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History of Texas (1845–1860)
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Early Spanish explorations 1520–
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In 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America, becoming the 28th U.S. state. Border disputes between the new state and Mexico, which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state, led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso
Contents
[hide]
1 Annexation
2 Mexican–American War
3 Compromise of 1850
4 Settlement
5 Indian wars
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Annexation[edit]
Main article: Texas Annexation
The Republic of Texas had formed in 1836, after breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The following year, an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state. Fearing a war with Mexico, which did not recognize Texas independence, the United States declined the offer.[1] In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845.[2]
Mexican–American War[edit]
Main article: Mexican–American War
When Texas was annexed, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. The annexation bill did not specifically define the boundaries of Texas. The former republic claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border, while Mexican authorities had always considered the Nueces River, situated further north, to be the boundary of Mexican Texas. The United States sent John Slidell to negotiate with the Mexican government, offering $25 million ($707,115,385 today) to set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and to purchase Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Popular sentiment in Mexico was against any sale, and the army deposed President José Joaquín de Herrera when he appeared inclined to negotiate with Slidell.
The United States positioned troops along the Rio Grande. On April 25, 1846, in an event known as the Thornton Affair, a large contingent of Mexican cavalry attacked an American patrol in the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces, killing 16 Americans. On May 3, Mexican troops initiated the siege of Fort Texas, bombarding a makeshift American fort along the Rio Grande. On May 8, Zachary Taylor led 2,500 U.S. troops to relieve the fort. He was intercepted by Mexican troops, leading to the Battle of Palo Alto. Mexican troops retreated a short distance to regroup, and the following day the two sides fought fiercely in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. The U.S. cavalry captured the Mexican artillery, and the Mexican soldiers retreated.
The United States officially declared war against Mexico on May 13. Mexico declared war against the U.S. on July 7. Throughout the official hostilities, the United States maintained two fronts—one in the Mexican interior south of the Rio Grande, and one in California. There was no further fighting in Texas.
The war ended on February 2, 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico ceded claims to Texas, and the border was set at the Rio Grande.
Compromise of 1850[edit]
The expansion of the United States after the Mexican–American War led to tensions between the slave and free states as to how to maintain the balance between the opposing viewpoints. Texas had been admitted to the United States as a slave state, yet Texas claimed territory north of the 36°30' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise. According to the annexation agreement, if Texas were to be subdivided into multiple states, those north of the compromise line would become free states. Following the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, Texas also tried to exert control over much of New Mexico.
In an effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850. Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts.
Settlement[edit]
Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.[3] German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic, social and political conditions in their states. In 1842, German nobles organized the Adelsverein, banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement. The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the "Forty-Eighters." Many were educated artisans and businessmen. Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890.[4]
The first Czech immigrants started their journey to Texas on August 19, 1851 headed by Jozef Šilar. The rich farmland of Central Texas attracted the Czech immigrants. The counties of Austin, Fayette, Lavaca, and Washington had early Czech settlements. The Czech-American communities are characterized by a strong sense of community and social clubs were a dominant theme of Czech-American life in Texas. By 1865, the Czech population numbered 700 and climbed to over 60,000 Czech-Americans by 1940.[5]
With their investments in cotton cultivation, Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement. They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state, where labor was done by enslaved African Americans. The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers.
Indian wars[edit]
Further information: Texas–Indian Wars
In the late 1850s, settlers continued to push west and north, and by 1856 had begun settling, parts of the Comancheria in large numbers. Angry at the loss of their traditional hunting grounds, several bands of Comanche conducted raids on Texas settlers. In an effort to stop the violence and subdue the Comanche, in 1858 the Texas Rangers paired with members of the Tonkawa tribe—traditionally, enemies of the Comanche—for the Antelope Hills Expedition. Federal law promised Indian tribes safety in Indian Territory, located just north of Texas. Nevertheless, the Rangers crossed into Indian Territory and attacked a Comanche village at the Battle of Little Robe Creek. This was the first time any American forces had penetrated to the heart of the Comancheria, attacked Comanche villages with impunity, and successfully made it home. The expedition exhausted the annual Texas defense budget, and the governor disbanded the Rangers.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Bruce Winders, Crisis in the Southwest: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), p. 41.
