Muslim world

 agreed criteria for inclusion. The term Muslim-majority countries is an alternative often used for the latter sense.
The history of the Muslim world spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the Islamic Golden Age. Muslims look for guidance to the Quran and believe in the prophetic mission of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious schools of thought and sects within Islam. The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Caliphate being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. In the modern era, most of the Muslim world came under European colonial domination. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular as well as religious trends.
As of 2013, the combined GDP (nominal) of 60 Muslim majority countries was US$5.7 trillion. As of 2016, they contributed 8% of the world's total. In 2020, the Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP(PPP) of US$ 24 trillion which is equal to about 18% of world's GDP or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the world's GDP.
As of 2020, 1.8 billion or more than 25% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA), 89% in Central Asia, 40% in Southeast Asia, 31% in South Asia, 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa, 25% in Asia, 1.4% in Oceania, 6% in Europe, and 1% in the Americas.
Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni Islam (87–90%) and Shia (10–13%). However, other denominations exist in pockets, such as Ibadi (primarily in Oman). Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches are known as non-denominational Muslims. About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa and West Africa (primarily in Nigeria). Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia, the majority in the Caucasus, and widespread in Southeast Asia. India has the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, and Egypt are home to the world’s second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, Russia, India, China, and Europe. Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world partially due to their high birth rate, according to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal. China has the third largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries, while Russia has the fifth largest Muslim population. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in Africa, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in Asia.

== Terminology ==
The term has been documented as early as 1912 to encompass the influence of perceived pan-Islamic propaganda. The Times described Pan-Islamism as a movement with power, importance, and cohesion born in Paris, where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect of the Tripoli Campaign, Anglo-Russian action in Persia, and "Afghan Ambitions".
In a modern geopolitical sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to countries in which Islam is widespread, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g. Egypt's citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. Hence, the term 'Muslim-majority countries' is often preferred in literature.

== History ==

The history of the Islamic faith as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610 CE, when the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a native of Mecca, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. In 622 CE, facing opposition in Mecca, he and his followers migrated to Yathrib (now Medina), where he was invited to establish a new constitution for the city under his leadership. This migration, called the Hijra, marks the first year of the Islamic calendar. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the Arabian Peninsula.
After Muhammad died in 632, his successors (the Caliphs) continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or Rashidun. The conquests of the Rashidun Caliphate helped to spread Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from northwest India, across Central Asia, the Near East, North Africa, southern Italy, and the Iberian Peninsula, to the Pyrenees. The Arab Muslims were unable to conquer the entire Christian Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor during the Arab–Byzantine wars, however. The succeeding Umayyad Caliphate attempted two failed sieges of Constantinople in 674–678 and 717–718. Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling Sunni and Shia sects since the killing of caliph Uthman in 656, resulting in a succession crisis that has never been resolved. The following First, Second and Third Fitnas and finally the Abbasid Revolution (746–750) also definitively destroyed the political unity of the Muslims, who have been inhabiting multiple states ever since. Ghaznavids' rule was succeeded by the Ghurid Empire of Muhammad of Ghor and Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, whose reigns under the leadership of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji extended until the Bengal, where South Asian Islamic missionaries achieved their greatest success in terms of dawah and number of converts to Islam. Qutb ud-Din Aibak conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the Delhi Sultanate, a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous Indo-Gangetic Plain and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, Razia Sultana.
Notable major empires dominated by Muslims, such as those of the Abbasids, Fatimids, Almoravids, Gao Empire, Seljukids, largest contiguous Songhai Empire (15th-16th centuries) of Sahel, West Africa, southern North Africa and western Central Africa which dominated the centers of Islamic knowledge of Timbuktu, Djenne, Oualata and Gao, Ajuran, Adal and Warsangali in Somalia, Mughals in the Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc.), Safavids in Persia and Ottomans in Anatolia, Massina Empire, Sokoto Caliphate of northern Nigeria, Toucouleur Empire, were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. 19th-century colonialism and 20th-century decolonisation have resulted in several independent Muslim-majority states around the world, with vastly differing attitudes towards and political influences granted to, or restricted for, Islam from country to country. These have revolved around the question of Islam's compatibility with other ideological concepts such as secularism, nationalism (especially Arab nationalism and Pan-Arabism, as opposed to Pan-Islamism), socialism (see also Arab socialism and socialism in Iran), democracy (see Islamic democracy), republicanism (see also Islamic republic), liberalism and progressivism, feminism, capitalism and more.

=== Gunpowder empires ===

Scholars often use the term Age of the Islamic Gunpowders to describe period the Safavid, Ottoman and Mughal states. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed firearms, especially cannon and small arms, to create their empires. TheyMuslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology: such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (also known as Abulcasis) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy.One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than

Avicenna

, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, andA number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia. works were written in both languages. Of the 450 works  he is believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.

== Name ==
Avicenna is a Latin corruption of the Arabic patronym Ibn Sīnā (ابن سينا), meaning "Son of Sina". However, Avicenna was not the son but the great-great-grandson of a man named Sina. His formal Arabic name was Abū ��Alī al-���usayn bin ��Abdullāh ibn al-���asan bin ��Alī bin Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).

== Circumstances ==
Avicenna created anAvicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give

Question: It is believed that the writer of The Canon of Medicine belonged to which faction of Islam?

Question: Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?

Answer: Avicenna

Question: What Islamic denomination was #1 thought to be a member of?

Answer: Sunni

Answer: Sunni

What Islamic denomination was the author of The Canon of Medicine thought to be a member of?


