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Constituent Assembly of India
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Constituent Assembly of India
Seal of the Constituent Assembly.
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Founded
6 December 1946 (1946-12-06)
Disbanded
24 January 1950 (1950-01-24)
Preceded by
Imperial Legislative Council
Succeeded by
Parliament of India
Leadership
Temporary Chairman
Sachchidananda Sinha, INC
President
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC
Chairman of the drafting committee
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, SCF
Vice Presidents
Harendra Coomar Mookerjee
V. T. Krishnamachari
Legal Advisor
B. N. Rau
Structure
Seats
389 (Dec. 1946-June 1947)
299 (June 1947-Jan. 1950)
Political groups
INC: 208 seats
AIML: 73 seats
Others: 15 seats
Princely States: 93 seats
Elections
Voting system
First past the post
Meeting place
House of Parliament, New Delhi
An idea for a Constituent Assembly of India was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935, C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a constituent Assembly on 15th November 1939 based on adult franchise, and was accepted by the British in August 1940. On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor-General's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council. This offer, known as the August Offer, included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution. Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389: 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg (Near Madikeri) and British Baluchistan.
The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. Congress won 208 seats, and the Muslim League 73. After this election, the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress,[citation needed] and the political situation deteriorated. Hindu-Muslim riots began, and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India. On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and, although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948, this event led to independence on 15 August 1947. The Constituent Assembly (elected for an undivided India) met for the first time on 9 December 1946, reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament's authority in India. As a result of the partition, under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947. The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India. New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal (which became part of Pakistan, although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh); the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization, and it met on 31 December 1947.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Background and election
3 Constitution and elections
4 Organization
4.1 Timeline
5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly
6 Prominent members
7 Members (by province/state)
7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition
8 Gallery
9 References
10 Further reading
Description [edit]
The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for almost three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists and radical Marxists to Hindu revivalists—all of whom participated in the process.
The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] During this period (two years, eleven months and eighteen days) the Assembly held eleven sessions, sitting for a total of 166 days.[2] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:
The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?
—  Jawaharlal Nehru, Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings), Vol. II
Background and election[edit]
The Constituent Assembly was established while India was still under British rule, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces which formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.
In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.
Constitution and elections[edit]
See also: Constitution of India
At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).
Organization[edit]
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.
The assembly's work had five stages:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[3]
Timeline[edit]
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.
The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.
Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]
The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.
Major Committees
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel. This committee had the following subcommittees:
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A.V. Thakkar
Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Prominent members[edit]
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha, Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[4]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Members (by province/state)[edit]
