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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)
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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
◄
►
Series 16 (2016)
Name Entry Exit
Scarlett Day 1 Day 22
Joel Day 1 Day 22
Adam Day 1 Day 22
Sam Day 1 Day 21
Wayne Day 1 Day 20
Martin Day 5 Day 20
Larry Day 1 Day 19
Carol Day 1 Day 18
Jordan Day 1 Day 17
Ola Day 1 Day 16
Lisa Day 1 Day 15
Danny Day 5 Day 13
Legend
Winner
Runner-up
Eliminated
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV.[1] It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015.[2]
Following the end of the previous series, the spin-off show, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! was rebranded I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp.[3] It was also announced that Laura Whitmore and David Morgan had quit the show and were replaced by Vicky Pattison, Stacey Solomon and Chris Ramsey.[3] Joe Swash remained as part of the spin-off.[3]
Gogglebox star Scarlett Moffatt won the show on 4 December 2016, with stand up comedian Joel Dommett finishing runner up and Emmerdale star Adam Thomas finishing third.[4][5] This was the first time in the show's history that two females have won consecutive series.
Contents
1 Celebrities
2 Results and elimination
2.1 Notes
3 Bushtucker trials
3.1 Notes
4 Star count
5 Dingo Dollar challenges
5.1 Notes
6 Ratings
7 References
Celebrities[edit]
The celebrity cast line-up for the sixteenth series was confirmed on 7 November 2016.[6][7][8]
Celebrity
Known for
Status
Scarlett Moffatt Gogglebox star Winner
on 4 December 2016
Joel Dommett Stand-up comedian Runner-up
on 4 December 2016
Adam Thomas Emmerdale actor Third place
on 4 December 2016
Sam Quek Olympic field hockey player Eliminated 9th
on 3 December 2016
Wayne Bridge Former Premier League footballer Eliminated 8th
on 2 December 2016
Martin Roberts Homes Under the Hammer presenter Eliminated 7th
on 2 December 2016
Larry Lamb Stage & screen actor Eliminated 6th
on 1 December 2016
Carol Vorderman Former Countdown presenter Eliminated 5th
on 30 November 2016
Jordan Banjo Diversity dancer Eliminated 4th
on 29 November 2016
Ola Jordan Former Strictly Come Dancing professional Eliminated 3rd
on 28 November 2016
Lisa Snowdon Television & radio presenter Eliminated 2nd
on 27 November 2016
Danny Baker Radio & television presenter Eliminated 1st
on 25 November 2016
Results and elimination[edit]
Indicates that the celebrity was immune from the vote
Indicates that the celebrity received the most votes from the public
Indicates that the celebrity received the fewest votes and was eliminated immediately (no bottom two)
Indicates that the celebrity was named as being in the bottom two
Daily results per celebrity
Day 13
Day 15
Day 16
Day 17
Day 18
Day 19
Day 20
Day 21
Day 22
Number of
trials
Round 1
Round 2
Scarlett
1st
24.96% 1st
20.90% 1st
22.23% 1st
22.88% 1st
22.58% 1st
26.08% 1st
28.68% 1st
33.46% 1st
39.96% Winner
45.17% 10
Joel
2nd
20.02% 3rd
16.15% 2nd
18.49% 2nd
18.99% 2nd
20.97% 2nd
21.13% 2nd
22.79% 2nd
29.21% 2nd
31.86% Runner-up
38.20% 10
Adam
Immune 2nd
17.86% 3rd
17.92% 3rd
17.55% 3rd
18.92% 3rd
18.00% 3rd
19.76% 3rd
25.83% 3rd
28.15% Eliminated
(Day 22) 12
Sam
Immune 6th
5.92% 4th
6.77% 4th
8.87% 5th
8.46% 4th
10.68% 4th
10.80% 4th
11.51% Eliminated
(Day 21) 8
Wayne
Immune 7th
5.39% 8th
5.89% 5th
8.57% 4th
9.93% 5th
9.79% 5th
10.53% Eliminated
(Day 20) 6
Martin
4th
11.03% 5th
7.61% 6th
6.19% 8th
5.63% 7th
6.44% 6th
7.52% 6th
7.44% Eliminated
(Day 20) 7
Larry
3rd
14.26% 4th
7.65% 5th
6.59% 6th
6.09% 6th
7.22% 7th
6.80% Eliminated
(Day 19) 5
Carol
7th
7.91% 10th
4.55% 9th
5.05% 7th
5.87% 8th
5.49% Eliminated
(Day 18) 5
Jordan
5th
8.68% 8th
5.38% 7th
5.97% 9th
5.55% Eliminated
(Day 17) 6
Ola
Immune 9th
4.72% 10th
4.89% Eliminated
(Day 16) 5
Lisa
6th
8.59% 11th
3.86% Eliminated
(Day 15) 5
Danny
8th
4.54% Eliminated
(Day 13) 4
Notes
1 2 None 3
Bottom two
(named in)
Carol,
Danny Carol,
Lisa Ola,
Wayne Jordan,
Martin Carol,
Martin Larry,
Martin Martin,
Wayne None
Eliminated
Danny
4.54%
to save Lisa
3.86%
to save Ola
4.89%
to save Jordan
5.55%
to save Carol
5.49%
to save Larry
6.80%
to save Martin
7.44%
to save Sam
11.51%
to save Adam
28.51%
to win Joel
38.20%
to win
Wayne
10.53%
to save Scarlett
45.17%
to win
Notes[edit]
^Note 1: As part of the Claim of Thrones bushtucker trials the winners of this would gain immunity from the first elimination. Adam, Ola, Sam and Wayne became immune by the end of the trials.
