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The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (soundtrack)
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The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
Film score by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross
Released
December 9, 2011
Recorded
October 2010 – December 2011 (Los Angeles, California)
Genre
Post-industrial
experimental
ambient
electronic
drone
Length
173:34
Label
The Null Corporation/Mute, Madison Gate Records – NULL 02
Producer
Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross
Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross chronology
The Social Network
(2010)The Social Network2010 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
(2011) Gone Girl
(2014)Gone Girl2014
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is an ambient soundtrack by Trent Reznor (of Nine Inch Nails) and Atticus Ross, for David Fincher's film of the same name. It was released on December 9, 2011.[1] This is the second soundtrack that Reznor and Ross have worked on together, the previous being the Oscar-winning[2] The Social Network, also for Fincher. The album was released on Mute Records outside North America.
The soundtrack is nearly three hours long,[3] and includes covers of the Led Zeppelin track, "Immigrant Song", featuring Karen O of Yeah Yeah Yeahs, and the Bryan Ferry song, "Is Your Love Strong Enough?", by Reznor and Ross's own band, How to Destroy Angels.[4] The former premiered on KROQ radio on December 2, 2011, and was made available as a download to anyone who purchased the iTunes pre-order of the album. In addition, the file was accompanied with an extended, 8 minute trailer for the film, scored specifically by Reznor and Ross. On December 2, a six-song sampler of the album was made available for free online along with the pre-release of various different formats of the soundtrack.
The score was nominated for the 2011 Golden Globe award for Best Original Score – Motion Picture,[5] and won the 2012 Grammy award for Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media.[6] The album debuted on the UK Albums Chart on 7 January 2012 at position 199.
Contents
[hide]
1 Promotion
1.1 Mouth Taped Shut
1.1.1 ...Comes Forth in the Thaw
1.1.2 What Is Hidden in Snow...
2 Packaging
3 Release
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Accolades
5 Track listing
5.1 Six Track Sampler
5.2 Award FYC album
6 Personnel
7 Charts
7.1 Album
7.2 Singles
8 In popular media
9 References
10 External links
Promotion[edit]
A teaser trailer for the film was released online on June 2, 2011, (previously being attached to certain domestic and international films), featuring a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song", by Reznor, Ross and Karen O (from the Yeah Yeah Yeahs).[7]
On August 10, the film's official website was updated to feature background music "She Reminds Me of You", under the filename "Dotcom.mp3". As was the case with "Hand Covers Bruise" from The Social Network's official site, this backing music was the first piece from the score to be available for listening.
A full-length trailer for the film was released on September 22, featuring music from the score again, the first time the score had been specifically set to footage. Specifically the track "An Itch."
One track from the score ("What If We Could?") has been performed live by Reznor's band Nine Inch Nails on their Twenty Thirteen Tour in summer 2013.
Mouth Taped Shut[edit]
A Tumblr blog entitled Mouth Taped Shut was launched on August 20, 2011, releasing behind-the-scenes photographs of the shooting and production of the film. On October 3, the blog posted a YouTube video of custom posters for the film being printed, with backing music by Reznor and Ross.[8] The blog was also used extensively to promote a public preview of the film, and had hosted snapshots of the score in progress.
...Comes Forth in the Thaw[edit]
An image posted on Mouth Taped Shut showed Reznor in the studio, working on the score. On close inspection, however, the monitor of his computer displayed the url, http://www.comesforthinthethaw.com, which when typed in linked to a site featuring an ever-evolving array of further background music accompanied to various film stills.
What Is Hidden in Snow...[edit]
Following a hidden clue on ...Comes Forth in theThaw, the website http://www.whatishiddeninsnow.com was found, which led to a series of treasure trails around the world, finding pieces from the film as part of an Alternate Reality Game promotion.
Packaging[edit]
The album's art was created by Nine Inch Nails and How to Destroy Angels' creative director Rob Sheridan and Neil Kellerhouse.
Release[edit]
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was opened for pre-orders online on December 2, 2011, on Reznor's independent label website Null Corporation in a number of different formats at various price points. The digital copy was released on December 9, whilst retail copies of the album were distributed by Mute Records on December 27 in CD format followed by the "Deluxe" edition on February 6.[1] The smallest Dragon Tattoo package contains the entire album in 320 kbit/s MP3 format made available for download directly from the website for US$12. A lossless digital version includes a choice of Apple Lossless or FLAC for US$14. A standard physical version is available for US$14 and includes three audio CDs stored in an eight panel digipak with custom "ice" slipcase and a six panel insert, alongside a digital version delivered in 320 kbit/s MP3. A $300 "Deluxe Edition" includes a 6-LP 180 gram vinyl set in a deluxe book package with metal cover in a hard plastic "ice" slip cover, an exclusive custom 8GB metal razor blade USB pendant (inspired by Lisbeth Salander's razor blade necklace) containing the full album in high-fidelity 96k audio, a fold-out poster designed by Neil Kellerhouse, and a HD digital copy in either Apple Lossless, FLAC, or 320 kbit/s MP3 formats.[1]
On the day of the six-track sampler's launch, Reznor posted about the release on the Nine Inch Nails website:
For the last fourteen months Atticus and I have been hard at work on David Fincher's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. We laughed, we cried, we lost our minds and in the process made some of the most beautiful and disturbing music of our careers. The result is a sprawling three-hour opus that I am happy to announce is available for pre-order right now for as low as $11.99. The full release will be available in one week - December 9th. [...] Atticus and I are very proud of the film and our work, we hope you enjoy.[9]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [10]