Madras: Annie mascarene, O. V. Alagesan, Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan, M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, Moturi Satyanarayana, Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan, Mrs. G. Durgabai, Kala Venkatarao, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, D. Govinda Das, Revd. Jerome D'Souza, P. Kakkan, T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder, K. Kamaraj, V. C. Kesava Rao, T. T. Krishnamachari, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi, P. Kunhiraman, Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao, V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, V. Nadimuthu Pillai, S. Nagappa, P. L. Narasimha Raju, B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, C. Perumalswamy Reddy, T. Prakasam, S. H. Prater, Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, Ramnath Goenka, O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar, N. G. Ranga, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Sheik Galib Sahib, K. Santhanam, B. Shiva Rao, Kallur Subba Rao, U. Srinivasa Mallya, P. Subbarayan, C. Subramaniam, V Subramaniam, M. C. Veerabahu Pillai, P. M. Velayudapani, A. K. Menon, T. J. M. Wilson, Mohamed Ismail Sahib, K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim, Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur, B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai
Bombay: Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte, Hansa Mehta, Hari Vinayak Pataskar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Joseph Alban D'Souza, Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai, Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe, Khandubhai Kasanji Desai, Bal Gangadhar Kher, M.R. Masani, K.M. Munshi, Narahar Vishnu Gadgil, S. Nijalingappa, S. K. Patil, Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade, R. R. Diwakar, Shankarrao Deo, G. V. Mavalankar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh, A. A. Khan
West Bengal: Monomohan Das, Arun Chandra Guha, Lakshmi Kanta Maitra, Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay, Satis Chandra Samanta, Suresh Chandra Majumdar, Upendranath Barman, Prabhudayal Himatsingka, Basanta Kumar Das, Renuka Ray, H. C. Mukherjee, Surendra Mohan Ghose, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Ari Bahadur Gurung, R. E. Platel, K. C. Neogy, Raghib Ahsan, Somnath Lahiri, Jasimuddin Ahmad, Naziruddin Ahmad, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Halim Ghuznavi
United Provinces: Ajit Prasad Jain, Algu Rai Shastri, Balkrishna Sharma, Banshi Dhar Misra, Bhagwan Din, Damodar Swarup Seth, Dayal Das Bhagat, Dharam Prakash, A. Dharam Dass, R. V. Dhulekar, Feroz Gandhi, Gopal Narain, Krishna Chandra Sharma, Govind Ballabh Pant, Govind Malviya, Har Govind Pant, Harihar Nath Shastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru, Jaspat Roy Kapoor, Jagannath Baksh Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jogendra Singh, Jugal Kishore[disambiguation needed], Jwala Prasad Srivastava, B. V. Keskar, Kamala Chaudhry, Kamalapati Tripathi, J. B. Kripalani, Mahavir Tyagi, Khurshed Lal, Masurya Din, Mohan Lal Saksena, Padampat Singhania, Phool Singh, Paragi Lal, Purnima Banerjee, Purushottam Das Tandon, Hira Vallabha Tripathi, Ram Chandra Gupta, Shibban Lal Saxena, Satish Chandra, John Matthai, Sucheta Kripalani, Sunder Lall, Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari, Mohanlal Gautam, Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, Vishnu Sharan Dublish, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Hyder Hussain, Hasrat Mohani, Abul Kalam Azad, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Mohd. Hifzur Rahman, Z H Lari
East Punjab: Bakshi Tek Chand, Jairamdas Daulatram, Thakurdas Bhargava, Bikramlal Sondhi, Yashwant Rai, Ranbir Singh Hooda, Lala Achint Ram, Nand Lal, Baldev Singh, Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir, Sardar Hukam Singh, Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann, Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal
Bihar: Nasif Arafat, Amiyo Kumar Ghosh, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, Bhagwat Prasad, Boniface Lakra, Brajeshwar Prasad, Chandika Ram, K. T. Shah, Devendra Nath Samanta, Dip Narain Sinha, Guptanath Singh, Jadubans Sahay, Jagat Narain Lal, Jagjivan Ram, Jaipal Singh Munda, Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav, Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Raghunandan Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Ramnarayan Singh, Sachchidananda Sinha, Sarangdhar Sinha, Satyanarayan Sinha, Binodanand Jha, P. K. Sen, Sri Krishna Sinha, Sri Narayan Mahtha, Syamanandan Sahaya, Hussain Imam, Syed Jafar Imam, Latifur Rahman, Mohammad Tahir, Tajamul Hussain, Choudhry Abid Hussain. Hargovind Mishra
Central Provinces and Berar: Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, B.A. Mandloi, Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das, Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin, Ganpatrao Dani
Assam: Nibaran Chandra Laskar, Dharanidhar Basu-Matari, Gopinath Bardoloi, J. J. M. Nichols-Roy, Kuladhar Chaliha, Rohini Kumar Chaudhury, Muhammad Saadulla, Abdur Rouf
Orissa: Biswanath Das, Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev, Harekrushna Mahatab, Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra, Nandkishore Das, Rajkrishna Bose, Santanu Kumar Das, Yudhishir Mishra
Delhi: Deshbhandhu Gupta
Ajmer-Merwara: Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava
Coorg: C. M. Poonacha
Mysore: K.C. Reddy, T. Siddalingaiya, H. R. Guruv Reddy, S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao, K. Hanumanthaiya, H. Siddaveerappa, T. Channiah