^Note 2: There was no elimination on Day 14, with the public voting for who they wanted to face the next Bushtucker trial rather than to save.
^Note 3: The public will be voting for who they want to win rather than save.
Bushtucker trials[edit]
The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food.[9] These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates. From 2014, the public voted for who took part in the trials via the I'm a Celebrity... app, from iOS and Android devices. [10]
The public voted for who they wanted to face the trial
The contestants decided who would face the trial
The trial was compulsory and neither the public nor celebrities decided who took part
Trial
number
Air date
Name of trial
Celebrity
participation
Public
vote
Winner/Number of stars
Notes
1 14 November Tomb of Torment Jordan
Ola
Sam
Scarlett N/A 1
2 16 November Big Bush Bake-Off Carol
Scarlett 13.68%
21.63%
3 16 November Stranded Adam
Joel
Jordan
Wayne 16.09%
17.25%
13.36%
14.86%
4 17 November The Great Ascent Joel 20.92% 2
5 18 November The Hungry Games: Rank Tanks Carol
Danny
Martin
Sam N/A Carol
Danny
6 18 November The Hungry Games: Catch a Crawling Critter Adam
Joel
Jordan
Larry
Lisa
Ola
Scarlett
Wayne N/A Adam
Jordan
Ola
Wayne
7 (Live) 18 November The Hungry Games: The Final Adam
Carol
Danny
Joel
Jordan
Larry
Lisa
Martin
Ola
Sam
Scarlett
Wayne N/A Adam
Carol
Danny
Jordan
Ola
Wayne
8 19 November Rancid Retreat Joel
Larry
Lisa
Martin
Sam
Scarlett N/A
9 20 November Hell Hollow Martin 35.58%
10 21 November Bushtucker Food Factory Adam 28.23%
11 22 November Cage Rage Adam
Danny 12.58%
19.35% 3
12 23 November Claim of Thrones: Vicious Circle Adam
Carol
Danny
Joel
Jordan
Larry
Lisa
Martin
Ola
Sam
Scarlett
Wayne N/A Adam
Martin
Sam
Wayne 4
13 24 November Claim of Thrones: The Bush Brewery Adam
Martin 22.13%
55.93% Adam
Ola 5
Joel
Ola N/A
14 25 November Claim of Thrones: Gates to Hell Adam
Wayne 41.17%
28.02% Adam
Wayne 6
Lisa
Scarlett N/A
15 26 November Panic Pipeline Wayne N/A
16 27 November Pick 'n' Critz Adam
Martin 20.12%
27.61%
17 28 November Hot Sc-Air Ballooning Carol
Sam N/A
18 29 November Hell or High Water Jordan
Larry N/A
19 30 November Wicked Windmill Joel
Sam N/A
20 1 December Critter Console Scarlett N/A
21 2 December Knickerbocker Gory Adam N/A
22 3 December Celebrity Cyclone Adam
Joel
Sam
Scarlett N/A
23 4 December Fill Your Face Adam N/A
24 Bushtucker Bonanza Joel N/A
25 Cavern of Claws Scarlett N/A
Notes[edit]
1 The celebrities were divided into two teams; "City Celebs" (Adam, Carol, Joel, Jordan and Ola) and "Jungle Celebs" (Larry, Lisa, Sam, Scarlett and Wayne). The City Celebs picked a Jungle Celeb to help them avoid the bushtucker trial. Carol picked Lisa, Ola picked Sam, Jordan picked Scarlett, Adam picked Larry, and Joel picked Wayne. Each celebrity competed in a task, where the person whose partner lost had to face the first bushtucker trial.
