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Blue Screen of Death
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"BSOD" and "BSoD" redirect here. For other uses, see Black Screen of Death.
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The Blue Screen of Death in Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 includes a sad emoticon
A stop error, better known as a Blue Screen of Death (also known as a blue screen or BSoD) is an error screen displayed on a Windows computer system after a fatal system error, also known as a system crash: when the operating system reaches a condition where it can no longer operate safely.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Incorrect attribution
2 Format
3 Windows NT
3.1 Details
4 Windows 9x
5 Windows CE
6 Similar screens
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
A Windows NT 4.0 BSoD, seen on a baggage claim monitor in Geneva International Airport
BSoDs have been present in Windows NT 3.1 (the first version of the Windows NT family, released in 1993) and all Windows operating systems released afterwards. (See History of Microsoft Windows.) BSoDs can be caused by poorly written device drivers or malfunctioning hardware, such as faulty memory, power supply issues, overheating of components, or hardware running beyond its specification limits. In the Windows 9x era, incompatible DLLs or bugs in the operating system kernel could also cause BSoDs. Because of the instability and lack of memory protection in Windows 9x, BSoDs were much more common.[citation needed]
Incorrect attribution[edit]
On 4 September 2014, several online journals, including Business Insider,[1] DailyTech,[2] Engadget,[3] Gizmodo,[4] Lifehacker,[5] Neowin,[6] Softpedia,[7] TechSpot,[8] The Register,[9] and The Verge[10] attributed the creation of the Blue Screen of Death to Steve Ballmer, Microsoft's former CEO, while citing a source that does not say so: An article by the Microsoft employee Raymond Chen, titled "Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1?"[11] The article was about the creation of the first rudimentary task manager in Windows 3.x, which shared visual similarities with a BSoD.[11] In a follow-up on 9 September 2014, Raymond Chen complained about this widespread mistake, claimed responsibility for revising the BSoD in Windows 95 and panned BGR.com for having "entirely fabricated a scenario and posited it as real".[12] Engadget later updated its article to correct the mistake.[3]
Format[edit]
Until Windows Server 2012, BSoDs showed silver text on a navy blue background with information about current memory values and register values. Windows Server 2012, Windows 8 and Windows 10 use a cerulean background instead.
Windows 95, 98 and ME BSoDs use 80×25 text mode. BSoDs in the Windows NT family use 80×50 text mode on a 720×400 screen. Windows XP BSoDs use the Lucida Console font while the Windows Vista and 7 BSoD uses the Consolas font. Windows 8, Windows Server 2012 use Segoe UI and attempt to render the BSoD at native resolution, otherwise defaulting to 640x480. Windows 10 uses the same format as Windows 8 and up, but has a QR code which leads to a Microsoft survey about how the blue screen was caused.
Despite the "blue screen" name, in Windows 9x, the color of the message could be customized by the user.[13] Starting in December 2016, Windows Insider builds of Windows 10 feature a green error screen.[14][15]
Windows NT[edit]
A stop error as seen in Windows XP, Vista, and 7
In Windows NT family of operating systems, the blue screen of death (officially known as a stop error and referred to as "bug check" in the Windows software development kit and driver development kit documentation) occurs when the kernel or a driver running in kernel mode encounters an error from which it cannot recover. This is usually caused by an illegal operation being performed. The only safe action the operating system can take in this situation is to restart the computer. As a result, data may be lost, as users are not given an opportunity to save data that has not yet been saved to the hard drive.
The text on the error screen contains the code of the error and its symbolic name (e.g. "0x0000001E, KMODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED") along with four error-dependent values in parentheses that are there to help software engineers fix the problem that occurred. Depending on the error code, it may display the address where the problem occurred, along with the driver which is loaded at that address. Under Windows NT, the second and third sections of the screen may contain information on all loaded drivers and a stack dump, respectively. The driver information is in three columns; the first lists the base address of the driver, the second lists the driver's creation date (as a Unix timestamp), and the third lists the name of the driver.[16]
ReactOS, an attempt at creating a free and open-source implementation of a Windows NT-compatible operating system, also features its own BSoD similar to the one in the Windows NT family.