Jammu and Kashmir: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, Motiram Baigra, Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi
Travancore-Cochin: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, R. Sankar, P. T. Chacko, Panampilly Govinda Menon, Annie Mascarene, P.S.Nataraja Pillai, K.A. Mohamed
Madhya Bharat: Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate, Brijraj Narain, Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya, Ram Sahai, Kusum Kant Jain, Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya, Sitaram S. Jajoo
Saurashtra: Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta, Jaisukhlal Hathi, Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah, Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi
Rajasthan: V. T. Krishnamachari, Hiralal Shastri, Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri, Jaswant Singhji, Raj Bhadur, Manikya Lal Varma, Gokul Lal Asava, Ramchandra Upadhyaya, Balwant Sinha Mehta, Dalel Singh, Jainarain Vyas
Patiala and East Punjab States Union: Ranjit Singh, Sochet Singh, Bhagwant Roy
Bombay States: Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya, B. N. Munavalli, Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt, Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Gopaldas A. Desai, Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi, B. H. Khardekar, Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar
Orissa States: Lal Mohan Pati, N. Madhava Rau, Raj Kunwar, Sarangadhar Das, Yudhishthir Mishra
Central Provinces States: R. L. Malaviya, Kishorimohan Tripathi, Ramprasad Potai
United Provinces States: B. H. Zaidi, Krishna Singh
Madras States: V. Ramaiah, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao
Vindhya Pradesh: Avdesh Pratap Singh, Shambu Nath Shukla, Ram Sahai Tiwari, Mannulalji Dwidedi
Cooch Behar: Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari
Tripura and Manipur: Girja Shankar Guha
Bhopal: Lal Singh
Kutch: Bhawani Arjun Khimji
Himachal Pradesh: Yashwant Singh Parmar
Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]
East Bengal: Abdullah al Mahmood, Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Kasem Khan, Mohammad Akram Khan, A. Hamid, Azizuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Habibullah Bahar, Prem Hari Barma, Raj Kumar Chakraverty, Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Abdul Matin Chaudhary, Murtaza Raza Choudhry, Hamidul Haq Chowdhury, Akhay Kumar Das, Dhirendra Nath Datta, Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Ebrahim Khan, Fazlul Huq, Fazlur Rahman, Ghayasuddin Pathan, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Mafizuddin Ahmad, Mahmud Hussain, Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar, A. M. Malik, Birat Chandra Mandal, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Mohammed Ali, Khwaja Nazimuddin, M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed, Nurul Amin, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy, Maudi Bhakesh Chanda, B.L. Serajul Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani, Shahabudin Khwaja, H.S. Suhrawardy, Harendra Kumar Sur, Tamizuddin Khan, Kawivi Kerwar Datta, Ghulam Mohammed
West Punjab: Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana, Ganga Saran, Zafarullah Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sheikh Karamat Ali, Nazir Ahmad Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar, Feroz Khan Noon, Omar Hayat Malik, Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara, Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,
Northwest Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan, Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan, Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan
Sindh: Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman, Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder, M.A. Khuhro
Balochistan: S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai
Gallery[edit]
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.
B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth, Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations, 3rd ed., (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2011), p. 2.3
Jump up ^ Parliament, Indian. "Some facts about the Constitutive Assembly". Retrieved 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ Baruah, L.M. (1992). Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi, an Architect of Modern India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 81-212-0404-6. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
Further reading[edit]
Austin, Granville. The Indian Constitution, Cornerstone of a Nation. New Delhi: OUP India, 1999. ISBN 0-19-564959-1.
Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. India Since Independence: Revised Edition. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2008.
An Indian 10-episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called "SAMVIDHAN" described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made.
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Henry Danger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Nickelodeon television series. For the writer, see Henry Darger. For the explorer, see Henry Dangar.