2 Larry and Scarlett were excluded from the trial on medical grounds.
3 Larry, Martin and Scarlett were excluded from the trial on medical grounds.
4 As winners of the first Claim of Thrones trial, Adam, Martin, Sam and Wayne became the first four "Royals", who moved to live in Snake Rock, whereas the remaining celebrities became "Subjects" and continued to live in Croc Creek.
5 The public voted from the four "Royals" (Adam, Martin, Sam and Wayne) to face two "Subjects" who the remaining campmates chose. They chose Joel and Ola.
6 The public voted from the four "Royals" (Adam, Ola, Sam and Wayne) to face two more "Subjects" who the remaining campmates chose. They chose Lisa and Scarlett. As a result of Adam and Wayne being chosen, Ola and Sam became immune from the first elimination.
Star count[edit]
Celebrity
Number of stars earned
Percentage
Adam Thomas 88%
Carol Vorderman 95%
Danny Baker 100%
Joel Dommett 72%
Jordan Banjo 79%
Larry Lamb 93%
Lisa Snowdon 83%
Martin Roberts 83%
Ola Jordan 100%
Sam Quek 84%
Scarlett Moffatt 93%
Wayne Bridge 71%
Dingo Dollar challenges[edit]
Member(s) from camp will take part in the challenge to win 'Dingo Dollars'.[11] If they win them then they can then take the dollars to the 'Outback Shack', where they can exchange them for camp luxuries with Kiosk Keith.[11] Two options are given and the celebrities can choose which they would like to win. However, to win their luxury, a question is asked to the celebrities still in camp via the telephone box.[11] It is often joked that Ant & Dec make up these questions and their answers. If the question is answered correctly, the celebrities can take the items back to camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack.[11]
The celebrities got the question correct
The celebrities got the question wrong
Episode
Air date
Celebrities
Prizes available
Prize chosen
Notes
4 17 November Jordan
Ola Cheese & crackers
Pasty Cheese & crackers None
7 20 November Carol
Joel Marshmallows
Jelly sweets Jelly sweets None
8 21 November Lisa
Wayne Cupcakes
Crisps Cupcakes None
11 24 November Adam
Ola
Sam
Wayne Milk chocolate
Pork pies Milk chocolate 1
13 26 November Martin
Scarlett Houmous & breadsticks
Bourbon biscuits Bourbon biscuits None
16 29 November Adam
Wayne Jammie Dodgers
Cherry Bakewells Cherry Bakewells None
17 30 November Larry
Martin Salted popcorn
Chocolate chip scones, jam and cream Chocolate chip scones, jam and cream None
18 1 December Adam
Sam Corn chips with salsa
Jelly Corn chips with salsa None
19 2 December Joel
Wayne Chocolate Cake
Strawberry Cheesecake Strawberry Cheesecake None
Notes[edit]
1 As the reigning royals, Adam, Ola, Sam and Wayne were the only participants in this Dingo Dollar Challenge. After receiving their Dingo Dollars, they didn't have to answer a question as their prize was automatically awarded to them. They did however have the decision to share their prize with the "Subjects"; they accepted this offer.
Ratings[edit]
Official ratings are taken from BARB.[12]
Episode
Airdate
Official rating[13]
(millions incl. HD & +1)
Rank[12]
1
13 November 12.66 1
2
14 November 11.40 1
3
16 November 10.39 4
4
17 November 10.67 3
5
18 November 9.68 6
6
19 November 10.20 5
7
20 November 10.95 2
8
21 November 10.63 2
9
22 November 10.08 5
10
23 November 10.26 4
11
24 November 10.38 3
12
25 November 10.05 6
13
26 November 9.75 7
14
27 November 10.79 1
15
28 November 10.99 2
16
29 November 9.51 6
17
30 November 9.21 7
18
1 December 9.57 5
19
2 December 9.77 4
20
3 December 9.94 3
21
4 December 11.96 1
Series average
2016 10.42 N/A
Coming Out
7 December 8.46 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Are you ready to Jungle? We're back Saturday November 13!". itv.com. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Dyke, Peter (12 June 2014). "It's Jungle Sums! Ant & Dec sign for three more I'm A Celeb series". Daily Star. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "I'm A Celebrity...Extra Camp". ITV Media Centre. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "'It's better than I could have imagined!' Scarlett Moffatt is named Queen of the Jungle as she sensationally wins I'm A Celebrity... and she's already on her way to making her first £1million". Daily Mail. 4 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "I'm A Celeb's Scarlett Moffatt's earnings could top £1 million as experts say she has "broader" appeal than Vicky Pattison". Daily Mirror. 4 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Meet your 2016 Celebrity Campmates". ITV. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Harp, Justin (7 November 2016). "I'm a Celebrity 2016 lineup revealed: Wayne Bridge, Strictly's Ola Jordan, Gogglebox's Scarlett Moffatt, more". Digital Spy. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "'There's life in the old bird yet': Carol Vorderman leads the new jungle pack alongside Lisa Snowdon and Scarlett Moffatt as full 2016 I'm A Celebrity line-up is revealed". Daily Mail. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celebrity Bushtucker Trials". Mirror. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Jones, Victoria (16 November 2015). "How to download and vote on the I'm a Celebrity app". WalesOnline. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cooper, Matthew (18 November 2016). "Who is Kiosk Keith? The unsung hero of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 30 Programmes". BARB. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Programmes". BARB. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
