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German Fairy Tale Route
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The German Fairy Tale Route[1] (German: Deutsche Märchenstraße) is a tourist attraction in Germany originally established in 1975. With a length of 600 kilometres (370 mi),[2] the route runs from Hanau in central Germany to Bremen in the north. Tourist attractions along the route are focused around the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, including locations where they lived and worked at various stages in their life, as well as regions which are linked to the fairy tales found in the Grimm collection, such as The Town Musicians of Bremen. The Verein Deutsche Märchenstraße society, headquartered in the city of Kassel, is responsible for the route, which travellers can recognize with the help of road signs depicting the heart-shaped head of a pretty, fairylike creature.[3]
Brothers Grimm Memorial in Hanau, by Syrius Eberle
Contents
1 Tourist attractions
2 From Hanau to Kassel
3 From Kassel to Fürstenberg
3.1 Mother Hulda Route
3.2 Sleeping Beauty Route
4 From Fürstenberg to Bremen
5 References
6 Literature
7 External links
Tourist attractions[edit]
The German Fairy Tale Route passes through various scenic regions, which include eight nature parks including the Hessian Spessart Nature Park, Hoher Vogelsberg Nature Park, Kellerwald-Edersee Nature Park, Meißner-Kaufungen Forest Nature Park, Habichtswald Nature Park and the Weser Uplands Nature Park. The towns and cities associated with the Brothers Grimm and located along the route are Hanau, Steinau, Marburg and Kassel. The original Children’s and Household Tales (German: Kinder- und Hausmärchen), edited and published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in 1812 and known today as Grimm’s Fairy Tales (German: Grimms Märchen), can be found in Kassel. In 2005, this collection was added to the UNESCO World Document Heritage List. Several places along the Fairy Tale Route are connected with the fairy tales themselves. In the town of Alsfeld, visitors can see what is known as the House of Little Red Riding Hood (Rotkäppchenhaus); the spa Bad Wildungen offers a Snow White Museum (Schneewittchen Museum); and Dorothea Viehmann, from whom the Grimms learned about many of the fairy tales found in their collection, was born in what today is the community of Baunatal. According to legend, the hill Hoher Meissner is where Mother Hulda is said to have resided; Sababurg Castle, located in Reinhardswald Park, is referred to as the Sleeping Beauty Castle. Further attractions include the town of Hamelin, of Pied Piper fame; the spa of Bad Oeynhausen, which has a museum devoted to fairy tales and local legends (Deutsches Märchen- und Wesersagenmuseum); and the city of Bremen, which is famous for the tale of the Town Musicians of Bremen.
Numerous picturesque medieval towns can be found among the Route's attractions as well. In 1975, the Council of Europe awarded Alsfeld the status of a model European community for the conservation of historic buildings. The old centre of the town of Hann. Münden comprises roughly 700 half-timbered houses; the 1300-year-old town of Fritzlar is famous for its imperial cathedral; and Hamelin contains beautiful examples of Weser Renaissance architecture.
The baroque grounds of Philippsruhe Castle in Hanau, the fountain displays in the Hillside Park of Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe, as well as the Bremen Town Hall with the adjacent statue of Roland (both of which are on the UNESCO World Heritage List) are also of particular interest. The 200th anniversary of the first publication of Children's and Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm was observed in 2012-2013 with a series of events. Many other events, open-air festivals, exhibits, and performances dealing with the topic of fairy tales are held annually.
From Hanau to Kassel[edit]
Alsfeld, Fairy Tale House
The German Fairy-Tale Route runs from south to north and passes the following places of interest:[4][5]
Hanau (birthplace of the Brothers Grimm)
Steinau (Grimm House, childhood home of the Brothers Grimm)
Schlüchtern
Freiensteinau
Herbstein
Marburg (where the Brothers studied)
Lahntal
Little Red Riding Hood land—stretching from Alsfeld to Fritzlar
Alsfeld (Fairy Tale House)
Neustadt (Hesse)
Willingshausen
Schrecksbach
Schwalmstadt
Oberaula
Knüllwald
Homberg on Efze
Fritzlar
Bad Wildungen (Snow White village of Bergfreiheit)
Waldeck and the Edersee resort area
Gudensberg
Niedenstein
Wolfhagen
Schauenburg (Schauenburger Märchenwache: a museum dedicated to the locals Marie Hassenpflug and J.F. Krause, both of whom contributed fairy tales to the Grimm collection)
Baunatal (birthplace of Dorothea Viehmann, from whom the Brothers Grimm learned many of the fairy tales to be found in their collection), Kassel (where the brothers attended secondary school and where they lived for 30 years; the Brothers Grimm Museum; the Home of Dorothea Viehmann in the Kassel district of Niederzwehren
From Kassel to Fürstenberg[edit]
Between Kassel and Fürstenberg, the Route offers two alternatives:
Mother Hulda Route[edit]
Kassel: Herkules monument by night
Kassel
Nieste
Kaufungen
Helsa
Grossalmerode
Hessisch Lichtenau
Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Witzenhausen
Heilbad Heiligenstadt
Ebergötzen (Wilhelm Busch)
Bovenden
Wahlsburg
Fürstenberg (porcelain manufactory)
Sleeping Beauty Route[edit]
Sleeping Beauty Castle Sababurg
Kassel
Hann. Münden (place of death of Johann Andreas Eisenbarth, known as the “travelling surgeon” Doctor Eisenbarth)
Immenhausen
Reinhardswald (including Sababurg Castle, known as the Sleeping Beauty Castle)
Hofgeismar
Trendelburg
Oberweser
Fürstenberg (porcelain manufactory)
From Fürstenberg to Bremen[edit]
To the north of Fürstenberg, the Route’s two forks rejoin:
Hamelin: Pied Piper Fountain
Fürstenberg,
Polle,
Bodenwerder (birthplace of Baron Münchhausen),
Hamelin (setting of the Pied Piper of Hamelin),
Hessisch Oldendorf (associated with The Legend of Baxmann),
Bad Oeynhausen (site of a museum devoted to fairy tales and local legends),
Nienburg,
Buxtehude (associated with The Hare and the Hedgehog),
Bremen (associated with The Town Musicians of Bremen),
Bremerhaven.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ This is the official name used on the website - see Portrait. However, many English sources also call it the "German Fairy Tale Road".
