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Dexter (season 1)
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Dexter (season 1)
DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
12
Release
Original network
Showtime
Original release
October 1 (2006-10-01) – December 17, 2006 (2006-12-17)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of Dexter episodes
The first season of Dexter is an adaptation of Jeff Lindsay's first novel in the Dexter series, Darkly Dreaming Dexter. Subsequent seasons have featured original storylines. This season aired from October 1, 2006 to December 17, 2006,[1][2] and follows Dexter's investigation of "The Ice Truck Killer". Introduced in the first episode, "Dexter", this serial killer targets prostitutes and leaves their bodies severed and bloodless. At the same time, Dexter's foster sister, Debra Morgan (Jennifer Carpenter), a vice squad officer, aspires to work in the homicide department, and Dexter's girlfriend, Rita Bennett (Julie Benz), wants their relationship to be more intimate.[3] Christian Camargo appears as Rudy Cooper and is a recurring character until the end of the season.[4]
The show's first season received generally favorable reviews from critics; it was praised as "bold, different and exciting, with a central character and performance that take your breath away" by the New York Daily News.[5] The Wall Street Journal saw "the grotesqueries of Dexter" as "not something that can easily be dismissed with the old "'you don't have to watch' line", and concluded that "We do have to live among the viewers who will be desensitized, or aroused, by this show".[6] The aggregate site Metacritic scored the show's first season at 77 out of 100 based on 27 critics reviews.[7]
The season received high ratings for Showtime; the pilot episode attracted more than a million viewers, giving the channel its highest ratings in nearly two years,[1] while the finale "Born Free" drew an audience of 1.1 million viewers in the U.S.[8] On average, the season was watched by two million viewers per episode during its original run when factoring in DVR viewers.[9] Due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild strike and encouraged by the show's critical success and high ratings on Showtime, CBS, a national terrestrial broadcast network, announced in December 2007 that it was considering airing an edited version of the first season of Dexter for free-to-air broadcast.[10] It began to broadcast it on February 17, 2008,[11] and thus, Dexter became the first program in 20 years to air on a broadcast network after being shown on a premium cable channel.[12] During the show's rerun on the CBS network in 2008, the ratings were much higher, reaching 8.2 million viewers during its premiere February,[13] giving the network its best rating in the 10 p.m. timeslot since December the previous year.[14] During its 12-week run,[15] it dropped to 7.1 million in early April,[16] and to 6.6 million during the season's finale on May 6.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest cast
3 Crew
4 Episodes
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
The first season introduces Dexter Morgan, a forensic blood spatter analyst for the Miami Metro Police Department. Dexter is also a serial killer who targets only other killers. How he came to be a serial killer and develop his unique Code of morality is revealed in flashbacks throughout the episodes.
At a young age, an orphaned Dexter is found by police officer Harry Morgan, who adopts the boy. How he lost his parents is a traumatic memory which he represses. When Dexter's adopted sister, Harry's daughter Debra, asks about Dexter's real parents, Harry says that they died in a tragic accident. At an early age, Dexter begins killing animals and showing signs that he doesn't emotionally connect with people. Seeing that the boy's homicidal tendencies are rising and can't be fully quelled, Harry decides to help the boy channel them. Harry teaches Dexter how to hide his actions from police investigations and that if he must kill, then it should be only murderers who are escaping the law. Dexter comes to refer to these guidelines as "The Code" or "Harry's Code" - Rule 1 is to never be caught, Rule 2 is to kill only those who he knows without a doubt are killers. Harry's daughter Debra is unaware of her adopted brother's true nature and doesn't know why her father spends so much time with him on "hunting trips." Harry puts Dexter off killing an actual person for as long as possible, but finally gives his adopted son permission to do so when he is in the hospital and realizes that his nurse has been killing patients. In season 7, Dexter clarifies that he is 19 years old when he first kills a human being. Harry dies in a hospital a year later, from heart difficulties.
Throughout the season, Dexter (now in his 30s and working for the police) verifies the guilt of his chosen victims before stalking and incapacitating them. As a general rule, he injects them with a tranquilizer that immediately puts them to sleep. Dexter takes the victim to a specially-prepared room, sometimes their own homes, which he has covered entirely in plastic and sometimes decorated with artifacts acknowledging the person's crimes. The victim wakes up naked, immobilized and secured to a table by tape and plastic wrap. Dexter confronts them about their crimes as he uses a scalpel and glass slide to obtain a sample of blood from their right cheek. The blood slide is added to a collection of similar trophies that he keeps hidden in his apartment. After killing his victim (sometimes using a weapon that calls back to their own crime), Dexter butchers the body into smaller pieces placed in different trash bags. He then takes his boat The Slice of Life to a special spot in the bay harbor and dumps the bags.
Dexter's life as a killer is a secret from everyone. To appear more normal, he dates Rita, a mother with two children Astor and Cody, whose husband is in jail. Dexter chooses Rita because her abusive past and fear of intimacy means that she is not initially interested in sex and he can keep her at a distance. At work, Dexter is seen as a friendly, if occasionally odd colleague with excellent insight on the nature of murderers. His sister Debra Morgan, who works in the vice department at the beginning of the season, regularly goes to Dexter for advice. Dexter's superior Lt. LaGuerta flirts with him and he is considered a friend by CSI Masuka and Detective Angel Batista. Only Sgt. James Doakes is suspicious of Dexter's behavior, believing that he takes joy in looking at blood and murder scenes. Doakes doesn't hide his dislike of Dexter.
The season starts with a string of murders where the bodies of prostitutes are found in pieces and completely drained of blood. Dexter is immediately impressed by the precision workmanship behind the killings and helps Debra identify some of the killer's methods. For her insight on the murderer, who is now dubbed the "Ice Truck Killer", Debra is promoted to homicide. Meanwhile, Dexter finds that the killer broke into his apartment and left clues related to the killings behind. Dexter realizes that he's been invited to play a game with the killer, to learn who he is. Meanwhile, Dexter's romantic life is complicated when Rita becomes more interested in taking things to a sexual level and later when her husband Paul Bennett is released from prison on parole. While Bennett is good to his children, he repeatedly — but unsuccessfully — attempts to get back with Rita, despite her insistence that they are getting a divorce. After Bennett threatens him and Rita, Dexter impulsively knocks Paul out. Dexter then sets Paul up to look like he violated his parole by using heroin. While back in prison, Bennett insists that Dexter set him up.
Events lead to Debra dating a prosthetics technician named Rudy Cooper, who is also interested in befriending Dexter. Dexter later finds out that a recently deceased man named Joe Driscoll was his biological father, meaning that the man didn't die when he was a child and that Harry lied to him. While he's in the midst of discovering this, Dexter is introduced to Rudy, who says he has been waiting for a long time for them to meet, and the two begin a friendship, although it becomes clear to the audience that Rudy is responsible for the death of Dexter's biological father. Debra is confused that at times Rudy seems more interested in Dexter than in her.