By default, Windows will create a memory dump file when a stop error occurs. Depending on the OS version, there may be several formats this can be saved in, ranging from a 64kB "minidump" (introduced in Windows 2000) to a "complete dump" which is effectively a copy of the entire contents of physical memory (RAM). The resulting memory dump file may be debugged later, using a kernel debugger. For Windows WinDBG or KD debuggers from Debugging Tools for Windows are used.[17] A debugger is necessary to obtain a stack trace, and may be required to ascertain the true cause of the problem; as the information on-screen is limited and thus possibly misleading, it may hide the true source of the error. By default, Windows XP is configured to save only a 64kB minidump when it encounters a stop error, and to then automatically reboot the computer. Because this process happens very quickly, the blue screen may be seen only for an instant or not at all. Users have sometimes noted this as a random reboot rather than a traditional stop error, and are only aware of an issue after Windows reboots and displays a notification that it has recovered from a serious error. This happens only when the computer has a function called "Auto Restart" enabled, which can be disabled in the Control Panel which in turn shows the stop error.
Microsoft Windows can also be configured to send live debugging information to a kernel debugger running on a separate computer. If a stop error is encountered while a live kernel debugger is attached to the system, Windows will halt execution and cause the debugger to break in, rather than displaying the BSoD. The debugger can then be used to examine the contents of memory and determine the source of the problem.
A BSoD can also be caused by a critical boot loader error, where the operating system is unable to access the boot partition due to incorrect storage drivers, a damaged file system or similar problems. The error code in this situation is STOP 0x0000007B (INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE). In such cases, there is no memory dump saved. Since the system is unable to boot from the hard drive in this situation, correction of the problem often requires using the repair tools found on the Windows installation disc.
Details[edit]
Before Windows Server 2012, each BSoD displayed an error name in uppercase (e.g. APC_INDEX_MISMATCH), a hexadecimal error number (e.g. 0x00000001) and four parameters. The last two are shown together in the following format:[18]
error code (parameter 1, parameter 2, parameter 3, parameter 4) error name
Depending on the error number and its nature, all, some, or even none of the parameters contain data pertaining to what went wrong, and/or where it happened. In addition, the error screens showed four paragraphs of general explanation and advice and may have included other technical data such the file name of the culprit and memory addresses.
With the release of Windows Server 2012, the BSoD was changed, removing all of the above in favor of the error name, and a concise description. Windows 8 added a sad emoticon as well. The hexadecimal error code and parameters can still be found in the Windows Event Log or in memory dumps. Windows 10 Build 14393 added a QR code for quick troubleshooting.
Windows 9x[edit]
A blue screen of death, as appears on Windows 9x
The blue screen of death frequently occurs in Microsoft's home desktop operating systems Windows 95, 98, and ME. In these operating systems, the BSoD is the main way for virtual device drivers to report errors to the user. It is internally referred to by the name of "_VWIN32_FaultPopup". A Windows 9x BSoD gives the user the option either to restart or continue. However, VxDs do not display BSoDs frivolously — they usually indicate a problem that cannot be fixed without restarting the computer, and hence after a BSoD is displayed the system is usually unstable or unresponsive.[citation needed]
The most common BSoD is on an 80×25 screen which is the operating system's way of reporting an interrupt caused by a processor exception; it is a more serious form of the general protection fault dialog boxes. The memory address of the error is given and the error type is a hexadecimal number from 00 to 11 (0 to 17 decimal). The error codes are as follows:[19]
00: Division fault
02: Non-Maskable Interrupt
04: Overflow Trap
05: Bounds Check Fault
06: Invalid Opcode Fault
07: "Coprocessor Not Available" Fault
08: Double Fault
09: Coprocessor Segment Overrun
0A: Invalid Task State Segment Fault
0B: Not Present Fault
0C: Stack Fault
0D: General Protection Fault
0E: Page Fault
10: Coprocessor Error Fault
11: Alignment Check Fault
Reasons for BSoDs include:
Problems that occur with incompatible versions of DLLs: Windows loads these DLLs into memory when they are needed by application programs; if versions are changed, the next time an application loads the DLL it may be different from what the application expects. These incompatibilities increase over time as more new software is installed, and is one of the main reasons why a freshly-installed copy of Windows is more stable than an "old" one.
Faulty or poorly written device drivers
Hardware incompatibilities
Damaged hardware may also cause a BSoD.
