lumber and furniture were splintered and scattered about. Debris-choked roads obstructed fire fighters. Broken gas pipes fueled the fire, and broken water pipes rendered hydrants useless.[51] At Nagasaki, the fires failed to merge into a single firestorm, and the fire-damaged area was only one fourth as great as at Hiroshima, due in part to a southwest wind that pushed the fires away from the city.[53]
As the map shows, the Hiroshima firestorm jumped natural firebreaks (river channels), as well as prepared firebreaks. The spread of fire stopped only when it reached the edge of the blast-damaged area, encountering less available fuel.[54]
Accurate casualty figures are impossible to determine, because many victims were cremated by the firestorm, along with all record of their existence. The Manhattan Project report on Hiroshima estimated that 60% of immediate deaths were caused by fire, but with the caveat that "many persons near the center of explosion suffered fatal injuries from more than one of the bomb effects."[55] In particular, many fire victims also received lethal doses of nuclear radiation.
Radiation[edit]
Local fallout is dust and ash from a bomb crater, contaminated with radioactive fission products. It falls to earth downwind of the crater and can produce, with radiation alone, a lethal area much larger than that from blast and fire. With an air burst, the fission products rise into the stratosphere, where they dissipate and become part of the global environment. Because Little Boy was an air burst 580 metres (1,900 ft) above the ground, there was no bomb crater and no local radioactive fallout.[56]
However, a burst of intense neutron and gamma radiation came directly from the fireball. Its lethal radius was 1.3 kilometres (0.8 mi),[43] covering about half of the firestorm area. An estimated 30% of immediate fatalities were people who received lethal doses of this direct radiation, but died in the firestorm before their radiation injuries would have become apparent. Over 6,000 people survived the blast and fire, but died of radiation injuries.[55] Among injured survivors, 30% had radiation injuries[57] from which they recovered, but with a lifelong increase in cancer risk.[58] To date, no radiation-related evidence of heritable diseases has been observed among the survivors' children.[59][60][61]
Conventional weapon equivalent[edit]
See also: Operation Meetinghouse
Although Little Boy exploded with the energy equivalent of 16,000 tons of TNT, the Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that the same blast and fire effect could have been caused by 2,100 tons of conventional bombs: "220 B-29s carrying 1,200 tons of incendiary bombs, 400 tons of high-explosive bombs, and 500 tons of anti-personnel fragmentation bombs."[62] Since the target was spread across a two-dimensional plane, the vertical component of a single spherical nuclear explosion was largely wasted. A cluster bomb pattern of smaller explosions would have been a more energy-efficient match to the target.[62]
Post-war[edit]
One of five casings built for the Little Boy bomb used on Hiroshima on display at the Imperial War Museum in London during 2015
When the war ended, it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required, and many plans and diagrams were destroyed. However, by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect. Faced with the prospect of no more plutonium for new cores and no more polonium for the initiators for the cores that had already been produced, Groves ordered that a number of Little Boys be prepared as an interim measure until a cure could be found. No Little Boy assemblies were available, and no comprehensive set of diagrams of the Little Boy could be found, although there were drawings of the various components, and stocks of spare parts.[63][64]
At Sandia Base, three Army officers, Captains Albert Bethel, Richard Meyer, and Bobbie Griffin attempted to re-create the Little Boy. They were supervised by Harlow W. Russ, an expert on Little Boy who served with Project Alberta on Tinian, and was now leader of the Z-11 Group of the Los Alamos Laboratory's Z Division at Sandia. Gradually, they managed to locate the correct drawings and parts, and figured out how they went together. Eventually, they built six Little Boy assemblies. Although the casings, barrels, and components were tested, no enriched uranium was supplied for the bombs. By early 1947, the problem caused by the Wigner effect was on its way to solution, and the three officers were reassigned.[63][64]
The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the nuclear-capable Lockheed P2V Neptune aircraft carrier aircraft (which could be launched from but not land on the Midway-class aircraft carriers). Components were produced by the Naval Ordnance Plants in Pocatello, Idaho, and Louisville, Kentucky. Enough fissionable material was available by 1948 to build ten projectiles and targets, although there were only enough initiators for six.[65] All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951.[66][67]
The Smithsonian Institution displayed a Little Boy (complete, except for enriched uranium), until 1986. The Department of Energy took the weapon from the museum to remove its inner components, so the bombs could not be stolen and detonated with fissile material. The government returned the emptied casing to the Smithsonian in 1993. Three other disarmed bombs are on display in the United States; another is at the Imperial War Museum in London.[26]
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Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946, pp. 21–23.