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Contestants
Series
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Winners
Tony Blackburn
Phil Tufnell
Kerry Katona
Joe Pasquale
Carol Thatcher
Matt Willis
Christopher Biggins
Joe Swash
Gino D'Acampo
Stacey Solomon
Dougie Poynter
Charlie Brooks
Kian Egan
Carl Fogarty
Vicky Pattison
Scarlett Moffatt
Georgia Toffolo
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Ethanolamine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ethanolamine
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Aminoethan-1-ol[1]
Other names
2-Aminoethanol
2-Amino-1-ethanol
Ethanolamine (not recommended[1])
Monoethanolamine
β-Aminoethanol
β-hydroxyethylamine
β-Aminoethyl alcohol
Glycinol
Olamine
MEA
Ethylolamine
2-Hydroxyethylamine
Colamine
Identifiers
CAS Number
141-43-5 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:16000 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL104943 Y
ChemSpider
13835336 Y
DrugBank
DB03994 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.986
EC Number 205-483-3
KEGG
D05074 Y
PubChem CID
700
RTECS number KJ5775000
UNII
5KV86114PT Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C2H7NO/c3-1-2-4/h4H,1-3H2 Y
Key: HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C2H7NO/c3-1-2-4/h4H,1-3H2
Key: HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYAD
SMILES[show]
C(CO)N
Properties
Chemical formula
C2H7NO
Molar mass 61.08 g·mol−1
Appearance Viscous colourless liquid
Odor Unpleasant ammonia-like odour
Density 1.0117 g/cm3
Melting point 10.3 °C (50.5 °F; 283.4 K)
Boiling point 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K)
Solubility in water
Miscible
Vapor pressure 64 Pa (20 °C)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 9.50[3]
Refractive index (nD)
1.4539 (20 °C)[4]
Hazards
Safety data sheet JT Baker
R-phrases (outdated) R20, R34, R36/37/38
S-phrases (outdated) S26, S27, S36/37, S39, S45
NFPA 704
2
3
0
Flash point 85 °C (185 °F; 358 K) (closed cup)
Autoignition
temperature
410 °C (770 °F; 683 K)
Explosive limits 5.5–17%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
3320 mg/kg (rat, oral)
620 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)
2050 mg/kg (rat, oral)
1475 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
1000 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
700 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
1720–1970 mg/kg (rat, oral)[6]
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA: 3 ppm (6 mg/m3)[5]
REL (Recommended)
TWA: 3 ppm (8 mg/m3)
ST: 6 ppm (15 mg/m3)[5]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
30 ppm[5]
Related compounds
Related compounds
N-Methylethanolamine
Diethanolamine
Triethanolamine
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine, ETA, or MEA) is an organic chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH2NH2. The molecule is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol (due to a hydroxyl group). Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent to that of ammonia. Its derivatives are widespread in nature; e.g., lipids.
The ethanolamines comprise a group of amino alcohols. A class of antihistamines is identified as ethanolamines, which includes carbinoxamine, clemastine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, and doxylamine.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Industrial production
2 Biochemistry
3 Applications
3.1 Gas stream scrubbing
3.2 Other uses
3.3 pH-control amine
4 References
5 External links
Industrial production[edit]
Monoethanolamine is produced by reacting ethylene oxide with aqueous ammonia; the reaction also produces diethanolamine and triethanolamine. The ratio of the products can be controlled by changing the stoichiometry of the reactants.[8]
Note that this reaction is exothermic and that controls are needed to prevent a runaway reaction.
Biochemistry[edit]
Ethanolamine is biosynthesized by decarboxylation of serine:[9]
HOCH2CH(CO2H)NH2 → HOCH2CH2NH2 + CO2
Ethanolamine is the second-most-abundant head group for phospholipids, substances found in biological membranes (particularly those of prokaryotes); e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine. It is also used in messenger molecules such as palmitoylethanolamide, which has an effect on CB1 receptors.[10]
Applications[edit]
Ethanolamine is commonly called monoethanolamine or MEA in order to be distinguished from diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA). It is used as feedstock in the production of detergents, emulsifiers, polishes, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, chemical intermediates.
