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Knight (chess)
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White knight
Black knight
The knight (♘ ♞ /naɪt/) is a piece in the game of chess, representing a knight (armored cavalry). It is normally represented by a horse's head and neck. Each player starts with two knights, which begin on the row closest to the player, between the rooks and bishops.
Contents
[hide]
1 Names
2 Movement
3 History
4 Value
5 Properties
6 Notation
7 Knight variations
8 Unicode
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.
Names[edit]
Colloquially it is sometimes referred to as a "horse", which is also the translation of the piece's name in several languages. Some languages refer to it as the "jumper", reflecting the knight's ability to move over pieces in its way: Polish skoczek, Danish/Norwegian springer, German Springer, Slovene skakač. In Sicilian it is called sceccu, a slang term for a donkey, derived from the Arabic sheikh, who during the Islamic period rode from village to village on donkeys collecting taxes.[1]
Movement[edit]
The knight move is unusual among chess pieces. It moves to a square that is two squares away horizontally and one square vertically, or two squares vertically and one square horizontally. The complete move therefore looks like the letter L. Unlike all other standard chess pieces, the knight can "jump over" all other pieces (of either color) to its destination square.[2] It captures an enemy piece by replacing it on its square. The knight's ability to "jump over" other pieces means it tends to be at its most powerful in closed positions, in contrast to a bishop. The knight moves alternately to light and dark squares.
A knight should always be close to where the action is, meaning it is best used on areas of the board where the opponent's pieces are clustered or close together. Pieces are generally more powerful if placed near the center of the board, but this is particularly true for a knight. A knight on the edge of the board attacks only three or four squares (depending on its exact location) and a knight in the corner only two. Moreover, it takes more moves for an uncentralized knight to switch operation to the opposite side of the board than an uncentralized bishop, rook, or queen. The mnemonic phrases "A knight on the rim is grim" or "A knight on the rim is dim" are often used in chess instruction to reflect this principle.
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Location of the knights at the start of the game: b1 and g1 for White; b8 and g8 for Black
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The black knight may move to any of eight squares (black dots). The white knight in this case is limited to two squares (white dots).
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The knight forks the king and rook.
The knight is the only piece that can move at the beginning of the game without first moving a pawn. For the reasons above, the best square for the initial move of each knight is usually one towards the center. Knights are usually brought into play slightly sooner than the bishops and much sooner than the rooks and the queen.
Because of its move pattern, the knight is especially well-suited for executing a fork.
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Distance from the f5-square, counted in knight moves
In the numbered diagram, the numbers represent how many moves it takes for a knight starting from f5 to reach each square on the chessboard.
History[edit]
The knight, along with the king and the rook, has the oldest defined movement of any chess piece, its movement being unchanged since the invention of chaturanga in India around the 6th century.[3]
Similar pieces are found in almost all games of the chess family. The ma of xiangqi and janggi are slightly more restricted; conceptually, the piece is considered to pass through the adjacent orthogonal square, which must be unoccupied, rather than "jumping". Another related piece is the keima of shogi, which moves like a knight but may only move two squares forward followed by one square sideways, restricting its movement to two possible squares.
Value[edit]
Further information: Chess piece relative value
A knight is approximately equal in strength and value to a bishop. The bishop has longer range, but is restricted to only half the squares on the board. Since the knight can jump over pieces which obstruct other pieces, it is usually more valuable when the board is more crowded (closed positions, and early in the game). A knight is best when it has a 'support point' or outpost – a relatively sheltered square where it can be positioned to exert its strength remotely.[4] On the fourth rank a knight is comparable in power to a bishop, and on the fifth it is often superior to the bishop, and on the sixth rank it can be a decisive advantage. This is assuming the knight is taking part in the action; a knight on the sixth rank which is not doing anything useful is not a well-placed piece.[5]
Properties[edit]
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A powerful knight occupying a hole (d5) in the enemy pawn structure
Enemy pawns are very effective at harassing knights because a pawn attacking a knight is not itself attacked by the knight. For this reason, a knight is most effective when placed in a weakness in the opponent's pawn structure, i.e. a square which cannot be attacked by enemy pawns. In the diagram at left, White's knight on d5 is very powerful – more powerful than Black's bishop on g7.
Whereas two bishops cover each other's weaknesses, two knights tend not to cooperate with each other as efficiently. As such, a pair of bishops is usually considered better than a pair of knights (Flear 2007:135). World Champion José Raúl Capablanca considered that a queen and a knight is usually a better combination than a queen and a bishop. However, Glenn Flear found no game of Capablanca's that supported his statement and statistics do not support the statement either (Flear 2007:135). In an endgame without other pieces or pawns, two knights generally have a better chance against a queen than two bishops or a bishop and a knight (see Fortress (chess)).
