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List of Maya Angelou works
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The works of Maya Angelou encompass autobiography, plays, poetic, and television producer. She also had an active directing, acting, and speaking career. She is best known for her books, including her series of seven autobiographies, starting with the critically acclaimed I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969).
All my work, my life, everything I do is about survival, not just bare, awful, plodding survival, but survival with grace and faith. While one may encounter many defeats, one must not be defeated.
Maya Angelou[1]
Angelou's autobiographies are distinct in style and narration, and "stretch over time and place",[2] from Arkansas to Africa and back to the US. They take place from the beginnings of World War II to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.[2] Angelou wrote collections of essays, including Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993) and Even the Stars Look Lonesome (1997), which writer Hilton Als called her "wisdom books" and "homilies strung together with autobiographical texts".[3] Angelou used the same editor throughout her writing career, Robert Loomis, an executive editor at Random House, until he retired in 2011.[4] Angelou said regarding Loomis: "We have a relationship that's kind of famous among publishers."[5]
She was one of the most honored writers of her generation, earning an extended list of honors and awards, as well as more than 30 honorary degrees.[6] She was a prolific writer of poetry; her volume Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize,[7] and she was chosen by President Bill Clinton to recite her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" during his inauguration in 1993.[8]
Angelou's successful acting career included roles in numerous plays, films, and television programs, such as in the television mini-series Roots in 1977. Her screenplay Georgia, Georgia (1972) was the first original script by a black woman to be produced.[9][10] and she was the first African-American woman to direct a major motion picture, Down in the Delta, in 1998.[11] Since the 1990s, Angelou participated in the lecture circuit,[8] which she continued into her eighties.[12][13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Literature
1.1 Autobiographies
1.2 Poetry
1.3 Personal essays
1.4 Cookbooks
1.5 Children's books
1.6 Plays
1.7 Film and television
1.8 Plays and films acted in (partial list)
1.9 Recordings
1.10 Spoken-word albums
2 Radio
3 References
3.1 Works cited
Literature[edit]
Unless otherwise stated, the items in this list are from Gillespie et al, pp. 186–191.
Autobiographies[edit]
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50789-2
Gather Together in My Name (1974). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-48692-5
Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas (1976). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-45777-0
The Heart of a Woman (1981). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-8032-5
All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-73404-8
A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50747-2
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou (2004). New York: Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-679-64325-8[14][15]
Mom & Me & Mom (2013). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6611-7
Angelou reciting "On the Pulse of Morning" at Bill Clinton's presidential inauguration in 1993
Poetry[edit]
Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-47142-6[16]
Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well (1975). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-45707-0
And Still I Rise (1978). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-50252-6[9]
Shaker, Why Don't You Sing? (1983). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-52144-7[17][18]
Poems (1986). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-553-25576-2
Now Sheba Sings the Song (1987). New York: Plume Books. ISBN 0-452-27143-6
I Shall Not Be Moved (1990). New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-35458-2
"On the Pulse of Morning" (1993). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-74838-5[19]
The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou (1994). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-42895-X
Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women (1995). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-43924-2
A Brave and Startling Truth (1995). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-44904-3[20]
"From a Black Woman to a Black Man", 1995
"Amazing Peace" (2005). New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6558-5[18]
"Mother: A Cradle to Hold Me" (2006). New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6601-8
"Celebrations, Rituals of Peace and Prayer" (2006). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-77792-8
Poetry for Young People (2007). Berkshire, U.K.: Sterling Books. ISBN 1-4027-2023-8
"We Had Him", 2009[21]
"His Day is Done", 2013[22]
Personal essays[edit]
Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-553-56907-4
Even the Stars Look Lonesome (1997). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50031-6
Letter to My Daughter (2008). New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6612-3
Cookbooks[edit]
Hallelujah! The Welcome Table: A Lifetime of Memories with Recipes (2004). New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6289-6
Great Food, All Day Long: Cook Splendidly, Eat Smart (2010). New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6844-4≠←
Children's books[edit]
Life Doesn't Frighten Me (1998). New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang. ISBN 1-55670-288-4