Arriving at a scene arranged by the Ice Truck Killer, a hotel room covered in blood, Dexter suffers a panic attack and realizes that he is regaining his repressed memories. Investigating his past, he learns that Harry found him at the scene of a vicious murder when he was a child. Eventually, he remembers that he and his mother, a woman named Laura Moser, were in a shipping container, imprisoned by criminals. These criminals then killed Laura and chopped her up with chainsaws in front of Dexter, then left him locked in the container, sitting in his mother's blood. It was not until two days later that Harry and the police found Dexter and his dismembered mother. After taking Dexter in, Harry arranged for the report on his discovery and the circumstances of his mother Laura Moser's death to be destroyed.
It is revealed to the audience that Rudy Cooper is actually the Ice Truck Killer. After attempting to kill Det. Batista, who was closing in on him, Rudy proposes marriage to Debra. But this is a ruse to kidnap her and use her as bait for Dexter. Rudy's clues lead Dexter back to his childhood home, where Rudy is holding Debra. Dexter recalls now that he had an older brother who was also in the container when their mother Laura was murdered. Rudy Cooper is actually his older brother, Brian Moser, who was not adopted and spent much of his life in mental institutions. Like Dexter, he is a serial killer but not bound by a moral code. Rudy reveals that he has been searching for Dexter for years and was happy to realize that his younger brother was also a killer. For months now, he has been leading Dexter to him and helping his younger brother recover the memories of their shared childhood trauma. Rudy then reveals a room covered in plastic, where an unconscious Debra is naked and taped to a table. Rudy has arranged the room to be just as Dexter prefers for his own kills, and says that they will kill Debra together to cement their bond as brothers. Dexter says he won't kill Debra and Brian protests that his brother "can't be a killer AND a hero." Dexter saves Debra from Brian just as she wakes up and Brian escapes as the police arrive.
Doakes suspects that Dexter knows more than he's sharing and may have been helping "Rudy Cooper," but Debra insists that Dexter saved her from the Ice Truck Killer. Rudy's biological connection to Dexter is kept secret. Brian Moser makes another attempt on Debra's life, but falls into a trap set up by Dexter. Determined to keep Debra safe, Dexter kills Brian and arranges the scene so the police are convinced that the Ice Truck Killer committed suicide. This time, Dexter does not keep a blood slide trophy of the kill. The season ends with Rita wondering if Dexter did indeed set-up her husband to be imprisoned again, while Dexter realizes that Doakes, now convinced the blood spatter specialist is hiding something, is monitoring him closely.
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Michael C. Hall as Dexter Morgan
Julie Benz as Rita Bennett
Jennifer Carpenter as Debra Morgan
Erik King as James Doakes
Lauren Vélez as María LaGuerta
David Zayas as Angel Batista
James Remar as Harry Morgan
Recurring cast[edit]
C.S. Lee as Vince Masuka
Christina Robinson as Astor Bennett
Daniel Goldman as Cody Bennett
Devon Graye, Dominic Janes and Maxwell Huckabee as Young Dexter Morgan
Geoff Pierson as Tom Matthews
Christian Camargo as Brian Moser / Rudy Cooper
Mark Pellegrino as Paul Bennett
Brad William Henke as Tony Tucci
Angela Alvarado as Nina Batista
Sam Witwer as Neil Perry
Sage Kirkpatrick as Laura Moser
Margo Martindale as Camilla Figg
Guest cast[edit]
Rudolf Martin as Carlos Guerrero
Mark L. Young as Jeremy Downs
Judith Scott as Esme Pascal
Valerie Dillman as Valerie Castillo
Jim Abele as Mike Donovan
Ethan Smith as Jamie Jaworski
Denise Crosby as Nurse Mary
Gina Hecht as Mrs. Tucci
José Zúñiga as Jorge Castillo
Vernee Watson-Johnson as Ms. Doakes
Tony Goldwyn as Dr. Emmett Meridian
Malcolm-Jamal Warner as Rita's lawyer
Crew[edit]
The series pilot was developed by James Manos, Jr. based on Jeff Lindsay's novel. Manos served as an executive producer for the pilot along with John Goldwyn and Sara Colleton. The pilot was produced by Dennis Bishop. Steven Brown also served as a producer for the pilot episode. Chad Tomasoski worked as an associate producer. The pilot was directed by Michael Cuesta.
Manos, Goldwyn and Colleton returned as executive producers for the first season. Mid-season Clyde Phillips became a fourth executive producer. Daniel Cerone joined the crew as a co-executive producer and writer. Pilot director Michael Cuesta returned as a co-executive producer and regular director. Melissa Rosenberg also joined the crew as a consulting producer and writer. Timothy Schlattmann served as a story editor and writer. Lauren Gussis worked as a staff writer throughout the first season. Dennis Bishop returned to produce further episodes but left midseason and was replaced by Robert Lloyd Lewis.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Dexter episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Dexter" Michael Cuesta James Manos, Jr. October 1, 2006 (2006-10-01) 0.60[18]
Dexter Morgan (Michael C. Hall) is introduced as a serial killer who kills other killers who have escaped from, or haven't been found by the justice system. By day he is a blood spatter analyst who works for the Homicide Department of the Miami Metro Police. Dexter has a quasi-relationship with Rita Bennett (Julie Benz), a similarly troubled divorcee raising two young children while her former husband is in prison. One day, Dexter is called to a murder scene involving mutilated bodies, but with no blood visible. The murderer, soon to be nicknamed the "Ice Truck Killer", intrigues Dexter with this intricate methodology and a personal message in the form of a mutilated doll. At the same time, Dexter's hard-nosed sister Debra (Jennifer Carpenter), a vice squad officer, tries to gain a transfer into the Homicide Department.
2
2 "Crocodile" Michael Cuesta Clyde Phillips October 8, 2006 (2006-10-08) 0.72[19]
Dexter assists detectives Batista (David Zayas) and Doakes (Erik King) in investigating the murder of an officer, who was working undercover investigating drug baron Carlos Guerrero (Rudolf Martin). Doakes is personally involved in the case, since he was having an affair with the officer's wife, who was also attacked. Meanwhile, Debra discovers the refrigerated truck in which the Ice Truck Killer dismembers his victims, and is promoted by her superior, Lieutenant María LaGuerta (Lauren Vélez), to the Homicide Department. Inside the truck, Debra, Batista, and Dexter find a block of ice with five fingertips in it, left deliberately by the Ice Truck Killer.
3
3 "Popping Cherry" Michael Cuesta Daniel Cerone October 15, 2006 (2006-10-15) N/A
After the discovery of another victim of the Ice Truck Killer at an ice rink, the missing guard, Tony Tucci, becomes a potential suspect. Meanwhile, Rita receives an unpleasant visit from her ex-husband's drug dealer, who confiscates her car, forcing her to take the bus to and from her job as a hotel receptionist. Dexter selects his next murder victim while having flashbacks of his first killing—a nurse who was caring for Dexter's sick father, Harry Morgan, but was administering overdoses of medication to and slowly killing her patients. Elsewhere, Sergeant Doakes continues to harass Guerrero, as a group of renegade police officers decide to take matters involving Guerrero into their own hands.