In Windows 95 and 98, a BSoD occurs when the system attempts to access the file "c:\con\con" or "c:\aux\aux" on the hard drive. This could be inserted on a website to crash visitors' machines. On 16 March 2000, Microsoft released a security update to resolve this issue.[20]
A famous instance of a Windows 9x BSoD occurred during a presentation of a Windows 98 Beta by Bill Gates at COMDEX on April 20, 1998: The demo PC crashed with a BSoD when his assistant, Chris Capossela, connected a scanner to the PC to demonstrate Windows 98's support for Plug and Play devices. This event brought thunderous applause from the crowd and Gates replied after a nervous pause: "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet."[21]
Windows CE[edit]
Windows CE 5.0
The simplest version of the blue screen occurs in Windows CE except the versions for Pocket PC. The blue screen in Windows CE 3.0 is similar to the one in Windows NT.
Similar screens[edit]
Stop errors are comparable to kernel panics in macOS, Linux, and other Unix-like systems, and to bugchecks in OpenVMS. Windows 3.1 displays a Black Screen of Death instead of a blue one.[12] Windows 98 displays a red error screen raised by Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) when the host computer's BIOS has a problem.[22] The bootloader of the first beta version of Windows Vista also displays a red error screen in the event of a boot failure.[23][24][25]
See also[edit]
Xbox 360 technical problems (Red Ring of Death)
Purple diagnostic screen
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smith, Dave (4 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer Wrote The Blue Screen Of Death". Business Insider. Business Insider Inc. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Mick, Jason (4 September 2014). "Microsoft Exec Reveals Steve Ballmer Created Original Blue Screen of Death Message". Daily Tech. DailyTech LLC. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Fingas, Jon (4 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer wrote Windows' first Ctrl-Alt-Delete message (updated)". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Condliffe, Jamie (4 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer Wrote the Blue Screen of Death". Gizmodo. Gizmodo Media Group. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kidman, Alex (5 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer Wrote The BSOD, So Stop Slacking Off". Lifehacker. Allure Media. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Sams, Brad (4 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer wrote the BSOD text". Neowin. Neowin LLC. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Popa, Bogdan (4 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer Himself Created the First Blue Screen of Death Text". Softpedia. SoftNews SRL. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Schiesser, Tim (4 September 2014). "The original Blue Screen of Death was written by Steve Ballmer". TechSpot. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Sharwood, Simon (4 September 2014). "Ballmer PERSONALLY wrote Windows' Blue Screen of Death text". The Register. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Warren, Tom (4 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer wrote the Blue Screen of Death message". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Chen, Raymond (2 September 2014). "Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1?". The Old New Thing. Microsoft. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Chen, Raymond (9 September 2014). "Steve Ballmer did not write the text for the blue screen of death". The Old New Thing. Microsoft. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott Seely (2000). Windows Shell Programming. Prentice Hall PTR. pp. 232–233. ISBN 9780130254962. BSOD stands for Blue Screen Of Death. One can customize the colors of this screen by setting a couple of variables in the 386Enh section of SYSTEM.INI: MessageTextColor and MessageBackColor. The user can only customize the BSOD under Windows 3.1, 95, and 98. These changes do not work under the Windows NT variants.
Jump up ^ "Behold the Windows 10 GSOD -- Green Screen of Death". BetaNews. 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
Jump up ^ Warren, Tom (December 29, 2016). "Windows 10 testers will now get a Green Screen of Death". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Microsoft Windows NT Workstation Resource Kit (1st ed.). Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. 29 October 1996. ISBN 1-57231-343-9.
Jump up ^ http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn745912(v=vs.85).aspx
Jump up ^ STOP: 0x00000001 (parameter, parameter, parameter, parameter) APC_INDEX_MIS
Jump up ^ "What Are Fatal Exception Errors". Support. Microsoft. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Microsoft Corporation (2000). "Patch Available for "DOS Device in Path Name" Vulnerability". TechNet. Microsoft. Retrieved 4 March 2006.
Jump up ^ Garmon, Jay (12 April 2007). "Video: Bill Gates, meet the Blue Screen of Death". TechRepublic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Errors on Red Screen". Support (1.3 ed.). Microsoft. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Michael (7 May 2005). "Longhorn on Virtual PC 2004". Sorting it all Out. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Best, Jo (11 May 2005). "Red screen of death?". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Farrell, Nick (3 June 2005). "Microsoft sees red over blue screen of death". The Inquirer. Incisive Media. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
External links[edit]
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Saint Valentine's Day Massacre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Saint Valentine's Day massacre (disambiguation).