My Painted House, My Friendly Chicken and Me (1994). New York: Knopf Books. ISBN 0-517-59667-9
Kofi and His Magic (1996). New York: Knopf Books. ISBN 0-517-59667-9
Maya's World series (2004). New York: Random House:
Izak of Lapland, ISBN 0-375-92833-2
Angelina of Italy, ISBN 0-375-82832-X
Renée Marie of France ISBN 0-375-82834-6
Mikale of Hawaii ISBN 0-375-92835-9
Plays[edit]
Cabaret for Freedom (musical revue), with Godfrey Cambridge, 1960
The Least of These, 1966
The Best of These (drama), 1966
Gettin' up Stayed on My Mind, 1967
Sophocles, Ajax (adaptation), 1974
And Still I Rise (writer/director), 1976
Moon on a Rainbow Shawl (director), 1978[23]
Film and television[edit]
Blacks, Blues, Black! (writer, producer and host – ten one-hour programs, National Education Television), 1968
Georgia, Georgia (writer for script and musical score), Sweden, 1972
All Day Long (writer/director), 1974
PBS documentaries (1975):
Who Cares About Kids & Kindred Spirits (KERA-TV, Dallas, Texas)
Maya Angelou: Rainbow in the Clouds (WTVS-TV, Detroit, Michigan)
To the Contrary (Maryland Public Television)
Tapestry and Circles
Assignment America (six one-half hour programs), 1975
Part One: The Legacy; Part Two: The Inheritors (writer and host), 1976
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (writer for script and musical score), 1979
Sister, Sister (writer), 20th Century Fox Television, 1982
Brewster Place (writer), ABC, 1990
Down in the Delta (director), Miramax Films, 1998
The Black Candle (poetry, narration), Starz, 2012
Plays and films acted in (partial list)[edit]
Porgy and Bess, 1954–1955
Calypso, 1957
The Blacks, 1960
Mother Courage, 1964
Look Away, 1973
Roots, ABC, 1977
Runaway, Hallmark Hall of Fame Productions, 1993
Poetic Justice, 1993
Touched by an Angel ("Reunion"), CBS, 1995
How to Make an American Quilt, Universal Pictures, 1995
Madea's Family Reunion, Tyler Perry Studios, 2006
Recordings[edit]
Miss Calypso, Scamp Records, 1957
For the Love of Ivy, ABC Records, 1968
"And So It Goes" (co-written with Roberta Flack for Flack's album Oasis), 1988[24]
Been Found (collaborated on 7 tracks with Ashford & Simpson), 1996[24]
"Music, Deep Rivers in My Soul" (with Wynton Marsalis), 2007[24]
Spoken-word albums[edit]
The Poetry of Maya Angelou, GWP Records, 1969
Women in Business, 1981
On the Pulse of Morning, Random House Audio, 1993[25]
A Song Flung Up to Heaven, Random House Audio, 2002[25]
Radio[edit]
Talk show host, Oprah and Friends, XM Satellite Radio, launched 2006[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McPherson, Dolly A. (1990). Order Out of Chaos: The Autobiographical Works of Maya Angelou. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-8204-1139-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Lupton, Mary Jane (1998). Maya Angelou: A Critical Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-313-30325-8.
Jump up ^ Als, Hilton (2002-08-05). "Songbird: Maya Angelou takes another look at herself". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ Italie, Hillel (2011-05-06). "Robert Loomis, editor of Styron, Angelou, retires". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ Tate, Claudia (1999). "Maya Angelou: An Interview". In Joanne M. Braxton. Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook. New York: Oxford Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-19-511606-2.
Jump up ^ Moore, Lucinda (2003-04-01). "A Conversation with Maya Angelou at 75". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
Jump up ^ Gillespie et al, p. 103
^ Jump up to: a b Manegold, Catherine S. (1993-01-20). "An Afternoon with Maya Angelou; A Wordsmith at Her Inaugural Anvil". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Avonie (1997-01-04). "Maya Angelou: The Phenomenal Woman Rises Again". New York Amsterdam News. 88 (1). p. 2.
Jump up ^ "Maya Angelou: A Brief Biography". African Overseas Union. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
Jump up ^ Gillespie et al, p. 144
Jump up ^ Younge, Gary (2002-05-25). "No surrender". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ Gillespie et al, p. 9
Jump up ^ Maya Angelou (2010). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 030747772X. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Maya Angelou (2012). The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou (illustrated ed.). Random House Publishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 030743205X. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Moyer, Homer E. (2003). The R.A.T. Real-World Aptitude Test: Preparing Yourself for Leaving Home. Sterling, Virginia: Capital Books. p. 297. ISBN 1-931868-42-5.
Jump up ^ A poem from this collection, "My Life Has Turned to Blue", was made into the title track of Nancy Wilson's album, Turned to Blue, in 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Waldron, Clarence (2006-12-25). "Maya Angelou: On Christmas, Dave Chappelle and What Inspires Her". Jet (110). p. 29. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
Jump up ^ Angelou, Maya. "On the Pulse of Morning". Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Long, Richard (November 2005). "Maya Angelou". Smithsonian. 36 (8). p. 84. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-07-07). "Maya Angelou's Poem about Michael Jackson: 'We Had Him'". MTV.com. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
Jump up ^ Eby, Margaret (12 December 2013). "Maya Angelou pens poem for Nelson Mandela: 'His Day is Done'". New York Daily News. Retrieved 16 February 2014
Jump up ^ Wolf, Matt (March 12, 2014). "The National Theatre's Global Flair". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Letkemann, Jessica (28 May 2014). "Maya Angelou's Life in Music: Ashford & Simpson Collab, Calypso Album & More". Billboard Magazine. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Maughan, Shannon (2003-03-03). "Grammy Gold". Publishers Weekly. 250 (9). p. 38.