Stade de ASC HLM

.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground ofStade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal. It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people.Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It isStade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal. It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The stadium holds 5,000 people..Stade de ASC HLM is a multi-use stadium in Dakar, Senegal.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of ASC HLM. The

Pa Amadou Gai

 team, Bakau United.Pa Amadou Gai (born June 18, 1984 in Bakau) is a Gambian soccer player who currently plays for ASC HLM,Pa Amadou Gai (born June 18, 1984 in Bakau) is a Gambian soccer player who currently plays for ASC HLM,== Career ==

=== Club ===
Gai, whose popular nickname is "Daddy", began his career in 1997 in the youth setup of his hometown team, Bakau United.Pa Amadou Gai (born June 18, 1984 in Bakau) is a Gambian soccer player who currently plays for ASC HLM,Pa Amadou Gai (born June 18, 1984 in Bakau) is a Gambian football player who currently plays for ASC HLM,

== Career ==

=== Club ===
Gai, whose popular nickname is "Daddy", began his career in 1997 in the youth setup of his hometown team, Bakau United. He made his debut for the first team in 2005, and played in the Gambian Championnat National D1 for four seasons. He finished the 2007/2008 season as Bakau’s top scorer, and in 11 games in the 2008/2009, scored nine goals. After one game at Northwood in 2009, he returned to Gambia but left again on April 15, 2009, for a trial in Canada.
Gai signed a two-year with Montreal Impact in April 2009, and made his debut for the team on May 2, 2009, in a game against the Puerto Rico Islanders. He was released by the club on July 17, 2009 and signed for Ron-Mango FC of the Bakau Nawettan Championship. He left in 2010 Ron-Mango FC of the Gambian Old Jeshwang Nawettan Championship and joined to Senegal Premier League ASC HLM.

=== International ===
Gai has played for the Gambian U-17, U-20, U-23 and senior national teams. He made his first international appearance with Gambia in a friendly game against Nigeria in 2003.

== References ==Pa Amadou Gai (born June 18, 1984 in Bakau) is a Gambian football player who currently plays for ASC HLM,

== Career ==

=== Club ===
Gai, whose popular nickname is "Daddy", began

Question: For which nation does the team that includes Pa Amadou Gai as a member compete?

Question: Pa Amadou Gai >> member of sports team

Answer: ASC HLM

Question: #1 >> country

Answer: Senegal

Answer: Senegal

What country does team that Pa Amadou Gai is a member of play for?


ATS-6

 the geosynchronous orbit. This reduced the on-board fuel requirements to less than 40 kilograms (88 lb) (for a total mass at launch of nearly 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb)). The highly accurate orbit insertion further lowered the amount of fuel required for final positioning to 9 kilograms (20 lb). This enabled a life extension from the original 2 year to 5 years, even accounting for the premature failure of the electric propulsion subsystem (the station-keeping fuel requirement being around 1.6 kilograms per year (3.5 lb/a)).

== Structure, power subsystem and antenna ==
One of the major innovations of ATS-6 was an in-flight deployable antenna of more than 9 metres (30 ft) in diameter. The antenna reflector was furled during launch under the launch vehicle fairing, and was deployed in orbit much like an umbrella. The antenna reflector was built from 48 aluminum ribs, supporting a metallized Dacron mesh. The antenna feeds (in C, S, L, UHF and VHF bands) were placed on the spacecraft body, facing the antenna reflector, and linked to the antenna and the solar panels masts by a carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) truss. The solar panels were rigidly mounted on two deployable masts. They were of hemi-cylinder shape, thus providing a relatively constant power (595 W beginning of life). Electric power was supplied during eclipses by two Nickel cadmium batteries of 15-A·h capacity, powering a regulated 30.5-V bus. The satellite dimensions in orbit were 15.8-metre (52 ft) width by 8.2-metre (27 ft) height.
This deployable antenna parabola was designed and developed by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company (LMSC), now Lockheed Martin, under subcontract to Fairchild Aerospace, after several years of small study contracts at LMSC.  The program manager at LMSC was GKC (Colin) Campbell.  The deployment of the reflector was initiated by pyrotechnically operated SQUIB cable cutters.  Deployment time was on the order of 2.5 seconds producing 3,400 newton-metres (2,500 lb���ft) of torque at the spacecraft interface.  The reflector surface was designed for optimal operation at S-Band frequencies. It weighed 83 kilograms (182 lb) at launch and stowed into a toroidal volume (doughnut shaped) approximately 1.8 metres (6 ft) in diameter and 250 millimetres (10 in) thick.  Three models were fabricated, the STM or structural test model, the F reflector and the G reflector.  The STM was destroyed by Fairchild shortly after the program was finished and the F model was launched with the spacecraft in 1972.  The G model sat unprotected in the Farchild parking lot for several years before it was donated to the Smithsonian.  Bill Wade, the assistant program manager and test manager on the program supported The Smithsonian in the restoration by providing a complete set of drawings and specifications and visited the Silver Hill facility to provide technical guidance.
At the time of launch it was the largest parabolic surface launched into orbit.

=== Three-axis stabilisation ===
ATS-6 has been the first geostationary satellite with three-axis stabilization and pointing., This subsystem was capable of a highly accurate pointing (better than 0.1° through the inertial measurement units, down to 0.002° by using a radio-frequency interferometer.). Furthermore, the satellite was able to follow low Earth orbit satellites through slewing, by tracking the low Earth-orbit satellite through an S-band RF sensing. The system was also able to perform orbitography of the tracked satellite, and was a precursor to the operational system TDRSS.
This highly advanced (for the time) pointing subsystem used Earth and Sun sensors, a star tracker pointed to the pole star, Polaris, and three inertial sensors. The sensor measurements were fed to two digital computers (nominal and redundant), as well to a back-up analog computer. It was also possible to orient the satellite by using radio-frequency sensors.  Actuators were three momentum wheels, and hot gas (hydrazine mono-propellant) thrusters. One of the momentum wheels having failed in July 1975, an alternative scheme was developed, allowing station-keeping with the two remaining wheels and thrusters.

=== Electric propulsion ===
ATS-6 was equipped with two electric thrusters based on the acceleration of cesium ions, that were to be used for North-South Station Keeping. This subsystem development followed earlier failed attempts on the previous ATS spacecraft. Each of the thrusters had a mass of 16 kilograms (35 lb), used 150 W of electric power, and produced a thrust of 4 newton-metres (3.0 lbf���ft), with a specific impulse of 2500s. The on-board supply of cesium would have been sufficient for 4400 hours of thrust. Unfortunately, both thrusters failed prematurely, one after 1 hour of operation, oneATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, andATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, and decommissioned July 1979. At the time of launch, it was the most powerful telecommunication satellite in orbit. ATS - 6 carried no fewer than 23 different experiments, and introduced several breakthroughs. It was the first 3 - axis stabilized spacecraft in geostationary orbit. It was also the first to use experimentally with some success electric propulsion in geostationary orbit. It also carried several particle physics experiments, including the first heavy ion detector in geostationary orbit.