^ Jump up to: a b The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, p. 409 "An air burst, by definition, is one taking place at such a height above the earth that no appreciable quantities of surface material are taken up into the fireball. ... the deposition of early fallout from an air burst will generally not be significant. An air burst, however, may produce some induced radioactive contamination in the general vicinity of ground zero as a result of neutron capture by elements in the soil." p. 36, "at Hiroshima ... injuries due to fallout were completely absent.".
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, pp. 545, 546.
Jump up ^ Richardson RR 2009.
Jump up ^ Genetic Effects.
Jump up ^ Izumi BJC 2003.
Jump up ^ Izumi IJC 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Olier 1946, p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Coster-Mullen 2012, p. 85.
^ Jump up to: a b Abrahamson & Carew 2002, pp. 41–42.
Jump up ^ Hansen 1995, pp. 116–118.
Jump up ^ Hansen 1995, p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Chart of Strategic Nuclear Bombs". strategic-air-command.com.
References[edit]
Abrahamson, James L.; Carew, Paul H. (2002). Vanguard of American Atomic Deterrence. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97819-2. OCLC 49859889.
"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" (PDF). The Manhattan Engineer District. 29 Jun 1946. Retrieved 2013-11-06. This report can also be found here and here.
Bernstein, Jeremy (2007). Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-88408-X.
Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8. OCLC 58554961.
Coster-Mullen, John (2012). Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. OCLC 298514167.
Diacon, Diane (1984). Residential Housing and Nuclear Attack. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-7099-0868-5.
D'Olier, Franklin, ed. (1946). United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War). Washington: United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 6 November 2013. This report can also be found here.
"Genetic Effects: Question #7". Radiation Effects Research Foundation. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
Glasstone, Samuel (1962). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Revised Edition. United States: United States Department of Defense and United States Atomic Energy Commission. ISBN 978-1258793555.
Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J. (1977). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Third Edition. United States: United States Department of Defense and United States Department of Energy. ISBN 978-1603220163.
Gosling, F. G. (1999). The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-7880-1.
Groves, Leslie R. (1962). Now it Can Be Told: the Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Da Capo Press (1975 reprint). ISBN 0-306-70738-1.
Hansen, Chuck (1995). Volume V: US Nuclear Weapons Histories. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chuckelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-0-3. OCLC 231585284.
Hansen, Chuck (1995a). Volume VII: The Development of US Nuclear Weapons. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chuckelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-7-2. OCLC 231585284.
Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
"Human Shadow Etched in Stone". Photographic Display. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
Izumi S, Koyama K, Soda M, Suyama A (November 2003). "Cancer incidence in children and young adults did not increase relative to parental exposure to atomic bombs". British Journal of Cancer. 89 (9): 1709–13. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601322. PMC 2394417  . PMID 14583774.
Izumi S, Suyama A, Koyama K (November 2003). "Radiation-related mortality among offspring of atomic bomb survivors: a half-century of follow-up". International Journal of Cancer. 107 (2): 292–7. doi:10.1002/ijc.11400. PMID 12949810.
Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
Malik, John S. (1985). "The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions" (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory report number LA-8819. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
"Nuclear Weapon Thermal Effects". Special Weapons Primer, Weapons of Mass Destruction. Federation of American Scientists. 1998. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81378-5. OCLC 13793436.
Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-82414-0.
Richardson, David; et al. (September 2009). "Ionizing Radiation and Leukemia Mortality among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1950–2000". Radiation Research. 172 (3): 368–382. doi:10.1667/RR1801.1. PMID 19708786.