4
4 "Let's Give the Boy a Hand" Robert Lieberman Drew Z. Greenberg October 22, 2006 (2006-10-22) N/A
As the hunt for Ice Truck Killer continues, posed body parts are discovered which appear to be the calling cards of an increasingly impatient killer. The Ice Truck Killer escalates his killing spree, leaving body parts of his latest victim at sites connected to Dexter's childhood, which leads Dexter to confront his dark personal history. As Halloween approaches, Rita kidnaps a barking dog from a cynical owner because it keeps her children up at night, and gives it to a loving family. Meanwhile, Lieutenant LaGuerta seeks to comfort the mother of the latest Ice Truck Killer victim. Dexter finds the victim mutilated but alive and strapped to a table for Dexter to kill. Instead, Dexter reports the crime scene anonymously to his sister. The pressure on Sergeant Doakes escalates when Guerrero's associates begin following him.
5
5 "Love American Style" Robert Lieberman Melissa Rosenberg October 29, 2006 (2006-10-29) N/A
Rita learns that her colleague's fiancé, who was illegally immigrating from Cuba, is missing, and asks Dexter to investigate the problem using his police connections. He investigates Jorge Castillo, a salvage yard owner, and discovers that Castillo is murdering the smuggled immigrants who cannot pay for their freedom. Dexter discovers that Castillo's wife is involved in the murders, and kills both of them. Afterwards, he dumps their bodies in the ocean and frees their Cuban prisoners, not noticing a person watching him from the trunk of a car in the yard. Meanwhile, Debra and Doakes question Tucci about the Ice Truck Killer, and through him they find their first bit of tangible evidence.
6
6 "Return to Sender" Tony Goldwyn Tim Schlattmann November 5, 2006 (2006-11-05) N/A
The body of one of Dexter's previous female victims has been found, despite Dexter's having thrown both of the corpses into the ocean. A young Cuban boy had witnessed the previous night's events, and Dexter dismisses his colleagues' leads that could direct them towards him. Eventually, Dexter frames the husband, whose body is still missing, with his wife's murder. The witness had described Jesus Christ rather than Dexter. During this time, Rita dissuades her abusive husband, Paul, from attending their daughter's birthday party after he is released early from prison.
7
7 "Circle of Friends" Steve Shill Daniel Cerone November 12, 2006 (2006-11-12) N/A
Dexter must deal with Rita's menacing husband. Debra goes on a date with the prosthetics expert who made prosthetic legs for an Ice Truck Killer survivor. Debra and Angel are investigating the Ice Truck Killer and discover a familiar name with speeding violations near the scene of the Ice Truck Killer's third murder. Dexter investigates Sergeant Doakes's knife victim; he already knows the killer's identity but needs time to locate him. The Ice Truck Killer is finally apprehended, but Dexter doubts that they have caught the correct man.
8
8 "Shrink Wrap" Tony Goldwyn Lauren Gussis November 19, 2006 (2006-11-19) N/A
An unexplained suicide of a wealthy and powerful woman leads Dexter to suspect that her psychologist, Dr. Emmett Meridian, may have killed her. But he gets a shock when a visit to the suspect reveals dark secrets from Dexter's past. Elsewhere, Rita becomes warmer towards her ex-husband Paul, who claims to have reformed. She wants to become more intimate with Dexter, who is afraid of physically consummating their relationship, but then he is able to have sex with her and once they have finished, he is worried that he might have scared her. Meanwhile, Debra is falling in love with her new boyfriend Rudy. At the end of the episode, the audience finds out that Rudy is the Ice Truck Killer, while unknown to the characters.
9
9 "Father Knows Best" Adam Davidson Melissa Rosenberg November 26, 2006 (2006-11-26) N/A
Dexter learns that his biological father, Joe Driscoll, who he thought had been long dead, has only recently died and has left all of his belongings to Dexter, including his house. Dexter travels to the house with Rita. Debra and Rudy arrive there later (following Rudy's advice) to assist him in cleaning out the house. Dexter suspects Joe Driscoll's death to be murder. Flashbacks to Dexter's childhood show his questioning his foster father Harry (James Remar) about his real parents, and Dexter finds that Mr. Driscoll donated some of his blood to the young Dexter for surgery. In the last scene, one of Joe's neighbors, an elderly woman, recognizes Rudy as a cable repairman, who happened to be Joe's last visitor before his death; after Dexter, Rita, Debra and Rudy had left the premises, Rudy is shown returning to the elderly woman's house dressed as the cable repairman again. Meanwhile, Paul begins to slide back into his old abusive habits when Rita attempts to prevent him from seeing their children. Doakes is under investigation after shooting a fleeing suspect, and Batista wrestles with his conscience as he realises that the evidence doesn't fit Doakes's version of events.
10
10 "Seeing Red" Michael Cuesta Kevin R. Maynard December 3, 2006 (2006-12-03) N/A
Dexter is sent to investigate a horrific blood-soaked crime scene, which he usually enjoys, but is taken aback by a long-suppressed memory of a childhood trauma instead. Rita is charged with assaulting Paul and could lose her children in a custody battle. However, when Dexter finds out, he decides to remove Paul from his and Rita's lives, but by framing him rather than killing him. Angel investigates a hunch regarding the Ice Truck Killer concerning amputee fetish; he turns to Rudy for help but ends up getting stabbed in the parking lot. Meanwhile, Rudy displays a growing interest in getting to know Dexter, particularly in the lately awoken trauma he had recently experienced.
11
11 "Truth Be Told" Keith Gordon Drew Z. Greenberg and Tim Schlattmann December 10, 2006 (2006-12-10) 0.76[20]
The Ice Truck Killer strikes again, leaving a real nightmare before Christmas at Santa's Cottage. Sergeant Doakes becomes more suspicious about Dexter after uncovering a series of Dexter's lies about his connection to the Ice Truck Killer. Dexter finally finds he is connected to the Ice Truck Killer over a past case involving Harry Morgan and a blood-bath crime scene in 1973 involving Dexter's biological mother. Lieutenant Maria LaGuerta braces herself as Captain Matthews blames her for the department's failure to find the Ice Truck Killer and he has her replaced. Rudy and Debra spend some quality time together, and Rudy proposes marriage to the smitten detective. Rita decides to take her children, Astor and Cody, to visit Paul, who has been sent back to prison.