Jump up ^ Waggoner, Martha (2006-09-13). "Maya Angelou to Host Show on XM Radio". Fox News. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
Works cited[edit]
Gillespie, Marcia Ann, Rosa Johnson Butler, and Richard A. Long. (2008). Maya Angelou: A Glorious Celebration. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-51108-7
hide
v
t
e
Works by Maya Angelou
Albums
Miss Calypso
Autobiographies
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
Gather Together in My Name
Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas
The Heart of a Woman
All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes
A Song Flung Up to Heaven
Mom & Me & Mom
Themes
Poetry
Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie
Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well
And Still I Rise
Shaker, Why Don't You Sing?
Now Sheba Sings the Song
I Shall Not Be Moved
"On the Pulse of Morning"
The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou
Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women
"A Brave and Startling Truth"
Celebrations, Rituals of Peace and Prayer
Mother: A Cradle to Hold Me
"We Had Him"
Essays
Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now
Even the Stars Look Lonesome
Letter to My Daughter
Cookbooks
Hallelujah! The Welcome Table
Great Food, All Day Long
Screenplays
Georgia, Georgia (1972)
Sister, Sister (1982)
Films
Down in the Delta (1998)
Related
Honors
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Fourteen Points
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's points,[1] but his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.[2]
The United States had joined the Allied Powers in fighting the Central Powers on April 6, 1917. Its entry into the war had in part been due to Germany's resumption of submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain and also the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram. However, Wilson wanted to avoid the United States' involvement in the long-standing European tensions between the great powers; if America was going to fight, he wanted to try to unlink the war from nationalistic disputes or ambitions. The need for moral aims was made more important, when after the fall of the Russian government, the Bolsheviks disclosed secret treaties made between the Allies. Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, immediately after the October Revolution in 1917.
The speech made by Wilson took many domestic progressive ideas and translated them into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination). Three days earlier United Kingdom Prime Minister Lloyd George had made a speech setting out Britain's war aims which bore some similarity to Wilson's speech but which proposed reparations be paid by the Central Powers and which was vaguer in its promises to the non-Turkish subjects of the Ottoman Empire.The Fourteen Points in the speech were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House, into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Speech
3 The Fourteen Points
3.1 Territorial issues
3.2 League of Nations
4 Reaction
4.1 Reaction by the Allies
4.2 Reaction by the Central Powers
4.3 Reaction in America
4.4 Wilson's speech vs. Treaty of Versailles
4.5 Nobel Peace Prize
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Original Fourteen Points speech, January 8, 1918.
The immediate cause of the United States’ entry into World War I in April 1917 was the German announcement of renewed unrestricted submarine warfare and the subsequent sinking of ships with Americans on board. But President Wilson’s war aims went beyond the defense of maritime interests. In his War Message to Congress, Wilson declared that the United States' objective was “to vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the life of the world.” In several speeches earlier in the year, Wilson sketched out his vision of an end to the war that would bring a “just and secure peace,” not merely “a new balance of power.”[3]
President Wilson subsequently initiated a secret series of studies named the Inquiry, primarily focused on Europe, and carried out by a group in New York which included geographers, historians and political scientists; the group was directed by Colonel House.[4] Their job was to study Allied and American policy in virtually every region of the globe and analyze economic, social, and political facts likely to come up in discussions during the peace conference.[1] The group produced and collected nearly 2,000 separate reports and documents plus at least 1,200 maps.[1] The studies culminated in a speech by Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918, wherein he articulated America's long-term war objectives. The speech was the clearest expression of intention made by any of the belligerent nations, and it projected Wilson's progressive domestic policies into the international arena.[4]
Speech[edit]
The speech, known as the Fourteen Points, was developed from a set of diplomatic points by Wilson[5] and territorial points drafted by the Inquiry's general secretary, Walter Lippmann, and his colleagues, Isaiah Bowman, Sidney Mezes, and David Hunter Miller.[6] Lippmann's draft territorial points were a direct response to the secret treaties of the European Allies, which Lippmann had been shown by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker.[6] Lippmann's task according to House was "to take the secret treaties, analyze the parts which were tolerable, and separate them from those which we regarded as intolerable, and then develop a position which conceded as much to the Allies as it could, but took away the poison. ... It was all keyed upon the secret treaties."[6]
In the speech, Wilson directly addressed what he perceived as the causes for the world war by calling for the abolition of secret treaties, a reduction in armaments, an adjustment in colonial claims in the interests of both native peoples and colonists, and freedom of the seas.[1] Wilson also made proposals that would ensure world peace in the future. For example, he proposed the removal of economic barriers between nations, the promise of self-determination for national minorities,[1] and a world organization that would guarantee the “political independence and territorial integrity [of] great and small states alike”—a League of Nations.[3]
Though Wilson’s idealism pervades the Fourteen Points, he also had more practical objectives in mind. He hoped to keep Russia in the war by convincing the Bolsheviks that they would receive a better peace from the Allies, to bolster Allied morale, and to undermine German war support. The address was well received in the United States and Allied nations, and even by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, as a landmark of enlightenment in international relations. Wilson subsequently used the Fourteen Points as the basis for negotiating the Treaty of Versailles that ended the war.[3]
The Fourteen Points[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Fourteen Points Speech
In his speech to Congress, President Wilson declared fourteen points which he regarded as the only possible basis of an enduring peace. They were according to him:[7]
I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined.