GSAT-7

GSAT-7 or INSAT-4F is a multi-band military communications satellite developed by ISRO. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band communication spacecraft, which has been operational since September 2013. According to defense experts, the satellite will enable the navy to extend its blue water capabilities and stop relying on foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication services to its ships.GSAT-7 or INSAT-4F is a multi-band military communications satellite developed by ISRO. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band communication spacecraft, which has been operational since September 2013. According to defense experts, the satellite will enable the navy to extend its blue water capabilities and stop relying on foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication services to its ships.GSAT-7 or INSAT-4F is a multi-band military communications satellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band communication spacecraft, which has been operational since September 2013. According to defense experts, the satellite will enable the navy to extend its blue water capabilities and stop relying on foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication services to its ships.

== Satellite ==
GSAT-7, the multi-band communication satellite named Rukmini carries the payloads in UHF, C band and Ku band. It is the first dedicated military communication satellite (unlike earlier dual use satellites) built by ISRO that will provide services to the Indian Armed Forces with the main user being the Indian Navy. Its procured launch cost has been put at ₹480 crore, with the satellite costing ₹185 crore. Cost of whole project per Memorandum of Understanding with ISRO was ₹950 crores.
The multiple-band spacecraft will be used exclusively by the Navy to shore up secure, real-time communications among its warships, submarines, aircraft and land systems. GSAT-7/ INSAT-4F is said to significantly improve the country's naval operations around the world.
GSAT 7 satellite carrying payloads operating in UHF, S, C and Ku bands, had a lift-off mass of 2,650 kilograms (5,840 lb) and is based on ISRO's 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) class satellite bus I-2K with some new technological elements, including the antennae. After a flight of almost 34 minutes, the satellite was injected into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) of 249-kilometre (155 mi) perigee, 35,929-kilometre (22,325 mi) apogee and an inclination of 3.5 degree with respect to the equator.
ISRO launched a second satellite, GSAT-7A for Indian Air Force on 19 December 2018 on its Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-F11).

== Launch ==
The satellite was launched early on 30 August 2013 atop an Ariane 5 ECA rocket from Kourou, French Guiana.
India's first dedicated military satellite was put into a geosynchronous orbit, about 36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) above Earth, five days after it was launched

Question: What is the name of the test satellite that paved the way for the operator of GSAT-7's communication satellite?

Question: GSAT-7 >> operator

Answer: ISRO

Question: the experimental satellite which was forerunner to communication satellite of #1 is called

Answer: ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6)

Answer: ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6)

What is the experimental satellite which was the forerunner to the communication satellite of the operator of GSAT-7 called?


Crum Creek

A's Media/Wawa Line commuter railroad line across the creek, which by now runs through a deep valley.  The trestle is located in the Crum Woods, 200 acres (81 ha) of forest surrounding the creek that constitutes part of the campus of Swarthmore College.  This tract, one of the largest patches of woodland remaining in Delaware County, is managed by the college's Scott Arboretum. The trestle is half in Nether Providence Township (west of the creek) and half in Swarthmore borough (east of the creek).
Baltimore Pike also crosses the Crum by Smedley Park in Nether Providence Township.  A stone bridge carrying the highway was erected in 1924 with a 70-foot-tall (21 m) arch commemorating the 282 men and 2 women from Delaware County who died in World War I.  This arch was demolished in 1958 when the highway was widened.  The memorial tablets were moved to the nearby entrance of Smedley Park.
Crum Creek was dammed in 1931 near Pennsylvania Route 252 to fill Springton Lake (also known as Geist Reservoir), an approximately 391-acre (1.58 km2) drinking water reservoir maintained by Aqua America.

== Dams ==
Crum Creek has five dams. The first is in Upper Providence Township, thus backing up the creek to create Springton Reservoir.  The second is in Nether Providence Township at the Aqua PA facility, it creates a small, unnamed reservoir. The third is just north of Wallingford Road (Rogers Lane) partly in Springfield Township and partly in Nether Providence Township. The fourth is under the SEPTA Media/Wawa bridge partly in Swarthmore and partly in Nether Providence. The fifth is just north of East Rose Valley Road (Yale Avenue) partly in Swarthmore and partly in Nether Providence.

== See also ==
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
Chester Creek
Ridley Creek

== References ==

== External links ==
Chester, Ridley, Crum Creeks Watersheds
Watershed map
U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stationsCrum Creek (from the Dutch, meaning "crooked creek") is a creek in Delaware County and Chester County, Pennsylvania, flowing approximately 24 miles (39 km), generally in a southward direction and draining into the Delaware River in Eddystone, Pennsylvania.  It begins in a swamp (formerly a lake, dammed out) near Newtown Square, Pennsylvania along which several mills were established in the 19th century. Right afterward it crosses under Pennsylvania Route 29 and winds one and a half miles (2.4 km) downstream until it hits the hamlet of Crum Creek. It later flows into the Delaware River near Philadelphia.
Two notable landmarks along the creek's course are high trestles: a trolley trestle about 30 feet (10 m) high runs across the creek in Smedley Park, in Nether Providence Township; this trestle carries the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority's 101 trolley line from Media, Pennsylvania across the creek.  About a mile (1.6 km) south, a 1,000-foot-long (300 m), 100-foot-high (30 m) trestle carries SEPTA's Media/Wawa Line commuter railroad line across the creek, which by now runs through a deep valley.  The trestle is located in the Crum Woods, 200 acres (81 ha) of forest surrounding the creek that constitutes part of the campus of Swarthmore College.  This tract, one of the largest patches of woodland remaining in Delaware County, is managed by the college's Scott Arboretum. The trestle is half in Nether Providence Township (west of the creek) and half in Swarthmore borough (east of the creek).
Baltimore Pike also crosses the Crum by Smedley Park in Nether Providence Township.  A stone bridge carrying the highway was erected in 1924 with a 70-foot-tall (21 m) arch commemorating the 282 men and 2 women from Delaware County who died in World War I.  This arch was demolished in 1958 when the highway was widened.  The memorial tablets were moved to the nearby entrance of Smedley Park.
Crum Creek was dammed in 1931 near Pennsylvania Route 252 to fill Springton Lake (also known as Geist Reservoir), an approximately 391-acre (1.58 km2) drinking water reservoir maintained by Aqua America.