Jump up ^ Fehrenbach, Lone Star, pp. 264–267
Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online
Jump up ^ "German Immigration in Texas" Archived 2010-04-30 at the Wayback Machine., accessed April 27, 2008
Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online Czechs accessed July 28, 2008
Sources[edit]
T.R. Fehrenbach, Lone Star: A History of Texas and Texans (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2000)
External links[edit]
A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
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Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby
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"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby"
Single by Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five
A-side
"G.I. Jive"
Released
1944 (1944)
Format
10"
Recorded
October 4, 1943
Genre
Rhythm and blues
Label
Decca
Songwriter(s)
Billy Austin, Louis Jordan
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" is a Louis Jordan song, recorded on October 4, 1943,[1] and released as the B-side of a single with "G.I. Jive". The song reached No. 1 on the US folk/country charts,[2] number two for three weeks on the pop chart, and number three on the R&B chart.[3] This was Jordan's second and last country chart No. 1, and the last No. 1 country chart topper for an African American artist until Charley Pride's "All I Have to Offer You (Is Me)" in 1969.
The song was co-written by Jordan and Billy Austin. Austin (March 6, 1896 – July 24, 1964) was a songwriter and author, born in Denver, Colorado. The phrase "is you is or is you ain't" is dialect, apparently first recorded in a 1921 story by Octavus Roy Cohen, a Jewish writer from South Carolina who wrote humorous black dialect fiction.
In the 1932 American film Harlem Is Heaven, dancer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, accompanied by jazz pianist Putney Dandridge, sings "Is You Is or Is You Ain't." The song in the film has different lyrics; but, in addition to its title, its melody is at times similar to that later used for "Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby."[4]
Glenn Miller recorded this song on a radio broadcast from Europe during World War II. Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters recorded the song on June 30, 1944 for Decca Records[5] and it too reached the No. 2 spot in the Billboard charts during a 12-week stay.[6]
Other cover versions[edit]
The song was performed by the character Tom in the 1946 Tom and Jerry cartoon short Solid Serenade.
Dinah Washington recorded a version of the song with accompaniment led by Quincy Jones for her 1957 album The Swingin' Miss "D".
Vic Damone included it on his album My Baby Loves to Swing (1963)[7]
Syndicate of Sound recorded a version for their 1966 debut album Little Girl.[8]
Joe Jackson performs the song on his 1981 album Joe Jackson's Jumpin' Jive.
Max Cullen sings the song in the style of Billie Holiday in the 1995 film Billy's Holiday.
A version by the JB Jazz and Blues Band featured prominently in the closing scenes of the final episode of the first series of Spaced by Simon Pegg and Jessica Hynes in 1999.
The song was used in an advertisement for credit card Access with the words changed to "does you do or does you don't take Access?"
Diana Krall included the song on her album Only Trust Your Heart (1995).
Naomi Uyama recorded a version of this song with her band Naomi and Her Handsome Devils on their 2014 album Naomi & Her Handsome Devils
Film appearances[edit]
1944 Follow the Boys - performed by Louis Jordan
1986 Heartburn - sung by Jack Nicholson
2006 Shortbus - performed by Anita O'Day
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Online Discographical Project". 78discography.com. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 184.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 309.