Territorial issues[edit]
Wilson's Fourteen Points as the only way to peace for German government, American political cartoon, 1918.
Map of Wilsonian Armenia. The borders decision was made by Wilson
VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.
VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
X. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
XI. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
League of Nations[edit]
XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
Reaction[edit]
Reaction by the Allies[edit]
Wilson with his 14 points choosing between competing claims. Babies represent claims of the English, French, Italians, Polish, Russians, and enemy. American political cartoon, 1919.
President Wilson at first considered abandoning his speech after Lloyd George delivered a speech outlining British war aims, many of which were similar to Wilson's aspirations, at Caxton Hall on January 5, 1918. Lloyd George stated that he had consulted leaders of "the Great Dominions overseas" before making his speech, so it would appear Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Newfoundland were in broad agreement.[8] Wilson was persuaded by his adviser Colonel House to go ahead, and his speech overshadowed Lloyd George's, and is better remembered by posterity.[9]
The speech was made without prior coordination or consultation with Wilson's counterparts in Europe. Clemenceau, upon hearing of the Fourteen Points, was said to have sarcastically proclaimed The good Lord only had ten! (Le bon Dieu n'en avait que dix !). As a major public statement of war aims, it became the basis for the terms of the German surrender at the end of the First World War. After the speech, Colonel House worked to secure the acceptance of the Fourteen Points by Entente leaders. On October 16, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson and Sir William Wiseman, the head of British intelligence in America, had an interview. This interview was one reason why the German government accepted the Fourteen Points and the stated principles for peace negotiations.[citation needed]
The report was made as negotiation points, and later the Fourteen Points were accepted by France and Italy on November 1, 1918. Britain later signed off on all of the points except the freedom of the seas.[10] The United Kingdom also wanted Germany to make reparation payments for the war, and thought that that should be added to the Fourteen Points. The speech was delivered 10 months before the Armistice with Germany and became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.[11]
Reaction by the Central Powers[edit]
The speech was widely disseminated as an instrument of Allied propaganda and was translated into many languages for global dissemination.[12] Copies were also dropped behind German lines, to encourage the Central Powers to surrender in the expectation of a just settlement.[1] Indeed, in a note sent to Wilson by Prince Maximilian of Baden, the German imperial chancellor, in October 1918 requested an immediate armistice and peace negotiations on the basis of the Fourteen Points.[13]
Reaction in America[edit]
Theodore Roosevelt in an article “The League of Nations” published by Metropolitan Magazine (January 1919) warned: “If the League of Nations is built on a document as high-sounding and as meaningless as the speech in which Mr. Wilson laid down his fourteen points, it will simply add one more scrap to the diplomatic waste paper basket. Most of these fourteen points … would be interpreted … to mean anything or nothing."[14]
Senator William Borah after 1918 wished “this treacherous and treasonable scheme” of the League of Nations to be “buried in hell” and promised that if he had his way it would be “20,000 leagues under the sea.”[15]
Wilson's speech vs. Treaty of Versailles[edit]
President Wilson became physically ill at the beginning of the Paris Peace Conference, giving way to French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to advance demands substantially different from Wilson's Fourteen Points. Clemenceau viewed Germany as having unfairly attained an economic victory over France, due to the heavy damage German forces dealt to France's industries even during the German retreat, and expressed dissatisfaction with France's allies at the peace conference.
Notably, Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which would become known as the War Guilt Clause, was seen by the Germans as assigning full responsibility for the war and its damages on Germany; however, the same clause was included in all peace treaties and historian Sally Marks has noted that only German diplomats saw it as assigning responsibility for the war. The allies would initially assess 269 billion marks in reparations. In 1921, this figure was established at 192 billion marks. However, only a fraction of this total had to be paid. The figure was designed to look imposing and show the public that Germany was being punished, while it also recognized what Germany could not realistically pay. Germany's ability and willingness to pay that sum continues to be a topic of debate among historians.[16][17] Germany was also denied an air force, and the German army was not to exceed 100,000 men.