== Dams ==
Crum Creek has five dams. The first is in Upper Providence Township, thus backing up the creek to create Springton Reservoir.  The second is in Nether Providence Township atCrum Creek (from the Dutch, meaning "crooked creek") is a creek in Delaware County and Chester County, Pennsylvania, flowing approximately , generally in a southward direction and draining into the Delaware River in Eddystone, Pennsylvania. It begins in a swamp (formerly a lake, dammed out) near Newtown Square, Pennsylvania along which several mills were established in the 19th century. Right afterward it crosses under Pennsylvania Route 29 and winds one and a half miles () downstream until it hits the hamlet of Crum Creek. It later flows into the Delaware River near Philadelphia.Crum Creek (from the Dutch, meaning "crooked creek") is a creek in Delaware County and Chester County, Pennsylvania, flowing approximately , generally in a southward direction and draining into the Delaware River in Eddystone, Pennsylvania. It begins in a swamp (formerly a lake, dammed out) near Newtown Square, Pennsylvania along which several mills were established in the 19th century. Right afterward it crosses under Pennsylvania Route 29 and winds one and a half miles () downstream until it hits the hamlet of Crum Creek. It later flows into the Delaware River near Philadelphia.

Bartram's Covered Bridge

Bartram's Covered Bridge, a historic covered bridge built in 1860, uses a Burr Truss design and carried Goshen Road over Crum Creek on the border between Delaware County and Chester County, Pennsylvania. It is long and wide and is the only covered bridge remaining of the 30 which once stood in Delaware County. The bridge has slanted planks at each entrance and is the only covered bridge in Pennsylvania with this feature. According to an on-site marker from the Newtown Square Historical Preservation Society, the bridge was built to be "hi and wide as a load of hay" It was built by Ferdinand Wood and named for Mordecai Bartram.Bartram's Covered Bridge, a historic covered bridge built in 1860, uses a Burr Truss design and carried Goshen Road over Crum Creek on the border between Delaware County and Chester County, Pennsylvania. It is long and wide and is the only covered bridge remaining of the 30 which once stood in Delaware County. The bridge has slanted planks at each entrance and is the only covered bridge in Pennsylvania with this feature. According to an on-site marker from the Newtown Square Historical Preservation Society, the bridge was built to be "hi and wide as a load of hay" It was built by Ferdinand Wood and named for Mordecai Bartram.Bartram's Covered Bridge, a historic covered bridge built in 1860, uses a Burr Truss design and carried Goshen Road over Crum Creek on the border between Delaware County and Chester County, Pennsylvania.  It is 30 feet (9.1 m) long and 13 feet (4.0 m) wide and is the only covered bridge remaining of the 30 which once stood in Delaware County.   The bridge has slanted planks at each entrance and is the only covered bridge in Pennsylvania with this feature.  According to an on-site marker from the Newtown Square Historical Preservation Society, the bridge was built to be "hi and wide as a load of hay" It was built by Ferdinand Wood and named for Mordecai Bartram.
It was closed to traffic in 1941 and stands next to a new bridge on Goshen Road.  The east end of the bridge

Question: What is the name of the water outlet going into the body of water near Bartram's Covered Bridge?

Question: Bartram's Covered Bridge >> crosses

Answer: Crum Creek

Question: #1 >> mouth of the watercourse

Answer: Delaware River

Answer: Delaware River

What is the mouth of watercourse for the body of water where Bartram's Covered Bridge is located?


Free Software Directory

1550 entries, of which 1363 (87.9%) used the GPL license, 103 (6.6%) used the LGPL license, 32 (2.0%) used a BSD or BSD-like license, 29 (1.9%) used the Artistic license, 5 (0.3%) used the MIT license". By September 2009, the Directory listed 6,000 packages whose number grew up to 6,500 in October 2011, when the newly updated directory was launched. All listed packages are "free forThe Free Software Directory (FSD) is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). It catalogs free software that runs under free operating systems - particularly GNU and Linux. The cataloged projects are often able to run in several other operating systems. The project was formerly co-run by UNESCO.TheThe Free Software Directory (FSD) is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). It catalogs free software that runs under free operating systems - particularly GNU and Linux. The cataloged projects are often able to run in several other operating systems. The project was formerly co-run by UNESCO..
Unlike some other directories that focus on free software, Free Software Directory staff verify the licenses of software listed in the directory.

== Coverage growth and usages ==
FSD has been used as a source for assessing the share of free software, for example finding in September 2002 an amount of "1550 entries, of which 1363 (87.9%) used the GPL license, 103 (6.6%) used the LGPL license, 32 (2.0%) used a BSD or BSD-like license, 29 (1.9%) used the Artistic license, 5 (0.3%) used the MIT license". By September 2009, the Directory listed 6,000 packages whose number grew up to 6,500 in October 2011, when the newly updated directory was launched. All listed packages are "free forThe Free Software Directory (FSD) is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). It catalogs free software that runs under free operating systems - particularly GNU and Linux. The cataloged projects are often able to run in several other operating systems. The project was formerly co-run by UNESCO.The Free Software Directory (FSD) is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF).  It catalogs free software that runs under free operating systems—particularly GNU and Linux. The cataloged projects are often able to run in several other operating systems. The project was formerly co-run by UNESCO.
Unlike some other directories that focus on free software, Free Software Directory staff verify the licenses of software listed in the directory.

== Coverage growth and usages ==
FSD has been used as a source for assessing the share of free software, for example finding

Intellectual property

 appropriation problems: Landowners can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, but producers of information or literature can usually do little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price. Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent the goods' wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law.