12
12 "Born Free" Michael Cuesta Daniel Cerone and Melissa Rosenberg December 17, 2006 (2006-12-17) 1.20[21]
Doakes and LaGuerta begin to suspect that Rudy is the Ice Truck Killer, while Dexter finds a suspicious picture of the shipping container where his mother was killed. A call from her ex-husband makes Rita suspicious of Dexter and his behavior. Dexter recalls that Rudy is in fact his biological brother, whose real name is Brian Moser. Brian intends to kill Debra with Dexter in a reunion with his true family, but Dexter stops him. As the police close in, Brian escapes and Dexter is left with Debra, appearing to have saved her. The same night, Brian breaks into Dexter's apartment and attempts to stab Debra, but Dexter captures him. After an emotionally charged conversation, Dexter slices his brother's throat and leaves him upside down to drain, staging it as a suicide, while wondering what would happen if everyone knew the truth about him.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (2006-10-04). "Short Cuts: Dexter Slays the Ratings, and More!". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (2006-12-18). "Dexter: "Born Free" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Dexter—Episode Guide > Season 1, Episode 1". TV.com. Retrieved 2009-08-08. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Zulkey, Claire (2007-12-16). "Dexter: Doakes is gone in a bang". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ Bianculli, David (2006-09-29). "Dexter is dead on target. An avenger - and a serial killer". Daily News (New York). Retrieved 2009-08-14. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Dewolf, Nancy (2006-09-29). "The Good, the Ugly and the Bad". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Dexter (Series: Showtime, Sunday 10:00p (60 minutes))". Metacritic. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Dexter Slays Showtime Records". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly; Gough, Paul (2007-12-19). "Dexter kills in second-season finale". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ Szalai, Georg; Andreeva, Nellie (2007-12-05). "CBS eyes Dexter for edited broadcast". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Jump up ^ Smith, Lynn (2008-02-17). "The slicing and dicing of Dexter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian (2008-02-20). "Dexter Gains a Wider Audience". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Primetime Ratings (Wk OF 2/11)" (Press release). ABC Medianet. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick (2008-02-18). "'Knight' rides back to success - Entertainment News, TV News, Media". Variety. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Dexter: Watch Full Episodes and Video". CBS.com. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Fast Facts Overnight Ratings (for 4/6)" (Press release). ABC Medianet. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Fast Facts Overnight Ratings (for 5/4)" (Press release). ABC Medianet. 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Ed (November 3, 2006). "Programming notes: Showtime wants more 'Dexter'". Media Life Magazine. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dempsey, John (April 10, 2007). "‘Sopranos’ takes a hit". Variety. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Levin, Gary (December 13, 2006). "TV heats up for holidays". USA Today. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (December 19, 2007). ""Dexter" kills in second-season finale". Reuters. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
External links[edit]
List of Dexter episodes on IMDb
List of Dexter season 1 episodes at TV.com
Dexter at epguides.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Dexter
Awards and nominations
Soundtrack
Novels
Darkly Dreaming Dexter
Dearly Devoted Dexter
Dexter in the Dark
Dexter by Design
Dexter Is Delicious
Double Dexter
Dexter's Final Cut
Dexter Is Dead
Characters
Dexter Morgan
Debra Morgan
Rita Bennett
Joey Quinn
James Doakes
Vince Masuka
María LaGuerta
Angel Batista
Harry Morgan
Arthur Mitchell
Lumen Pierce
Hannah McKay
Episodes
Season 1
"Dexter"
"Crocodile"
"Popping Cherry"
"Let's Give the Boy a Hand"
"Love American Style"
"Return to Sender"
"Circle of Friends"
"Father Knows Best"
"Seeing Red"
"Truth Be Told"
"Born Free"
Season 2
"It's Alive!"
"Waiting to Exhale"
"An Inconvenient Lie"
"See-Through"
"The Dark Defender"
"Dex, Lies, and Videotape"
"That Night, A Forest Grew"
"Morning Comes"
"Resistance Is Futile"
"There's Something About Harry"
"Left Turn Ahead"
"The British Invasion"
Season 3
"Our Father"
"The Damage a Man Can Do"
Season 4
"Hello, Dexter Morgan"
"The Getaway"
Season 5
"My Bad"
"The Big One"
Season 6
"Those Kinds of Things"
"This Is the Way the World Ends"
Season 7
"Are You...?"
Season 8
"What's Eating Dexter Morgan?"
"Remember the Monsters?"
Adaptations
The Method
Category
Book
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Saul
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This article is about King Saul, the biblical figure. For other uses, see Saul (disambiguation).
Saul
King of Israel (united monarchy)
David Plays the Harp for Saul, by Rembrandt van Rijn, c. 1650 and 1670.
Reign
late 11th century
Successor
Ish-bosheth
Born
c. 1078 BCE
Died
c. 1010 BCE (aged 67–68)
Jezreel Valley, United Monarchy of Israel
Full name
Saul ben Kish
Kings of Ancient Israel
United Monarchy of Israel
Saul · Ish-bosheth
David · Solomon · Rehoboam
Northern Kingdom of Israel
Jeroboam I · Nadab
Baasha · Elah
Zimri
Omri · Ahab · Ahaziah · Joram/Jehoram
Jehu · Jehoahaz · Joash/Jehoash · Jeroboam II · Zechariah
Shallum
Menahem · Pekahiah
Pekah
Hoshea
v
t
e
Saul (/sɔːl/; Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Modern: Ša’ul, Tiberian: Šā’ul, meaning "asked for, prayed for"; Latin: Saul; Arabic: طالوت, Ṭālūt or شاؤل, Ša'ūl), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE,[1] marked a transition from a tribal society to statehood.[2]
Saul's life and reign are described in the Hebrew Bible. He was anointed by the prophet Samuel and reigned from Gibeah. He fell on his sword (committing suicide) to avoid capture in the battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilboa, during which three of his sons were also killed. The succession to his throne was contested by Ish-bosheth, his only surviving son, and his son-in-law David, who eventually prevailed. A similar yet different account of Saul's life may be given in the Quran. Neither the length of Saul's reign, nor the extent of his territory are given in the Hebrew Bible; the former is traditionally fixed at twenty or twenty-two years, but there is no reliable evidence for these numbers.[1]
Contents
1 Biblical account
1.1 House of King Saul
1.2 Anointed as king
1.3 Saul among the prophets
1.4 Military victories
1.5 Rejection
1.6 Saul and David
1.7 Battle of Gilboa and the death of King Saul
2 Biblical criticism
3 Classical rabbinical views
4 In Islam
4.1 Name
4.2 Saul as the King of Israel
5 Historicity
6 Psychological analyses
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Biblical account[edit]
The biblical accounts of Saul's life are found in the Books of Samuel:
House of King Saul[edit]
According to the Tanakh, Saul was the son of Kish, of the family of the Matrites, and a member of the tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve Tribes of Israel. It appears that he came from Gibeah.[3]
David and Saul (1885) by Julius Kronberg.
Saul married Ahinoam, daughter of Ahimaaz, with whom he sired four sons (Jonathan, Abinadab, Malchishua and Ish-bosheth) and two daughters (Merab and Michal).[4]
Saul also had a concubine named Rizpah, daughter of Aiah, who bore him two sons, Armoni and Mephibosheth. (2 Samuel 21:8).
Saul died at the Battle of Mount Gilboa (1 Samuel 31:3–6; 1 Chronicles 10:3–6), and was buried in Zelah, in the region of Benjamin (2 Samuel 21:14). Three of Saul's sons – Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua – died with him at Mount Gilboa (1 Samuel 31:2; 1 Chronicles 10:2). Ish-bosheth became king of Israel, at the age of forty. At David's request Abner had Michal returned to David. Ish-bosheth reigned for two years, but after the death of Abner, was killed by two of his own captains (2 Samuel 4:5).
Armoni and Mephibosheth (Saul's sons with his concubine, Rizpah) were given by David along with the five sons of Merab (Saul's daughter)[5] to the Gibeonites, who killed them. (2 Samuel 21:8–9) Michal was childless (2 Samuel 6:23).
The only male descendant of Saul to survive was Mephibosheth, Jonathan's lame son (2 Samuel 4:4), who was five years old at the time of his father's and grandfather's deaths. In time, he came under the protection of David (2 Samuel 9:7–13). Mephibosheth had a young son, Micah (2 Samuel 9:12), who had four sons and descendants named until the ninth generation (1 Chronicles 8:35–38).