The text of the Fourteen Points had been widely distributed in Germany as propaganda prior to the end of the war, and was well known by the Germans. The differences between this document and the final Treaty of Versailles fueled great anger in Germany.[18] German outrage over reparations and the War Guilt Clause is viewed as a likely contributing factor to the rise of national socialism. At the end of World War I, foreign armies had only entered Germany's prewar borders twice: the advance of Russian troops into the Eastern border of Prussia, and following the Battle of Mulhouse the settlement of the French army in the Thann valley. This lack of any important Allied incursions contributed to the popularization of the Stab-in-the-back myth in Germany after the war.
Nobel Peace Prize[edit]
Woodrow Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "President Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points". www.ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
Jump up ^ Irwin Unger, These United States (2007) 561.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wilson's Fourteen Points, 1918 - 1914–1920 - Milestones - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Heckscher, p. 470.
Jump up ^ Grief, Howard (2008-01-01). The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law: A Treatise on Jewish Sovereignty Over the Land of Israel. Mazo Publishers. p. 297. ISBN 9789657344521.
^ Jump up to: a b c Godfrey Hodgson, Woodrow Wilson's Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House (Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 160-63.
Jump up ^ "Avalon Project - President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister Lloyd George on the British War Aims". The World War I Document Archive. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Grigg 2002, pp.383-5
Jump up ^ Grigg 2002, pp.384
Jump up ^ Hakim, Joy (2005). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–20. ISBN 0195327233.
Jump up ^ Heckscher, p. 471.
Jump up ^ Heckscher, pp. 479-88.
Jump up ^ Cited in Newer Roosevelt Messages, (ed. Griffith, William, New York: The Current Literature Publishing Company 1919). vol III, p 1047.
Jump up ^ Cited in Ivo Daalder & James Lindsay, America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), p 7.
Jump up ^ Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Hantke, Max; Spoerer, Mark (2010). "The imposed gift of Versailles: the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany's armed forces, 1924–9" (PDF). Economic History Review. 63 (4): 849–864. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00512.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-27.
Jump up ^ The Concise Encyclopedia of World History (edited by John Bowle), publisher: Hutchinson of London (Great Portland Street) printed by Taylor, Garnett, Evans & co. in 1958, chapter 20 by John Plamenatz (no ISBN available)
References[edit]
Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth Century Conflict and the Decline of the West. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1594201005.
Grigg, John (2002). Lloyd George: War Leader. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9343-X.
Heckscher, August (1991). Woodrow Wilson. Easton Press.
MacMillan, Margaret (2001). Paris 1919. ISBN 0-375-76052-0.
Snell, John L. (1954). "Wilson on Germany and the Fourteen Points". Journal of Modern History. 26 (4): 364–369. doi:10.1086/237737. JSTOR 1876113.
External links[edit]
Text of Wilson's message to Congess outlining 14 points January 8, 1918
Text and commentary from ourdocuments.gov
Interpretation of President Wilson's Fourteen Points by Colonel House
"President Wilson's Fourteen Points" from the World War I Document Archive
Wilson's shorthand notes from the Library of Congress
Arthur Balfour's speech on the Fourteen Points to Parliament, on 27 February 1918 – firstworldwar.com
Woodrow Wilson Library Wilson's Noble Peace Prize is digitized. From the Library of Congress
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MegaCon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
MegaCon
Status
Active
Genre
Speculative fiction, form of COMICON
Venue
Orange County Convention Center
Location(s)
Orlando, Florida
Country
United States
Inaugurated
1993
Most recent
ongoing
Attendance
>100,000 in May 2016[1]
Organized by
Informa Canada Inc.
Website
www.megaconvention.com
MegaCon, short for Mega Convention, is a large speculative fiction convention that caters to the comic book, sci-fi, anime, fantasy, and gaming communities, often occurring between late February and early March at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida, USA. The 2016 event was held in late May.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Dates and guests
2 Events
3 Awards
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The first comic book convention held in the Orlando area was OrlandoCon, held annually from 1974 to c. 1994. Regular guests included C. C. Beck, Floyd Gottfredson, and Hal Foster.