Gas stream scrubbing[edit]
See also: carbon dioxide scrubber and sour gas
Like other amines, monoethanolamine is a weak base and this property is exploited in its use in gas scrubbing.
Aqueous solutions of MEA (solutions of MEA in water) are used as a gas stream scrubbing liquid in amine treaters. For example, aqueous MEA is used to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and H2S from various gas streams; e.g., flue gas and sour natural gas.[11] The MEA ionizes dissolved acidic compounds, making them polar and considerably more soluble.
MEA scrubbing solutions can be recycled through a regeneration unit. When heated MEA, being rather weak base, will release dissolved H2S or CO2 gas resulting in a pure MEA solution. [8][12] For example, reacting ethanolamine with ammonia gives ethylenediamine, a precursor of the commonly used chelating agent, EDTA :[8]
Other uses[edit]
In pharmaceutical formulations, MEA is used primarily for buffering or preparation of emulsions. MEA can be used as pH regulator in cosmetics.[13]
It is also an injectable sclerosant as a treatment option of symptomatic hemorrhoids. 2-5 ml of ethanolamine oleate can be injected into the mucosa just above the hemorrhoids to cause ulceration and mucosal fixation thus preventing hemorrhoids from descending out of the anal canal.
pH-control amine[edit]
Ethanolamine is often used for alkalinization of water in steam cycles of power plants, including nuclear power plants with pressurized water reactors. This alkalinization is performed to control corrosion of metal components. ETA (or sometimes a similar organic amine; e.g., morpholine) is selected because it does not accumulate in steam generators (boilers) and crevices due to its volatility, but rather distributes relatively uniformly throughout the entire steam cycle. In such application, ETA is a key ingredient of so-called "all-volatile treatment" of water (AVT).[citation needed]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. 649, 717. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. For example, the name ‘ethanolamine’, which is still widely used, is badly constructed because of the presence of two suffixes; it is not an alternative to the preferred IUPAC name, ‘2-aminoethan-1-ol’.
Jump up ^ "Ethanolamine MSDS" (PDF). Acros Organics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-15.
Jump up ^ Hall, H.K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 5441.
Jump up ^ R. E. Reitmeier; V. Sivertz; H. V. Tartar (1940). "Some Properties of Monoethanolamine and its Aqueous Solutions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (8): 1943–1944. doi:10.1021/ja01865a009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0256". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Jump up ^ "Ethanolamine". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Jump up ^ Cough, Cold, and Allergy Preparation Toxicity at eMedicine
^ Jump up to: a b c Klaus Weissermel; Hans-Jürgen Arpe; Charlet R. Lindley; Stephen Hawkins (2003). "Chap. 7. Oxidation Products of Ethylene". Industrial Organic Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. pp. 159–161. ISBN 3-527-30578-5.
Jump up ^ http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/Lipids/pe/index.htm
Jump up ^ Calignano, A; La Rana, G; Piomelli, D (2001). "Antinociceptive activity of the endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitylethanolamide". European Journal of Pharmacology. 419 (2–3): 191–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)00988-8. PMID 11426841.
Jump up ^ http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11170[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ "Ethanolamine". Occupational Safety & Health Administration.
Jump up ^ Carrasco, F. (2009). "Ingredientes Cosméticos". Diccionario de Ingredientes Cosméticos 4ª Ed. www.imagenpersonal.net. p. 306. ISBN 978-84-613-4979-1.
External links[edit]
Process technology to produce ethanolamines by reaction of ammonia and ethylene oxide
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
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Virginia Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Virginia Company
The areas of the Virginia Company founded and organized by Bartholomew Gosnold of Grundisburgh in Suffolk, England and granted an exclusive charter by James I to the London and Plymouth companies; also showing the overlapping (yellow) area granted to both companies
Formerly called
Plymouth Company
London Company
Type
joint stock company
The Virginia Company refers collectively to two joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606[1][2][3] with the goal of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.[4] The companies were called the "Virginia Company of London" (or the London Company) and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth" (or the Plymouth Company); they operated with identical charters but with differing territories. An area of overlapping territory was created within which the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, but its territory was claimed by England and became New England.