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Saint Valentine's Day Massacre
2122 North Clark Street
Location
Warehouse at Dickens and Clark in Lincoln Park,
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Coordinates
41°55′15″N 87°38′16″W / 41.9208°N 87.6379°W / 41.9208; -87.6379Coordinates: 41°55′15″N 87°38′16″W / 41.9208°N 87.6379°W / 41.9208; -87.6379
Date
February, 14, 1929
10:30 am (CST)
Attack type
Massacre
Weapons
Two Thompson submachine guns
Two shotguns
Deaths
7 (Five members of the North Side Gang, and two other affiliates)
Perpetrators
Chicago Outfit
Egan's Rats
The Purple Gang
Participant
4 (all unidentified)
The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder in Chicago of seven men of the North Side Irish gang during the Prohibition Era.[2] It happened on February 14, and resulted from the struggle between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone to take control of organized crime in the city.[3] Former members of the Egan's Rats gang were suspected of a significant role in the incident, assisting Capone.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Victims
2 Investigation
3 Bolton revelations
4 Other suspects
5 Murder weapons
6 Legacy
6.1 Crime scene and bricks from the murder wall
7 Cultural references
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
At 10:30 a.m. on February 14, 1929, seven men were murdered at the garage at 2122 North Clark Street,[4][5] in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago's North Side. They were shot by four men using weapons that included two Thompson submachine guns. Two of the shooters were dressed as uniformed policemen, while the others wore suits, ties, overcoats and hats. Witnesses saw the "police" leading the other men at gunpoint out of the garage after the shooting.
The victims included five members of George "Bugs" Moran's North Side Gang. Moran's second-in-command, and brother-in-law, Albert Kachellek (alias James Clark), was killed along with Adam Heyer, the gang's bookkeeper and business manager, Albert Weinshank, who managed several cleaning and dyeing operations for Moran, and gang enforcers Frank Gusenberg and Peter Gusenberg. Two collaborators were also shot: Reinhardt H. Schwimmer, a former optician turned gambler and gang associate, and John May, an occasional mechanic for the Moran gang.
When real Chicago police officers arrived at the scene, one of the victims, Frank Gusenberg was still alive. He was taken to the hospital, where doctors stabilized him for a short time. Police tried to question Gusenberg. Asked who shot him, Gusenberg, who had sustained fourteen bullet wounds, replied "No one shot me." He died three hours later.[6]
The massacre was allegedly planned by the organization led by Al Capone to eliminate George "Bugs" Moran, the boss of the long-established North Side Gang. The former boss of the North Side Gang, Dion O'Banion, had been murdered by four gunmen in his flower shop on North State Street in 1924.[7] After the murder of O'Banion, each successive leader of the North Siders was also killed, allegedly by various members or associates of the Capone organization.
Several factors contributed to the timing of the plan to kill George "Bugs" Moran. Earlier in the year, North Sider Frank Gusenberg and his brother Peter unsuccessfully attempted to murder Jack McGurn. The North Side Gang was complicit in the murders of Pasqualino "Patsy" Lolordo and Antonio "The Scourge" Lombardo. Both had been presidents of the Unione Siciliana, the local Mafia, and close associates of Capone. Moran and Capone had been vying for control of the lucrative Chicago bootlegging trade, and Bugs Moran had been moving in on several of Capone's enterprises. Moran was muscling in on a Capone-run dog track in the Chicago suburbs and he had taken over several saloons that were run by Capone, insisting they were in his territory.
The plan was to lure Bugs Moran to the SMC Cartage warehouse on North Clark Street on February 14, 1929. The intent was to kill Moran, and perhaps two or three of his lieutenants. It is usually assumed that the North Siders were lured to the garage with the promise of a stolen, cut-rate shipment of whiskey, supplied by Detroit's Purple Gang, which was associated with Capone. The Gusenberg brothers were supposed to drive two empty trucks to Detroit that day to pick up two loads of stolen Canadian whiskey. All of the victims, with the exception of John May, were dressed in their best clothes, as was customary for the North Siders and other gangsters at the time.