Anointed as king[edit]
"Death of King Saul", 1848 by Elie Marcuse (Germany and France, 1817–1902)
The First Book of Samuel gives three accounts of Saul's rise to the throne in three successive chapters:
Saul is sent with a servant to look for his father's strayed donkeys. Leaving his home at Gibeah, they eventually arrive at the district of Zuph, at which point Saul suggests abandoning their search. Saul's servant tells him that they happen to be near the town of Ramah, where a famous seer is located, and suggests that they should consult him first. The seer (later identified by the text as Samuel) offers hospitality to Saul and later anoints him in private (1 Samuel 9).[6]
A popular movement having arisen to establish a centralized monarchy like other nations, Samuel assembles the people at Mizpah in Benjamin to appoint a king, fulfilling his previous promise to do so (1 Samuel 8). Samuel organises the people by tribe and by clan. Using the Urim and Thummim,[7] he selects the tribe of Benjamin, from within the tribe selecting the clan of Matri, and from them selecting Saul. After having been chosen as monarch, Saul returns to his home in Gibeah, along with a number of followers (1 Samuel 10:17-24).[8] However, some of the people are openly unhappy with the selection of Saul.
The Ammonites, led by Nahash, lay siege to Jabesh-Gilead. Under the terms of surrender, the occupants of the city are to be forced into slavery and have their right eyes removed. Instead they send word of this to the other tribes of Israel, and the tribes west of the Jordan assemble an army under Saul. Saul leads the army to victory over the Ammonites, and the people congregate at Gilgal where they acclaim Saul as king and he is crowned (1 Samuel 11).[6] Saul's first act is to forbid retribution against those who had previously contested his kingship.
André Lemaire finds the third account probably the most reliable tradition.[9] The Pulpit Commentary distinguishes between a private and a public selection process.[10]
Saul among the prophets[edit]
Having been anointed by Samuel, Saul is told of signs indicating that he has been divinely appointed. The last of these is that Saul will be met by an ecstatic group of prophets leaving a high place and playing the lyre, tambourine, and flutes. Saul encounters the ecstatic prophets and joins them.[8] Later, Saul sends men to pursue David, but when they meet a group of ecstatic prophets playing music, they become possessed by a prophetic state and join in. Saul sends more men, but they too join the prophets. Eventually Saul himself goes, and also joins the prophets. (1 Samuel 19:24).
Military victories[edit]
After relieving the siege of Jabesh-Gilead, Saul conducts military campaigns against the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Aram Rehob and the kings of Zobah, the Philistines, and the Amalekites (1 Samuel 14:47).[3] A biblical summary states that "wherever he turned, he was victorious".[11]
In his continuing battles with Philistines, Saul instructs his armies, by a rash oath, to fast. Methodist commentator Joseph Benson suggests that "Saul’s intention in putting this oath was undoubtedly to save time, lest the Philistines should gain ground of them in their flight. But the event showed it was a false policy; for the people were so faint and weak for want of food, that they were less able to follow and slay the Philistines than if they had stopped to take a moderate refreshment".[12] Jonathan's party were not aware of the oath and ate honey, resulting in Jonathan realising that he had broken an oath of which he was not aware, but was nevertheless liable for its breach, until popular intervention allowed Jonathan to be saved from death on account of his victory over the Philistines.[13]
Rejection[edit]
Saul and the Witch of Endor by Gustave Dore.
Saul planned a military action against the Philistines. Samuel said that he would arrive in seven days to perform the requisite rites. When a week passed with no word of Samuel, and with the Israelites growing restless, Saul prepares for battle by offering sacrifices. Samuel arrives just as Saul is finishing sacrificing and reprimands Saul for not obeying his instructions.
Later Samuel instructs Saul to make war on the Amalekites and to "utterly destroy" them,[14] in fulfilment of a mandate set out Deuteronomy 25:19:
When the Lord your God has given you rest from all your enemies on every hand, in the land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance to possess, you shall blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; do not forget.
Having forewarned the Kenites who were living among the Amalekites to leave, Saul goes to war and defeats the Amalekites. Saul kills all the men, women, children and poor quality livestock, but leaves alive the king and best livestock. When Samuel learns that Saul has not obeyed his instructions in full, he informs Saul that God has rejected him as king due to his disobedience. As Samuel turns to go, Saul seizes hold of his garments and tears off a piece; Samuel prophecies that the kingdom will likewise be torn from Saul. Samuel then kills the Amalekite king himself. Samuel and Saul each return home and never meet again after these events (1 Samuel 15:33-35).
Saul and David[edit]
David and Saul, by Ernst Josephson
After Samuel tells Saul that God has rejected him as king, David, a son of Jesse, from the tribe of Judah, enters the story: from this point on Saul's story is largely the account of his increasingly troubled relationship with David.
Samuel heads to Bethlehem, ostensibly to offer sacrifice and invited Jesse and his sons. Dining together, Jesse's sons are brought one by one to Samuel, each being rejected; at last, Jesse sends for David, the youngest, who is tending sheep. When brought to Samuel, David is anointed by him in front of his other brothers.
In 1 Samuel 16:14–23, Saul is troubled by an evil spirit sent by God.[15] He requests soothing music, and a servant recommends David the son of Jesse, who is renowned for his skills as a harpist and other talents:
a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, who is skillful in playing, a mighty man of valor, a man of war, prudent in speech, and a handsome person; and the Lord is with him
When word of Saul's needs reaches Jesse, he sends David, who had been looking after Jesse's flock, with gifts as a tribute,[16] and David is appointed as Saul's armor bearer. With Jesse's permission he remains at court, playing the harp as needed to calm Saul during his troubled spells. (1 Samuel 17:15 suggests David only attended court periodically).
(1 Samuel 17:1–18:5) The Philistines return with an army to attack Israel, and the Philistine and Israelite forces gather on opposite sides of a valley. The Philistine's champion Goliath issues a challenge for single combat, but none of the Israelite accept. David is described as a young shepherd who happens to be delivering food to his three eldest brothers in the army, and he hears Goliath's challenge. David speaks mockingly of the Philistines to some soldiers; his speech is overheard and reported to Saul, who summons David and appoints David as his champion. David easily defeats Goliath with a single shot from a sling. At the end of the passage, Saul asks his general, Abner, who David is.
Saul offered his elder daughter Merab as a wife to the now popular David, after his victory over Goliath, but David demurred. David distinguishes himself in the Philistine wars. Upon David's return from battle, the women praise him in song:
Saul has slain his thousands and David his tens of thousands [17]
implying that David is the greater warrior. Saul fears David's growing popularity and henceforth views him as a rival to the throne.
Saul's son Jonathan and David become close friends. Jonathan recognizes David as the rightful king, and "made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul."[18] Jonathan even gives David his military clothes, symbolizing David's position as successor to Saul.
Saul threatening David, by José Leonardo.