== History ==

The Venetian Patent Statute of March 19, 1474, established by the Republic of Venice is usually considered to be the earliest codified patent system in the world. It states that patents might be granted for "any new and ingenious device, not previously made", provided it was useful. By and large, these principles still remain the basic principles of current patent laws. The Statute of Monopolies (1624) and the British Statute of Anne (1710) are seen as the origins of the currentFree Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.IntFree Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term. property rights to certain information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time. Supporters argue that because IP laws allow people to protect their original ideas and prevent unauthorized copying, creators derive greater individual economic benefit from the information and intellectual goods they create, and thus have more economic incentives to create them in the first place. Advocates of IP believe that these economic incentives and legal protections stimulate innovation and contribute to technological progress of certain kinds.
The intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods. Unlike traditional property, intellectual property is "indivisible", since an unlimited number of people can in theory "consume" an intellectual good without its being depleted. Additionally, investments in intellectual goods suffer from appropriation problems: Landowners can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, but producers of information or literature can usually do little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price. Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent the goods' wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law.

== History ==

The Venetian Patent Statute of March 19, 1474, established by the Republic of Venice is usually considered to be the earliest codified patent system in the world. It states that patents might be granted for "any new and ingenious device, not previously made", provided it was useful. By and large, these principles still remain the basic principles of current patent laws. The Statute of Monopolies (1624) and the British Statute of Anne (1710) are seen as the origins of the currentFree Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others. The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. The modern concept of intellectual property developed in England in the 17th and 18th centuries. The term "intellectual property" began to be used in the 19th century, though it was not until the late 20th century that intellectual property became commonplace in most of the world's legal systems.
Supporters of intellectual property laws often describe their main purpose as encouraging the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods. To achieve this, the law gives people and businesses property rights to certain information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time. Supporters argue that because IP laws allow people to protect their original ideas and prevent unauthorized copying, creators derive greater individual economic benefit from the information and intellectual goods they create, and thus have more economic incentives to create them in the first place. Advocates of IP believe that these economic incentives and legal protections stimulate innovation and contribute to technological progress of certain kinds.
The intangible nature of intellectual

Question: Who is the initiator of the foundation responsible for the creation of the Free Software Directory?

Question: Free Software Directory >> developer

Answer: Free Software Foundation

Question: Who founded #1 ?

Answer: Richard Stallman

Answer: Richard Stallman

Who started the foundation that developed the Free Software Directory?


Jokshan

 and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea."
Jokshan became the father of Sheba and Dedan. Dedan had three sons, named Asshurim, Letushim, and Leummim.
In his "History of the Prophets and Kings", Tabari says that the wife of the North Arabian ancestor Adnan, Mahdad bint Laham, was a descendant of Jokshan (Yaqshan).

== References ==

Calmet, Augustin (1837). Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. LCC BS440.C3.Jokshan (Arabic: يقشان, Hebrew: ������ש������ yoqšān) was, according to the Bible, a son of Abraham (Avraham) and his wife or concubine Keturah, whom he wed after the death of Sarah. Jokshan had five brothers: Zimran, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah; as well as two half brothers: Ishmael (Ismail) and Isaac (Ishaq). He was Keturah's second son and Abraham's fourth.
Josephus records that Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea."
Jokshan became the father of Sheba and Dedan. Dedan had three sons, named Asshurim, Letushim, and Leummim.
In his "History of the Prophets and Kings", Tabari says that the wife of the North Arabian ancestor Adnan, Mahdad bint Laham, was a descendant of Jokshan (Yaqshan).

== References ==

Calmet, Augustin (1837). Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. LCC BS440.C3.Jokshan (Arabic: يقشان, Hebrew: ������ש�����Josephus records that "Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea." Abraham in all probability, tried to keep them apart from Isaac to avoid conflict while fulfilling God's commission to spread out and inhabit the globe.Jokshan (Arabic: يقشان, Hebrew: ������ש����Josephus records that "Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea." Abraham in all probability, tried to keep them apart from Isaac to avoid conflict while fulfilling God's commission to spread out and inhabit the globe.shan had five brothers: Zimran, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah; as well as two half brothers: Ishmael (Ismail) and Isaac (Ishaq). He was Keturah's second son and Abraham's fourth.
Josephus records that Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea."
Jokshan became the father of Sheba and Dedan. Dedan had three sons, named Asshurim, Letushim, and Leummim.
In his "History of the Prophets and Kings", Tabari says that the wife of the North Arabian ancestor Adnan, Mahdad bint Laham, was a descendant of Jokshan (Yaqshan).

== References ==

Calmet, Augustin (1837). Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. LCC BS440.C3.Jokshan (Arabic: يقشان, Hebrew: ������ש������ yoqšān) was, according to the Bible, a son of Abraham (Avraham) and his wife or concubine Keturah, whom he wed after the death of Sarah. Jokshan had five brothers: Zimran, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah; as well as two half brothers: Ishmael (Ismail) and Isaac (Ishaq). He was Keturah's second son and Abraham's fourth.
Josephus records that Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea."
Jokshan became the father of Sheba and Dedan. Dedan had three sons, named Asshurim, Letushim, and Leummim.
In his "History of the Prophets and Kings", Tabari says that the wife of the North Arabian ancestor Adnan, Mahdad bint Laham, was a descendant of Jokshan (Yaqshan).

== References ==

Calmet, Augustin (1837). Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. LCC BS440.C3.Jokshan (Arabic: يقشان, Hebrew: ������ש�����Josephus records that "Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix, as far as it reaches to the Red Sea." Abraham in all probability, tried to keep them apart from Isaac to avoid conflict while fulfilling God's commission to spread out and inhabit the globe.Jokshan (Arabic: يقشان, Hebrew: ������ש������ yoqšān) was, according to the Bible, a son of Abraham (Avraham) and his wife or concubine Keturah, whom he wed after the death of Sarah. Jokshan had five brothers: Zimran, Medan, Midian

Keturah

idservant.

== Sources ==
Keturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.
Louis Feldman has said "Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who in turn cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them."
According to Doctor of Anthropology Paula M. McNutt, it is generally recognized that there is nothing specific in the biblical traditions recorded in Genesis, including those regarding Abraham and his family, that can be definitively related to known history in or around Canaan in the early second millennium B.C.E.