Samuels, David (15 December 2008). "Atomic John: A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs". The New Yorker. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
Serber, Robert; Crease, Robert P. (1998). Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231105460. OCLC 37631186.
External links[edit]
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Little Boy description at Carey Sublette's NuclearWeaponArchive.org
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Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2011)
Hong Kong Convention
Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships
Signed
15 May 2009
Location
Hong Kong
Effective
not effective
Condition
15 ratifications, representing 40% of the world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and on average 3% of recycling tonnage for the previous 10 years
Signatories
5
Parties
6
Depositary
Secretary-General of IMO
Languages
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
The Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships, or Hong Kong Convention is a mulitateral convention adopted in 2009, which has not entered into force. The conference that created the convention was attended by 63 countries, and overseen by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), which is a specialist agency of the United Nations (U.N).[1]
The convention has been designed to try to improve the health and safety of current ship breaking practices. Ship breaking is considered to be "amongst the most dangerous of occupations, with unacceptably high levels of fatalities, injuries and work-related diseases"[2] by the ILO as large ships are often beached and then dismantled by hand by workers with very little personal protective equipment (PPE). This is most common in Asia, with India, Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan holding the largest ship breaking yards.[3]
The Hong Kong Convention recognised that ship recycling is the most environmentally sound way to dispose of a ship at the end of its life, as most of the ship's materials can be reused. However, it sees current methods as unacceptable. The work sees many injuries and fatalities to workers, as they lack the correct safety equipment to handle the large ship correctly as it is dismantled and most vessels contain a large amount of hazardous materials such as asbestos, PCBs, TBT, and CFCs, which can also lead to highly life-threatening diseases such as mesothelioma and lung cancer.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Inventory of Hazardous Materials
2 Signature, Ratification and accession
3 Relation to EU instruments
4 References
Inventory of Hazardous Materials[edit]
The Inventory of Hazardous Materials has been designed to try to minimise the dangers of these hazards. The Convention defines a hazard as: “any material or substance which is liable to create hazards to human health and/or the environment".[5]
All vessels over 500 gross tonnes (GT) that are in commercial service (the convention does not apply to warships or naval auxiliary or ships operating their whole life only in waters subject to the sovereignty or jurisdiction of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly) will have to comply with the convention once it comes into force. Each party that does wish to comply must restrict the use of hazardous materials on all ships that fly the flag of that party.[6]
New ships must all carry an Inventory of Hazardous Materials. The inventory will list all 'hazardous materials' on board the vessel, including their amounts and locations. Existing ships must comply no later than five years after the convention comes into force, or prior to being recycled if this occurs before the five-year period. The inventory will remain with a vessel throughout its lifespan, being updated as all new installations enter the ship, as these may potentially contain hazards. The presence of the inventory will then ensure the safety of crew members during the vessel's working life, and also the safety of workers during the recycling process.
Signature, Ratification and accession[edit]
The convention was open for signature between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010, and remained open for accession afterwards. It will enter into force two years after "15 states, representing 40% of the world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and on average 3% of recycling tonnage for the previous 10 years, have either signed it without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Secretary General".[7] None of these conditions was met as of 2017:
Criterion
Requirement
Status
Number of Parties 15 6
Gross Tonnage of Merchant Shipping 40% 21.23%
Recycling tonnage in past 10 years 3% 0.0423%
The convention was signed by 5 states, 1 of which as ratified it. In addition, 5 states have acceded tot he convention.