MegaCon was founded by James Breitbiel and first held in 1993.[2] The convention was acquired by the Tampa-based publisher CrossGen in 1999,[3] with Elizabeth Widera brought on to run the show in 2000.[3] (Breitbiel became CrossGen's Marketing and Distribution Director.) During this period, from 2000–2003, MegaCon heavily promoted CrossGen products and creators, to the frustration of some other exhibitors and attendees,[citation needed] although the show itself grew and thrived.[4]
In late 2003, Widera purchased the convention from the failing CrossGen, which was restructuring[4] (the publisher went bankrupt in 2004). Widera, who is a board member of the comics charity The Hero Initiative, currently runs the show along with her daughter Christine Alger.[2]
In September 2008, MegaCon headquarters moved from Safety Harbor to Live Oak, Florida, although the actual convention remains in Orlando.[5]
In 2009, in addition to the main show, held February 27–March 1, convention organizers produced a "mini-MegaCon" held August 22–23, the only one to date, featuring a number of actors from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV show.[6]
On April 7, 2015, it was announced that MegaCon had been sold to Informa Canada Inc.. The con now operates under the auspices of Informa's Fan Expo group, which also runs Fan Expo Canada and Dallas Comic Con.[7][8] Following Megacon 2015 it was announced that for the first time Megacon will be extended to 4 days in 2016.[9] Shortly after Megacon 2016, Megacon Tampa Bay was announced for October 28–30.[10]
Dates and guests[edit]
Dates
Official guests
Notes
Spring 1993
Spring 1994
Spring 1995 Gil Kane, Dick Giordano, and Howard Chaykin
Spring 1996
March 15–16, 1997 J. Michael Straczynski and Peter David[11]
March 13–15, 1998 Stephen Furst and Robin Atkin Downes Held at the Orlando Expo Center
March 5–7, 1999
March 31-April 2, 2000 Stan Lee, Harlan Ellison and Joe Quesada
March 2–4, 2001 George Pérez, Mark Waid, Steve Epting, Rick Magyar, Scot Eaton, Andrew Hennessy, Wil Quintana, Barbara Kesel, Steve McNiven, Tom Simmons, Morry Hollowell, Bart Sears, Andy Smith, Michael Atiyeh, Ron Marz, Greg Land, Drew Geraci, Brandon Peterson, John Dell, Andrew Crossley, Jim Chuen, Don Hillsman II, and Caesar Rodriguez Show moves to the Orange County Convention Center
February 22–24, 2002 Guest of honor: Kevin Smith; other guests: George Pérez, Butch Guice, Mark Waid, Erin Gray, June Lockhart, David Prowse, Michonne Bourriague, Eugene Roddenberry Jr., Bob May, and Mark Rolston[12]
February 28–March 2, 2003 J. Scott Campbell, Scott McDaniel, Chuck Dixon, Frank Cho, George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Greg Land, Jimmy Palmiotti, Amanda Conner, Robert Rodi, Bart Sears, Brian Pulido, and Adam Hughes
March 5–7, 2004 Kaare Andrews, Brian Michael Bendis, John Cassaday, Amanda Conner, Phil Jimenez, Andy Lee, Tony Lorenz, David W. Mack, James O'Barr, Jimmy Palmiotti, Walter Simonson, Craig Thompson, Skottie Young, Luis Amado, Tony Bedard, Jose Caraballo, Patrick Carlucci, Jim Cheung, Laura DePuy, Chuck Dixon, Steve Epting, Glenda Finkelstein, Jeff Johnson, Greg Land, Ron Marz, Stanley Morrison, Mike Perkins, Brandon Peterson, Justin Ponsor, Ariel Rivero, Tone Rodriguez, Steven Sanchez, Bart Sears, Josh Sullivan, Kevin Smith, Jason Mewes, Allison Mack, Walter Koenig, Ken Foree, Brad Dourif, Noah Hathaway, Herbert Jefferson, Jr., Brian Thompson, Glenn Shadix, Marc Singer, Angela Cartwright, Bill Mumy, Virginia Hey, and Sid Haig
February 25–27, 2005 Mark Waid, Mike Deodato, George Pérez, Michael Avon Oeming, Chuck Dixon, Wilson Tortosa, Aaron Lopresti, Marv Wolfman, Ethan Van Sciver, Monte Moore, Phil Jimenez, Tone Rodriguez, Michael T. Gilbert, Roy Thomas, Dan Brereton, Allen Bellman, Gene Colan, George Tuska, Tommy Castillo, Andy Runton, Jinky Coronado, David Campiti, Lou Ferrigno, George Lowe, Richard Hatch, and Gil Gerard
February 24–26, 2006 Special guest: George Pérez; other guests: Sal Buscema, Bob Andelman, Mark Brooks, Tommy Castillo, Amanda Conner, Chuck Dixon, Steve Epting, Greg Land, Michael Lark, Laura Martin, Phil Noto, Jimmy Palmiotti, Mike Perkins, Brandon Peterson, Brian Pulido, Andy Runton, Andy Smith, William Tucci, Ethan Van Sciver, Robert Venditti, John Schneider, Tony Amendola, Steve Bacic, Julie Benz, Jason Carter, Alexis Cruz, Mira Furlan, John Kassir, Clare Kramer, Cirroc Lofton, Mark Lutz, Scott McNeill, Chris Rankin, Tanya Roberts, Sean Schemmel, Tracy Scoggins, Marina Sirtis, and Jamie Yeates