The A.V. Club (B)[11]
Consequence of Sound [12]
Filmtracks [13]
The Los Angeles Times [14]
The New York Times (favorable) [15]
The Philadelphia Inquirer [16]
Pitchfork Media (7.0/10)[17]
Rolling Stone [18]
The Salt Lake Tribune (B)[19]
Movie Music UK [20]
Critical response to the score was generally favorable, with an average rating of 76% based on 11 professional reviews on Metacritic.[21] Christian Cottingham of Drowned in Sound noticed that, "like the film the soundtrack favours atmosphere over cheap thrill, taking its time to mount a sense of rising dread, layers of drone building overtop machinery echo and worn piano faded between scattered melodies and sparse percussion. In isolation it’s an accompaniment to 3am melancholy or the onset of madness: in context it’s Fincher’s bleached out whites and blacks and murky greens turned to sound, bleaker than their previous work and more ambitious even than NIN’s Ghosts." Cottingham asserted that Dragon Tattoo, "most(ly) recalls Reznor’s soundtrack for Quake in the late 90’s, where space and silence played a role as great as any multitrack in conveying tension and unsettling the mood. At times tender but mostly pretty terrifying, this needs to be heard somewhere loud, and preferably with an exit in easy reach."[22]
Conversely professional film music critics like Christian Clemmensen, of Filmtracks, and Jonathan Broxton, of Movie Music UK, dismissed it entirely, the latter considering the score as: "little more than a series of ambient drones, overlaid with various industrial sound effects and staccato rhythms – de-tuned piano chords, plucked bass notes, and the like." He also stated: "When the score isn't jarringly distracting, it's virtually inaudible or indistinguishable from the film’s sound effects, begging the question of why the music is there in the first place."[23]
Accolades[edit]
Date of ceremony
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
December 5, 2011 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Score Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Nominated
December 19, 2011 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[24] Best Original Score Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Nominated
December 19, 2011 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards[25] Best Music Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Nominated
Best Scene Opening credits (Immigrant Song) Won
January 10, 2012 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards 2011[26] Best Film Music or Score Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Won
January 12, 2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards[27] Best Composer Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Nominated
January 15, 2012 Golden Globe Awards[28] Best Original Score Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Nominated
February 12, 2012 BAFTA Awards[29] Best Original Music Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Nominated
February 10, 2013 Grammy Awards[30] Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross Won
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross, except where noted.
Disc 1
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Immigrant Song" (featuring Karen O) Jimmy Page, Robert Plant 2:47
2. "She Reminds Me of You" 4:25
3. "People Lie All the Time" 4:10
4. "Pinned and Mounted" 5:04
5. "Perihelion" 6:01
6. "What If We Could?" 4:08
7. "With the Flies" 7:41
8. "Hidden in Snow" 5:19
9. "A Thousand Details" 3:58
10. "One Particular Moment" 7:00
11. "I Can't Take It Anymore" 1:48
12. "How Brittle the Bones" 1:49
13. "Please Take Your Hand Away" 6:00
Total length: 60:10
Disc 2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Cut into Pieces" 4:03
2. "The Splinter" 2:32
3. "An Itch" 4:09
4. "Hypomania" 5:47
5. "Under the Midnight Sun" 7:01
6. "Aphelion" 3:33
7. "You're Here" 3:29
8. "The Same as the Others" 3:08
9. "A Pause for Reflection" 4:11
10. "While Waiting" 2:17
11. "The Seconds Drag" 4:33
12. "Later into the Night" 4:55
13. "Parallel Timeline with Alternate Outcome" 6:32
Total length: 56:10
Disc 3
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Another Way of Caring" 7:02
2. "A Viable Construct" 3:14
3. "Revealed in the Thaw" 2:47
4. "Millennia" 1:19
5. "We Could Wait Forever" 4:21
6. "Oraculum" 8:21
7. "Great Bird of Prey" 5:19
8. "The Heretics" 5:20
9. "A Pair of Doves" 2:02
10. "Infiltrator" 7:03
11. "The Sound of Forgetting" 2:30
12. "Of Secrets" 3:25
13. "Is Your Love Strong Enough?" (performed by How to Destroy Angels) Bryan Ferry 4:30
Total length: 57:14
Six Track Sampler[edit]
Cover of the Six Track Sampler
All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Hidden in Snow" 5:19
2. "People Lie All the Time" 4:08
3. "What If We Could?" 3:59
4. "Oraculum" 8:16
5. "Please Take Your Hand Away" 5:53
6. "Under the Midnight Sun" 6:59
Total length: 34:34
Award FYC album[edit]
An alternate album For Your Consideration (FYC) was sent by Sony Pictures to awarding bodies. It features the actual film cues, which have alternate titles, edits and mixes from the versions on the commercially available soundtrack, along with one composition not on the soundtrack release at all.
All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross.
Disc 1
No.
Title
Length
1. "I Can't Take It Anymore" 1:18
2. "Salander Goes Home" (She Reminds Me of You) 1:56
3. "Morrel's Report" (People Lie All the Time) 2:10
4. "Heartbreak" (What If We Could?) 2:41
5. "Salander / Cecilia / Harald" (Hidden in Snow) 2:56
6. "Värmland" (Please Take Your Hand Away) 4:54
7. "Maps" (The Seconds Drag) 1:43
8. "Bjurman BJ" (With the Flies) 3:19
9. "Salander Returns to the House" (One Particular Moment) 1:53
10. "Archives" (Pinned and Mounted) 2:45
11. "Coffee Cup" (The Seconds Drag) 0:52
12. "Martin's Story" (Under the Midnight Sun) 1:25
13. "Martin Traps Blomkvist" (Aphelion) 2:24
14. "Car Chase" (Great Bird of Prey) 2:04
15. "Harriet Theme 4" (While Waiting) 0:57
16. "Salander's Trip" (The Heretics) 3:48
17. "North Pole" (A Pause for Reflection) 0:48
18. "Media Event of the Year" (One Particular Moment) 0:43
19. "Harriet's Story" (Under the Midnight Sun) 4:05
20. "Bank Sequence" (The Heretics) 1:15
21. "Harriet Theme 1" (Millenia) 2:33