Jump up ^ German Fairy Tale Route brochure, Deutsche Märchenstraße e.V., Kassel, 2007.
Jump up ^ Presseinfos des Vereins: „10.04.2010 - Presse-Basis-Info“ (PDF) Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. (checked on July 8, 2010, in German only)
Jump up ^ Official map of the route, published by the Verein Deutsche Märchenstraße e.V. (checked on September 30th, 2010)
Jump up ^ Info flyer, published by the Verein Deutsche Märchenstraße e.V. (in German) (checked on September 30th, 2010)
Literature[edit]
E. Michael Iba, Thomas L. Johnson: THE GERMAN FAIRY TALE LANDSCAPE - The storied world of the Brothers Grimm, CW Niemeyer, Hamelin, 2015. ISBN 978-3-8271-9139-7
Eberhard Michael Iba: Die Deutsche Märchenstraße. Eine sagenhafte Reise vom Main zum Meer,
 Hamelin 2011. ISBN 978-3-8271-9136-6

Eberhard Michael Iba: Auf den Spuren der Brüder Grimm. Teil I: Eine literarische Reise von Hanau nach Höxter ("On the Trail of the Brothers Grimm. Part I: A Literary Journey from Hanau to Höxter"). Strassen (Luxembourg), 2000. ISBN 2-9599793-0-3
Eberhard Michael Iba: Auf den Spuren der Brüder Grimm von Hanau nach Bremen. Märchen, Sagen, Geschichten ("On the Trail of the Brothers Grimm from Hanau to Bremen. Fairy Tales, Legends, Stories."). . Pustet, Regensburg, 1978. ISBN 3-7917-0536-9
Michael Pasdzior, Matthias Reinhard: Die Deutsche Märchenstraße. Auf den Spuren der Brüder Grimm ("The German Fairy Tale Route. On the Trail of the Brothers Grimm"). Ellert und Richter, Hamburg, 1996. ISBN 3-89234-681-X
Dorothee Hemme: Märchenstraßen - Lebenswelten. Zur kulturellen Konstruktion einer touristischen Themenstraße ("Fairy Tale Route - Real World. The Cultural Construction of a Themed Tourist Route"). Lit, Berlin/Munster, 2009. ISBN 978-3-643-10179-2 (Secondary school paper: Zugel. Dissertation, University of Göttingen, 2007)
External links[edit]
Website of the German Fairy Tale Route. (English)
Website of Germany Tourism (English)
New York Times article (English)
Places along the route:
The city of Marburg (English)
The city of Bad Wildungen (English)
The Waldeck region (English)
The city of Kassel (English)
The Fürstenberg porcelain factory (English)
The city of Hann. Münden (language selectable)
The city of Bremen (English)
The city of Bremerhaven (English)
Children's literature portal
hide
v
t
e
The Brothers Grimm
Key articles
Jacob Grimm
Wilhelm Grimm
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Deutsche Sagen
Deutsche Mythologie
Notable tales
"Bearskin"
"The Brave Little Tailor"
"Brother and Sister"
"Cat and Mouse in Partnership"
"Cinderella"
"The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs"
"The Dog and the Sparrow"
"The Elves and the Shoemaker"
"The Four Skillful Brothers"
"The Frog Prince"
"The Fisherman and His Wife"
"The Golden Bird"
"The Golden Goose"
"The Goose Girl"
"The Goose-Girl at the Well"
"Hans My Hedgehog"
"Hansel and Gretel"
"The Hut in the Forest"
"Jorinde and Joringel"
"The Juniper Tree"
"The King of the Golden Mountain"
"King Thrushbeard"
"Little Red Riding Hood"
"Mary's Child"
"Mother Holle"
"Old Hildebrand"
"Old Sultan"
"The Queen Bee"
"Rapunzel"
"The Riddle"
Rumpelstiltskin
"The Seven Ravens"
"The Six Servants"
"The Six Swans"
"Sleeping Beauty"
"Snow White"
"Snow-White and Rose-Red"
"The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was"
"The Three Little Men in the Wood"
"The Three Spinners"
"Thumbling"
"Town Musicians of Bremen"
"Trusty John"
"The Turnip"
"The Twelve Brothers"
"The Twelve Dancing Princesses"
The White Snake
"The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats"
"The Wonderful Musician"
Other
Grimm's law
Göttingen Seven
Grim Tales
The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics
The Brothers Grimm
Grimm Tales
The Sisters Grimm
Fairy tale
American McGee's Grimm
German Fairy Tale Route
Grimm
Once Upon a Time
Category
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WorldCat Identities
GND: 4011683-9
VIAF: 242964191
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Joffrey Baratheon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Joffrey Baratheon
A Song of Ice and Fire character
Game of Thrones character
Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon
First appearance
Novel:
A Game of Thrones (1996)
Television:
"Winter Is Coming" (2011)
Last appearance
Novel:
A Storm of Swords (2000)
Television:
"Breaker of Chains" (2014)
Created by
George R. R. Martin
Portrayed by
Jack Gleeson
(Game of Thrones)
Information
Aliases
Joffrey the Illborn
The Young Usurper
Gender
Male
Title
King of the Andals, the Rhoynar, and the First Men
Lord of the Seven Kingdoms
Protector of the Realm
Family
House Lannister
House Baratheon (legally)
Spouse(s)
Margaery Tyrell (unconsummated)
Relatives
Cersei Lannister (mother)
Robert Baratheon (legal father)
Jaime Lannister (biological father/uncle)
Tommen Baratheon (brother)
Myrcella Baratheon (sister)
Tywin Lannister (grandfather)
Joanna Lannister (grandmother)
Tyrion Lannister (uncle)
Kingdom
The Crownlands
Joffrey Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones.[1]
Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Joffrey is the eldest son of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000).