From Mednis
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White to move cannot win. White wins if Black is to move.
Compared to a bishop, a knight is often not as good in an endgame. The knight's potential range of movement is more limited, which often makes it less suitable in endgames with pawns on both sides of the board. However, this limitation is less important in endgames with pawns on only one side of the board. Knights are superior to bishops in an endgame if all the pawns are on one side of the board. Furthermore, knights have the advantage of being able to control squares of either color, unlike a lone bishop. Nonetheless, a disadvantage of the knight (compared to the other pieces) is that by itself it cannot lose a move to put the opponent in zugzwang (see triangulation and tempo), while a bishop can. In this position, if the knight is on a white square and it is White's turn to move, White cannot win. Similarly, if the knight was on a black square and it was Black's turn to move, White cannot win. In the other two cases, White would win. If instead of the knight, White had a bishop on either color of square, White would win with either side to move (Mednis 1993:7–8).
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Knight trapped by an enemy bishop; knight trapped by a king
At the end of the game, if one side has only a king and a knight while the other side has only a king, the game is a draw since a checkmate is impossible. When a bare king faces a king and two knights, checkmate can occur only if the opponent commits a blunder by moving his king to a square where it may be checkmated on the next move. Otherwise, a checkmate can never be forced. However checkmate can be forced with a bishop and knight, or with two bishops, even though the bishop and knight are in general about equal in value. Paradoxically, checkmate with two knights sometimes can be forced if the weaker side has a single extra pawn, but this is a curiosity of little practical value (see two knights endgame). Pawnless endings are a rarity, and if the stronger side has even a single pawn, an extra knight should give him an easy win. A bishop can trap (although it cannot then capture) a knight on the rim (diagram), especially in the endgame.
Notation[edit]
In algebraic notation, the usual modern way of recording chess games, the letter N stands for the knight (K is reserved for the king); in descriptive chess notation, Kt is sometimes used instead, mainly in older literature. In chess problems and endgame studies, the letter S, standing for the German name for the piece, Springer, is often used (and in some variants of fairy chess N is used for the popular fairy chess piece, the nightrider).
Knight variations[edit]
Even among sets of the standard Staunton pattern, the style of the pieces varies. The knights vary considerably. Here are some examples.
Unicode[edit]
Main article: Chess symbols in Unicode
Unicode defines two codepoints for knight:
♘ U+2658 White Chess Knight (HTML ♘)
♞ U+265E Black Chess Knight (HTML ♞)
See also[edit]
Bishop and knight checkmate
Chess piece
Chess piece relative value
(the) Exchange – knight (or bishop) for a rook
Knight's graph
Knight's tour
Staunton chess set
Two knights endgame
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://tsaa.net.au/uploads/3/4/1/3/34139585/edition_13_summer13-14.pdf
Jump up ^ Because of this, the move can also be described other ways, such as one square diagonally and one square orthogonally 'outward' (not ending adjacent to its starting square), or one square orthogonally followed by one square diagonally outward. The latter describes the move of the horse in xiangqi, which cannot jump.
Jump up ^ Piecelopedia - Knight, chessvariants.com
Jump up ^ Glossary
Jump up ^ Jeremy Silman, The Art of Planning, Chess Life, August 1990
References[edit]
Barden, Leonard (1980), Play better Chess with Leonard Barden, Octopus Books Limited, pp. 10, 11, ISBN 0-7064-0967-1
Brace, Edward R. (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, p. 155, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
Flear, Glenn (2007), Practical Endgame Play: beyond the basics, Everyman Chess, ISBN 978-1-85744-555-8
Mednis, Edmar (1993), Practical Knight Endings, Chess Enterprises, ISBN 0-945470-35-5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess knights.
Piececlopedia: Knight by Fergus Duniho and Hans Bodlaender, The Chess Variant Pages
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Repolarization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting membrane potential. The efflux of K+ ions results in the falling phase of an action potential. The ions pass through the selectivity filter of the K+ channel pore. There are several K+ channels that contribute to repolarization, including A-type channels, delayed rectifiers, and Ca2+-activated K+ channels.[1]
Repolarization typically results from the movement of positively charged K+ ions out of the cell. The repolarization phase of an action potential initially results in hyperpolarization, attainment of a membrane potential, termed the afterhyperpolarization, that is more negative than the resting potential. Repolarization usually takes several milliseconds.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., eds. (2001). Neuroscience (2. ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. ISBN 0-87893-742-0.