22. "Salander Tattoos Bjurman" (Of Secrets) 2:26
Total length: 48:44
Disc 2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Millennia" 1:37
2. "She's One of the Best, She's Different" (We Could Wait Forever) 2:44
3. "Parade Photos" (You're Here) 1:54
4. "Bible Verses" (Aphelion) 1:59
5. "Plague, Trinity & Wasp" (Infiltrator) 1:59
6. "Salander Arrives at Bjurman's" (Cut into Pieces) 1:40
7. "Salander Reports to Blomkvist" (Aphelion) 1:43
8. "Salander at Wennerström's Apartment" (People Lie All the Time) 1:02
9. "Blomkvist Shot" (Great Bird of Prey) 1:06
10. "Lovemaking" (What If We Could?) 1:41
11. "Harriet's Flowers" (How Brittle the Bones) 1:34
12. "Harriet / The Accident" (Hidden in Snow) 2:38
13. "Salander at Söder Hospital" (Under the Midnight Sun) 0:48
14. "Meeting Bjurman" (We Could Wait Forever) 1:07
15. "Salander Raped" (With the Flies) 2:05
16. "Salander Tasers Bjurman" (You're Here) 1:16
17. "Martin Interviews Blomkvist" (Great Bird of Prey) 2:57
18. "Blomkvist Meets Martin" (misprint on the packaging, "Martin" should be "Henrik") 1:16
19. "Blomkvist Travels to Hedestad (misspelled Hedestadt)" (She Reminds Me of You) 1:53
20. "Widow Brännlund's Photos" (Hidden in Snow) 1:18
21. "Dead Cat" (Perihelion) 0:38
Total length: 34:32
The same album was made available on the Sony Pictures FYC site as of February 6, 2012.[31] Here, it was presented in chronological order from the film, and did not feature the Led Zeppelin cover performed by Trent Reznor and Karen O:
All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross.
No.
Title
Length
1. "I Can't Take It Anymore" 1:18
2. "Media Event of the Year" (One Particular Moment) 0:43
3. "She's One of the Best, She's Different" (We Could Wait Forever) 2:44
4. "Salander at Wennerström's Apartment" (People Lie All the Time) 1:02
5. "Blomkvist Travels to Hedestad (misspelled Hedestadt)" (She Reminds Me of You) 1:53
6. "Blomkvist Meets Henrik" 1:16
7. "Harriet / The Accident" (Hidden in Snow) 2:38
8. "Harriet's Flowers" (How Brittle the Bones) 1:34
9. "North Pole" (A Pause for Reflection) 0:48
10. "Salander at Söder Hospital" (Under the Midnight Sun) 0:48
11. "Morrel's Report" (People Lie All the Time) 2:10
12. "Meeting Bjurman" (We Could Wait Forever) 1:07
13. "Martin's Story" (Under the Midnight Sun) 1:25
14. "Bjurman BJ" (With the Flies) 3:19
15. "Salander Arrives at Bjurman's" (Cut into Pieces) 1:40
16. "Salander Raped" (With the Flies) 2:05
17. "Salander Goes Home" (She Reminds Me of You) 1:56
18. "Millennia" 1:37
19. "Parade Photos" (You're Here) 1:54
20. "Salander Tasers Bjurman" (You're Here) 1:16
21. "Salander Tattoos Bjurman" (Of Secrets) 2:26
22. "Bible Verses" (Aphelion) 1:59
23. "Värmland" (Please Take Your Hand Away) 4:54
24. "Salander Reports to Blomkvist" (Aphelion) 1:43
25. "Dead Cat" (Perihelion) 0:38
26. "Harriet Theme 1" (While Waiting) 0:58
27. "Widow Brännlund's Photos" (Hidden in Snow) 1:18
28. "Blomkvist Shot" (Great Bird of Prey) 1:06
29. "Lovemaking" (What If We Could?) 1:41
30. "Salander / Cecilia / Harald" (Hidden in Snow) 2:56
31. "Maps" (The Seconds Drag) 1:43
32. "Archives" (Pinned and Mounted) 2:45
33. "Coffee Cup" (The Seconds Drag) 0:52
34. "Martin Traps Blomkvist" (Aphelion) 2:24
35. "Martin Interviews Blomkvist" (Great Bird of Prey) 2:57
36. "Car Chase" (Great Bird of Prey) 2:04
37. "Salander Returns to the House" (One Particular Moment) 1:53
38. "Harriet Theme 4" (While Waiting) 2:33
39. "Plague, Trinity & Wasp" (Infiltrator) 1:59
40. "Harriet's Story" (Under the Midnight Sun) 4:05
41. "Salander's Trip" (The Heretics) 3:48
42. "Bank Sequence" (The Heretics) 1:15
43. "Heartbreak" (What If We Could?) 2:41
Personnel[edit]
Credits for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo adapted from liner notes:[32]
Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross – composition, arrangements, performance, programming, and production
Karen O – vocals (1)
Mariqueen Maandig – vocals (11, 23, 30, 35, 39)
How to Destroy Angels – performance (39)
Blumpy – engineer
Alan Moulder – mixing (1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 39)
Michael Patterson – mixing (2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 20, 22, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37)
Rob Sheridan – art direction
Neil Kellerhouse – artwork and GDT typeface
Jean-Baptiste Mondino – photography
Tom Baker (at Precision Mastering, Hollywood, CA) – mastering
David Fincher – executive producer
Scott Rudin – executive producer
Lia Vollack (for Columbia Pictures) – executive in charge of music
Paul Kremen – consultant
Rebel Waltz, Inc. – Trent Reznor and Null management
Ren Klyce, Ceán Chaffin, Claudia Sarne, Susan Bonds, Alex Lieu, 42 Entertainment, Daniel Miller, Tim Ahlering, Raul Perez, Shelly Bunge, Andrea McKee, Brett Bachemein, Angela Sidlow, Larry Kohorn, Tara-Beaudine-Moore, Valerie Caton, Neil Ross, Fred de Jong, Michelle Jubelirer, Don Kennedy, Arif Mahmud, Gary Stiffleman, David Byrnes, Irina Volodarsky, Doug Mark, Paul Friedman, Tony Ciulla and Laura Haber – special thanks
Charts[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart[33]
15
Austrian Albums Chart[34]
71
Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders)[35]
73
Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia)[36]
97
UK Albums Chart[37]
199
US Billboard 200[38]
44
US Rock Albums[38]
11
US Independent Albums[38]
4
US Alternative Albums[38]
10
US Soundtracks[38]
3
Singles[edit]
Year
Song
US
Heat
[39]
UK
Rock
[40]
2011 "Immigrant Song"
(Karen O with Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross) 14 4
"Is Your Love Strong Enough?"
(How to Destroy Angels) — —
In popular media[edit]
Parts of the tracks "Pinned and Mounted", "Hidden in Snow", and "What If We Could?" were used in the pilot episode of the TV series Elementary.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo". Retrieved 2011-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross win Best Original Score Oscar". www.pitchfork.com/.
Jump up ^ "Trent Reznor: And why was that? It's cl...". Twitter.com. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
Jump up ^ Trent Reznor's How to Destroy Angels Cover Bryan Ferry for Dragon Tattoo. Carrie Battan. Pitchfork Media. November 30, 2011. Last accessed December 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 69th Annual Golden Globe Awards (2011)". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners Search". The Recording Academy. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