Joffrey is portrayed by Irish actor Jack Gleeson in the HBO television adaptation.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Character description
3 Storylines
3.1 A Game of Thrones
3.2 A Clash of Kings
3.3 A Storm of Swords
3.4 Later novels
4 Family tree of House Lannister
5 TV adaptation
5.1 Storylines
5.1.1 Season 1
5.1.2 Season 2
5.1.3 Season 3
5.1.4 Season 4
6 Reception
7 References
Overview[edit]
Joffrey Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his mother Cersei Lannister, his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fiancée Sansa Stark. Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels.[5] He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome.
Character description[edit]
In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister. He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship. Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins.[6]
Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm. This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead. He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death, and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes. He has no sense of personal responsibility, blaming failures on others. He lacks self-control and often insults his allies and family members. Joffrey is one of the story's few characters to display no redeeming qualities whatsoever.
Joffrey is 12 years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996).
Storylines[edit]
Joffrey Baratheon's personal coat of arms
A Game of Thrones[edit]
Prince Joffrey is taken by his parents to Winterfell and is betrothed to Sansa Stark in order to create an alliance between House Baratheon and House Stark. At first, Joffrey is kind and polite to Sansa. However, he refuses to show sympathy with the family when Bran Stark falls from a tower; this makes Joffrey's uncle Tyrion have to physically punish him until he shows respect. While on the Kingsroad to King's Landing, Joffrey and Sansa come across Arya Stark practicing swordplay with a commoner Mycah. Joffrey accuses Mycah of assaulting a noble girl and makes a cut on his face with a sword. This causes Arya to hit Joffrey, allowing Mycah to escape. Joffrey then turns on Arya, making her direwolf Nymeria attack Joffrey, injuring him. Later, Joffrey lies about the attack, saying it was unprovoked and demands Nymeria to be killed; however, Sansa's direwolf Lady is killed instead. He later orders his bodyguard and sworn sword Sandor "The Hound" Clegane to kill Mycah and bring him back his corpse, which he does.
Later, Eddard Stark discovers that Joffrey is not King Robert's son and rightful heir, by examining the family history and realizing that black hair is a dominant trait in the Baratheon line, hence the blonde hair can be attributed to the incestuous relationship of Queen Cersei and Ser Jaime. This causes Eddard to refuse to acknowledge Joffrey's claim to the throne when King Robert dies. He is taken into custody and his guards and household are murdered.
Sansa kneels and begs for Joffrey to spare her father's life and give him a chance to confess the treason. Joffrey promises Sansa that if Eddard truly does confess, he would be merciful. Reluctant at first, Eddard begrudgingly accepts Joffrey as the rightful King in order to spare Sansa's life. However, Joffrey, though pleased by Eddard's "confession", says that he has no acceptance for traitors and instead beheads Eddard and later forces Sansa to look upon her father's head.
A Clash of Kings[edit]
Joffrey is briefly seen in A Clash of Kings (1998). He rules with whim and caprice, proving difficult for even his mother to control. Sansa becomes imprisoned to his will, and he frequently has his guards beat her when she displeases him. When Stannis Baratheon attacks King's Landing, Joffrey leaves the battlefield, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion's use of wildfire and his grandfather Tywin's last-minute counterattack aided by the forces of House Tyrell.
A Storm of Swords[edit]
Joffrey sets aside his earlier betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell, cementing an alliance between the Lannisters and House Tyrell. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head, when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged. Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again, and later Joffrey turns on Tywin, who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin. During his wedding feast in the throne room, he presents an extremely offensive play of "The War of the Five Kings, " with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the conclusion of the dinner, however, Joffrey's wine is poisoned, and he dies in an event known as "The Purple Wedding," in which Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in A Storm of Swords (2000). It is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators, with assistance from royal fool Ser Dontos Hollard, who successfully smuggles Tyrion's wife Sansa out of King's Landing before either of them can be caught and tried for Joffrey's murder.
Later novels[edit]
Joffrey is mentioned a few times in the later novels.
Family tree of House Lannister[edit]
[hide]
v
t
e
Descendants of Tytos Lannister
Tytos [a] Jeyne
Marbrand [b]
Joanna[c] Tywin[c] Emmon
Frey[c] Genna[c] Kevan[c] Dorna
Swyft[c] Tygett[c] Darlessa
Marbrand [c] Gerion[c] Briony [d]
Robert
Baratheon[c] Cersei[c] Jaime
"The Kingslayer" [c] Tysha[e] Tyrion
"The Imp" [c] Sansa
Stark[f] Amerei
Frey[g] Lancel[c] Martyn[c] Willem [c] Janei[c] Tyrek[c] Ermesande
Hayford [h] Joy
Hill[c]
Joffrey
Baratheon[i][j] Myrcella
Baratheon[i][j] Margaery
Tyrell [k][l] Tommen
Baratheon[i][j] Tion
Frey[c] "Red" Walder
Frey[m] Jeyne
Darry[n] Cleos
Frey[c] Lyonel
Frey[m] Melesa Crakehall
Tywin
Frey[n] Willem
Frey[n]
References and notes:
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 56: Tyrion". A Game of Thrones. p. 593. ISBN 978-0-553-89784-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Martin. "Appendix: House Lannister". A Game of Thrones. pp. 787–788.