Jump up ^ "Harlem is Heaven--Bill Robinson, Eubie Blake, 1932 Film", posted by Alan Eichler, February 14, 2016 YouTube. Retrieved January 29, 2018. Bill Robinson and Putney Dandridge's performance of "Is You Is or Is You Ain't" begins in the noted copy of Harlem Is Heaven at the 40:15 mark in the film's presentation.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 113. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ "allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cub Koda. "Little Girl - The Syndicate of Sound | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
show
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Louis Jordan
Singles
"I'll Never Be Free"
"Barnacle Bill the Sailor"
"Keep a-Knockin'"
"Honeysuckle Rose"
"I'm Alabama Bound"
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby"
"Caldonia"
"Stone Cold Dead in the Market (He Had It Coming)"
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie"
"Ain't That Just Like a Woman (They'll Do It Every Time)"
"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens"
"Let the Good Times Roll
"Open the Door, Richard"
"Early in the Mornin'"
"Beans and Corn Bread"
"Saturday Night Fish Fry"
"School Days"
"Ain't Nobody's Business but My Own"
"Tear Drops from My Eyes"
"I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby"
"How Blue Can You Get"
"Junco Partner"
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out"
"Perdido"
"Whatever Lola Wants (Lola Gets)"
Related
Discography
Tympany Five
Jump blues
Rhythm and blues
Origins of Rock and Roll
Five Guys Named Moe
Let the Good Times Roll
show
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Bing Crosby
Discography
Filmography
Albums
Music of Hawaii (1939)
Victor Herbert Melodies, Vol. One (1939)
Patriotic Songs for Children (1939)
Cowboy Songs (1939)
Victor Herbert Melodies, Vol. Two (1939)
George Gershwin Songs, Vol. One (1939)
Ballad for Americans (1940)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs (1940)
Christmas Music (1940)
Star Dust (1940)
Hawaii Calls (1941)
Small Fry (1941)
Crosbyana (1941)
Under Western Skies (1941)
Song Hits from Holiday Inn (w/ Fred Astaire) (1942)
Merry Christmas (1945)
Selections from Going My Way (1945)
Selections from The Bells of St. Mary's (1946)
Don't Fence Me In (1946)
The Happy Prince (1946)
Selections from Road to Utopia (1946)
Bing Crosby – Stephen Foster (1946)
What We So Proudly Hail (1946)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs, Vol. One (1946)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs, Vol. Two (1946)
Blue Skies (w/ Fred Astaire) (1946)
Bing Crosby – Jerome Kern (1946)
St. Patrick's Day (1947)
Bing Crosby – Victor Herbert (1947)
Selections from Welcome Stranger (1947)
Our Common Heritage (1947)
El Bingo (1947)
The Small One (1947)
The Man Without a Country (1947)
Drifting and Dreaming (1947)
Blue of the Night (1948)
Selections from Showboat (1948)
The Emperor Waltz (1948)
St. Valentine's Day (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson, Bob Hope, Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters (1948)
Selections from Road to Rio (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland, Mary Martin, Johnny Mercer (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton, Eddie Heywood, Louis Jordan (1948)
Auld Lang Syne (1948)
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949)
Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin (1949)
South Pacific (1949)
Christmas Greetings (1949)
Ichabod – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1949)
Top o' the Morning / Emperor Waltz (1949)
Songs from Mr. Music (1950)
Go West Young Man (1950)
Le Bing: Song Hits of Paris (1953)
Some Fine Old Chestnuts (1954)
Selections from White Christmas (1954)
Bing: A Musical Autobiography (1954)
High Tor (1956)
A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World (1956)
High Society (w/ Frank Sinatra, Grace Kelly, and Louis Armstrong) (1956)
Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around (1956)
Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings (1956)
Bing with a Beat (1957)
A Christmas Story (1957)
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1957)
Never Be Afraid (1957)
Jack B. Nimble – A Mother Goose Fantasy (1957)
New Tricks (1957)
Fancy Meeting You Here ( w/ Rosemary Clooney) (1958)
How the West Was Won (1959)
Bing & Satchmo (w/ Louis Armstrong) (1960)
101 Gang Songs (1960)
Holiday in Europe (1960)
The Road to Hong Kong (1962)
On the Happy Side (1962)
On the Sentimental Side (1962)
I Wish You a Merry Christmas (1962)
Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre (1963)
Return to Paradise Islands (1963)
Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits (1963)
America, I Hear You Singing (w/ Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring) (1964)
12 Songs of Christmas (w/ Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring) (1964)
That Travelin' Two-Beat (w/ Rosemary Clooney) (1965)
Bing 'n' Basie (w/ Count Basie) (1972)
A Couple of Song and Dance Men (w/ Fred Astaire) (1975)
Seasons (1977)
Bing Crosby: The Voice of Christmas (1998)
Family
Dixie Lee (first wife)
Gary Crosby (son)
Dennis Crosby (son)
Phillip Crosby (son)
Lindsay Crosby (son)
Kathryn Crosby (second wife)
Harry Crosby (son)
Mary Crosby (daughter)
Nathaniel Crosby (son)
Denise Crosby (granddaughter)
Larry Crosby (brother)
Bob Crosby (brother)
Related
Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times
A Tribute to Bing Crosby
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The Andrews Sisters
LaVerne Andrews
Maxene Andrews
Patty Andrews
Singles
"Bei Mir Bist Du Schön"
"Nice Work If You Can Get It"
"Shortenin' Bread"
"Oh! Ma-Ma!"