On two occasions, Saul threw a spear at David as he played the harp for Saul. David becomes increasingly successful and Saul becomes increasingly resentful. Now Saul actively plots against David. Saul offered his other daughter, Michal in marriage to David. David initially rejects this offer also, claiming he is too poor. Saul offers to accept a bride price of 100 Philistine foreskins, intending that David die in the attempt. Instead, David obtains 200 foreskins and is consequently married to Michal. Jonathan arranges a short-lived reconciliation between Saul and David and for a while David served Saul "as in times past" (1 Samuel 19:1-7) until "the distressing spirit from the Lord" re-appeared. Saul sends assassins in the night, but Michal helps him escape, tricking them by placing a household idol in his bed. David flees to Jonathan, who arranges a meeting with his father. While dining with Saul, Jonathan explains David's absence, saying he has been called away to his brothers. But Saul sees through the ruse and reprimands Jonathan for protecting David, warning him that his love of David will cost him the kingdom, furiously throwing a spear at him. The next day, Jonathan meets with David and tells him Saul's intent. The two friends say their goodbyes, and David flees into the countryside. Saul later marries Michal to another man.
Saul is later informed by his head shepherd, Doeg the Edomite, that high priest Ahimelech assisted David, giving him the sword of Goliath, which had been kept at the temple at Nob. Doeg kills Ahimelech and eighty-five other priests and Saul orders the death of the entire population of Nob.
David had left Nob by this point and had amassed some 300 disaffected men including some outlaws. With these men David rescues the town of Keilah from a Philistine attack. Saul realises he could trap David and his men by laying the city to siege. David realizes that the citizens of Keilah will betray him to Saul. He flees to Ziph pursued by Saul. Saul hunts David in the vicinity of Ziph on two occasions:
Some of the inhabitants of Ziph betray David's location to Saul, but David hears about it and flees with his men to Maon. Saul follows David, but is forced to break off pursuit when the Philistines invade. After dealing with that threat Saul tracks David to the caves at Engedi. As he searches the cave David manages to cut off a piece of Saul's robe without being discovered, yet David restrains his men from harming the king. David then leaves the cave, revealing himself to Saul, and gives a speech that persuades Saul to reconcile.
On the second occasion, Saul returns to Ziph with his men. When David hears of this, he slips into Saul's camp by night, and again restrains his men from killing the king; instead he steals Saul's spear and water jug, leaving his own spear thrust into the ground by Saul's side. The next day, David reveals himself to Saul, showing the jug and spear as proof that he could have slain him. David then persuades Saul to reconcile with him; the two swear never to harm each other. After this they never see each other again.
Battle of Gilboa and the death of King Saul[edit]
The Battle of Gilboa, by Jean Fouquet, the protagonists depicted anachronistically with 15th Century armour
The Philistines make war again, assembling at Shunem, and Saul leads his army to face them at Mount Gilboa. Before the battle he goes to consult a medium or witch at Endor. The medium, unaware of his identity, reminds him that the king has made witchcraft a capital offence, but he assures her that Saul will not harm her. She conjures the spirit of the prophet Samuel, who before his death had prophesied that he would lose the kingdom. Samuel tells him that God has fully rejected him, will no longer hear his prayers, has given the kingdom to David and that the next day he will lose both the battle and his life. Saul collapses in fear, and the medium restores him with food in anticipation of the next day's battle.
1 Samuel and 2 Samuel give conflicting accounts of Saul's death. In 1 Samuel, and in a parallel account in 1 Chronicles 10, as the defeated Israelites flee, Saul asks his armour bearer to kill him, but he refuses, and so Saul falls upon his own sword. In 2 Samuel, an Amalekite tells David he found Saul leaning on his spear after the battle and delivered the coup de grâce. David has the Amalekite put to death for accusing himself of killing the anointed king.
The victorious Philistines recover Saul's body as well as those of his three sons who also died in the battle, decapitated them and displayed them on the wall of Beth-shan. They display Saul's armour in the temple of Ashtaroth (an Ascalonian temple of the Canaanites). But at night the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead retrieve the bodies for cremation and burial (1 Samuel 31:8–13, 1 Chronicles 10:12). Later on, David takes the bones of Saul and of his son Jonathan and buries them in Zela, in the tomb of his father (2 Samuel 21:12–14).[19] The account in 1 Chronicles summarises by stating that:
Saul died for his unfaithfulness which he had committed against the Lord, because he did not keep the word of the Lord, and also because he consulted a medium for guidance.[20]
Biblical criticism[edit]
There are several textual or narrative issues in the text, including the aforementioned conflicting accounts of Saul's rise to kingship and his death, as well as plays on words, that biblical scholars have discussed.
The birth-narrative of the prophet Samuel is found at 1 Samuel 1–28. It describes how Samuel's mother Hannah requests a son from Yahweh, and dedicates the child to God at the shrine of Shiloh. The passage makes extensive play with the root-elements of Saul's name, and ends with the phrase hu sa'ul le-Yahweh, "he is dedicated to Yahweh." Hannah names the resulting son Samuel, giving as her explanation, "because from God I requested him." Samuel's name, however, can mean "name of God," (or "Heard of God" or "Told of God") and the etymology and multiple references to the root of the name seems to fit Saul instead. The majority explanation for the discrepancy is that the narrative originally described the birth of Saul, and was given to Samuel in order to enhance the position of David and Samuel at the former king's expense.[21]
The Bible's tone with regard to Saul changes over the course of the narrative, especially around the passage where David appears, midway through 1 Samuel. Before, Saul is presented in positive terms, but afterward his mode of ecstatic prophecy is suddenly described as fits of madness, his errors and disobedience to Samuel's instructions are stressed and he becomes a paranoiac. This may indicate that the David story is inserted from a source loyal to the House of David; David's lament over Saul in 2 Samuel 1 then serves an apologetic purpose, clearing David of the blame for Saul's death.[22]
God's apparent change of mind in rejecting Saul as king has raised questions about God's "repentance", which could be considered as inconsistent with God's immutability. In the King James Version, God's word to Samuel states "It repenteth me that I have set up Saul to be king". Samuel's words later clarify that God's repentance is not like human regret or reconsideration:
The Strength of Israel will not lie nor relent. For He is not a man, that He should relent.[23]
Methodist biblical commentator Joseph Benson writes that "Repentance, properly speaking, implies grief of heart, and a change of counsels. Understood in which sense, it can have no place in God. But it is often ascribed to him in the Scriptures when he alters his method of dealing with persons, and treats them as if he did indeed repent of the kindness he had shown them."[24]
In the Books of Samuel, Saul is not referred to as a king (melech), but rather as a "leader" or "commander" (nagid) (1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 10:1).[25] However, Saul is also said to be made a "king" (melech) at Gilgal (1 Samuel 11:15).
Various authors have attempted to harmonize the two narratives regarding Saul's death. Josephus writes that Saul's attempted suicide was stalled because he was not able to run the sword through himself, and that he therefore asked the Amalekite to finish it.[26] Later biblical criticism has posited that the story of Saul's death was redacted from various sources, although this view in turn has been criticized because it does not explain why the contradiction was left in by the redactors.[26] But since 2 Samuel records only the Amalekite's report, and not the report of any other eye-witness, some scholars theorize that the Amalekite may have been lying to try to gain favor with David. On this view, 1 Samuel records what actually happened, while 2 Samuel records what the Amalekite claims happened.[27]
Classical rabbinical views[edit]
Two opposing views of Saul are found in classical rabbinical literature. One is based on the reverse logic that punishment is a proof of guilt, and therefore seeks to rob Saul of any halo which might surround him; typically this view is similar to the republican source. The passage referring to Saul as a choice young man, and goodly (1 Samuel 9:2) is in this view interpreted as meaning that Saul was not good in every respect, but goodly only with respect to his personal appearance (Num. Rashi 9:28). According to this view, Saul is only a weak branch (Gen. Rashi 25:3), owing his kingship not to his own merits, but rather to his grandfather, who had been accustomed to light the streets for those who went to the bet ha-midrash, and had received as his reward the promise that one of his grandsons should sit upon the throne (Lev. Rashi 9:2).