Jump up ^ Martin; García Jr.; Antonsson. "Appendix: Lannister Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire.
Jump up ^ Tyrion's first wife was a peasant girl named Tysha. The marriage was later annulled by Lord Tywin's order.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 28: Sansa". A Storm of Swords. pp. 382–393. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2005). "Chapter 30: Jaime". A Feast for Crows. pp. 501–518. ISBN 978-0-553-90032-3.
Jump up ^ Martin. "Appendix: The King on the Iron Throne". A Storm of Swords. p. 1131.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin. "Appendix: House Baratheon". A Game of Thrones. p. 783.
^ Jump up to: a b c Though officially Robert's children, Joffrey, Myrcella and Tommen are the products of an incestuous affair between Cersei and Jaime.
Jump up ^ Martin. "Appendix: The Queen Regent". A Feast for Crows. p. 782.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2011). "Appendix: The Boy King". A Dance with Dragons. p. 1055. ISBN 978-0-553-90565-6. [m] [n]
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Appendix: House Lannister". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R. R. (2011). "Appendix: House Lannister". A Dance with Dragons. ISBN 978-0553801477.
TV adaptation[edit]
In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television.[7][8] Years later young actor Jack Gleeson was cast as Joffrey Baratheon.[9]
Storylines[edit]
Jack Gleeson plays the role of Joffrey Baratheon in the television series.
Joffrey Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms. He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister's children and heir to the Iron Throne. Evil, arrogant, vicious, and cruel, he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father – in reality, he is the son of Jaime Lannister.
Season 1[edit]
After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father's will, and his mother uses him as a puppet. A cruel ruler, Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed.
Season 2[edit]
His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as his uncle Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne. He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa. His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father's bastard children in King's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed. When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting. When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion and his grandfather Tywin, aided by the forces of House Tyrell. To cement the alliance between their families, Joffrey's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell.
Season 3[edit]
The marriage is yet to take place, and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather, who are (in their respective ways) rebutting his cruelty. He also seems to take little interest in his bride, but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people's favor, in which he takes part. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head, when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged. Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again, and later Joffrey turns on Tywin, who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin.
Season 4[edit]
Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of "The War of the Five Kings, " with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa. Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry "that monster". Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King.
Reception[edit]
Jack Gleeson has received positive reviews for his role as Joffrey Baratheon in the television series. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked the character #4 in their list of the "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".[10] Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to "five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled".[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton (16 April 2014). "King Joffrey: Jack Gleeson to retire from acting after Game of Thrones". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Cast and Crew: Joffrey Baratheon played by Jack Gleeson". HBO. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4". HBO.
Jump up ^ "From HBO". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Viewer's Guide".
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Viewer's Guide".
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (2013). "Producers David Benioff, Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk Game of Thrones Season 3 and 4, Martin’s Cameo, the End of the Series, and More". Collider.com. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (January 16, 2007). "HBO turns Fire into fantasy series". Variety. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jack Gleeson Was Not Originally Supposed To Play Joffrey On 'Game Of Thrones'". The Huffington Post. 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Collins, Sean T. (February 9, 2016). "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dent, Grace (interviewer); Martin, George R. R. (2012-06-12). Game Of Thrones – Interview with George R.R. Martin. YouTube.
[show]
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t
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George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones (1996)
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A Storm of Swords (2000)
A Feast for Crows (2005)
A Dance with Dragons (2011)
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Risk of infection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Risk of infection is a nursing diagnosis which is defined as "the state in which an individual is at risk to be invaded by an opportunistic or pathogenic agent (virus, fungus, bacteria, protozoa, or other parasite) from endogenous or exogenous sources"[1] and was approved by NANDA in 1986. Although anyone can become infected by a pathogen, patients with this diagnosis are at an elevated risk and extra infection controls should be considered.
Contents
[hide]
1 Endogenous sources
2 Assessment
3 Intervention
4 References
Endogenous sources[edit]
The risk of infection depends on a number of endogenous sources.[2] Skin damage from incision as well as very young or old age can increase a patient's risk of infection. Examples of risk factors includes decreased immune system secondary to disease, compromised circulation secondary to peripheral vascular disease, compromised skin integrity secondary to surgery, or repeated contact with contagious agents.
Assessment[edit]
The patient should be asked about a history of repeated infections, symptoms of infection, recent travel to high-risk areas, and their immunization history. They should also be assessed for objective signs such as the presence of wounds, fever, or signs of nutritional deficiency
Intervention[edit]
The specific nursing interventions will depend on the nature and severity of the risk. Patients should be taught how to recognize the signs of infection and how to reduce their risk. Surgery is a frequent risk factor for infection and a physician may prescribe antibiotics prophylactically. Immunization is another common medical intervention for those who are at high risk for infection. Hand washing is the best way to break the chain of infection.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carpenito, L J (ed.). Nursing diagnosis: application to clinical practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott. ISBN 0-7817-3319-7.