Jump up ^ Jeff Hardin; Gregory Paul Bertoni; Lewis J. Kleinsmith. Becker's World of the Cell. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company; December 2010. ISBN 978-0-321-71602-6. p. 389.
External links[edit]
"Repolarization (Animation)". Psychology Department, Hanover College. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repolarization&oldid=817069473"
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UFC 182
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
UFC 182: Jones vs. Cormier
A poster or logo for UFC 182: Jones vs. Cormier.
Information
Promotion
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Date
January 3, 2015 (2015-01-03)
Venue
MGM Grand Garden Arena
City
Las Vegas, Nevada
Attendance
11,575[1]
Total gate
$3,700,000[1]
Buyrate
800,000[2]
Event chronology
UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Dollaway UFC 182: Jones vs. Cormier UFC Fight Night: McGregor vs. Siver
UFC 182: Jones vs. Cormier was a mixed martial arts event held on January 3, 2015, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Results
3 Bonus awards
4 Reported payout
5 See also
6 References
Background[edit]
The event was headlined by a Light Heavyweight Championship bout between the champion at that time, Jon Jones, and top contender Daniel Cormier.[4]
Jones was initially scheduled to face Alexander Gustafsson in a rematch on September 27, 2014 at UFC 178.[5] However, Gustafsson pulled out of the bout due to a knee injury and was replaced by Daniel Cormier.[6] Subsequently on August 12, Jones pulled out of the bout against Cormier citing a leg injury, which in turn led to the rescheduling of the pairing to this event.[4]
A matchup for the Women's Bantamweight Championship between the champion at the time Ronda Rousey and top contender Cat Zingano was briefly attached to this event. However, it was announced in late October that the pairing was delayed and would take place eight weeks later at UFC 184.[7]
Danny Castillo was expected to face Rustam Khabilov, but visa issues forced Khabilov out of the fight.[8] He was replaced by Paul Felder, who was originally scheduled to fight at UFC Fight Night: McGregor vs. Siver.[9]
Alexis Dufresne missed weight on her first attempt at the weigh ins, weighing in at 138 pounds. She was given additional time to make the bantamweight limit, but made no attempt to cut further. Instead, she was fined 20 percent of her purse, which went to Marion Reneau.[10]
UFC 182 became the second longest UFC event behind UFC 136 with a total in-cage fight time of 154 minutes and 56 seconds.[11]
On January 6, it was announced that Jones failed a drug test prior to the event. He tested positive for benzoylecgonine, the primary metabolite of cocaine.[12] As benzoylecgonine is not banned out of competition by the World Anti-Doping Agency, the NSAC could not halt Jones from fighting at UFC 182. He was randomly tested on December 4 and the results came back on December 23, the NSAC Executive Director Bob Bennett said. Jones immediately entered rehab,[12] though it was later revealed by his mother that he only spent one night in rehab.[13]
On February 10, it was announced that Hector Lombard failed a fight night drug test, testing positive for the anabolic steroid desoxymethyltestosterone. The failed drug test was responsible for the cancellation of his bout against Rory MacDonald at UFC 186.[14] On March 23, Lombard was suspended for one year, fined and had his win over Josh Burkman overturned to a no contest by the NSAC. He was fined his original $53,000 win bonus, plus one-third of the rest of his purse, which included $53,000 in show money. In addition, Lombard also must pass a drug test prior to getting relicensed by the NSAC.[15]
Results[edit]
Main Card
Weight class
Method
Round
Time
Notes
Light Heavyweight Jon Jones (c) def. Daniel Cormier Decision (unanimous) (49–46, 49–46, 49–46) 5 5:00 [a]
Lightweight Donald Cerrone def. Myles Jury Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) 3 5:00
Middleweight Brad Tavares def. Nate Marquardt Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) 3 5:00
Flyweight Kyoji Horiguchi def. Louis Gaudinot Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 30–27, 30–27) 3 5:00
Welterweight Hector Lombard vs. Josh Burkman No Contest (overturned) 3 5:00 [b]
Preliminary Card (Fox Sports 1)
Lightweight Paul Felder def. Danny Castillo KO (spinning back fist) 2 2:09
Bantamweight Cody Garbrandt def. Marcus Brimage TKO (punches) 3 4:50
Heavyweight Shawn Jordan def. Jared Cannonier KO (punches) 1 2:57
Lightweight Evan Dunham def. Rodrigo Damm Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) 3 5:00
Preliminary Card (UFC Fight Pass)
Welterweight Omari Akhmedov def. Mats Nilsson Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) 3 5:00
Catchweight (138 lbs) Marion Reneau def. Alexis Dufresne Decision (unanimous) (30–26, 30–26, 30–25) 3 5:00
Jump up ^ For the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship.