February 16–18, 2007 David Finch, Darwyn Cooke, George Pérez, Andy Smith, Brian Pulido, Sean Astin, Lou Ferrigno, Virginia Hey, Bob May, David Hedison, and "Lois Lane" actresses Noel Neill and Margot Kidder Guests June Lockhart and Mark Goddard canceled
March 7–9, 2008 Jennie Breeden, Brian Clevinger, Amanda Conner, Caitlin Glass, Mark Goddard, Erin Gray, Neil Kaplan, June Lockhart, George Lowe, Cynthia Martinez, Peter Mayhew, Vic Mignogna, Paul Pelletier, Joe Quesada, Stan Sakai, William Tucci, and Mark Waid
February 27–March 1, 2009 Peter S. Beagle, Jim Cheung, Colleen Clinkenbeard, Aaron Dismuke, Lou Ferrigno, Caitlin Glass, Peter Mayhew, Vic Mignogna, George Moss, Aaron Pabon, Paul Pelletier, George Pérez, William Tucci, and Mark Waid 40,000 attendees[13]
August 22–23, 2009 Charisma Carpenter, Emma Caulfield, Amber Benson, and Adam Busch[6] "mini-MegaCon"
March 12–14, 2010 Marv Wolfman, George Pérez, Lea Thompson, Claudia Wells, Nichelle Nichols, Jeremy Bulloch, and Peter Mayhew
March 25–27, 2011 Stan Lee, William Shatner, and Jimmy Palmiotti 45,000 in attendance [2]
February 17–19, 2012 Amanda Conner, Chuck Dixon, Paul Gulacy, Phil Hester, Rob Hunter, Dan Jurgens, Jimmy Palmiotti, George Pérez, Stephane Roux, Frank Tieri, Tim Townsend, William Tucci, Ethan Van Sciver, and Zeb Wells
March 15–17, 2013 Media guests included the entire Star Trek: The Next Generation cast: Sir Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, Brent Spiner, LeVar Burton, Michael Dorn, Marina Sirtis, Gates McFadden, Denise Crosby, John De Lancie and Wil Wheaton, and Daniel Stewart; other guests included: Lou Ferigno, David Prowse, Jeremy Bulloch, Paul Blake, Vic Mignogna, Tara Strong, Morgan Gendel, Arne Starr, Dean Cain, Larry Nemecek, Gigi Edgley, James Phelps, and Oliver Phelps. Comic book guests included: Ed McGuinness, Mark Bagley, Frank Cho, Bob Layton, Mike Perkins, Michael Lark, Neal Adams, Mark Waid, Chris Claremont, Mike Choi, Andrew Robinson, Steve Epting, Andy Price, Doug Sneyd, José Delbo, Matteo Scalera, Steve McNiven, Michael Atiyeh, Jimmy Cheung, George Pérez, Gail Simone, Mike McKone, Dave Johnson, Dan Panosian, Brian Pulido, Brandon Peterson, Amanda Conner, Jimmy Palmiotti, Billy Tucci, Georges Jeanty, Tim Townsend, Frenchy and the Punk and Craig Boldman
March 21–23, 2014 Stan Lee, John Barrowman, Torchwood’s Eve Myles and Gareth David-Lloyd, Manu Bennett, Karl Urban, The Walking Dead's David Morrissey, Danai Gurira, Stephen Yeun, Emily Kinney, and Sonequa Martin-Green, Buffy's Eliza Dushku and James Marsters, Richard Hatch, Dirk Benedict, Battlestar Galacticas's Herbert Jefferson, Jr. and Anne Lockhart, Smallville's Allison Mack, John Glover and Laura Vandervoort, Wil Wheaton, Jon Heder, Jason David Frank, Ivy DoomKitty, Bryan Johnson, Comic Book Men's Ming Chen and Mike Zapcic, Matt Senreich, Robot Chicken's Zeb Wells and Tom Root, Peter Mayhew, Vic Mignogna, Jennifer Hale, George Lowe, Phil Lamarr, Jim Cummings, Rob Paulsen, Quinton Flynn, Richard Horvitz, Tom Kane, and Arne Starr 80,000 attendees [2]
April 10–12, 2015 Adam Baldwin, Alan Tudyk, Alex Kingston, Cary Elwes, Clifton Collins Jr, Danielle Panabaker, David Della Rocco, David Ramsey, Hulk Hogan, Jeremy Shada, Karen Gillan, Lou Ferrigno, Mark Boone Jr., Michael Rooker, Milo Ventimiglia, Norman Reedus, Olivia Olson, Robbie Amell, Sean Patrick Flanery, Stan Lee, Summer Glau, Tony Curran, George Pérez, Ed McGuiness, Mike Perkins, Marv Wolfman, Allen Bellman, Amanda Conner, Jimmy Palmiotti, Frank Cho, Ethan Van Sciver, Andy Smith, Darwyn Cooke, Drew Geraci, Rob Hunter, Katie Cook, Bob Layton, Chuck Dixon, Andy Price, Mike Lilly, Sean Chen, Greg Horn, Dan Parent, Sergio Cariello, Billy Tucci, Brian Pulido, Jon Bernthal, Sarah Callies, Ron Perlman, Jenna Colman, Arthur Darvill, Grey DeLisle, Troy Baker, Rob Paulsen, Jess Harnell, Tress MacNeille [14]
May 26–29, 2016 Stan Lee, Frank Miller, William Shatner, George Takei, Nichelle Nichols, Kevin Smith, John Cusack, Christopher Lloyd, Hayley Atwell, Adam West, Burt Ward, Jason Isaacs, Tom Felton, James and Oliver Phelps, Ming-Na Wen, Anthony Daniels, Katie Cassidy, Ralph Macchio, William Zabka, Vivica A. Fox, and Curtis Armstrong.[15] First to reach over 100,000 guests