As corporations, the companies were empowered by the Crown to govern themselves, and they conferred that right onto their colonies. The Virginia Company failed in 1624, but the right to self-government was not taken from the colony. The principle was thus established that a royal colony should be self-governing, and this formed the genesis of democracy in America.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 The Plymouth Company
2 The London Company
3 Heraldry
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
The Plymouth Company[edit]
Main article: Plymouth Company
The Plymouth Company was permitted to establish settlements between the 38th and 45th parallels, roughly between the upper reaches of the Chesapeake Bay and the current U.S.-Canada border. On 13 August 1607, the Plymouth Company established the Popham Colony along the Kennebec River in present-day Maine. However, it was abandoned after about a year and the Plymouth Company became inactive. A successor company eventually established a permanent settlement in 1620 when the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts aboard the Mayflower.
The London Company[edit]
Main article: London Company
"The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles", by Capt. John Smith. The armorials of the Virginia Company are shown at far left
By the terms of the charter, the London Company was permitted to establish a colony of 100 miles square between the 34th and 41st parallels, approximately between Cape Fear and Long Island Sound. It also owned a large portion of Atlantic Ocean and inland Canada.
On 14 May 1607, the London Company established the Jamestown Settlement about 40 miles inland along the James River, a major tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in present-day Virginia. In 1620, George Calvert asked King James I for a charter for English Catholics to add the territory of the Plymouth Company. Also in 1609, a much larger Third Supply mission was organized. A new purpose-built ship named the Sea Venture was rushed into service without the customary sea trials. She became flagship of a fleet of nine ships, with most of the leaders, food, and supplies aboard. Notable persons aboard the Sea Venture included fleet Admiral George Somers, Vice-Admiral Christopher Newport, the new governor for the Virginia Colony Sir Thomas Gates, future author William Strachey, and businessman John Rolfe with his pregnant wife.
The Third Supply convoy encountered a hurricane which lasted three days and separated the ships from one another. The Sea Venture was leaking through its new caulking, and Admiral Somers had it driven aground on a reef to avoid sinking, saving 150 men and women and several dogs, but destroying their ship.[6] The uninhabited archipelago was officially named "The Somers Isles" after Admiral Somers, though it was known as Bermuda.[7] The survivors built two smaller vessels from salvaged parts of the Sea Venture which they named Deliverance and Patience.[8] Ten months later, they continued on to Jamestown, arriving at Jamestown on 23 May 1610 but leaving several men behind on the archipelago to establish possession of it. At Jamestown, they found that over 85% of the 500 colonists had perished during what became known as the "Starving Time". The Sea Venture passengers had anticipated finding a thriving colony at Jamestown and had brought little food or supplies with them. The colonists at Jamestown were saved only by the timely arrival three weeks later of a supply mission headed by Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, better known as "Lord Delaware".
Obverse and Reverse of the Seal of the King in his capacity as President of the Council of Virginia, the inscriptions signifying: "Seal of the King of Great Britain, France and Ireland"; "For his Council of Virginia"
In 1612, The London Company's Royal Charter was officially extended to include the Somers Isles as part of the Virginia Colony. However, the isles passed to the London Company of the Somers Isles in 1615, which had been formed by the same shareholders as the London Company.
To the disappointment of its investors, the Virginia Company of London failed to discover gold or silver in Virginia. However, the company did establish trade of various types. The biggest trade breakthrough came when colonist John Rolfe introduced several sweeter strains of tobacco[9] from the Caribbean,[10] rather than the harsh-tasting kind native to Virginia.[11] Rolfe's new tobacco strains led to a strong export for the London Company and other early English colonies, and helped balance a trade deficit with Spain.
The Jamestown Massacre which devastated that colony in 1622 brought on unfavorable attention, particularly from King James I who had originally chartered the Company. There was a period of debate in Britain between Company officers who wished to guard the original charter, and those who wanted the Company to be disbanded. In 1624, the King dissolved the Company and made Virginia a royal colony.[12]
Heraldry[edit]
Arms of Virginia Company, as depicted in John Stow's Survey of London (1632)
The armorials of the "Virginian Merchants" were: Argent, a cross gules, between four escutcheons, each regally crowned proper, the first escutcheon in the dexter chief, the arms of France and England, quarterly; the second in the sinister chief, the arms of Scotland; the third the arms of Ireland; the fourth as the first. The crest was: On a wreath of the colours, a maiden queen couped below the shoulders proper, her hair dishevelled of the last, vested and crowned with an Eastern crown or. The supporters were: Two men in complete armour, with their visors open, on their helmets three ostrich feathers argent, each charged on the breast with a cross throughout gules, and each holding in his exterior hand a lance proper. The Latin motto was: En dat Virginia quartam[13] (quintam[14]) ("Behold, Virginia gives a fourth (fifth) (dominion)"), recognizing the colony's status alongside the queen's/king's other three (four) dominions of England, Ireland, Scotland (and France, a heraldic fiction), and after the Acts of Union 1707, The United Kingdom.[15]
See also[edit]
Companies portal
List of trading companies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Paullin, Charles O, Edited by John K. Wright (1932). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. New York, New York and Washington, D.C.:: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society. pp. Plate 42. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Swindler, William F., Editor (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions.' 10 Volumes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. Vol. 10: 17–23. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 92.