State
Signature
Ratification/
Accession
Entry into Force
Territorial
Application
Belgium 000000002016-03-07-00007 March 2016
Denmark 000000002017-06-14-000014 June 2017 not applicable to Greenland and Faroe Islands
France 000000002009-11-19-000019 November 2009 000000002014-07-02-00002 July 2014 full territory
Italy 000000002010-08-02-00002 August 2010
Netherlands 000000002010-04-21-000021 April 2010
Norway 000000002013-06-26-000026 June 2013
Panama 000000002016-09-19-000019 September 2016
Republic of the Congo 000000002014-05-19-000019 May 2014
Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000002010-08-27-000027 August 2010
Turkey 000000002010-08-26-000026 August 2010
Relation to EU instruments[edit]
The EU Ship Recycling Regulation [8] entered into force on 30 December 2013. Although this regulation closely follows the Hong Kong convention, there are important differences. The Regulation sets out a number of requirements for European ships, European ship owners, ship recycling facilities willing to recycle European ships, and the relevant competent authorities or administrations. It also requires the Commission to adopt a number of acts implementing the Regulation (in particular the European List of ship recycling facilities authorized to recycle ships flying the Union flag). For the Inventory of Hazardous Materials required by the EU regulation, there are additional substances listed as prohibited.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "International Maritime Organization". imo.org. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "IShip-breaking: a hazardous work". ilo.org. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Mikelis, Nikos.http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D23449/shiprecycling.pdf "A statistical overview of ship recycling", September 2007. Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/mesothelioma Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/ships/pdf/Convention.pdf Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ International Maritime Organisation http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/ships/pdf/Convention.pdf 'agenda item 8' Retrieved on 11 March 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=818 Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ "Ship recycling - Waste - Environment - European Commission". europa.eu. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "EUR-Lex - 52012PC0118 - EN - EUR-Lex". europa.eu. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Dangerous goods portal
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Bunk'd
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bunk'd
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Pamela Eells O'Connell
Starring
Peyton List
Karan Brar
Skai Jackson
Miranda May
Kevin Quinn
Nathan Arenas
Nina Lu
Mallory James Mahoney
Raphael Alejandro
Will Buie Jr.
Theme music composer
Steve Hampton
John Adair
Paul Bessenbacher
Brad Hamilton
Opening theme
"Kikiwaka"
by Kevin Quinn[1]
Composer(s)
John Adair & Steve Hampton
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
58 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Pamela Eells O'Connell
Adam Lapidus
Producer(s)
Mike Montesano
Ted Zizik
Shari Tavey
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
21–23 minutes
Production company(s)
Bon Mot Productions
It's a Laugh Productions
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Picture format
720p (HDTV)
Audio format
5.1 surround sound
Original release
July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Jessie (2011–15)
External links
Website
Production website
Bunk'd is an American comedy television series created by Pamela Eells O'Connell that premiered on Disney Channel on July 31, 2015, and is a spinoff of Jessie. The series stars Peyton List, Karan Brar, and Skai Jackson from Jessie, as well as Miranda May.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
3.1 Main
3.2 Recurring
3.3 Notable guest stars
4 Production
5 Broadcast
6 Ratings
7 References
8 External links
Plot
Emma, Ravi, and Zuri leave New York City and head off to Moose Rump, Maine, to spend the summer at Camp Kikiwaka, where their parents met as teenagers. The Ross children and their new friends try their best to adapt to their lives at the camp, which was founded by Jedediah Swearengen and is named after a legendary creature that lives in the nearby forest.
In "We Didn't Start the Fire", several cabins at Camp Kikiwaka are destroyed by a fire after a candle was left unattended. In the premiere of the third season, "We Can't Bear It", the Ross children return with a new generation of campers to find the cabins were never rebuilt and Gladys ran away with the insurance money. The Ross children then convince their parents to buy Camp Kikiwaka and put them in charge.
Episodes
Main article: List of Bunk'd episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 21 July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31) May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)
2 21 August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23) May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
3 16[2] June 18, 2018 (2018-06-18) September 21, 2018 (2018-09-21)[2]
Cast and characters
Main
The main characters during seasons 1–2: Tiffany, Xander, Zuri, Emma, Ravi, Jorge, and Lou.
Peyton List as Emma Ross, the oldest of the Ross children and counselor-in-training in Cabin Woodchuck. She is shown to have a unique sense of fashion. She becomes manager of the camp in the third season.
Karan Brar as Ravi Ross, an extremely smart counselor-in-training in Cabin Grizzly. The second-youngest of the Ross children, he brings his pet Asian water monitor Mrs. Kipling to camp. In the third season, he becomes camp chef and lead male counselor.
Skai Jackson as Zuri Ross, a sweet yet sharp, sarcastic, and talkative girl. She is the youngest of the Ross children and is a camper in Cabin Woodchuck.