Jump up ^ Trent Reznor and Karen O Cover Led Zeppelin. Tom Breihan. Pitchfork Media. May 27, 2011. Last accessed December 04, 2011.
Jump up ^ "10.03.11". YouTube. Google Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
Jump up ^ Trent Reznor (2011). "The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo" Pre-Orders and Free Sampler". Retrieved 2011-12-04.
Jump up ^ Jurek, Thom. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at AllMusic. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Kyle Ryan (2012-01-10). "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross: "The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo"". theavclub.com. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
Jump up ^ Justin Gerber (2011-12-12). "Consequence of Sound Review". consequenceofsound.net. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
Jump up ^ Christian Clemmensen (2012-01-05). "Filmtracks: The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo (Trent Reznor/Atticus Ross)". filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
Jump up ^ Randall Roberts (2011-12-26). "Album review: 'The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo' soundtrack". latimesblogs.latimes.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ Nate Chinen (2012-01-06). "New CDs - Albatrosh, Trio M, Charlie Haden and Hank Jones - NYTimes.com". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ A.D. Amorosi (2012-01-07). "Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross make 'Dragon Tattoo' strong". goerie.com. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
Jump up ^ Andrew Ryce (2012-01-17). "Trent Reznor / Atticus Ross: The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo OST". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2012-01-18.
Jump up ^ Jon Dolan (2011-12-27). "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo: Original Soundtrack - Album Review". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
Jump up ^ David Burger (2011-12-24). "Music from ‘Dragon Tattoo’ as dark as the film". sltrib.com. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Broxton (2011-12-27). "The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo – Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross".
Jump up ^ "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo [OST] by Trent Reznor". Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Christian Cottingham (2011-12-15). "DiS Report: The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo - Film Premiere / In Depth". Retrieved 2011-12-17.
Jump up ^ Jonathon Broxton (2011-12-27). "THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO -- Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross". moviemusicuk.us. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
Jump up ^ Chicago Film Critics Nominations. awardsdaily.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
Jump up ^ "2011 SLFC Awards Nominees". AwardsDaily.com. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Jump up ^ "2011 EDA Awards Winners". www.awfj.org.
Jump up ^ "Critics Choice Movie Awards: 'The Artist,' 'Hugo' snag multiple nominations". Zap2It.com. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Jump up ^ "69th Annual Golden Globe Awards — Full List Of Nominees". HollywoodLife.com. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Awards Database - BAFTA Site - Original Music 2011". BAFTA.org. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ [1]. NARAS/grammy.com. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ Track listing and credits as per liner notes for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo album
Jump up ^ "ARIA Hitseekers – Week Commencing 23rd January 2012" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Pandora Archive. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trent Reznor / Atticus Ross – The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo" (in German). IFPI Austria. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trent Reznor / Atticus Ross – The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trent Reznor / Atticus Ross – The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo" (in French). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CHART: CLUK Update 7.01.2012 (wk52)". Official Charts Company. The Zobbel Website. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rock Albums – Week of January 14, 2012". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Karen O Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: 14th January 2012". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
External links[edit]
2010s portal
Film portal
Music portal
Official website for the soundtrack
Official website for the film
Mouth Taped Shut - Semi-official film production blog
Comes Forth in the Thaw - Promotional website (film stills and soundtrack)
What Is Hidden in Snow - Promotional website (ARG)
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Restraining order
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Not to be confused with restraint orders, which freezes a person’s assets and bank accounts in relation to suspected proceeds of crime (UK law).
Not to be confused with civil restraint orders, which prevent a person from commencing vexatious litigation (UK law).
Not to be confused with temporary restraining order, also known as an injunction, used to grant equitable relief against a possible future harm.
A restraining order issued by the Justice Court of Las Vegas.
A restraining order or protective order is an order used by a court to protect a person, business, company, establishment, or entity, and the general public, in a situation involving alleged domestic violence, harassment, stalking, or sexual assault. In the United States, every state has some form of domestic violence restraining order law,[1] and many states also have specific restraining order laws for stalking[2] and sexual assault.[3]
Restraining and personal protection order laws vary from one jurisdiction to another but all establish who can file for an order, what protection or relief a person can get from such an order, and how the order will be enforced. The court will order the adverse party to refrain from certain actions and/or require compliance with certain provisions. Failure to comply is a violation of the order which can result in the arrest and prosecution of the offender. Violations in some jurisdictions may also constitute criminal or civil contempt of court.
Contents
[hide]