Jump up ^ Spry, Cynthia. Essentials of Perioperative Nursing. Jones & Bartlett. p. 80. ISBN 0-8342-0581-5. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risk_of_infection&oldid=803100238"
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Climate of Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A typical North Atlantic low-pressure area moving across Ireland
Köppen climate types in Ireland
The climate of Ireland is mild, moist and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Ireland's climate is defined as a temperate oceanic climate, or Cfb on the Köppen climate classification system, a classification it shares with most of northwest Europe.[1][2] The country receives generally cool summers and mild winters. It is considerably warmer than other areas on its latitude, because it lies in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, and as a result is warmed by the North Atlantic Current all year.
As a small island downwind of a large ocean, the climate of Ireland is profoundly impacted by that ocean. The Atlantic overturning circulation, which includes ocean currents such as the North Atlantic Current, moves heat northwards, which is then carried by the prevailing winds towards Ireland.[3]
The prevailing wind blows from the southwest, breaking on the high mountains of the west coast. Rainfall is therefore a particularly prominent part of western Irish life, with Valentia Island, off the west coast of County Kerry, getting almost twice as much annual rainfall as Dublin on the east (1,400 mm or 55.1 in vs. 762 mm or 30.0 in).
January and February are the coldest months of the year, and mean daily air temperatures fall between 4 and 7 °C (39.2 and 44.6 °F) during these months. July and August are the warmest, with mean daily temperatures of 14 to 16 °C (57.2 to 60.8 °F), whilst mean daily maximums in July and August vary from 17 to 18 °C (62.6 to 64.4 °F) near the coast, to 19 to 20 °C (66.2 to 68.0 °F) inland. The sunniest months are May and June, with an average of five to seven hours sunshine per day.[4] Though extreme weather events in Ireland are comparatively rare when compared with other countries in the European Continent, they do occur. Atlantic depressions, occurring mainly in the months of December, January and February, can occasionally bring winds of up to 160 km/h or 99 mph to Western coastal counties, with the winter of 2013/14 being the stormiest on record.[5] The summer months, and particularly around late July/early August, thunderstorms can develop.[6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Temperature
1.1 Frost
2 Sunshine
3 Precipitation
3.1 Precipitation
3.1.1 Rainfall records
3.2 Snowfall
3.3 Hail
3.4 Thunderstorms
4 Wind
5 Fog
6 Visibility
7 Climate charts
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Temperature[edit]
Ireland experiences a lack of temperature extremes compared to other areas at similar latitudes. There is regional variation, with inland areas being cooler in winter and warmer in summer than their coastal counterparts.
The warmest areas are found along the southwest coast. Valentia Island has the highest average temperature, at 10.9 °C.
The coldest areas are found inland. Mullingar has the lowest average temperature, at 9.3 °C
The highest temperature ever recorded in Ireland was 33.3 °C at Kilkenny Castle, on 26 June 1887. The lowest temperature was -19.1 °C at Markree Castle on 16 January 1881.[9]
Six of the warmest ten years in Ireland have occurred since 1990.[10] Due to climate change, it is estimated that the temperatures will rise everywhere of up to 3.4 degrees by the end of the century. [11]
Extreme heat and cold are both rare throughout the country. Summer temperatures exceed 30 °C usually once or twice every decade (2016, 2013, 2006, 2005, 2003, 1995, 1990, 1989, 1983, 1976 and 1975 are recent examples), although they commonly reach the high 20s most summers, while severe freezes occur only occasionally in winter, with temperatures below -10 °C being very uncommon in the lowlands, and temperatures below freezing uncommon in many coastal areas, although temperatures in the Wicklow Mountains are said to reach -10 °C annually.[citation needed]
[hide]Climate data for Ireland
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
18.5
(65.3) 18.1
(64.6) 23.6
(74.5) 25.8
(78.4) 28.4
(83.1) 33.3
(91.9) 32.3
(90.1) 31.5
(88.7) 29.1
(84.4) 25.2
(77.4) 20.1
(68.2) 18.1
(64.6) 33.3
(91.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−19.1
(−2.4) −17.8
(0) −17.2
(1) −7.7
(18.1) −5.6
(21.9) −3.3
(26.1) −0.3
(31.5) −2.7
(27.1) −3
(27) −8.3
(17.1) −11.5
(11.3) −17.5
(0.5) −19.1
(−2.4)
Source #1: Met Éireann[9]
Source #2: The Irish Times (November record high)[12]
Frost[edit]
Air frost occurs frequently in the winter, with most areas seeing over 40 days of air frost every year. In northern areas, air frost occurs on average 10.2 days every January, the month in which air frost occurs most frequently.[13] In the Sperrins and the Glens of Antrim air frost occurs around 80 days a year.[14] The pattern is similar with ground frost, with on average around 100 days of ground frost in the lowlands and over 140 in the mountains.[15]The number of frost days in Ireland have declined massively over the past decade.The largest season decrease has been known to take place in winter.[4]
Frost is rarer along the coast, in urban areas and also in western and southern areas.
Roches Point, County Cork receives the least number of days with air frost, with an average of 7.0 days with air frost recorded annually.[16]
Kilkenny, County Kilkenny receives the highest number of days with air frost, with an average of 53.0 days with air frost recorded annually.[17]
In Dublin, Dublin Airport records air frost on average 24.3 days per year, while Casement Aerodrome (which is further inland) records air frost on average 41.3 days per year.[18][19]
Sunshine[edit]
July sunshine in County Cavan
The sunniest months are May and June. During these months sunshine duration averages between 5 and 6½ hours per day over most of the country. The southeast gets the most sunshine, averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer. December is the most overcast month, with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the southeast. Over the year as a whole most areas get an average of between 3¼ and 3¾ hours of sunshine each day. Irish skies are completely covered by cloud roughly half of the time.