October 28–30, 2016 (Tampa Bay) David Tennant, Billie Piper, Henry Winkler, Matthew Lewis, Graham McTavish, Brett Dalton, Brent Spiner, Levar Burton, Kevin Sussamn, Wallace Shawn, Kevin Sorbo, Will Friedle, Mitch Pileggi, and Verne Troyer.[16] debut of MegaCon Tampa Bay
May 25–28, 2017 (Orlando) Media Guests Included: Stan Lee, Richard Dean Anderson, Brent Spiner, Alice Cooper, Meat Loaf, James Marsters, Tim Curry, Ian Somerhalder, Famke Janssen, Tom Cavanagh, Caity Lotz, Danielle Panabaker, Eliza Dushku, Matthew Lewis, Felicia Day, Jeri Ryan, Caleb McLaughlin, Gaten Matarazzo, Elyes Gabel, Gina Torres, Tom Wilson[disambiguation needed], Ray Park, Spencer Wilding, Barry Bostwick, John Schneider, Tom Wopat, Catherine Bach
Sept 29–Oct 1, 2017 (Tampa Bay)
Events[edit]
Events include the Indy Film Festival, annual cosplay/costume contests, all-genre costume contest, panels, and rave dances. MegaCon also offers attendees the option of game playing. Current game systems offered are Dungeons & Dragons living campaigns, Living Forgotten Realms, Pathfinder Society and Legends of the Shining Jewel. Other non-campaign role playing games are offered. Magic: The Gathering is also offered in a card room, and board and strategic games are often on the dealer floor.
Since 2001, MegaCon has also been the location of the long-running "Paranoia LIVE!"[17] LARP, based on Mongoose Publishing's Paranoia.
Awards[edit]
In 2007, MegaCon hosted the first live presentation of the Web Cartoonists' Choice Awards.[18]
In August 2008 MegaCon announced that it would host the first inaugural Project Fanboy Awards ceremony, awarding authors, writers and publishers with honors voted on by Internet users on the Project Fanboy website.[19] The Project Fanboy Awards are now an ongoing event.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carchidi, Jim (May 29, 2016). "MegaCon 2016 raises the bar for Orlando's convention future". Orlando Business Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Walt, Andra (February 13, 2012). "Owner/Director Beth Widera of Orlando's MegaCon Stops by InvestComics". InvestComics.
^ Jump up to: a b Weiland, Jonah. "Battling Conventions? Talking with the NY Comic Con and MegaCon Organizers," Comic Book Resources (June 10, 2005).
^ Jump up to: a b "CrossGen Sells MegaCon To the Show's Director," ICv2 (November 19, 2003).
Jump up ^ Press release. "MegaCon Headquarters move to Live Oak, FL," Archived May 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. MegaCon official website. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Chien, Philip (2009). "MegaCon". NeatInformation.com. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dineen, Caitlin (April 7, 2015). "Orlando's MegaCon sold to Informa". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mantei, Shelley (April 9, 2015). "Informa Exhibitions Expands Pop Culture Convention Portfolio With MegaCon Orlando" (PDF) (Press release). Orlando, Florida: Fan Expo HQ. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Busdeker, Jon (April 13, 2016). "MegaCon 2016: Convention extended to four days next year". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Pavlinskaya, Anastasia (June 10, 2016). "MegaCon Orlando: Fantasy and Fandom". Knight News. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spotlight," Orlando Sentinel (14 Mar 1997), p. 43.
Jump up ^ Szadkowski, Joseph. "The keen and obscene at Florida's MegaCon," Washington Times (09 Mar 2002), p. B02.
Jump up ^ "Convention calendar," Orlando Sentinel (Mar. 13, 2009).
Jump up ^ "MEGACON RETURNS APRIL 10-12, 2015". Orange County Convention Center. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fans unite at MegaCon 2016 in Orlando". Florida Today. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Sean (2016-10-28). "MegaCon Tampa Bay features celebrity guests, comic book creators and cosplay events". WFTS. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ Paranoia LIVE!
Jump up ^ "MegaCon Convention". MegaCon Convention. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. hosting the 6th annual Web Cartoonist Awards. After six years of growing, world-wide popularity, the WCCAs will, for the first time ever, be presenting the 2007 winners at a live ceremony.
Jump up ^ Project Fanboy Awards to be announced at MegaCon Archived May 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Official website
MegaCon at About.com
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