1 Restraining order provisions
2 Burden of proof and misuse
3 Effectiveness
4 Gender of parties
5 Jurisdictions
5.1 United Kingdom
5.1.1 England
5.2 United States
5.2.1 Types
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Restraining order provisions[edit]
All protective order statutes permit the court to instruct an alleged abuser to stay a certain distance away from someone, their home, their workplace or their school ("stay away" provisions) and to not contact them. Alleged victims generally may also request the court to order that all contact, whether it be by telephone, notes, mail, fax, email, text, or delivery of flowers or gifts, be prohibited ("no contact" provisions). Courts can also instruct an alleged abuser to not hurt or threaten someone ("cease abuse" provisions).
Some states also allow the court to order the alleged abuser to pay temporary support or continue to make mortgage payments on a home owned by both people ("support" provisions), to award sole use of a home or car owned by both people ("exclusive use" provisions), or to pay for medical costs or property damage caused by the alleged abuser ("restitution" provisions). Some courts might also be able to instruct the alleged abuser to turn over any firearms and ammunition he or she has ("relinquish firearms" provisions), attend a batterers' treatment program, appear for regular drug tests, or start alcohol or drug abuse counselling. Its issuance is sometimes called a "de facto divorce".[4]
Burden of proof and misuse[edit]
The standard of proof required to obtain a restraining order can vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but it is generally lower than the standard of beyond a reasonable doubt required in criminal trials. Many US states—such as Oregon and Pennsylvania along with many others—use a standard of preponderance of the evidence. Other states use different standards, such as Wisconsin which requires that restraining orders be based on "reasonable grounds".[5]
Judges have some incentives to err on the side of granting restraining orders. If a judge should grant a restraining order against someone who might not warrant it, typically the only repercussion is that the defendant might appeal the order. If, on the other hand, the judge denies a restraining order and the plaintiff is killed or injured, sour publicity and an enraged community reaction may harm the jurist's career.[4][6]
Colorado's statute inverts the standard court procedures and due process, providing that after the court issues an ex parte order, the defendant must "appear before the court at a specific time and date and . . . show cause, if any, why said temporary civil protection order should not be made permanent."[7] That is, Colorado courts place the burden of proof on the accused to establish his or her innocence, rather than requiring the accuser to prove his or her case. Hawaii similarly requires the defendant to prove his or her own innocence.[8]
The low burden of proof for restraining orders has led to some high-profile cases involving stalkers of celebrities obtaining restraining orders against their targets. For example, in 2005 a New Mexico judge issued a restraining order against New York City-based TV host David Letterman after a woman made claims of abuse and harassment, including allegations that Letterman had spoken to her via coded messages on his TV show. The judge later admitted that he granted the restraining order not on the merits of the case, but because the petitioner had completely filled out the required paperwork.[9]
Another criticism is that restraining orders are sometimes used in divorce cases for tactical advantage. Joseph E. Cordell, an attorney who specializes in representing men in divorce and custody cases, estimates that about 85% of restraining orders are filed by women alleging abuse by men, yet over 90% of restraining orders against men are tactical rather than due to legitimate fears of abuse or injury.[10] Some attorneys offer to have restraining orders dropped in exchange for financial concessions in such proceedings.
There have also been cases of abusers obtaining restraining orders against their victims, forcing them to divest themselves of firearms that could otherwise have been used for self-defense.[11]
Effectiveness[edit]
Experts disagree on whether restraining orders are effective in preventing further harassment. A 2010 analysis published in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law reviewed 15 U.S. studies of restraining order effectiveness, and concluded that restraining orders "can serve a useful role in threat management". However, a 2002 analysis of 32 U.S. studies found that restraining orders are violated an average of 40 percent of the time and are perceived as being "followed by worse events" almost 21 percent of the time, and concluded that "evidence of [restraining orders'] relative efficacy is lacking", and that they may pose some degree of risk.[12] Other studies have found that restraining orders offer little or no deterrent against future interpersonal violence.[13][14][15] A large America-wide telephone survey conducted in 1998 found that, of stalking victims who obtained a restraining order, more than 68 percent reported it being violated by their stalker.
Threat management experts are often suspicious of restraining orders, believing they may escalate or enrage stalkers. In his 1997 book The Gift of Fear, American security specialist Gavin de Becker characterized restraining orders as "homework assignments police give to women to prove they're really committed to getting away from their pursuers", and said they "clearly serve police and prosecutors", but "they do not always serve victims". The Independent Women’s Forum decries them as "lulling women into a false sense of security", and in its Family Legal Guide, the American Bar Association warns “a court order might even add to the alleged offender's rage".[16]
Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748 (2005), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled, 7–2, that a town and its police department could not be sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for failing to enforce a restraining order, which had led to the murder of a woman's three children by her estranged husband.
Gender of parties[edit]