Jump up ^ Originally a unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, 29–28) victory for Lombard, the result was changed to "No Contest" after Lombard tested positive for desoxymethyltestosterone during a post-fight screening.[15]
[16]
Bonus awards[edit]
The following fighters were awarded $50,000 bonuses:[17]
Fight of the Night: Jon Jones vs. Daniel Cormier
Performance of the Night: Paul Felder and Shawn Jordan
Reported payout[edit]
The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Nevada State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money and also does not include the UFC's traditional "fight night" bonuses.[18]
Jon Jones: $500,000 (no win bonus) def. Daniel Cormier: $90,000
Donald Cerrone: $140,000 (includes $70,000 win bonus) def. Myles Jury: $16,000
Brad Tavares: $50,000 (includes $25,000 win bonus) def. Nate Marquardt: $49,000
Kyoji Horiguchi: $40,000 (includes $20,000 win bonus) def. Louis Gaudinot: $10,000
Hector Lombard: $106,000 (includes $53,000 win bonus) def. Josh Burkman: $45,000
Paul Felder: $20,000 (includes $10,000 win bonus) def. Danny Castillo: $36,000
Cody Garbrandt: $16,000 (includes $8,000 win bonus) def. Marcus Brimage: $12,000
Shawn Jordan: $44,000 (includes $22,000 win bonus) def. Jared Cannonier: $8,000
Evan Dunham: $54,000 (includes $27,000 win bonus) def. Rodrigo Damm: $12,000
Omari Akhmedov: $20,000 (includes $10,000 win bonus) def. Mats Nilsson: $8,000
Marion Reneau: $17,600 (includes $8,000 win bonus) def. Alexis Dufresne: $6,400 ^
^ Alexis Dufresne was fined 20 percent of her purse for failing to make the required weight for her fight with Marion Reneau. That money was issued to Reneau, an NSAC official confirmed.[18]
See also[edit]
List of UFC events
2015 in UFC
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "UFC 182 Gate and Attendance Low, but PPV Expectations Running High". MMAweekly.com. January 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pay-per-view". mmapayout.com. January 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adam Guillen, Jr. (June 27, 2014). "UFC 182 year-end PPV event to be held on Jan 3, 2015 in Las Vegas, Nevada". mmamania.com. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ken Pishna (August 12, 2014). "Jon Jones Out of UFC 178 with Injury, Fight with Daniel Cormier Moved to 2015". mmaweekly.com. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff (July 22, 2014). "'UFC 178: Jones vs. Gustafsson 2' set for Las Vegas' MGM Grand Garden Arena". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marc Raimondi (July 23, 2014). "Alexander Gustafsson out, Daniel Cormier in against Jon Jones at UFC 178". foxsports.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Luke Thomas (October 29, 2014). "Ronda Rousey vs. Cat Zingano moved to UFC 184 in February". mmafighting.com. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ John Morgan (December 4, 2014). "Visa issues force Rustam Khabilov out of UFC 182, Danny Castillo in need of new opponent". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ John Morgan (December 8, 2014). "Danny Castillo vs. Paul Felder set for UFC 182 in Las Vegas". mmajunkie.com.
Jump up ^ Staff (January 2, 2015). "UFC 182 weigh-in results: Jones and Cormier hit mark, won't look at each other". mmajunkie.com.
Jump up ^ Mike Bohn (January 4, 2015). "UFC 182 post-fight facts: Jon Jones nears Anderson Silva's, Georges St-Pierre's marks". mmajunkie.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Steven Marrocco (January 6, 2015). "UFC champion Jon Jones tests positive for cocaine, enters rehab". mmajunkie.com.
Jump up ^ Staff (January 13, 2015). "Report: Jon Jones spent one night in rehab, will be at brothers' AFC title game Sunday". mmajunkie.com.
Jump up ^ Steven Marrocco (February 10, 2015). "Hector Lombard failed drug test following UFC 182 win over Josh Burkman". mmajunkie.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Matt Erickson and Brent Brookhouse (March 23, 2015). "Hector Lombard suspended one year, fined, has UFC 182 win overturned by NSAC". mmajunkie.com.
Jump up ^ "UFC 182: Jones vs. Cormier". Ultimate Fighting Championship. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff (2015-01-04). "UFC 182 bonuses: Paul Felder (of course) wins one of four $50K awards". mmajunkie.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff (January 5, 2015). "UFC 182 salaries: Jon Jones ($500K) tops list of disclosed payouts". MMAJunkie.com. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
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