"Beer Barrel Polka (Roll Out the Barrel)"
"Ciribiribin (They're So In Love)"
"Say Si Si (Para Vigo Me Voy)"
"The Woodpecker Song"
"Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar"
"Scrub Me, Mama, With a Boogie Beat"
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
"I Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)"
"(I'll Be With You) In Apple Blossom Time"
"Sonny Boy"
"Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree"
"Mister Five By Five"
"Pistol Packin' Mama"
"Jingle Bells"
"Shoo-Shoo Baby"
"Down In the Valley"
"Straighten Up and Fly Right"
"Tico Tico"
"Is You Is Or Is You Ain't My Baby"
"A Hot Time In the Town of Berlin"
"Don't Fence Me In"
"Rum and Coca-Cola"
"Accentuate the Positive"
"The Three Caballeros"
"Along the Navajo Trail"
"Get Your Kicks On Route 66"
"I Don't Know Why"
"House of Blue Lights"
"Rumors Are Flying"
"Winter Wonderland"
"There's No Business Like Show Business"
"Near You"
"Civilization (Bongo, Bongo, Bongo)"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
"Sabre Dance"
"Underneath the Arches"
"You Call Everybody Darling"
"Don't Rob Another Man's Castle"
"I Can Dream, Can't I?"
"Charley, My Boy"
"Have I Told You Lately That I Love You"
"The Wedding Samba"
"I Wanna Be Loved"
"A Bushel and a Peck"
"Mele Kalikimaka"
"Sparrow in the Tree Top"
Book:The Andrews Sisters
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Magnus Liber
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Magnus Liber or Magnus Liber Organi (Latin for "Great Book of Organum") is a compilation of the medieval music known as organum. The whole name of the work is Magnus liber organi de graduali et antiphonario pro servitio divino. Written during the 12th and early 13th centuries, this series of compositions is attributed to masters of the Notre Dame school of music, most notably Léonin and his successor Pérotin. (These names survive today because of the testimony of an English music theorist known simply as Anonymous IV.)
The Magnus Liber represents a step in the evolution of Western music between plainchant and the intricate polyphony of the later 13th and 14th centuries (see Machaut and Ars Nova). The music of the Magnus Liber displays a connection to the emerging Gothic style of architecture; just as ornate cathedrals were built to house holy relics, organa were written to elaborate Gregorian chant, which too was considered holy. One voice sang the notes of the Gregorian chant elongated to enormous length (called the tenor, which comes from the Latin for "to hold"); this voice, known as the vox principalis, held the chant, although the words were obscured by the length of notes. One, two, or three voices, known as the vox organalis (or vinnola vox, the "vining voice") were notated above it with quicker lines moving and weaving together. The evolution from a single line of music to one where multiple lines all had the same weight moved through the writing of organa. The practice of keeping a slow moving "tenor" line continued into secular music, and the words of the original chant survived in some cases, as well. One of the most common types of organa in the Magnus Liber is the clausula, which are sections of polyphony that can be substituted into longer organa.
The music of the Magnus Liber was used in the liturgy of the church throughout the feasts of the church year. The text contains only the polyphonic lines and the notation is not exact, as barlines were still several centuries from invention. The chant was added to the notated music, and it was up to the performers to fit the disparate lines together into a coherent whole. But the fact that the music was even written down is a fairly new development in the history of Western music.
Further reading[edit]
Bonds, Mark Evan. A History of Music in Western Culture. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.
The Way, John Stiener Jr. "The Road Long of Music". Brisbane, Australia, 2009.
External links[edit]
Éditions de l'Oiseau-Lyre - The company Éditions de l'Oiseau-Lyre publishes a seven-volume edition of surviving Magnus Liber Organi components. EDIT (19/11/13): This page redirects you to a new site, where a description of the works is written, but no actual documents.