Although the restrained person and the protected person may be of either gender, restraining orders most commonly protect a woman against a male alleged abuser. A California study found that 72% of restraining orders active in the state at the time protected a woman against a male abuser.[17] The Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence uses female pronouns to refer to petitioners and male pronouns to refer to abusers due to the fact that most petitioners are women and most abusers are men.[18]
Jurisdictions[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
England[edit]
Main article: Non-Molestation Order
In English law, a non-molestation order may be granted under Section 42 of the Family Law Act 1996.[19] Non-molestation orders are a type of injunction used to protect an individual from intimidation or harassment. Breaching a non-molestation order is a criminal offence.[20] Under the Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004, cohabiting same-sex couples are able to seek a non-molestation order.[21] Non-molestation orders sought for protection from domestic violence qualify for legal aid regardless of the applicant's income.[22]
United States[edit]
Federal law requires that all states give "full faith and credit" to every portion of a restraining order issued by any state provided that certain minimum due process requirements are met.[23] Thus a state with very lax standards for issuing a restraining order may enter such a protective order, and every state and federal territory would be required to adhere to every provision.[6] Federal law prohibits any person who is subject to a state protective order from possessing a firearm,[24] provided that the protected party is an intimate partner, meaning a spouse or former spouse, or a person with whom the protected party has had a child.[25] Violating a restraining order is a deportable offense.
Some states (e.g. Mississippi[26]) may also call a restraining order a peace bond and are similar to ASBO laws in the UK. Minnesota law provides for an Order for Protection (OFP) and a Harassment Restraining Order (HRO).[27]
Many jurisdictions offer a simplified process for filing a civil complaint for unrepresented litigants. For example, in North Carolina, pro se litigants can file a 50B (also called a DVPO, for Domestic Violence Protective Order) complaint with the Clerk of Court.[28]
Types[edit]
In the US, each state has its own restraining order laws, but they tend to be divided into about five main types. Not every state will have every type of restraining order on the books. A domestic violence restraining order generally protects only parties deemed to be in some form of "domestic" relationship which may, depending on the statute, include a family, household, intimate, or sexual relationship. A sexual assault restraining order specifically protects a victim of sexual assault regardless of what relationship may or may not exist between petitioner and respondent. If her state has no sexual assault restraining order statute, she may still qualify for a domestic violence restraining order if the sexual assault occurred in the context of a domestic relationship or if the statute is written sufficiently broad. In such cases, sexual assault survivors can sometimes qualify for domestic violence restraining orders because any act of sexual intercourse between petitioner and respondent, even during rape, legally establishes the required sexually intimate relationship. Harassment and stalking restraining orders also generally do not require any specific relationship to exist or not exist between the parties, but also may not be available in all states. These types of restraining orders also generally require at least two instances of, respectively, harassment or stalking to qualify.[29] In many cases, one statute may cover more than one type of restraining order. For example, what is called a harassment restraining order in Wisconsin also specifically includes cases of sexual assault and stalking.[30]
Finally, an extreme risk restraining order is a new form of USA restraining order, currently in use in only four states but with 19 other states showing interest in enacting similar laws. Other forms of restraining order will sometimes order firearms restrictions as a part of a larger injunction intended to protect a specific individual. But with an extreme risk restraining order, the sole focus is on the firearms restrictions. It is sought when household members or police believe a particular individual is at risk to use firearms to harm themselves or others. If a court agrees, the person can have their firearms taken away. This type of restraining order is not intended to protect a specific individual but rather the community at large from someone believed to be a danger for gun violence. It has been cited as a possible tool to help prevent mass shootings such as the Orlando nightclub shooting.[31]
See also[edit]
Anti-Social Behaviour Order (UK)
Anti-Social Behaviour Injunction (UK)
Peace bond (Canada)
Anti-suit injunction
Anti-Injunction Act
Burden of proof
Interim order
Cease and desist
References[edit]
Davis, J.A. (2001, August). Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection, CRC Press, 568 pages.
Jump up ^ "Domestic Violence Civil Protection Orders (CPOs) By State" (PDF). American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence. August 2007.
Jump up ^ http://www.abanet.org/domviol/docs/StalkingHarassment_CPO_Chart_8_2007.pdf
Jump up ^ "Sexual Assault Civil Protection Orders (CPOs) By State" (PDF). American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence. August 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Heleniak, David N. (2010). "Erring on the Side of Hidden Harm: The Granting of Domestic Violence Restraining Orders" (PDF). Partner Abuse. Springer. 1 (2).
Jump up ^ University of Baltimore School of Law Family Law Clinic (June 2009). "Standards of Proof for Domestic Violence Civil Protection Orders (CPOs) By State" (PDF). American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence.
^ Jump up to: a b Slocum, Peter (2010). "Biting the D.V. Bullet: Are Domestic-Restraining Orders Trampling on Second Amendment Rights?". Seton Hall Law Review. 40 (2).
Jump up ^ Colorado Revised Statutes Annotated § 13-14-102(5)
Jump up ^ Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated § 586-5(b)
Jump up ^ Mandarano, Liz (13 April 2011). "The Worst Thing A Woman Can Do In Divorce Proceedings - The Abuse Of Orders of Protection". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Corell, Joseph E. (2011). Order of Protection: And Justice for All? HuffingtonPost.com, accessed 15 March 2016