The sunniest part of the island is the southeast coast. Rosslare, County Wexford is the sunniest area, and receives on average 4.38 hours of sunshine per day (1,598.41 hours per year).[20]
[show]Climate data for Rosslare, County Wexford, elevation 26m, (1978-2007)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
8.8
(47.8) 8.5
(47.3) 9.9
(49.8) 11.3
(52.3) 13.6
(56.5) 16.3
(61.3) 18.3
(64.9) 18.5
(65.3) 16.8
(62.2) 14.0
(57.2) 11.3
(52.3) 9.5
(49.1) 13.1
(55.5)
Average low °C (°F)
4.2
(39.6) 4.1
(39.4) 5.1
(41.2) 6.3
(43.3) 8.6
(47.5) 11
(52) 12.7
(54.9) 13
(55) 11.6
(52.9) 9.3
(48.7) 6.7
(44.1) 5.2
(41.4) 8.2
(46.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
88.4
(3.48) 70.8
(2.787) 69.1
(2.72) 59.1
(2.327) 55.7
(2.193) 54.9
(2.161) 49.9
(1.965) 71.6
(2.819) 75.0
(2.953) 109.3
(4.303) 100.9
(3.972) 100.8
(3.969) 905.5
(35.649)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
12 11 11 9 9 9 8 9 9 13 12 13 125
Mean monthly sunshine hours
60.34 75.72 114.14 173.88 214.86 189.9 199.45 191.1 146.07 105.53 73.34 55.2 1,599.53
Source #1: Met Éireann
Source #2: European Climate Assessment & Dataset,[21]
The cloudiest (i.e. least sunny) parts of the island are generally the west and northwest of the country. However, Birr, County Offaly, in the midlands, is the most cloudy (overcast) station, receiving on average 3.2 hours of sunshine per day, considerably less than the stations at Malin Head in the north or Belmullet in the west.[22] Inland areas tend to receive less sunshine than coastal areas due to the convective development of clouds over land. Cloud develops because of vertical air currents caused by thermal heating of the ground.[23]
[show]Climate data for Birr, County Offaly, elevation 73m, (1979-2008)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
8.1
(46.6) 8.6
(47.5) 10.3
(50.5) 12.6
(54.7) 15.5
(59.9) 17.8
(64) 19.6
(67.3) 19.3
(66.7) 17.1
(62.8) 13.6
(56.5) 10.4
(50.7) 8.6
(47.5) 13.5
(56.2)
Average low °C (°F)
2
(36) 2
(36) 3.3
(37.9) 4.3
(39.7) 6.6
(43.9) 9.5
(49.1) 11.6
(52.9) 11.3
(52.3) 9.3
(48.7) 6.6
(43.9) 4
(39) 2.7
(36.9) 6.1
(43)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
78.8
(3.102) 58.6
(2.307) 67.4
(2.654) 55.0
(2.165) 59.5
(2.343) 66.5
(2.618) 59.4
(2.339) 81.6
(3.213) 66.4
(2.614) 94.3
(3.713) 74.7
(2.941) 83.8
(3.299) 846
(33.308)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
14 11 14 11 12 11 11 12 11 14 13 13 147
Mean monthly sunshine hours
47.31 63.53 89.17 136.54 159.73 134.7 124.33 125.26 107.66 88.83 57.57 42.69 1,177.32
Source #1: Met Éireann
Source #2: European Climate Assessment & Dataset,[24]
Precipitation[edit]
Precipitation[edit]
Flooded farmland in County Down
Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation on the island, and is extremely common throughout Ireland, although some parts of the west coast receive over four times as much rain as the east coast. Rainfall in Ireland normally comes from Atlantic frontal systems which travel northeast over the island, bringing cloud and rain. Most of the eastern half of the country has between 750 and 1,000 mm (29.5 and 39.4 in) of rainfall in the year. Rainfall in the west generally averages between 1,000 and 1,250 mm (39.4 and 49.2 in). In many mountainous districts rainfall exceeds 3,000 mm (118.1 in) per year. The wettest months almost everywhere are December and January. April is the driest month generally, but in many southern parts June is the driest.
The average number of "wet days" (days with more than 1 mm (0.039 in) of rain) ranges from about 151 days a year along the east and southeast coasts, to about 225 days a year in parts of the west.
The wettest weather station is Valentia Island, which receives 1,430.1 mm (56.30 in) of rain per year, on average.[25]
The driest weather station is Casement Aerodrome, which receives 711.4 mm (28.01 in) of rain per year, on average.[19]
The weather station with the highest number of "wet days" is Belmullet, with 193 days per year,[26] while the station with the lowest number of "wet days" is Dublin Airport, with 128 days per year.[18]
Rainfall records[edit]
Source:[27]
The driest year recorded in Ireland was 1887, with 356.6 mm (14.04 in) of rain recorded at Glasnevin, County Dublin.
The longest drought in Ireland occurred in Limerick between 3 April 1938 and 10 May 1938 (37 days).
The greatest monthly total was 790.0 mm (31.10 in); recorded at the Cummeragh Mountains, County Kerry, in October 1996.
The greatest annual total was 3,964.9 mm (156.10 in); recorded at Ballaghbeena Gap in 1960.
The greatest hourly total was 97 mm (3.82 in); recorded at Orra Beg, County Antrim, in August 1980.
The greatest daily total was 243.5 mm (9.59 in); recorded at Cloone Lake, County Kerry, on 18 September 1993.
Snowfall[edit]
Snow in Wicklow
Severe cold weather is uncommon in Ireland with the majority of winter precipitation coming in the form of rain, although hills and mountainous regions in the country can commonly see up to 30 days of snowfall annually, with the Wicklow Mountains sometimes seeing 50 or more days of snowfall annually. Most low-lying regions of the island only see a few days of lying snow per year (from December to March inclusive), or may see no snow at all during some winters.