== Relationship with Abraham ==
Keturah is referred to in Genesis as "another wife" of Abraham (Hebrew:  א��ש����Keturah (Hebrew: ������ו��ר��ה , Modern Ktura, Tiberian Qə���ûrā; possibly meaning ``incense '') was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons.Keturah (Hebrew: ������ו��ר��ה, Qə���ūrā, possibly meaning "incense"; Arabic: قطورة) was a wife and a concubine of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons. According to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of Noah's son Japheth.
One modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah "the most ignored significant person in the Torah". The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text. However, Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian maidservant.

== Sources ==
Keturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.
Louis Feldman has said "Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who in turn cites the historian Cleodemus MalchusKeturah (Hebrew: קְטוּרָה , Modern Ktura, Tiberian Qəṭûrā; possibly meaning ``incense '') was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons. to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of Noah's son Japheth.
One modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah "the most ignored significant person in the Torah". The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text. However, Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian ma

Question: After Sarah passed away, whom did the father of Jokshan tie the knot with?

Question: Jokshan >> father

Answer: Abraham

Question: who did #1 marry after the death of sarah

Answer: Keturah

Answer: Keturah

Who did Jokshan's father marry after the death of Sarah?


James Chadwick

ir James Chadwick,  (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atom bomb research efforts. He was the head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics.
Chadwick graduated from the Victoria University of Manchester in During the Second World War, Chadwick carried out research as part of the Tube Alloys project to build an atomic bomb, while his Manchester lab and environs were harassed by Luftwaffe bombing. When the Quebec Agreement merged his project with the American Manhattan Project, he became part of the British Mission, and worked at the Los Alamos Laboratory and in Washington, D.C. He surprised everyone by earning the almost-complete trust of project director Leslie R. Groves, Jr. For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1945. In July 1945, he viewed the Trinity nuclear test. After this, he served as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. Uncomfortable with the trend toward Big Science, Chadwick became the Master of Gonville and Caius College in 1948. He retired in 1959.During the Second World War, Chadwick carried out research as part of the Tube Alloys project to build an atomic bomb, while his Manchester lab and environs were harassed by Luftwaffe bombing. When the Quebec Agreement merged his project with the American Manhattan Project, he became part of the British Mission, and worked at the Los Alamos Laboratory and in Washington, D.C. He surprised everyone by earning the almost-complete trust of project director Leslie R. Groves, Jr. For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1945. In July 1945, he viewed the Trinity nuclear test. After this, he served as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. Uncomfortable with the trend toward Big Science, Chadwick became the Master of Gonville and Caius College in 1948. He retired in 1959.Sir James Chadwick,  (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atom bomb research efforts. He was the head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics.
Chadwick graduated from the Victoria University of Manchester in 1911, where he studied under Ernest Rutherford (known as the "father of nuclear physics"). At Manchester, he continued to study under Rutherford until he was awarded his MSc in 1913. The same year, Chadwick was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. He elected to study beta radiation under Hans Geiger in Berlin. Using Geiger's recently developed Geiger counter, Chadwick was able to demonstrate that beta radiation produced a continuous spectrum, and not discrete lines as had been thought. Still in Germany when World War I broke out in Europe, he spent the next four years in the Ruhleben internment camp.
After the war, Chadwick followed Rutherford to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where Chadwick earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree under Rutherford's supervision from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in June 1921. He was Rutherford's assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory for over a decade at a time when it was one of the world's foremost centres for the study of physics, attracting students like John Cockcroft, Norman Feather, and Mark Oliphant. Chadwick followed his discovery of the neutron by measuring its mass. He anticipated that neutrons would become a major weapon in the fight against cancer. Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935 to become a professor of physics at the University of Liverpool, where he overhauled an antiquated laboratory and, by installing a cyclotron, made it an important centre for the study of nuclear physics.
During the Second World War, Chadwick carried out research as part of the Tube Alloys project to build an atom bomb, while his Manchester lab and

Discovery of the neutron

 large amount of energy, even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay. Scientists already knew about alpha decay and beta decay, but fission assumed great importance because the discovery that a nuclear chain reaction was possible led to the development of nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Hahn was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission.
Hahn and Strassmann at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin bombarded uranium with slow neutrons and discovered that barium had been produced. Hahn suggested a bursting of the nucleus, but he was unsure of what the physical basis for the results were. They reported their findings by mail to Meitner in Sweden, who a few months earlier had fled Nazi Germany. Meitner and her nephew Frisch theorised, and then proved, that the uranium nucleus had been split and published their findings in Nature. Meitner calculated that the energy released by each disintegration was approximately 200 megaelectronvolts, and Frisch observed this. By analogy with the division of biological cells, he named the process "fission".
The discovery came after forty years of investigation into the nature and properties of radioactivity and radioactive substances. The discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 created a new means of nuclear transmutation. Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in Rome studied the results of bombarding uranium with neutrons, and Fermi concluded that his experiments had created new elements with 93 and 94 protons, which his group dubbed ausenium and hesperium. Fermi won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons". However, not everyone was convinced by Fermi's analysis of his results. Ida Noddack suggested that instead of creating a new, heavier element 93, it was conceivable that the nucleus had broken up into large fragments, and Aristid von Grosse suggested that what Fermi's group had found was an isotope of protactinium.
This spurred Hahn and Meitner, the discoverers of the most stable isotope of protactinium, to conduct a four-year-long investigation into the process with their colleague Strassmann. After much hard work and many discoveries, they determined that what they were observing was fission, and that the new elements that Fermi had found were fission products. Their work overturned long-held beliefs in physics and paved the way for the discovery of the real elements 93 (neptunium) and 94 (plutonium), for the discovery of fission in other elements, and for the determination of the role of the uranium-235 isotope in that of uranium. Niels Bohr and John Wheeler reworked the liquid drop model to explain the mechanism of fission.