On St. Valentine's Day, most of the Moran gang had already arrived at the warehouse by approximately 10:30 a.m. Moran was not there, having left his Parkway Hotel apartment late. As Moran and one of his men, Ted Newberry, approached the rear of the warehouse from a side street, they saw a police car approach the building. They immediately turned and retraced their steps, going to a nearby coffee shop. They encountered another gang member, Henry Gusenberg, on the street. Henry was warned and turned back. Willie Marks, also a North Side Gang member, spotted the police car on his way to the garage. He ducked into a doorway and jotted down the license number before leaving the neighborhood.
Capone's lookouts likely mistook one of Moran's men for Moran himself – probably Albert Weinshank, who was the same height and build. That morning the physical similarity between the two men was enhanced by their dress: both happened to be wearing the same color overcoats and hats. Witnesses outside the garage saw a Cadillac sedan pull to a stop in front of the garage. Four men, two dressed in police uniform, emerged and walked inside. The two fake police officers, carrying shotguns, entered the rear portion of the garage and found members of Moran's gang and two gang collaborators, Reinhart Schwimmer and John May, who was fixing one of the trucks. The "police officers" then ordered the men to line up against the wall.
The two "police officers" then signaled to the pair in civilian clothes who had accompanied them. Two of the killers opened fire with Thompson sub-machine guns, one with a 20-round box magazine and the other a 50-round drum. They were thorough, spraying their victims left and right, even continuing to fire after all seven had hit the floor. The seven men were ripped apart in the volley. Two shotgun blasts afterward all but obliterated the faces of John May and James Clark, according to the coroner's report.
To give the appearance that everything was under control, the men in street clothes came out with their hands up, prodded by the two uniformed police officers. Inside the garage, the only survivors in the warehouse were Highball (May's dog) and Frank Gusenberg. Despite fourteen bullet wounds, he was still conscious, but died three hours later, refusing to utter a word about the identities of the killers. The Valentine's Massacre set off a public outcry that posed a problem for all mob bosses.[8]
Victims[edit]
Peter Gusenberg, a frontline enforcer for the Moran organizations.
Frank Gusenberg, the brother of Peter Gusenberg and also an enforcer.
Albert Kachellek (alias "James Clark"), Moran's second-in-command.
Adam Heyer, the bookkeeper and business manager of the Moran gang.
Reinhardt Schwimmer, an optician who had abandoned his practice to gamble on horse racing and associated with the gang.
Albert Weinshank, who managed several cleaning and dyeing operations for Moran. His resemblance to Moran, including the clothes he was wearing, is what allegedly set the massacre in motion before Moran actually arrived.[9]
John May, an occasional car mechanic for the Moran gang.[9]
Investigation[edit]
Since it was common knowledge that Moran was hijacking Capone's Detroit-based liquor shipments, police focused their attention on Detroit's predominantly Jewish Purple Gang. Mug shots of Purple members George Lewis, Eddie Fletcher, Phil Keywell and his younger brother Harry, were picked out by landladies Mrs. Doody and Mrs. Orvidson, who had taken in three men as roomers ten days before the massacre; their rooming houses were directly across the street from the Clark Street garage. Later, these women wavered in their identification, and Fletcher, Lewis, and Harry Keywell were all questioned and cleared by Chicago Police. Nevertheless, the Keywell brothers (and by extension the Purple Gang) would remain ensnared in the massacre case for all time. Many also believed what the killers wanted them to believe – that the police did it.
February 22, police were called to the scene of a garage fire on Wood Street where a 1927 Cadillac Sedan was found disassembled and partially burned. It was determined that the car had been used by the killers. The engine number was traced to a Michigan Avenue dealer, who had sold the car to a James Morton of Los Angeles. The garage had been rented by a man calling himself Frank Rogers, who gave his address as 1859 West North Avenue – which happened to be the address of the Circus Café, operated by Claude Maddox, a former St. Louis gangster with ties to the Capone organization, the Purple Gang, and a St. Louis gang called Egan's Rats. Police could not turn up any information about persons named James Morton or Frank Rogers. But they had a definite lead on one of the killers. Just minutes before the killings, a truck driver named Elmer Lewis had turned a corner only a block away from 2122 North Clark and sideswiped what he took to be a police car. He told police later that he stopped immediately but was waved away by the uniformed driver, whom he noticed was missing a front tooth. The same description of the car's driver was also given by the president of the Board of Education, H. Wallace Caldwell, who had also witnessed the accident. Police knew that this description could be none other than a former member of Egan's Rats, Fred 'Killer' Burke; Burke and a close companion, James Ray, were well known to wear police uniforms whenever on a robbery spree. Burke was also a fugitive, under indictment for robbery and murder in Ohio. Police also suggested that Joseph Lolordo could have been one of the killers, because of his brother Pasqualino's recent murder by the North Side Gang.