Miranda May as Lou, a hyperactive farm girl and Emma's friend. She is the head counselor of Cabin Woodchuck and is a longtime friend of Xander.
Kevin Quinn as Xander (seasons 1–2), the popular head counselor of Cabin Grizzly and resident musician. He is a longtime friend of Lou and becomes the love interest for Emma.
Nathan Arenas as Jorge (seasons 1–2), a bespectacled boy of Hispanic descent who is Ravi's friend and a camper in Cabin Grizzly. He is shown to be very messy, unclean, and calls people "weird". Jorge once claimed that he was abducted by aliens.
Nina Lu as Tiffany (seasons 1–2), a young girl camper of Chinese descent whom Zuri befriends. She has an overbearing mother who expects a lot out of her.
Mallory James Mahoney as Destiny (season 3), a girl who has won almost all of the beauty pageants she has competed in.
Raphael Alejandro as Matteo (season 3), a cautious boy who can find danger in any situation, packs spider and snake bite kits, would rather not be at Camp Kikiwaka, and speaks Portuguese when he is either scared or emotional.
Will Buie Jr. as Finn (season 3), Lou's second cousin and a messy boy who does not care about hygiene, washing his clothes, or using his toothbrush.
Recurring
Mary Scheer as Gladys (seasons 1–2), the strict proprietor of Camp Kikiwaka who is a descendant of Jedediah Swearengen. She has been jealous of Christina Ross ever since Christina had "stolen" Morgan from her. Since then, Gladys has been unsuccessful at getting a boyfriend as most people she tries to romance end up avoiding her in various ways. By the third season, it was mentioned that Gladys left Moose Rump for good and took the insurance money for the burned-down cabins and left Christina and Morgan to gain ownership of the camp.
Tessa Netting as Hazel (seasons 1–2), the head counselor of Camp Kikiwaka and the main counselor of Weasel Cabin who is then demoted to CIT after accidentally burning down Woodchuck and Grizzly Cabins. She is the niece of Gladys and descendant of Jedidiah Swearengen. She seeks to steal Xander's affection away from Emma.
Casey Campbell as Murphy, the camp chef who is responsible for the terrible food and is Gladys' on and off love interest. Though gruff and gross, Murphy also ends up involved in many of the children's hijinks. In "By All Memes", it was revealed that Murphy resigned from working at Camp Kikiwaka and got a job as a chef at Camp Champion, a rival camp.
Lincoln Melcher as Griff (season 2), a juvenile delinquent who is placed in Grizzly Cabin as part of his juvenile hall's Nature Rehabilitation Program during the second season.
Lily Mae Silverstein as Lydia (seasons 2–3), a camper from Weasel Cabin. Lydia is known for a very dark look such as black lipstick and a bandana, and her aggressive demeanor similar to her followers.
Notable guest stars
A few cast members from Jessie reprise their roles in Bunk'd. Cameron Boyce appears as a special guest star in "Luke's Back" and "Luke Out Below", reprising his role as Luke Ross. Kevin Chamberlin appears as a special guest star in "A Bad Case of the Weasels", reprising his role as Bertram, the butler. Christina Moore appears as a guest star in "Mother May I?" reprising her role of Christina Ross.
Production
The series is a spinoff of Jessie.[3] Bunk'd was renewed for a second season by Disney Channel on February 29, 2016.[4] The second season premiered on August 23, 2016.