== Background ==

=== Radioactivity ===
In the last years of the 19th century, scientists frequently experimented with the cathode-ray tube, which by then had become a standard piece of laboratory equipment.The essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was a new elementary particle, distinct from the proton.NuclearThe essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was a new elementary particle, distinct from the proton. nuclear reaction or radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller, lighter nuclei and often other particles. The fission process often produces gamma rays and releases a very large amount of energy, even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay. Scientists already knew about alpha decay and beta decay, but fission assumed great importance because the discovery that a nuclear chain reaction was possible led to the development of nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Hahn was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission.
Hahn and Strassmann at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin bombarded uranium with slow neutrons and discovered that barium had been produced. Hahn suggested a bursting of the nucleus, but he was unsure of what the physical basis for the results were. They reported their findings by mail to Meitner in Sweden, who a few months earlier had fled Nazi Germany. Meitner and her nephew Frisch theorised, and then proved, that the uranium nucleus had been split and published their findings in Nature. Meitner calculated that the energy released by each disintegration was approximately 200 megaelectronvolts, and Frisch observed this. By analogy with the division of biological cells, he named the process "fission".
The discovery came after forty years of investigation into the nature and properties of radioactivity and radioactive substances. The discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 created a new means of nuclear transmutation. Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in Rome studied the results of bombarding uranium with neutrons, and Fermi concluded that his experiments had created new elements with 93 and 94 protons, which his group dubbed ausenium and hesperium. Fermi won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons". However, not everyone was convinced by Fermi's analysis of his results. Ida Noddack suggested that instead of creating a new, heavier element 93, it was conceivable that the nucleus had broken up into large fragments, and Aristid von Grosse suggested that what Fermi's group had found was an isotope of protactinium.
This spurred Hahn and Meitner, the discoverers of the most stable isotope of protactinium, to conduct a four-year-long investigation into the process with their colleague Strassmann. After much hard work and many discoveries, they determined that what they were observing was fission, and that the new elements that Fermi had found were fission products. Their work overturned long-held beliefs in physics and paved the way for the discovery of the real elements 93 (neptunium) and 94 (plutonium), for the discovery of fission in other elements, and for the determination of the role of the uranium-235 isotope in that of uranium. Niels Bohr and John Wheeler reworked the liquid drop model to explain the mechanism of fission.

== Background ==

=== Radioactivity ===
In the last years of the 19th century, scientists frequently experimented with the cathode-ray tube, which by then had become a standard piece of laboratory equipment.The essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was

Question: In what was the individual who contributed proof indicating the presence of neutrons involved?

Question: who provided evidence to suggest the existence of the neutron

Answer: James Chadwick

Question: #1 >> participant in

Answer: Manhattan Project

Answer: Manhattan Project

What was the person who provided evidence to suggest the existence of the neutron a participant of?


1894–95 FA Cup

 played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

== Calendar ==
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

== First round proper ==
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams. The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division. The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition. Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper. Eight non-league sides also qualified.
The matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895. One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture. The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played.  The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool.

== Second round proper ==
The eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895. There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture.

== Third round proper ==
The four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895. There were no replays.

== Semi-finals ==
The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895. Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace.

== Final ==

The final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace. Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds. Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection.

=== Match details ===

== See also ==
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

== References ==
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1894-95 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1894-95 FA Cup at soccerbase.com
SpecificThe 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London. This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup.
The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the final and never recovered despite a £10 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game.
Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venuesThe Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game.

Second City derby

Date Venue Home team Score Competition Round Attendance 5 November 1887 Wellington Road Aston Villa 4 -- 0 FA Cup 2nd Round 23 March 1901 Muntz Street Small Heath 0 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final 27 March 1901 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final replay 23 May 1963 St Andrew's Birmingham City 3 -- 1 League Cup Final 1st leg 31,850 27 May 1963 Villa Park Aston Villa 0 -- 0 League Cup Final 2nd leg 37,921 27 September 1988 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 2 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 12 October 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 5 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 9 November 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 6 -- 0 Full Members Cup 1st Round 8,324 21 September 1993 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 1 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 27,815 6 October 1993 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 35,856 1 December 2010 St Andrew's Birmingham City 2 -- 1 League Cup Quarter Final 27,679 22 September 2015 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 3rd Round 34,442

Matthew Webb (footballer)

Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional footballer born in Bristol who played in the Football League for Birmingham City. Webb, a pacy winger, joined Birmingham City as a YTS trainee in 1993 and turned professional two years later. After playing only once for the reserve team, he made his debut in Division Two on 11 March 1995, coming on as substitute for Steve McGavin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Swansea City. He remained with the club for the 1995–96 season, but played no more first-team football before being released from his contract in 1996.

== References ==Matthew Leslie Webb (born 24 September 1976) is an English former professional football

Question: When did the team that Matthew Webb belonged to last defeat the champion of the 1894-95 FA Cup?

Question: 1894–95 FA Cup >> winner

Answer: Aston Villa

Question: Matthew Webb >> member of sports team

Answer: Birmingham City

Question: when was the last time #2 beat #1

Answer: 1 December 2010

Answer: 1 December 2010

When was the last time the team Matthew Webb was a member of beat the winner of the 1894-95 FA Cup?


2014 Kosovo v Haiti football match

 member associations at youth and amateur level, as well as ladies football. In January 2014, later allowed Kosovo to play games against FIFA member associations at full international. Kosovo organised a friendly against Haiti for March 2014.
At the time of the game, Haiti were ranked 79th by FIFA in the FIFA Ranking System. Kosovo were not ranked as they were not a member association of FIFA.
Kosovo's President Atifete Jahjaga and Prime Minister Hashim Thaci were both in attendance.
The game was also Frenchman Marc Collat's first in charge of the Haiti national team.
Several players who had played for other countries had chosen to represent the Kosovo national team. Albanian international goalkeeper Samir Ujkani chose to accept a call-up, as did Finnish international Lum Rexhepi, Norwegian international Ardian Gashi and Swiss international Albert Bunjaku.

== Match Details ==

Source:

Match Officials
Referee:  Stephan Klossner
Assistant Referee 1:  Vital Jobin
Assistant Referee 2:  Stephane Almeida
Fourth Official:  Fedayi San

== Aftermath ==
Following the game, the Football Association of Kosovo announced that "Kosovo football has finally broken perennial isolation" and re-iterated their desire to join FIFA in the future. Following the game, the Football Association of Serbia (FSS) wrote to FIFA asking them to reverse their decision on allowing Kosovo to play international games. The FSS complained that Kosovo's players were wearing national symbols on the shirts, that the crowd were chanting anti-Serb songs and that Serbian flags had been burned outside of the ground, and that football was being used political purposes to promote Kosovo as an independent state.