Police then announced that they suspected Capone gunmen John Scalise and Albert Anselmi, as well as Jack McGurn himself, and Frank Rio, a Capone bodyguard. Police eventually charged McGurn and Scalise with the massacre. John Scalise, along with Anselmi and Joseph 'Hop Toad' Giunta, were murdered by Capone in May 1929, after Capone learned about their plan to kill him, and before he went to trial. The murder charges against Jack McGurn were finally dropped because of a lack of evidence, and he was just charged with a violation of the Mann Act: he took his girlfriend, Louise Rolfe, who was also the main witness against him and became known as the "Blonde Alibi", across state lines to marry.
The case stagnated until December 14, 1929, when the Berrien County, Michigan Sheriff's Department raided the St. Joseph, Michigan bungalow of “Frederick Dane”, the registered owner of a vehicle driven by Fred "Killer" Burke. Burke had been drinking that night, rear-ended another vehicle and drove off. Patrolman Charles Skelly pursued, finally forcing Burke off the road. As Skelly hopped on the running board he was shot three times and died of his wounds later that night. The car was found wrecked and abandoned just outside St. Joseph and traced to Fred Dane. By this time police photos confirmed that Dane was in fact Fred Burke, wanted by the Chicago police for his participation in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.
When police raided Burke's bungalow, they found a large trunk containing a bullet-proof vest, almost $320,000 in bonds recently stolen from a Wisconsin bank, two Thompson submachine guns, pistols, two shotguns, and thousands of rounds of ammunition. St. Joseph authorities immediately notified the Chicago police, who requested that both machine guns be brought there at once. Through the then relatively new science of forensic ballistics, both weapons were determined to have been used in the massacre – and that one of Burke's Tommy guns had also been used to murder New York mobster Frankie Yale (who participated in O'Banion's murder) a year and a half earlier. Unfortunately, no further concrete evidence would surface in the massacre case. Burke would be captured over a year later on a Missouri farm. As the case against him in the murder of Officer Skelly was strongest, he was tried in Michigan and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment. Burke died in prison in 1940.
Bolton revelations[edit]
On January 8, 1935, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents surrounded a Chicago apartment building at 3920 North Pine Grove, looking for the remaining members of the Barker Gang. A brief shootout erupted, resulting in the death of bank robber Russell Gibson. Taken into custody were Doc Barker, Byron Bolton, and two women. While interrogating agents got nothing out of Barker, Bolton (a hitherto obscure criminal) proved to be a "geyser of information", as one crime historian called him. Bolton, a former Navy machine-gunner and associate of Egan's Rats, had been the valet of the Chicago hit man Fred Goetz. Bolton was privy to many of the Barker Gang's crimes and pinpointed the Florida hideout of Ma and Freddie Barker (both of whom were killed in a shootout with the FBI a week later). Bolton claimed to have taken part in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre with Goetz, Fred Burke, and several others.
Because the FBI had no jurisdiction in a state murder case, they kept Bolton’s revelations confidential, until the Chicago American newspaper reported a second-hand version of the bank robber’s confession. The newspaper declared that the crime had been “solved”, despite being stonewalled by J. Edgar Hoover and the Bureau, who did not want any part of the massacre case. Garbled versions of Bolton’s story went out in the national media. Bolton, it was reported, claimed that the murder of Bugs Moran had been plotted in “October or November” 1928 at a Couderay, Wisconsin resort owned by Fred Goetz. Present at this meet were Goetz, Al Capone, Frank Nitti, Fred Burke, Gus Winkeler, Louis Campagna, Daniel Serritella, William Pacelli, and Bolton himself. The men stayed two or three weeks, hunting and fishing when they were not planning the murder of their enemies.