Jump up ^ Young, Cathy (25 October 1999). "Hitting below the belt". Salon.
Jump up ^ "The Tactical Topography of Stalking Victimization and Management". Trauma Violence Abuse. 3 (4): 261–288. October 2002. doi:10.1177/1524838002237330.
Jump up ^ Grau J, Fagan J, and Wexler S. Restraining orders for battered women: Issues of access and efficacy. Women and Politics, Vol. 4, 1984, pp. 13–28.
Jump up ^ Harrell A and Smith B. Effects of restraining orders on domestic violence victims. In Buzawa C and Buzawa E (eds.): Do Arrests and Restraining Orders Work? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996. p. 229.
Jump up ^ McFarlane J, Malecha A, Gist J et al. Protection orders and intimate partner violence: An 18-month study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White women. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 613–618.
Jump up ^ American Bar Association Family Legal Guide. Random House Reference. 27 April 2004. ISBN 978-0375720772.
Jump up ^ Sorenson SB, Shen H (July 2005). "Restraining Orders in California: A Look at Statewide Data". Violence Against Women. 11 (7): 912–933. doi:10.1177/1077801205276944. PMID 16043577.
Jump up ^ "Process for Obtaining a Restraining Order in Wisconsin" (PDF). WCADV. Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 12 Jan 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Family Law Act 1996". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
Jump up ^ "About guidelines" (PDF).
Jump up ^ http://www.broken-rainbow.org.uk
Jump up ^ "The Survivor's Handbook - Womens Aid". Womens Aid. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 2265(a)
Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)
Jump up ^ "Prosecutions Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)". U.S. Attorney Manual.
Jump up ^ "LexisNexis® Legal Resources".
Jump up ^ "HRO FAQs". Minnesota Judicial Branch. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Domestic Violence Protective Orders". Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mindlin, Jessica; Reeves, Liani (2005). "Rights and Remedies: Meeting the Civil Legal Needs of Sexual Violence Survivors". The National Crime Victim Law Institute. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Restraining Orders in Wisconsin" (PDF). WCADV. Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved 26 Jul 2014.
Jump up ^ Fies, Andy (February 16, 2018). "How a temporary restraining order for guns could help stop mass shootings". ABCNews.com. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
External links[edit]
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Vikram Samvat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that Bikrami calendar be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2017.
Vikram Samvat (Hindi: विक्रम सम्वत्, Nepali: विक्रम सम्वत्) (abbreviated as V.S. (or VS) or B.S. (or BS)); Listen (help·info))is the historical Hindu calendar of India and Nepal. It uses lunar months and solar sidereal year (see: Vedic time keeping). It is used as the official calendar in Nepal.
The Vikram Samvat has two alternative systems. It started in 56 BCE in southern (purnimanta) and 57–56 BCE in northern (amanta) systems of Hindu calendar. The Shukla Paksha in both systems coincides, most festivals occur in the Shukla Paksha. The era is named after King Vikramaditya of India.[1][2]
The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead (in count) of the solar Gregorian calendar. For example, the year 2074 VS began in 2017 CE and will end in 2018 CE.
The Rana rulers of Nepal made Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which started as Samvat 1958.[3] In Nepal, the new year begins with the first day of the month of Baishakh, which usually falls within the months of April–May in the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur, called Bisket Jatra.As before, from 2007 AD Nepal Sambat is recognized as the national calender.
In India, the reformulated Saka Calendar is officially used (although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals), although in the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, the date of adoption of the constitution, 26 November 1949, is presented in Vikram Samvat (Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006). There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India's official calendar.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Divisions of a year
1.1 Lunar metrics
2 History
2.1 Vikramaditya legends
2.2 Historicity of the legends
3 Culture
4 Converting Vikram Samvat to CE
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Divisions of a year[edit]
The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months (adhika māsa) are added, or occasionally subtracted (kshaya masa).
Lunar metrics[edit]
A Tithi or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the Sun to increase by 12°.[5] Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.[citation needed]
A Paksa (also Pakṣa) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis.
A Māsa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 Pakṣas: the one between new moon and full moon (waxing) is called gaura (bright) or Śukla Pakṣa; the one between full moon and new moon (waning) Kṛiṣhṇa (dark) or Vadhya Pakṣa
A Ṛitu (or season) is 2 Māsa[6]
An Ayana is 3 Ṛitus
A year is two Ayanas [1][7]
Months of the Nepali Bikram Samvat: In North India India the Vikram samvat starts from Chaitra.
No.
Name
Nepali
Hindi
Days
Corresponding Gregorian months
1 Baishakh बैशाख बैशाख 30 / 31(30.950 exactly) mid-April to mid-May
2 Jestha जेठ जेष्ठ 31 / 32(31.429 exactly) mid-May to mid-June
3 Ashadh असार आषाढ़ 31 / 32(31.638 exactly) mid-June to mid-July
4 Shrawan साउन श्रावण or सावन 31 / 32(31.463 exactly) mid-July to mid-August
5 Bhadra भदौ भाद्र or भादो 31 / 32(31.012 exactly) mid-August to mid-September
6 Ashwin असोज आश्विन or कुआर/क्वार 30 / 31(30.428 exactly) mid-September to mid-October
7 Kartik कार्तिक कार्तिक 29 / 30(29.879 exactly) mid-October to mid-November
8 Mangsir मंसिर मार्ग or मंसिर/अगहन 29 / 30(29.475 exactly) mid-November to mid-December
9 Poush पुष पौष or पुष/पूस 29 / 30(29.310 exactly) mid-December to mid-January
10 Magh माघ माघ 29 / 30(29.457 exactly) mid-January to mid-February
11 Falgun फागुन फाल्गुन 29 / 30(29.841 exactly) mid-February to mid-March
12 Chaitra चैत चैत्र 30 / 31(30.377 exactly) mid-March to mid-April
The exact length of each month is the time taken by the Sun to move through a full zodiac sign.