Kosovo vs Haiti was the first international match involving the Kosovar national football team to be recognised by FIFA, and the first to take place within Kosovo. The match was an international friendly between representative teams from Kosovo and Haiti.KKosovo vs Haiti was the first international match involving the Kosovar national football team to be recognised by FIFA, and the first to take place within Kosovo. The match was an international friendly between representative teams from Kosovo and Haiti.== Background ==
FIFA were lobbied by several prominent Kosovar football personalities including Albania captain Lorik Cana to allow the national team

Switzerland

 country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and LieSwiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the 'Nati'. The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Zürich. Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation's professional club league. For the Brasil 2014 World Cup finals tournament, the country's German-speaking cantons will be closely monitored by local police forces to prevent celebrations beyond one hour after matches end. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students. The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the ETHZ in Zürich (founded 1855) and the EPFL in Lausanne (founded 1969 as such, formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne) which both have an excellent international reputation.[note 10]Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's population of 9 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts its largest cities and economic centres, including Zurich, Geneva, and Basel.
Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002 but pursues an active foreign policy that includes frequent involvement in peace building.
Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, and the UN. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area. Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26

Question: What is the meaning of the name of the organization to which the national football team of Haiti is affiliated?

Question: Haiti national football team >> member of

Answer: FIFA

Question: What does #1 stand for?

Answer: International Federation of Association Football

Answer: International Federation of Association Football

What does the name of the organization the Haiti national football team belongs to stand for?


No Ordinary Girl

 studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records.
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

== Track listing ==

=== Japanese edition ===

=== Bonus DVD edition ===
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

== Charts ==

== Release history ==

== References ==No Ordinary Girl is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records.
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

== Track listing ==

=== Japanese edition ===

=== Bonus DVD edition ===
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

== Charts ==

== Release history ==

== References ==No Ordinary Girl is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records.
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

== Track listing ==

=== Japanese edition ===

=== Bonus DVD edition ===
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

== Charts ==

== Release history ==

== References ==No Ordinary Girl is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records.
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

== Track listing ==

=== Japanese edition ===

=== Bonus DVD edition ===
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

== Charts ==

== Release history ==

== References ==No Ordinary Girl is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records.
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies soldNo Ordinary Girl is the debut album by Jordan Pruitt, released in the United States on February 6, 2007 by Hollywood Records. The album debuted and peaked at number sixty-four on the "Billboard" 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week and to date has sold 187,887 in the United States. This album had moderate success because of the songs included in the Disney Channel movies "Read It and Weep" and "Jump In". Pruitt supported the album with "The Cheetah Girls The Party's Just Begun Tour" and "".No Ordinary Girl is the debut album by Jordan Pruitt, released in the United States on February 6, 2007 by Hollywood Records. The album debuted and peaked at number sixty-four on the "Billboard" 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week and to date has sold 187,887 in the United States. This album had moderate success because of the songs included in the Disney Channel movies "Read It and Weep" and "Jump In". Pruitt supported the album with "The Cheetah Girls The Party's Just Begun Tour" and "". is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records.
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

== Track listing ==

=== Japanese edition ===

=== Bonus DVD edition ===
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

== Charts ==

== Release history ==

== References ==No Ordinary Girl is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records.
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

== Track listing ==

=== Japanese edition ===

=== Bonus DVD edition ===
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

== Charts

Permission to Fly

 what I wanted to be."

== Composition ==
Permission to Fly is mainly a pop album with influences of jazz and R&B. Several of the songs are about teen romance, with lyrics detailing love at first sight and the ups and downs of relationships. First single "One Love" isPermission to Fly is the second and final studio album by American singer-songwriter Jordan Pruitt. On July 22, 2008, the album was released to all Limited Too stores only and in September the album was released on iTunes. On August 26, 2008 the album was given a physical release. The worldwide premiere of the album was broadcast over Radio Disney on July 19, 2008 at 4:00 p.m. Pacific Time and 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The encore also aired on July 21, 2008 at 10:00 a.m. Pacific Time and 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time. For unknown reasons, the album was removed from the iTunes Store on September 19, 2008.PermissionPermission to Fly is the second and final studio album by American singer-songwriter Jordan Pruitt. On July 22, 2008, the album was released to all Limited Too stores only and in September the album was released on iTunes. On August 26, 2008 the album was given a physical release. The worldwide premiere of the album was broadcast over Radio Disney on July 19, 2008 at 4:00 p.m. Pacific Time and 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The encore also aired on July 21, 2008 at 10:00 a.m. Pacific Time and 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time. For unknown reasons, the album was removed from the iTunes Store on September 19, 2008., Colgate-Palmolive, Samsung and Limited Too. When picking songs for the album, Pruitt used her "5-second rule." If the track didn't grab her in five seconds, she didn't record it. Pruitt worked with a team of top songwriter/producers, including Shelly Peiken, Arnthor Birgisson, Tim James & Antonina Armato (better known as Rock Mafia), and Adam Watts & Andy Dodd. Pruitt also co-wrote many of the songs, and wanted the album to be more mature than her 2007 debut album No Ordinary Girl. Speaking on the differences between Permission to Fly and No Ordinary Girl, Pruitt said "I kind of grew up after the first record was done. I became more of myself. I really found out who I was and what I wanted to be."

== Composition ==
Permission to Fly is mainly a pop album with influences of jazz and R&B. Several of the songs are about teen romance, with lyrics detailing love at first sight and the ups and downs of relationships. First single "One Love" isPermission to Fly is the second and final studio album by American singer-songwriter Jordan Pruitt. On July 22, 2008, the album was released to all Limited Too stores only and in September the album was released on iTunes. On August 26, 2008 the album was given a physical release. The worldwide premiere of the album was broadcast over Radio Disney on July 19

Question: Who is the record label associated with the co-creator and performer of the album Permission to Fly?

Question: Which artist is Permission to Fly co-written and recorded by?

Answer: Jordan Pruitt

Question: #1 >> record label

Answer: Hollywood Records

Answer: Hollywood Records

What is the record label of the co-writer and recording artist of Permission to Fly?