Byron Bolton claimed he and Jimmy Moran were charged with watching the S.M.C. Cartage garage and phoning the signal to the killers at the Circus Café when Bugs Moran arrived at the meeting. Police had indeed found a letter addressed to Bolton in the lookout nest (and possibly a vial of prescription medicine). Bolton guessed that the actual killers had been Burke, Winkeler, Goetz, Bob Carey, Raymond "Crane Neck" Nugent,[10] and Claude Maddox (four shooters and two getaway drivers). Bolton gave an account of the massacre different from the one generally told by historians. He claimed that he saw only “plainclothes” men exit the Cadillac and go into the garage. This indicates that a second car was used by the killers. One witness, George Brichet, claimed to have seen at least two uniformed men exiting a car in the alley and entering the garage through its rear doors. A Peerless sedan had been found near a Maywood house owned by Claude Maddox in the days after the massacre, and in one of the pockets was an address book belonging to victim Albert Weinshank. Bolton further indicated he had mistaken one of Moran’s men to be Moran, after which he telephoned the signal to the Circus Café. When the killers (who had expected to kill Moran and maybe two or three of his men) were unexpectedly confronted with seven men, they simply decided to kill them all and get out fast. Bolton claimed that Capone was furious with him for his mistake (and the resulting police pressure) and threatened to kill him, only to be dissuaded by Fred Goetz.[citation needed]
His claims were corroborated by Gus Winkeler's widow, Georgette, in both an official FBI statement and her memoirs, which were published in a four-part series in a true detective magazine during the winter of 1935–36. Georgette Winkeler revealed that her husband and his friends had formed a special crew used by Capone for high-risk jobs. The mob boss was said to have trusted them implicitly and nicknamed them the “American Boys”. Byron Bolton’s statements were also backed up by William Drury, a maverick Chicago detective who had stayed on the massacre case long after everyone else had given up. Bank robber Alvin Karpis later claimed to have heard secondhand from Ray Nugent about the massacre and that the “American Boys” were paid a collective salary of $2,000 a week plus bonuses. Karpis also claimed that Capone himself had told him while they were in Alcatraz together that Goetz had been the actual planner of the massacre.[citation needed]
Despite Byron Bolton’s statements, no action was taken by the FBI. All the men he named, with the exceptions of Burke and Maddox, were all dead by 1935. Bank robber Harvey Bailey would later complain in his 1973 autobiography that he and Fred Burke had been drinking beer in Calumet City at the time of the massacre, and the resulting heat forced them to abandon their bank robbing ventures. Claude Maddox was questioned fruitlessly by Chicago Police, and there the matter lay. Crime historians are still divided on whether or not the “American Boys” committed the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre.[citation needed]
Other suspects[edit]
Over the years, many mobsters, in and out of Chicago, would be named as part of the Valentine's Day hit team. Two prime suspects are Cosa Nostra hit men John Scalise and Albert Anselmi; both men were effective killers and are frequently mentioned as possibilities for two of the shooters. In the days after the massacre, Scalise was heard to brag, “I am the most powerful man in Chicago.” He had recently been elevated to the position of vice-president in the Unione Siciliana by its president, Joseph Guinta. Nevertheless, Scalise, Anselmi, and Guinta would be found dead on a lonely road near Hammond, Indiana on May 8, 1929. Gangland lore has it that Al Capone had discovered that the pair was planning to betray him. Legend states that at the climax of a dinner party thrown in their honor, Capone produced a baseball bat and beat the trio to death.[11] Huck Foffman has been one of the unidentified gunmen in the massacre. Capone had ordered him in during the initial altercation.
Murder weapons[edit]
The two Thompson submachine guns (serial numbers 2347 and 7580) found in Fred Dane’s (an alias for Fred Burke) Michigan bungalow were tested and it was determined that both had been used in the massacre. One of them had also been used in the murder of Brooklyn mob boss Frankie Yale, which confirmed the New York Police Department’s long-held theory that Burke, and by extension Al Capone, had been responsible for Yale's death.
Gun No. 2347 had been originally purchased on November 12, 1924, by Les Farmer, a deputy sheriff in Marion, Illinois, which happened to be the seat of Williamson County. Marion and the surrounding area were then overrun by the warring bootleg factions of the Shelton Brothers and Charlie Birger. Deputy Farmer was documented as having ties with Egan’s Rats, based 100 miles (160 km) away in St. Louis. By the beginning of 1927 at the very latest, the weapon had wound up in Fred Burke's possession. It is possible he had used this same gun in Detroit’s Milaflores Massacre on March 28, 1927.
Gun No. 7580 had been sold by Chicago sporting goods owner Peter von Frantzius to a Victor Thompson (also known as Frank V. Thompson) in the care of the Fox Hotel of Elgin, Illinois. Some time after the purchase the machine gun wound up with James "Bozo" Shupe, a small-time hood from Chicago’s West Side who had ties to various members of Capone’s outfit.