However, there are preparations for snow and ice, including the distribution of grit, salt, and other snow-treatable minerals. In late 2011, the Irish Government set up "Winter-Ready", in order to prepare the country for such severe weather.[28]
Due to the variability of Ireland's weather (which is mainly because of the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift, as well as Ireland's northerly latitude and vulnerability to Siberian/Arctic winds) weather during the winter months is difficult to predict, with the aforementioned factors making both extremely low temperatures and relatively mild temperatures possible.
The snowiest weather station is Clones, County Monaghan, which receives, on average, nearly 30 days of snow and/or sleet per year. Of these, 10.8 days have snow lying at 09:00.[29] The least snowy weather station is Valentia Island, County Kerry; which receives, on average, 5.6 days of snow and/or sleet per year. Of these, 0.8 days have snow lying at 09:00.[25]
Hail[edit]
Hail, like snow and sleet, is also rare in Ireland; however, it can occur at any time of the year. It is most common in spring during thunderstorms.
Malin Head, County Donegal receives the most hail, with an average of 48.4 days per year.[30]
Roches Point, County Cork receives the least hail, with an average of 8.0 days per year.[31]
Thunderstorms[edit]
Thunderstorms are quite rare in Ireland.[citation needed] They are more likely to happen late in summer, although they can occur at any time of the year.
Cork Airport, County Cork experiences the least thunder; receiving it 3.7 days per year on average.[32]
Valentia Island, County Kerry experiences the most thunder; receiving it 7.1 days per year on average.[25]
Wind[edit]
Generally, the coast tends to be windier than inland areas; and the west tends to be windier than the east.
The station with the highest mean wind speed is Malin Head, County Donegal; averaging at 16.3 kn (30.2 km/h; 18.8 mph). Malin Head also receives the most gale-force winds, recording them on average 66.0 days per year.[30]
The station with the lowest mean wind speed is Kilkenny, County Kilkenny; averaging at 6.5 kn (12.0 km/h; 7.5 mph).[17]
The station that records the lowest number of gale-force winds is Birr, County Offaly; recording them on average 1.2 days per year.[33]
The highest wind speed ever recorded in Ireland was 103 kn (191 km/h; 119 mph) at Fastnet Lighthouse, County Cork on 16 October 2017.[27][not in citation given]
Tornadoes are very rare in Ireland, with around less than ten reported every year - mostly in August.[34]
Fog[edit]
Fog in the Wicklow Mountains
Fog is more common inland and on higher altitudes; mainly during winter and during the morning at times of high pressure.
The foggiest station is that at Cork Airport, County Cork, which has 99.5 days of fog per year.[32]
The least foggy station is that at Valentia Island, County Kerry, which has 8.9 days of fog per year.[25]
Visibility[edit]
Visibility is generally very good, because of the proximity of industry to the coast, allowing breezes to disperse any smog.[35] Mist and fog often occur, as well as coastal fog in the east,[36] but it is generally not long-lasting. However, in winter, it can be slow to clear.[35]
Climate charts[edit]
Belmullet (1981-2010)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
134
9
4
97
9
4
99
10
5
72
12
6
70
15
8
72
16
10
79
18
12
102
18
12
102
17
11
146
14
8
134
11
6
137
9
4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5.3
48
39
3.8
48
38
3.9
51
40
2.8
54
42
2.8
58
46
2.8
61
51
3.1
64
54
4
64
54
4
62
51
5.7
57
47
5.3
52
43
5.4
49
40
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Birr (1979-2008)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
79
8
2
59
9
2
67
10
3
55
13
4
60
16
7
67
18
10
59
20
12
82
19
11
66
17
9
94
14
7
75
10
4
84
9
3
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.1
47
36
2.3
47
36
2.7
51
38
2.2
55
40
2.3
60
44
2.6
64
49
2.3
67
53
3.2
67
52
2.6
63
49
3.7
56
44
2.9
51
39
3.3
47
37
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Casement Aerodrome (1981-2010)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
64
8
2
49
8
2
51
10
3
52
12
4
59
15
7
63
18
9
54
20
12
72
20
11
60
17
10
82
14
7
74
10
4
76
8
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2.5
46
36
1.9
47
36
2
50
38
2
54
39
2.3
59
44
2.5
64
49
2.1
68
53
2.8
67
52
2.4
63
49
3.2
56
45
2.9
50
40
3
47
36
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Clones (1978-2007)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
88
7
2
71
8
2
84
10
3
62
12
4
63
15
7
71
17
10
71
19
11
89
19
11
76
17
9
103
13
7
85
10
4
98
8
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.4
45
35
2.8
46
35
3.3
49
37
2.4
54
40
2.5
59
44
2.8
63
49
2.8
67
53
3.5
66
52
3
62
49
4
56
44
3.4
50
39
3.9
46
36
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Cork Airport (1981-2010)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
131
8
3
98
8
3
98
10
4
77
12
5
82
14
7
81
17
10
79
19
12
97
19
12
95
17
10
138
13
8
120
10
5
133
9
4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5.2
47
37
3.9
47
38
3.8
50
39
3
53
41
3.2
58
45
3.2
63
50
3.1
66
53
3.8
65
53
3.7
62
50
5.4
56
46
4.7
51
41
5.2
47
39
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Dublin Airport (1981-2010)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
63
8
2
49
8
2
53
10
3
54
12
5
60
15
7
67
18
10
56
20
12
73
19
12
60
17
10
79
14
7
73
10
5
73
8
3
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2.5
47
36
1.9
47
36
2.1
50
38
2.1
54
40
2.3
59
44
2.6
64
49
2.2
67
53
2.9
67
53
2.3
63
50
3.1
56
45
2.9
51
40
2.9
47
37