The second view of Saul makes him appear in the most favourable light as man, as hero, and as king. This view is similar to that of the monarchical source. In this view it was on account of his modesty that he did not reveal the fact that he had been anointed king (1 Samuel 10:16; Meg. 13b); and he was extraordinarily upright as well as perfectly just. Nor was there any one more pious than he (M. Q. 16b; Ex. Rashi 30:12); for when he ascended the throne he was as pure as a child, and had never committed sin (Yoma 22b). He was marvelously handsome; and the maidens who told him concerning Samuel (cf 1 Samuel 9:11–13) talked so long with him that they might observe his beauty the more (Ber. 48b). In war he was able to march 120 miles without rest. When he received the command to smite Amalek (1 Samuel 15:3), Saul said: For one found slain the Torah requires a sin offering [Deuteronomy 21:1–9]; and here so many shall be slain. If the old have sinned, why should the young suffer; and if men have been guilty, why should the cattle be destroyed? It was this mildness that cost him his crown. And while Saul was merciful to his enemies, he was strict with his own people; when he found out that Ahimelech, a kohen, had assisted David with finding food, Saul, in retaliation, killed the rest of the 85 kohanim of the family of Ahimelech and the rest of his hometown, Nov. (Yoma 22b; Num. Rashi 1:10) The fact that he was merciful even to his enemies, being indulgent to rebels themselves, and frequently waiving the homage due to him, was incredible as well as deceiving. But if his mercy toward a foe was a sin, it was his only one; and it was his misfortune that it was reckoned against him, while David, although he had committed much iniquity, was so favored that it was not remembered to his injury (Yoma 22b; M. Q. 16b, and Rashi ad loc.). In some respects Saul was superior to David, e.g., in having only one concubine {Rizpah}, while David had many. Saul expended his own substance for the war, and although he knew that he and his sons would fall in battle, he nevertheless went forward, while David heeded the wish of his soldiers not to go to war in person (2 Samuel 21:17; Lev. Rashi 26:7; Yalq., Sam. 138).
According to the Rabbis, Saul ate his food with due regard for the rules of ceremonial purity prescribed for the sacrifice (Yalq., l.c.), and taught the people how they should slay cattle (cf 1 Samuel 14:34). As a reward for this, God himself gave Saul a sword on the day of battle, since no other sword suitable for him was found (ibid 13:22). Saul's attitude toward David finds its excuse in the fact that his courtiers were all tale-bearers, and slandered David to him (Deut. Rashi 5:10); and in like manner he was incited by Doeg against the priests of Nob (1 Samuel 22:16–19; Yalq., Sam. 131)—this act was forgiven him, however, and a heavenly voice (bat qol) was heard, proclaiming: Saul is the chosen one of God (Ber. 12b). His anger at the Gibeonites (2 Samuel 21:2) was not personal hatred, but was induced by zeal for the welfare of Israel (Num. Rashi 8:4). The fact that he made his daughter remarry (1 Samuel 25:44), finds its explanation in his (Saul's) view that her betrothal to David had been gained by false pretenses, and was therefore invalid (Sanhedrin 19b). During the lifetime of Saul there was no idolatry in Israel. The famine in the reign of David (cf 2 Samuel 21:1) was to punish the people, because they had not accorded Saul the proper honours at his burial (Num. Rashi 8:4). In Sheol, Samuel reveals to Saul that in the next world, Saul would dwell with Samuel, which is a proof that all has been forgiven him by God ('Er. 53ba).
In Islam[edit]
Some Muslims refer to Saul as Tālūt (Arabic: طالوت), and believe that (as in the Bible) he was the commander of Israel. Other scholars, however, have identified Talut as Gideon[28] with the reasoning that the Qur'an references the same incident of the drinking from the river as that found in Judges 7:5–7 and other factors associated with Gideon. According to the Qur'an, Talut was chosen by the Prophet Samuel (not mentioned by name explicitly, but rather as "a Prophet" of the Israelites) after being asked by the people of Israel for a King) to lead them into war. The Israelites criticized Samuel for appointing Talut, lacking respect for Talut because he was not wealthy. Samuel rebuked the people for this and told them that Talut was more favored than they were. Talut led the Israelites to victory over the army of Goliath, who was killed by Dawud (David). Talut is not considered a Nabi (Arabic: نَـبِي, Prophet), but a Divinely appointed King.[29]
Name[edit]
The name 'Tālūt' has uncertain etymology. Unlike some other Qur'anic figures, the Arabic name is not similar to the Hebrew name (Sha'ul). According to Muslim exegetes, the name 'Tālūt' means 'Tall' (from the Arabic "tūl") and refers to the extraordinary stature of Saul, which would be consistent with the Biblical account.[30] In explanation of the name, exegetes such as Tha'labi hold that at this time, the future King of Israel was to be recognised by his height; Samuel set up a measure, but no one in Israel reached its height except Tālūt (Saul).
Saul as the King of Israel[edit]
In the Qur'an, Israelites demanded a King after the time of Musa (Moses). God appointed Talut as their King. Saul was distinguished by the greatness of his knowledge and of his physique; it was a sign of his role as King that God brought back the Ark of the Covenant for Israel. Talut tested his people at a river; whoever drank from it would not follow him in battle excepting one who takes [from it] in the hollow of his hand. Many drank but only the faithful ventured on. In the battle, however, David slew Goliath and was made the subsequent King of Israel.[29]
The Qur'anic account[29] differs from the Biblical account (if Saul is assumed to be Talut) in that in the Bible the sacred Ark was returned to Israel before Saul's accession, and the test by drinking water is made in the Hebrew Bible not by Saul but by Gideon.[31]. However, the story of Saul in 1 Samuel 14 has parallels to Qur'an 2:246-251, faithfully accounting for the sacred Ark and the fasting test (1 Samuel 14:18; 1 Samuel 14:24-48; Quran 2:246–251 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)).