Jump up ^ How Virginia Got Its Boundaries, by Karl R Phillips
Jump up ^ Andrews, Charles M. (1924). The Colonial Background of the American Revolution. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 0-300-00004-9.
Jump up ^ Woodward, Hobson. A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Viking (2009) pp. 32–50.
Jump up ^ A Discovery of The Barmudas, Sylvester Jordain
Jump up ^ Woodward, Hobson. A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Viking (2009) pp. 92–94.
Jump up ^ Welcome to Founders of America!
Jump up ^ Economics of Tobacco
Jump up ^ Virtual Jamestown
Jump up ^ The First Seventeen Years: Virginia, 1607–1624, Charles E. Hatch, Jr.
Jump up ^ Fox-Davies, Arthur, The Book of Public Arms, 1919
Jump up ^ As depicted on frontispiece to "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles", by Capt. John Smith
Jump up ^ [1]
David A. Price, Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Heart of A New Nation, Alfred A. Knopf, 2003
External links[edit]
First Charter of Virginia – 10 April 1606 O.S.; Julian Calendar (from Julius Caesar time) or 1 April 1606 N.S.; Gregorian Calendar (Current Civil Calendar.)
Second Charter of Virginia
Richard Frethorne's Letters, bilingual (english/french)
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text:
Contiguous United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"CONUS" redirects here. For the sea snail, see Conus.
This shows the contiguous United States and in insets at the lower left, the two states that are not contiguous
The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America.[1] The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off-shore United States territories and possessions, which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[2][3]
The greatest distance (on a great circle route) entirely within the 48 contiguous states is 2,802 miles (4,509 km, between Florida and the state of Washington);[4] the greatest north-south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).[5]
Together, the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C. occupy a combined area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2), which is 1.58% of the total surface area of Earth. Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area, similar to the area of Australia.[6] Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66% of the nation's total water area.
The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of sovereign states and dependencies by area; the total area of the country, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks fourth. Brazil is the only country that is larger in total area than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States, while Russia, Canada and China are the only three countries larger than both. The 2010 census population of this area was 306,675,006, comprising 99.33% of the nation's population, and a density of 103.639 inhabitants/sq mi (40.015/km2), compared to 87.264/sq mi (33.692/km2) for the nation as a whole.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Other terms
1.1 Continental United States
1.2 CONUS and OCONUS
1.3 The "Lower 48"
1.4 "Zone of the Interior"
2 Terms used in the non-contiguous states
2.1 Alaska
2.2 Hawaii
3 Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States
4 List of contiguous U.S. states
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Other terms[edit]
While conterminous U.S. has the precise meaning of contiguous U.S. (both adjectives meaning "sharing a common boundary"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity.
Continental United States[edit]
Because Alaska is also on the North American continent, the term continental United States would also include that state, so the term is sometimes qualified with the explicit inclusion or exclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.[2][8][9][10] The term was in use prior to the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states of the United States and at that time usually excluded outlying territories of the United States.[11][12] However, even before Alaska became a state, it was sometimes included within the "Continental U.S."[13]
CONUS and OCONUS[edit]
CONUS, a technical term used by the U.S. Department of Defense, General Services Administration, NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.[14][15] The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of CONUS.[15]
OCONUS is derived from CONUS with O for outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States (OCONUS).[14][16]
The "Lower 48"[edit]
The term "Lower 48" is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. The National Geographic style guide recommends the use of contiguous or conterminous United States instead of lower 48 when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.[17][18]
"Zone of the Interior"[edit]
During World War II, the first four numbered Air Forces of the USAAF were said to be assigned to the "Zone of the Interior" by the American military organizations of the time — the future states of Alaska and Hawaii, then each only territories of the Union, were respectively covered by the Eleventh Air Force and Seventh Air Force during WW II.
Terms used in the non-contiguous states[edit]
Both Alaskans and Hawaiians have unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them.
Alaska[edit]
Main article: Outside (Alaska)
Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent, but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia. In Alaska, given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental, the term "continental United States" is almost unheard of when referring to the contiguous 48 states.[citation needed] Several other terms have been used over the years. The term Lower 48 has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for "contiguous United States";[19][20] today, more Alaskans use the term "Outside",[21][22] though a few persons may use "Outside" to refer to any location not within Alaska.