Both submachine guns are still in the possession of the Berrien County Sheriff's Department in St. Joseph, Michigan.
Legacy[edit]
Crime scene and bricks from the murder wall[edit]
National Museum of Crime and Punishment - Saint Valentine's Day Massacre brick (2868502113)
The garage, which stood at 2122 N. Clark Street, was demolished in 1967, and the site is now a parking lot for a nursing home.[12] The bricks of the north wall, against which the massacre's victims were lined up and shot, were purchased by a Canadian businessman. For many years they were displayed in various crime-related novelty displays. Many of the original bricks were later sold individually, and the remainder are now owned by the Mob Museum in Las Vegas.[citation needed]
Cultural references[edit]
"The Night Chicago Died," a song by the British group Paper Lace, is about a shoot-out between the Chicago Police and gangsters tied to Al Capone. The song was inspired by the events of the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre.[13]
The James Taylor song "Valentine's Day," from his 1988 album Never Die Young, was also inspired by the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre.
Some Like It Hot opens with Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon's characters witnessing a gang shootout inspired by the real-life events of February 14, 1929.[citation needed] The movie is often thought, inaccurately, to depict the Saint Valentine's Day massacre itself.[citation needed]
In the movie Valentine's Day, a schoolteacher asks her students what is special about Valentine's Day, and one student mentions the massacre to her, much to her dismay.
See also[edit]
List of massacres in Illinois
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John May". findagrave.com. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Valentine’s Day Massacre, 1929". Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, John (February 14, 2014). "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Slay doctor in massacre". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 15, 1929. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Trace killers; lid on city". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 16, 1929. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Boyle, William (2015). "Valentine's Day Massacre". Salem Press Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ "Dion O'Bannion". Encyclopædia Britannica. November 5, 2013. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
Jump up ^ Reppetto, Thomas A. "The "Get Capone" Drive: Print the Legend." American Mafia: A History of Its Rise to Power. New York: H. Holt, 2004. 121. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Hoffman, Albert A., Jr. (2010). Some Historical Stories of Chicago. Xlibris. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4535-3969-9.
Jump up ^ "Raymond Nugent". Find A grave. April 13, 2004. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Dennis Earl (2010). Scarface Al and the Crime Crusaders: Chicago's Private War Against Capone. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 71–89.
Jump up ^ "Blood, Roses & Valentines". PrairieGhosts.com. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
Jump up ^ "1974: “The Night Chicago Died” by Paper Lace tops the U.S. pop charts". History.com. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Braucher, Scott (March 19, 2012). "Life Member Dan Tortorell, 95, Was At St. Valentine's Day Massacre". National Press Photographers Association.
Chicago Shimpo – The Chicago Japanese American News, Friday, October 10, 2008. Volume 6732, p. 7. ISSN 0009-370X.
Helmer, William and Arthur J. Bilek. The St. Valentine's Day Massacre: The Untold Story of the Bloodbath That Brought Down Al Capone. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2004. ISBN 978-1-58182-329-5.
External links[edit]
The True Story of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, excerpted from Get Capone, by biographer Jonathan Eig (Chicago magazine)
Haunted Chicago
Mystery.net
Mario Gomes Capone Museum
MisterCapone.com. Official Site of Mr. Capone author, Robert J. Schoenberg
ABC 7 Chicago shoots down massacre theory from the book "Get Capone"
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values: Massacre del Dia de Sant Valentí – Catalan

values: Massacre de la Saint-Valentin (Chicago) – French

values: 성 밸런타인 데이 학살 – Korean

values: Սուրբ Վալենտինի օրվա կոտորած – Armenian

values: טבח יום ולנטיין – Hebrew

values: Švento Valentino dienos skerdynės – Lithuanian

values: വാലന്റൈൻസ് ഡേ കൂട്ടക്കൊല – Malayalam

values: 聖バレンタインデーの虐殺 – Japanese

values: Masakra w Dniu Świętego Walentego – Polish

values: Massacre do Dia de São Valentim – Portuguese

values: Бойня в День святого Валентина – Russian

values: Saint Valentine's Day massacre – Simple English

values: Бійня в день Святого Валентина – Ukrainian

values: 情人節大屠殺 – Chinese

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