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Léonin
Magnus Liber
Pérotin
Rhythmic mode
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 176755124
LCCN: n2004143595
GND: 4759556-5
SUDOC: 152373292
BNF: cb14795930d (data)
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Regulatory compliance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Compliance (regulation)" redirects here. For other uses, see Compliance (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In general, compliance means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or law. Regulatory compliance describes the goal that organizations aspire to achieve in their efforts to ensure that they are aware of and take steps to comply with relevant laws, polices, and regulations.[1] Due to the increasing number of regulations and need for operational transparency, organizations are increasingly adopting the use of consolidated and harmonized sets of compliance controls.[2] This approach is used to ensure that all necessary governance requirements can be met without the unnecessary duplication of effort and activity from resources.
Contents
[hide]
1 Standards and regulations
2 By nation
2.1 Australia
2.2 Canada
2.3 India
2.4 United Kingdom
2.5 United States
3 Definitions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Standards and regulations[edit]
The International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) produces international standards such as ISO/IEC 27002. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) produces international standards in the electrotechnology area. The ISO 19600:2014 standard provides a reminder of how compliance and risk should operate together, as “colleagues” sharing a common framework with some nuances to account for their differences.[3]
Some local or international specialized organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) also develop standards and regulation codes. They thereby provide a wide range of rules and directives to ensure compliance of the products to safety, security or design standards.[4]
There are a number of other regulations which apply in different fields, such as PCI-DSS, GLBA, FISMA, Joint Commission and HIPAA. In some cases other compliance frameworks (such as COBIT) or standards (NIST) inform on how to comply with the regulations.
By nation[edit]
Australia[edit]
Standards Australia revised the standard titled "AS 3806 - Compliance Programs". While many aspects of the original standard produced in 1998 standard appear in the 2006 version there are additional principles covered. Regulators in Australia continue to endorse and encourage (by regulation) the use of the standard when establishing a compliance framework.
The regulators are the Australian Securities and Investment Commission, AUSTRAC (for AML), ATO (for FATCA and CRS) and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA).
Compliance demands in the superannuation industry continue to increase due to the new licensing regime implemented by APRA. The new licensing regime requires trustees of superannuation funds to demonstrate to APRA that they have adequate resources (human, technology and financial), risk management systems and appropriate skills and expertise to manage the superannuation fund. The licensing regime has lifted the bar for superannuation trustees with a significant number of small to medium size superannuation funds exiting the Industry due to the increasing risk and compliance demands.
The 19600 standard on “Compliance Management Systems” reflects largely the existing AS 3806-2006 standard, which it will replace.[5]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Keeping the Promise for a Strong Economy Act (Budget Measures), 2002
Keeping the Promise for a Strong Economy Act (Budget Measures), 2002 is an Ontario legislative bill effective April 7, 2003,[6] which provides for regulation of securities issued in the province of Ontario. The legislation encompasses many areas. It is perhaps best known for clauses that provide equivalent legislation to the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. Thus, it is also known as the "Canadian Sarbanes-Oxley" Act or C-SOX (see-socks).
India[edit]
In India, compliance regulation takes place across three strata: Central, State, and Local regulation. India veers towards central regulation, especially of financial organizations and foreign funds.[7] Compliance regulations vary based on the industry segment in addition to the geographical mix. Most regulation comes in the following broad categories: economic regulation, regulation in the public interest, and environmental regulation.[8] India has also been characterized by poor compliance - reports suggest that only around 65% of companies are fully compliant to norms.[9]
United Kingdom[edit]
There is considerable regulation in the UK, some of which is from EU legislation. Various areas are policed by different bodies, such as the FCA (Financial Conduct Authority), Environment Agency and Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Information Commissioner's Office, CQC and others.
Important compliance issues for all organisations large and small include the Data Protection Act 1998 and, for the public sector, Freedom of Information Act 2000.