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Kilkenny (1978-2007)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
78
8
2
66
9
2
68
11
3
56
13
4
60
16
7
61
18
9
55
20
11
78
20
11
69
18
9
95
14
7
80
11
4
90
9
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.1
47
35
2.6
47
35
2.7
51
38
2.2
55
40
2.4
60
44
2.4
65
49
2.1
69
52
3.1
68
52
2.7
64
48
3.8
57
44
3.2
51
39
3.6
48
36
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Malin Head (1981-2010)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
117
8
4
85
8
4
86
9
4
63
11
6
57
13
8
69
15
10
77
17
12
93
17
12
92
16
11
118
13
9
105
10
6
114
9
4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
4.6
47
38
3.3
47
38
3.4
49
40
2.5
51
42
2.2
56
46
2.7
59
51
3
62
54
3.7
63
54
3.6
60
52
4.7
55
47
4.1
51
43
4.5
47
40
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Mullingar (1979-2008)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
92
7
2
72
8
2
78
10
3
62
12
4
69
15
6
71
17
9
62
19
11
81
19
11
74
17
9
102
13
6
82
10
4
97
8
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.6
45
35
2.8
46
35
3.1
50
37
2.4
54
39
2.7
59
43
2.8
63
49
2.4
67
52
3.2
66
51
2.9
62
48
4
56
43
3.2
50
38
3.8
46
36
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Rosslare (1978-2007)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
88
9
4
71
9
4
69
10
5
59
11
6
56
14
9
55
16
11
50
18
13
72
19
13
75
17
12
109
14
9
101
11
7
101
10
5
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.5
48
40
2.8
47
39
2.7
50
41
2.3
52
43
2.2
56
47
2.2
61
52
2
65
55
2.8
65
55
3
62
53
4.3
57
49
4
52
44
4
49
41
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Shannon Airport (1981-2010)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
102
9
3
76
9
3
79
11
5
59
13
6
65
16
8
70
18
11
66
20
13
82
20
13
76
18
11
105
14
8
94
11
6
104
9
4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
4
48
38
3
49
38
3.1
52
40
2.3
56
42
2.6
61
47
2.7
65
52
2.6
68
55
3.2
67
55
3
64
51
4.1
58
47
3.7
52
42
4.1
48
38
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Valentia Island (1981-2010)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
174
10
5
124
10
5
124
11
5
97
13
6
94
15
8
95
17
11
99
18
13
115
18
13
125
17
11
177
14
9
169
12
7
165
10
5
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
6.8
50
40
4.9
50
40
4.9
52
42
3.8
55
43
3.7
59
47
3.8
62
51
3.9
65
55
4.5
65
55
4.9
63
52
7
58
48
6.7
53
44
6.5
51
42
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
See also[edit]
Geography of Ireland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. (direct: Final Revised Paper)
Jump up ^ "Marine Climatology". Met Éireann. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, G. D., Gleeson, E. and Walsh, S. (2015) The influence of the Ocean on the Climate of Ireland. Weather. 70, 8, 242–245, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wea.2543/abstract
Jump up ^ "Sunshine in Ireland". Met Éireann. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Matthews, T., C. Murphy, R. L. Wilby and S. Harrigan (2014) Stormiest winter on record for Ireland and UK. Nature Climate Change, 4, 738-740.
Jump up ^ "Evidence of winter storms". Independent Newspapers. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Evidence of storms". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "July Thunderstorm" (PDF). Met Éireann. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Irish Weather Extremes". Met Éireann. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Agency (2017). "What impact will climate change have for Ireland". EPA.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Conor; Fealy, Rowan (2010). "Climate Change Impacts for Ireland Part 2: Changes in Key Climatic Variables" (PDF). Geographical Viewpoint. 38: 31. Retrieved 11 Jan 2018.
Jump up ^ Dan Griffin (2015-11-02). "Balmy start to November sees record temperatures". Irish Times. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ "N Ireland 1971-2000 averages". Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Days of Air Frost 1971-2000". Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Days of Ground Frost 1971-2000". Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Met Éireann - Roches Point (30 Year Averages)
^ Jump up to: a b Met Éireann - Kilkenny (30 Year Averages)
^ Jump up to: a b Met Éireann - Dublin Airport (30 Year Averages)
^ Jump up to: a b Met Éireann - Casement Aerodrome (30 Year Averages)
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Climatological Information for Rosslare, Ireland". European Climate Assessment & Dataset.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ "Climatological Information for Birr, Ireland". European Climate Assessment & Dataset.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Met Éireann - Valentia Observatory (30 Year Averages)
Jump up ^ Met Éireann - Belmullet (30 Year Averages)
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-extremes.asp
Jump up ^ "News". Shatter launches Winter Ready campaign. Irish Government News Service. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Met Éireann - Mullingar (30 Year Averages)
^ Jump up to: a b Met Éireann - Malin Head (30 Year Averages)
Jump up ^ Met Éireann - Roche's Point (30 Year Averages)
^ Jump up to: a b Met Éireann - Cork Airport (30 Year Averages)
Jump up ^ Met Éireann - Birr (30 Year Averages)
Jump up ^ BreakingNews.ie - Yesterday’s tornados ‘almost unheard of’
^ Jump up to: a b "Met Office:Northern Ireland climate". Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
Jump up ^ "Northern Ireland: Climate". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
External links[edit]
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