History[edit]
Vikramaditya legends[edit]
The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the Saka King (Kalakacharya Katha manuscript, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai)
According to popular tradition, the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas.
Kalakacharya Kathanaka ("An account of the monk Kalakacharya") by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk(citation missing). The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.
Historicity of the legends[edit]
The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including Kṛṭa (343 CE and 371 CE), Kritaa (404 CE), the era of the Malava tribe (424 CE), or simply, Samvat.[2][8]
The earliest known inscription that calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842 CE. This inscription of Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena was found at Dholpur, and is dated Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda (16 April 842 CE). The earliest known inscription that associates this era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971 CE. The earliest literary work that connects the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha (993-994 CE) by the Jain author Amitagati.[8]
For this reason, multiple authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a purely legendary king or the title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya, and changed the name of the era to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman: Hoernlé also believed that he conquered Kashmir, and is same person as the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini.[8]
Earlier, some scholars believed that the Vikrama Samavat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes. However, this was disputed by Robert Bracey following discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras.[9] The theory seems to be now thoroughly discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.[10]
Culture[edit]
The traditional New Year of Vikram Samvat is one of the many festivals of Nepal, marked by parties, family gatherings, the exchange of good wishes, and participation in rituals to ensure good fortune in the coming year. It occurs in mid-April each year, and coincides with the traditional new year in Assam, Bengal, Burma, Cambodia, Kerala, Kashmir, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu and Thailand.
In addition to Nepal, the Vikram Samvat calendar is also recognized in North and East India, and in Gujarat among Hindus. In Buddhist communities, the month of Baishakh is associated with Vesak or Buddha's Birthday. It commemorates the birth, Enlightenment and passing of Gautama Buddha on the first full moon day in May, except in a leap year when the festival is held in June. Although this festival is not held on the same day as Pahela Baishakh, the holidays typically fall in the same month (Baishakh) of the Bengali, Hindu, and Theravada Buddhist calendars, and are related historically through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia.
In Gujarat, the second day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar which is the first day of the month Kartik.[11]
Converting Vikram Samvat to CE[edit]
While an approximate conversion can be made by subtracting 56 or 57, a precise computation requires identification of the version of Vikam Samvat that was used:
Year expired (default) or current
Kartikadi (older or western India) or Chaitradi (modern Northern India). Kartikadi starts 7 months later in Kartika. Until 12th century Kartikadi year was common even in North India.
Months Amanta (south) or Purminata (North). Amanta Chaitra Krishna Paksha is Purminata Vaishakh Krishna Paksha. For the Shukla Paksh, the month is the same.
Software named Pancanga is available to make the calculations.[12]
Thus the date Vikram 1208 (Kartikadi, expired), Vaishakh Krishna 5 (Purnimanta), Thursday, is equivalent to Vikram 1209 (Chaitradi, expired), Chaitra Krishna 5 (Amanta), and to Thursday March 27, 1152.[13]
See also[edit]
Bikrami calendar
Hindu calendars
Vira Nirvana Samvat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Salomon (1398). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Ashvini Agrawal (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, William D. Crump, Publisher McFarland, 2014 p.38
Jump up ^ "Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar". The Free Press Journal. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix Originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860) 141–498 Chapter 14, Verse 12
Jump up ^ Burgess, Chapter 14, Verse 10
Jump up ^ Burgess, Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix Originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860) 141–498, Chapter 14, Verse 9
^ Jump up to: a b c M. Srinivasachariar (1974). History of Classical Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. ISBN 9788120802841.
Jump up ^ Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata. BRILL. p. 103. ISBN 90-04-18566-6.
Jump up ^ Falk and Bennett (2009), pp. 197-215.
Jump up ^ "Gujarat CM to exchange Diwali-New Year greetings with people". 19 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Pancanga (version 3.14)
Jump up ^ On a Jain Statue in the Horniman Museum, F. Kielhorn, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1898, p. 101-102
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Vikramaditya.
Harry Falk and Chris Bennett (2009). "Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes." Acta Orientalia 70, pp. 197–215.
"The Dynastic Art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield.
"Samvat". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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values: بيكرم سامفات – Arabic

values: বিক্রম সংবৎ – Bangla

values: Бікрам Самват – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: विक्रम संवत – Bhojpuri

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values: विक्रम संवत – Hindi

values: ವಿಕ್ರಮ ಶಕೆ – Kannada

values: ვიქრამ-სამვატი – Georgian

values: विक्रम सम्बत – Maithili

values: Викрам самват – Macedonian

values: विक्रम संवत्सर – Marathi

values: ვიკრამ-სამვატი – Mingrelian

values: विक्रम सम्वत् – Nepali

values: विक्रम सम्बत – Newari

values: ਬਿਕਰਮੀ ਸੰਮਤ – Punjabi

values: Викрам-самват – Russian

values: விக்ரம் நாட்காட்டி – Tamil

values: విక్రమార్కుని సంవత్ – Telugu

values: Вікрам Самват – Ukrainian

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