The UK Corporate Governance Code (formerly the Combined Code) is issued by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) and sets out standards of good practice in relation to board leadership and effectiveness, remuneration, accountability and relations with shareholders. All companies with a Premium Listing of equity shares in the UK are required under the Listing Rules to report on how they have applied the Combined Code in their annual report and accounts (The Codes are therefore most similar to the US' Sarbanes-Oxley Act).==Challenges== Data retention is a part of regulatory compliance that is proving to be a challenge in many instances. The security that comes from compliance with industry regulations can seem contrary to maintaining user privacy. Data retention laws and regulations ask data owners and other service providers to retain extensive records of user activity beyond the time necessary for normal business operations. These requirements have been called into question by privacy rights advocates.[10]
Compliance in this area is becoming very difficult. Laws like the CAN-SPAM Act and Fair Credit Reporting Act in the U.S. require that businesses give people the “right to be forgotten.” In other words, they must remove individuals from marketing lists if it is requested, tell them when and why they might share personal information with a third party, or at least ask permission before sharing that data. Now, with new laws coming out that demand longer data retention despite the individual’s desires, it can create some real difficulties.
United States[edit]
Corporate scandals and breakdowns such as the Enron case of reputational risk in 2001 have increased calls for stronger compliance and regulations, particularly for publicly listed companies.[11] The most significant regulation in this context is the Sarbanes–Oxley Act developed by two U.S. congressmen, Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley in 2002 which defined significantly tighter personal responsibility of corporate top management for the accuracy of reported financial statements; and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury under the auspices of the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence. OFAC administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign states, organizations, and individuals.
Compliance in the USA generally means compliancy with laws and regulations. These laws can have criminal or civil penalties or can be regulations. The definition of what constitutes an effective compliance plan has been elusive. Most authors, however, continue to cite the guidance provided by the United States Sentencing Commission in Chapter 8 of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.[12][13]
On October 12, 2006, the U.S. Small Business Administration re-launched Business.gov (new Business.USA.gov)[14] which provides a single point of access to government services and information that help businesses comply with government regulations.
The US Department of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) was created by Congress to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance. OSHA implements laws and regulations regularly in the following areas, construction, maritime, agriculture, and recordkeeping. [15]
Definitions[edit]
Compliance data is defined as all data belonging or pertaining to enterprise or included in the law, which can be used for the purpose of implementing or validating compliance. It is the set of all data that is relevant to a governance officer or to a court of law for the purposes of validating consistency, completeness, or compliance. Compliance software is increasingly being implemented to help companies manage their compliance data more efficiently.
See also[edit]
China Compulsory Certificate
Business Motivation Model. A standard for recording governance and compliance activities
Call Report
Chief compliance officer
Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance
Compliance and ethics program
Enforcement
Health Care Compliance Association
Law enforcement agency
Law enforcement templates by country or region
Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Compliance, Technology, and Modern Finance, 11 Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law 159 (2016)
Jump up ^ Silveira, P., Rodriguez, C., Birukou, A., Casati, F., Daniel, F., D'Andrea, V., Worledge & C., Zouhair, T. (2012), Aiding Compliance Governance in Service-Based Business Processes, IGI Global, pp. 524–548 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Tattam, David. "Compliance Risk Management". Protecht Risk Management Insights. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection According to ASME
Jump up ^ Tattam, David. "Compliance Risk Management". Protecht Risk Management Insights. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Jump up ^ H. Garfield Emerson, Q.C. and Geoff A. Clarke. "Bill 198 and Ontario's Securities Act: Giving Investors and the OSC Added Muscle." Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Directors’ Governance Summit. November 17-19, 2003.
Jump up ^ avantisadmin (2016-09-18). "The structure of regulatory compliance in India". Avantis. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Regulatory Management and Reform in India" (PDF). OECD.
Jump up ^ "India Inc has poor record in regulatory compliance | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Compliance Challenge: Privacy vs. Security". Dell.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
Jump up ^ Compliance, Technology, and Modern Finance, 11 Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law 159 (2016)
Jump up ^ "Special Reports and Discussions on Chapter Eight". USSC.gov. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Ethics and Compliance Initiative (ECI). "Principles and Practices of High Quality Ethics & Compliance Programs". pp. 12–13. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Explore Business Tools & Resources". Business.USA.gov.
Jump up ^ "OSHA Law & Regulations | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
External links[edit]
Business.USA.gov, Official U.S. Government Portal for Complying with Regulations.
European Project COMPAS, European Project COMPAS - Compliance-driven Models, Languages, and Architectures for Services; funded by the EU 7th Framework Programme Information and Communication Technologies Objective.
Authority control
NDL: 00991913
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This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 13:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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