Hawaii[edit]
Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost and so far, the latest state to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,500 km) from North America and almost halfway to Asia. In Hawaii and overseas American territories, for instance, the terms the Mainland or U.S. Mainland are often used to refer to the continental United States.[23]
Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States[edit]
Apart from off-shore US islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous US are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada. Point Roberts, Washington; Elm Point, Minnesota; and the Northwest Angle in Minnesota are three such places. Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.[24]
List of contiguous U.S. states[edit]
The 48 contiguous United States are:
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Washington, D.C. (the U.S. capital, also referred to as the District of Columbia) is distinct from the state of Washington.
See also[edit]
Extreme points of the United States
Mainland
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "United Airlines website". Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012. Contiguous United States: The 48 adjoining states and the District of Columbia.
^ Jump up to: a b Random House (1991). Random House Webster's College Dictionary. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-40110-5.
Jump up ^ These maps show the contiguous 48 states and D.C., but not Alaska and Hawaii.
"Military Bases in the Contiguous United States". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
"Soil Moisture Regimes of the Contiguous United States". U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Longest Line in America!". Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "HowStuffWorks "Geography of the United States - Geography"". Geography.howstuffworks.com. March 30, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov.
Jump up ^ "Resident Population Data - 2010 Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ * "National Geographic Style Manual". Retrieved April 4, 2012. The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous, or coterminous, states plus Alaska.
"United Cargo website". Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012. Continental United States: The 48 adjoining states, Alaska and District of Columbia.
"Alaska Airlines website". Retrieved April 4, 2012. The Continental U.S. includes the lower 48 states as well as the State of Alaska, unless otherwise specified.
Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance. 1949. Retrieved April 4, 2012. In the absence of any such statement, Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States. (before statehood)
Jump up ^ "U.S. Navy Style Guide". Retrieved April 4, 2012. CONUS - "Continental United States" CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states.
Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Code. 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. the term "United States mainland" means the continental United States (not including Alaska).
"... outside the continental United States (includes Alaska and Hawaii, as well as Canada and all foreign countries)... "Equimax candidate listing". Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Abstract of the 1900 Census (1904), p.xiii" (PDF). The area ... is continental United States, by which is meant that part of the United States lying on the continent of North America south of the Canadian boundary. It thus excludes Alaska and the recent insular accessions of Hawaii, Porto Rico (sic), the Philippine Islands, Guam, Samoa...
Jump up ^ "... merchandise to foreign countries from continental United states, Puerto Rico, and the territories of Alaska and Hawaii." United States Foreign Trade (1950-1953)
Jump up ^ "In the absence of any such statement, Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States." Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance (1949)
^ Jump up to: a b "Per Diem Rates (CONUS and OCONUS)". United States General Services Administration.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Navy Style Guide". CONUS - "Continental United States." CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states. It is not synonymous with United States. CONUS is acceptable on first reference. "CONUS" seems to be used primarily by the American military and the Federal government and those doing business with them.
Jump up ^ "Glossary of Army Terms". Retrieved April 4, 2012. "OCONUS: Outside Continental United States
Jump up ^ "National Geographic Style Manual: conterminous, or contiguous, continental, continental United States". Retrieved April 4, 2012. Use contiguous, or conterminous, for the 48 states. The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous, or conterminous, states plus Alaska.
Jump up ^ "National Geographic Style Manual: Alaska". Retrieved December 6, 2013. The continental United States includes Alaska.[] In Alaska context, lower forty-eight or lower 48 may be used. Do not hyphenate lower 48 as an adjective. The term outside may be put in quotes on first reference if ambiguous. To distinguish the 48 states from the 49 or 50, use contiguous or conterminous.
Jump up ^ "Learn to Speak Alaskan - Alaskan Language Tips - Princess Lodges". princesslodges.com.
Jump up ^ "ALASKA: State Profile". Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ski". google.com.
Jump up ^ "What are some things Alaska does differently from the contiguous states? - Quora". quora.com.
Jump up ^ Edles, Laura Desfor (2003). "'Race,' 'Ethnicity,' and 'Culture' in Hawai'i: The Myth of the 'Model Minority' State". In Loretta I. Winters and Herman L. DeBose (ed.) New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. SAGE Publications. p. 241. ISBN 9780761923008.
Jump up ^ Ross, Oakland (June 3, 2011). "Orphans of the atlas". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Contiguous United States.
Definition of continental
Definition of contiguous
Definition of coterminous and conterminous
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contiguous_United_States&oldid=804255691"
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