Henry Danger
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen
Starring
Jace Norman
Cooper Barnes
Riele Downs
Sean Ryan Fox
Ella Anderson
Theme music composer
Zack Hexum
Composer(s)
Michael Corcoran
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
59 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dan Schneider
Producer(s)
Christopher J. Nowak (season 1)
Jeffrey Goldstein
Kim Sherwood
Running time
21–27 minutes
Production company(s)
Schneider's Bakery
Release
Original network
Nickelodeon
Original release
July 26, 2014 (2014-07-26) – present
External links
Website
www.nick.com/henry-danger/
Henry Danger is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider and Dana Olsen that premiered on Nickelodeon on July 26, 2014. The series stars Jace Norman, Cooper Barnes, Riele Downs, Sean Ryan Fox, and Ella Anderson.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Animated spin-off
4.3 Film
5 Ratings
6 Broadcast
7 Awards and nominations
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Henry Hart is a 13-year-old boy who lives in the town of Swellview. He lands a part-time job as Kid Danger, a sidekick of Captain Man who's a well-known superhero in Swellview. Captain Man tells Henry not to tell anybody about his job, so he attempts to keep it a secret from his best friends, Charlotte and Jasper, his younger sister, Piper, and his parents. Henry goes to a shop called "Junk 'n' Stuff" which has a secret lair called the Man Cave hidden underneath where Captain Man does his work. Captain Man says he will not be around for long and needs help; soon enough, he will need someone to take his place when he is gone.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Henry Danger episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 25 July 26, 2014 (2014-07-26) May 16, 2015 (2015-05-16)
2 18 September 12, 2015 (2015-09-12) July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17)
3 TBA September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17) TBA
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Henry Danger characters
Jace Norman as Henry Hart/Kid Danger[1]
Cooper Barnes as Ray Manchester/Captain Man[2]
Riele Downs as Charlotte
Sean Ryan Fox as Jasper Dunlop[3]
Ella Anderson as Piper Hart[4]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The series was picked up with an initial production order of 20 episodes on March 13, 2014, later expanding to 26 episodes. On July 26, 2014, the series started airing with a one-hour special as the first episode. Series creator Dan Schneider stated on Twitter that a character from one of his previous series will make a guest appearance on the series.[5] On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[6] The second season premiered on September 12, 2015. On March 2, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season.[7] The third season premiered on September 17, 2016. The series was renewed for a fourth season on November 16, 2016.[8]
Animated spin-off[edit]
On March 2, 2017, Nickelodeon announced that a new animated series, under the working title of The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man, is in development with 10 episodes announced.[9][10]
Film[edit]
On May 5, 2017, the president of Viacom's Nickelodeon group announced a movie based on the series in development.[11][12]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 25 July 26, 2014 (2014-07-26) 1.94[13] May 16, 2015 (2015-05-16) 1.55[14] 1.75
2 18 September 12, 2015 (2015-09-12) 2.13[15] July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17) 2.60[16] 1.80
3 15 September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17) 1.82[17] TBA TBD 1.96
Broadcast[edit]
In Canada, the series premiered on October 8, 2014, on YTV.[18] In Australia and New Zealand, the series began airing on January 17, 2015 on Nickelodeon.[19] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the series premiered on Nickelodeon on February 13, 2015.[20]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Refs
2015 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated [21]
2016 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated [22]
2017 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show Won [23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dan Schneider. "Henry Hart - Kid Danger". DanWarp. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Schneider. "Ray Manchester - Captain Man". DanWarp. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Schneider. "Jasper Dunlop". DanWarp. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Schneider. "Piper Hart". DanWarp. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Schneider [@DanWarp] (September 13, 2014). "Dan Warp Twitter" (Tweet). Retrieved September 17, 2014 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (December 2, 2014). "Henry Danger and Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn Renewed by Nickelodeon". Deadline. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg (March 2, 2016). "Nickelodeon Unveils Four Live-Action Series, Animated Movie at Upfront". Variety. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (November 16, 2016). "Henry Danger & Game Shakers Renewed by Nickelodeon". Deadline. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg (March 2, 2017). "Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob, Green Slime, Lip Sync Battle and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars". Variety. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Unveils 2017 Upfront Lineup". Kidscreen. March 2, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://movieweb.com/spongebob-3-henry-danger-loud-house-movies-paramount/
Jump up ^ "Henry Danger Is Getting a Theatrical Movie". Twist. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci (July 29, 2014). "Saturday Final Ratings". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 19, 2015). "Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals: 5.16.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 15, 2015). "Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals: 9.12.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (July 19, 2016). "Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals: 7.17.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 20, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals: 9.17.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Outrageous Fun This Fall on YTV! Weeknights at 7 PM ET/PT Beginning October 6". Corus Entertainment. September 30, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ D Higgins (January 2, 2015). "January: 200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows". Foxtel. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Save the Day the Superhero Way with Nickelodeon This February". Viacom. January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Webber (March 28, 2015). "Kids' Choice Awards 2015: Complete List of Winners!". Us Weekly. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Hautman (March 12, 2016). "Kids’ Choice Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners". Us Weekly. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joi-Marie McKenzie (March 12, 2017). "Kids' Choice Awards 2017: The Complete Winners List". ABC News. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
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Public expenditure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Public expenditure is spending made by the government of a country on collective needs and wants such as pension, provision, infrastructure, etc.[1] Until the 19th century, public expenditure was limited as laissez faire philosophies believed that money left in private hands could bring better returns. In the 20th century, John Maynard Keynes argued the role of public expenditure in determining levels of income and distribution in the economy. Since then government expenditures has shown an increasing trend.