Historicity[edit]
The historicity of Saul's kingdom is not universally accepted[1][32] and there is insufficient extrabiblical evidence to verify if the biblical account reflects historical reality.[33]:50ff The notion of a United Monarchy of Israel and Judah is believed by some scholars to be a later ideological construct; statehood in Judah is thought, on the basis of archaeological evidence, to have emerged no earlier than the 8th century BCE.[1]
Saul’s kingdom was not very large. It probably included Mt. Ephraim, Benjamin and Gilead. He also exerted some influence in the northern mountains in Judah and beyond the Jezreel Valley. His capital appears to have been basically a military camp near Gibeah. Archeology seems to confirm that until about 1000 BCE, the end of Iron Age I, Israelite society was essentially a society of farmers and stockbreeders without any truly centralized organization and administration.[9]
Psychological analyses[edit]
Accounts of Saul's behavior have made him a popular subject for speculation among modern psychiatrists. George Stein views the passages depicting Saul's ecstatic episodes as suggesting that he may have suffered from mania.[34] Martin Huisman sees the story of Saul as illustrative of the role of stress as a factor in depression.[35] Liubov Ben-Noun of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, believes that passages referring to King Saul's disturbed behavior indicate he was afflicted by a mental disorder, and lists a number of possible conditions.[36] However, Christopher C. H. Cook of the Department of Theology and Religion, Durham University, UK recommends caution in offering any diagnoses in relation to people who lived millennia ago.[37]
See also[edit]
David in Islam
Kings of Israel and Judah
Midrash Samuel
Paul the Apostle (formerly named Saul of Tarsus as a Pharisee)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Finkelstein, Israel (2006). "The Last Labayu: King Saul and the Expansion of the First North Israelite Territorial Entity". In Amit, Yairah; Ben Zvi, Ehud; Finkelstein, Israel; et al. Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Naʼaman. Eisenbrauns. pp. 171 ff. ISBN 9781575061283. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
Jump up ^ Van der Toorn, Karel (1993). "Saul and the rise of Israelite state religion". Vetus Testamentum. XLIII (4). JSTOR 1518499.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacobs, Joseph; Price, Ira Maurice; Singer, Isidore; Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel (1906). "Saul". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 14:51 lists three sons – Jonathan, and Ishvi, and Malchi-shua – and the two daughters. But see also 2 Samuel 2:8 and 1 Chronicles 8:33.
Jump up ^ Some Hebrew versions say that the five sons were Michal's – e.g., 2 Samuel 21:8–9
^ Jump up to: a b Driscoll, James F. (1912). "Saul". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 10, accessed 1 May 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "Saul, First King of Israel", Chabad.org
^ Jump up to: a b "King Saul", Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple, (Hershel Shanks, ed.), Biblical Archaeology Society
Jump up ^ Pulpit Commentary on 1 Samuel 10, accessed 1 May 2017
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 14:47: New Living Translation; other translations vary
Jump up ^ Benson Commentary on 1 Samuel 14, accessed 7 May 2017
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 14:24-45
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 15:3
Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 16, accessed 12 May 2017
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 16:20: a donkey loaded with bread, a skin of wine, and a young goat
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 18:7, recurring in 1 Samuel 21:11 and 1 Samuel 29:5
Jump up ^ "1 Samuel 18 ; ESV – David and Jonathan's Friendship". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ G. Darshan, "The Reinterment of Saul and Jonathan's Bones (II Sam 21, 12–14) in Light of Ancient Greek Hero-Cult Stories", ZAW, 125,4 (2013), 640–645.
Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 10:13-14
Jump up ^ The idea was originally advanced in the 19th century, and has most recently been elaborated in Kyle McCarter's influential commentary on I Samuel (P. Kyle McCarter, "I Samuel: A New Translation with Introduction, Notes and Commentary", Anchor Bible Series, 1980)
Jump up ^ Hayes, Christine. "Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 13 – The Deuteronomistic History: Prophets and Kings (1 and 2 Samuel)". Yale Open Courses. Yale University. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 15:29
Jump up ^ Benson, J., Benson Commentary on 1 Samuel 15, accessed 10 May 2017
Jump up ^ Bright, John, A History of Israel, The Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1972, p. 185.
^ Jump up to: a b Bill T. Arnold (1989). "The Amalekite report of Saul's death: political intrigue or incompatible sources?" (PDF). J. Evangelical Theological Society. 32 (3): 289–298.
Jump up ^ Life Application Study Bible: Note on 2 Samuel 1:13
Jump up ^ http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=315&region=E1&CR=EN,E2. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Quran %3Averse%3D246 2 :246–252
Jump up ^ Leaman, Oliver, The Quran, An Encyclopedia, 2006, p. 638.
Jump up ^ Judges vii. 5–7
Jump up ^ Baruch Halpern (2003). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 208–211.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Richard D. Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE). Volume 13 of Biblical Encyclopedia. Society of Biblical Lit, 2014 ISBN 9781628370065
Jump up ^ "Stein, George. "The case of King Saul: did he have recurrent unipolar depression or bipolar affective disorder? – psychiatry in the Old Testament", The British Journal of Psychiatry (2011), 198: p.212". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Huisman, M (2007). "King Saul, work-related stress and depression". J Epidemiol Community Health. 61 (10): 890. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.066522. PMC 2652967. PMID 17873225.
Jump up ^ "Ben-Noun, Liubov. "What was the Mental Disease that Afflicted King Saul?", Clinical Case Studies, October 2003 vol. 2 no. 4 pp. 270–282". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cook, Christopher C.H., "Psychiatry in scripture: sacred texts and psychopathology", The Psychiatrist (2012) 36: pp. 225–229". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Wellhausen, Julius, Der Text der Bücher Samuelis
Budde, Die Bücher Richter und Samuel, 1890, pp. 167–276
Driver, S. R., Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel, 1890
Cheyne, T. K., Aids to the Devout Study of Criticism, 1892, pp. 1–126
Smith, H. P., Old Testament History, 1903, ch. vii.
Cheyne, T. K., and Black, (eds.) Encyclopedia Biblica
SAMUEL AND SAUL: A NEGATIVE SYMBIOSIS by Rabbi Moshe Reiss
Hudson, J. Francis, 'Rabshakeh' [Lion Publishing 1992] is a fictionalisation of Saul's tragedy.
Green, A., 'King Saul, The True History of the First Messiah' [Lutterworth Press 2007]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Joseph Jacobs, Ira Maurice Price, Isidore Singer, and Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1901–1906). "Saul". In Singer, Isidore; et al. Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Media related to Saul at Wikimedia Commons
Saul of the United Kingdom of Israel & Judah
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Dulūk ash-Shams ("Decline of the Sun")
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Event of Ghadir Khumm
Laylat al-Mabit
The first pilgrimage
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
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ISNI: 0000 0004 1958 7788
VIAF: 13100048
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Saul (disambiguation)

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United Monarchy of Israel

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Omri (King of Israel)

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Samuel (Bible)

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Samuel (biblical figure)

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Scrolls of Abraham (Islam)

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Nasr (idol)

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Sayl al-‘Arim

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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul
Saul – Afrikaans
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BCl
Saül – Catalan
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul
Saul – Czech
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul
Saul – Welsh
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Saul
Kong Saul – Danish
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul
Saul – German
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAl
Saúl – Spanish
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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Caul
Ŝaul – Esperanto
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Saul – Basque
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Saül – French
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Šaul – Croatian
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul
Saul – Indonesian
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Saul – Italian
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Sauls – Latvian
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Saulius – Lithuanian
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Saoly – Malagasy
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Talut – Malay
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Saul – Dutch
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Saul – Norwegian
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Saul – Portuguese
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Saul – Romanian
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Saul – Scots
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Saul – Simple English
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Saul – Serbo-Croatian
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Saul – Finnish
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Saul – Swedish
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