The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31, 2017.[5] On June 1, 2018, it was announced that Peyton List, Karan Brar, Skai Jackson, and Miranda May would be returning for the third season and that Raphael Alejandro, Will Buie Jr., and Mallory Mahoney would be joining the cast. The third season premiered on Disney Channel on June 18, 2018. In March 2018, actress Skai Jackson stated in an interview that she was leaving Disney and that Bunk'd would end with the third season.[6] In September 2018 it was confirmed in a report from The Hollywood Reporter that Peyton List would also leave the series after the "conclusion" of its third season.[7]
Broadcast
In Canada, the series premiered on Disney Channel Canada on the second day of the channel's launch on September 2, 2015.[8] The series premiered on Disney Channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 20, 2015,[9] and premiered in Australia and New Zealand on January 14, 2016.[10]
Ratings
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 21 July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31) 4.24[11] May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20) 1.25[12] 1.76
2 21 August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23) 1.35[13] May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24) 0.99[14] 1.23
3 16 June 18, 2018 (2018-06-18) 0.97[15] September 21, 2018 (2018-09-21) 0.65[16] 0.82
References
Jump up ^ Kevin Quinn (July 31, 2015). Kikiwaka (Bunk'd Theme Song). DisneyMusicVEVO. Retrieved August 1, 2015 – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bunk'd". The Futon Critic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. Current Season: 3 (16 episodes)
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (April 24, 2015). "Disney Channel's Jessie Spinoff Gets Title, Premise, Cast Additions". TVLine. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (February 29, 2016). "Bunk'd, Best Friends Whenever Renewed for Season 2 on Disney Channel". Deadline. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (August 31, 2017). "Stuck in the Middle, Bunk'd & Walk the Prank Renewed for Season 3 by Disney". Deadline. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cindy McLeannen (April 2, 2018). "Bunk'd: No Season Four; Disney Channel Series Ending". TV Series Finale. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kevin Rutherford (September 1, 2018). "Will Smith, Jada Pinkett Smith Dominate Top Actors Social Media Ranking". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 22, 2018. The Disney Channel star revealed she's moving on from the network after the conclusion of Bunk'd later this year...
Jump up ^ "Get Ready Canada! Disney Channel Arrives on September 1!". Corus Entertainment. August 11, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Camp Kikiwaka". TV Guide UK. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chuck P (December 24, 2015). "New on Foxtel in January: 200+ Shows Including War and Peace, Legends of Tomorrow and Live Sport". Foxtel. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 3, 2015). "Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update: 7.31.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 23, 2016). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.20.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 24, 2016). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.23.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 25, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.24.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (June 19, 2018). "Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 24, 2018). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.21.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
External links
Bunk'd on IMDb
Bunk'd at Disney Channel Press
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See also
It's a Laugh Productions
Disney Television Animation
Brookwell McNamara Entertainment
Crossovers
Disney Channel Storytellers
25 Days of Christmas
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Current
Bunk'd (since 2015)
Bizaardvark (since 2016)
Raven's Home (since 2017)
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The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–08)
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Cory in the House (2007–08)
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Lab Rats (2012–16)
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Dog with a Blog (2012–15)
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I Didn't Do It (2014–15)
Girl Meets World (2014–17)
K.C. Undercover (2015–18)
Best Friends Whenever (2015–16)
Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything (2015–17)
Lab Rats: Elite Force (2016)
Films
Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009)
Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie (2009)
The Suite Life Movie (2011)
Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas! (2011)
Crossovers
"That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana" (2006)
"Take This Job and Love It" (2007)
"Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana" (2009)
"Weasels on Deck" (2010)
"Charlie Shakes it Up" (2011)
"Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year" (2012)
"Good Luck Jessie: NYC Christmas" (2013)
"Jessie's Aloha-holidays with Parker and Joey" (2014)
"Karate Kid-tastrophe" (2015)
"Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med" (2015)
TV specials
The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex (2013)
Related
ABC Kids
Disney Channel
Disney XD
Disney Channel Original Series
Disney Channel Original Movies
Toon Disney (1998–2009)
Disney Channel Storytellers
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values: Template talk:Disney Channel Original Series

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/wiki/ABC_Kids_(US)
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ABC Kids (US)

values: Category:2010s American comedy television series

values: Category:2015 American television series debuts

values: Category:Television series by It's a Laugh Productions

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/wiki/Bunk%27d
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunk%27d
Bunk'd – Danish
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunk%27d
Bunk'd – Spanish
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values: Summer Camp (serie televisiva) – Italian

values: קיקיוואקה: מחנה קיץ – Hebrew

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values: キャンプ・キキワカ – Japanese

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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunk%27d
Bunk'd – Portuguese
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values: Летний лагерь (телесериал) – Russian

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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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