In the 17th and the 18th centuries public expenditure was considered as a wastage of money. Thinkers said government should stay with their traditional functions of spending on defence and maintaining law and order.
Contents
[hide]
1 Theories of public expenditure
1.1 Principle of maximum social advantage
2 Causes of growth of public expenditure
3 References
Theories of public expenditure[edit]
Main article: Theory of taxation
Several theories of taxation exist in public economics. Governments at all levels (national, regional and local) need to raise revenue from a variety of sources to finance public-sector expenditures. The details of taxation are guided by two principles: who will benefit, and who can pay. Public expenditure means the expenditure on the developmental and non-developmental activity such as construction of roadways and dams, and other activity.
Dalton’s Principle of Maximum Social Advantage. Graph showing point of Maximum Social Advantage at point "P"[2]
Principle of maximum social advantage[edit]
The criteria and pre-conditions for arriving at this solution are collectively referred to as the principle of maximum social advantage. Taxation (government revenue) and government expenditure are the two tools. Neither of excess is good for the society, it has to be balanced to achieve maximum social benefit. Dalton called this principle as “Maximum Social Advantage” and Pigou termed it as “Maximum Aggregate Welfare”.
Dalton’s Principle of Maximum Social Advantage – maximum satisfaction should be yield by striking a balance between public revenue and expenditure by the government. Economic welfare is achieved when marginal utility of expenditure = marginal disutility of taxation. He explains this principle with reference to
Maximum Social Benefit (MSB)
Maximum Social Sacrifice (MSS)[3]
It was introduced by Swedish Economist “Erik Lindahl in 1919”.[4] According to his theory, determination of public expenditure and taxation will happen on the basis of public preferences which they will reveal themselves. Cost of supplying a good will be taken up by the people. The tax that they will pay will be revealed by them according to their capacities.[5]
Causes of growth of public expenditure[edit]
There are several factors that have led to enormous increase in public expenditure through the years
1) Defense expenditure due to modernization of defense equipment by navy, army and air force to prepare the country for war or for prevention causes-for-growth-of-public-expenditure.
2) Population growth – It increases with the increase in population, more of investment is required to be done by government on law and order, education, infrastructure, etc. investment in different fields depending on the different age group is required.
3) Welfare activities – welfare, mid-day meals, pension provisions etc.
Provision of public and utility services – provision of basic public goods given by government (their maintenance and installation) such as transportation.
Accelerating economic growth – in order to raise the standard of living of the people.
Price rise – higher price level compels government to spend increased amount on purchase of goods and services.[6]
Increase in public revenue – with rise in public revenue government is bound to increase the public expenditure.
International obligation – maintenance of socio economic obligation, cultural exchange etc. (these are indirect expenses of government)
4) Wars and social crises – fighting amongst people and communities, and prolonged drought or unemployment, earthquake, hurricanes or tornadoes may lead to increase in public expenditure of a country. This is because it will involve governments to re-plan and allocate resources to finance the reconstruction.
5) Creation of super national organizations – E.g., the United Nations, NATO, European community and other multinational organizations that are responsible for the provision of public goods and services on an international basis, have to be financed out of funds subscribed by member states, thereby adding to their public expenditure.
6) Foreign aid – Acceptance by the richer industrialised countries of their responsibility to help the poor developing countries has channeled some of the increased public expenditure of the donor country into foreign aid programmes.
7) Inflation – This is the general rise in price level of goods and services. It increases the cost of all activities of the public sector and thus a major factor in growth in money terms of public expenditure.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Akrani, Gaurav. "Meaning of Public Expenditure". Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diminishing Marginal Social Benefit Curve". Retrieved 20 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dalton's Principle of Maximum Social Advantage". Retrieved 20 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Lindahl tax
Jump up ^ Singh, SK. Voluntary Exchange Theory of Lindhal for Determination of Public expenditure. S. Chand and Company Ltd. pp. 57–59. ISBN 81-219-1091-9.
Jump up ^ "Causes for Growth of public expenditure". Retrieved 20 February 2012.
[[Category:Public finance ]]
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