Sar-El

 the volunteers arrived in Israel as part of the organization from the United States and from France. Volunteers are employed in a few weeks the IDF workshops – usually related jobs in maintenance and Logistics. Many volunteers come from the US organized by a US-based non-profit organization Volunteers for Israel. Sar-El had 881 volunteers from the United States in 2015, although volunteers have come from over 60 countries. Sar-El accepts both Jewish and non-Jewish supporters of Israel from the age of 17 upwards.
In 1988, the association was awarded the Speaker's Prize.

== References ==

== External links ==

Official websiteSar-El (Hebrew: שר-אל; lit. The National Project for Volunteers for Israel or Service for Israel), is a non-profit service organization, subordinate and under the direction of the Israeli Logistics Corps, for Israeli citizens living abroad, and who now wish to finalize their status with the military. The program is also open to non-Israeli citizens who wish to participate in a service program akin to national service, without enlisting in the Israeli Defense Forces. The program usually consists of three weeks of volunteer service on different rear army or air force bases, doing non-combative work. The program also has one and two week service periods. In the case of non-Israelis, they must be aged 17 years or older (or 16 if accompanied by a parent), and in the case of Israeli citizens, they must be 30 years of age or older, and have for some reason or another not completed their national service requirement.
The association was founded in spring 1983 by Yehuda Meir Indor and Cantors. Aharon Davidi, an Israeli general, was invited to be the first director of the organisation. Most of the volunteers arrived in Israel as part of the organization from the United States and from France. Volunteers are employed in a few weeks the IDF workshops – usually related jobs in maintenance and Logistics. Many volunteers come from the US organized by a US-based non-profit organization Volunteers for Israel. Sar-El had 881 volunteers from the United States in 2015, although volunteers have come from over 60 countries. Sar-El accepts both Jewish and non-Jewish supporters of Israel from the age of 17 upwards.
In 1988, the association was awarded the Speaker's Prize.

== References ==

== External links ==

Official websiteSar-El (Hebrew: שר-The association was founded in spring 1983 by Yehuda Meir Indor and Cantors. Aharon Davidi, an Israeli general, was invited to be the first director of the organisation. Most of the volunteers arrived in Israel as part of the organization from the United States and from France. Volunteers are employed in a few weeks the IDF workshops – usually related jobs in maintenance and Logistics. Most volunteers from the US come in groups organized by a US-based non-profit organization Volunteers for Israel. However, Sar-El had 881 volunteers from the United States in 2015.bThe association was founded in spring 1983 by Yehuda Meir Indor and Cantors. Aharon Davidi, an Israeli general, was invited to be the first director of the organisation. Most of the volunteers arrived in Israel as part of the organization from the United States and from France. Volunteers are employed in a few weeks the IDF workshops – usually related jobs in maintenance and Logistics. Most volunteers from the US come in groups organized by a US-based non-profit organization Volunteers for Israel. However, Sar-El had 881 volunteers from the United States in 2015.

Geography of Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows a mountain ridge for approximately 320 km (200 mi) to the vicinity of Najran. This sectionThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable

Israel

 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since 2010.

== Etymology ==

Under the British Mandate (1920–1948), the whole region was known as Palestine. Upon establishment in 1948, the country formally adopted the name State of Israel (Hebrew: מ��ד��י����ת ����ש����ר��א��ל,  [medi��nat jis��a����el]; Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَا��ِيل, Dawlat Isrā��īl, [dawlat ��isra������i��l]) after other proposed names including Land of Israel (Eretz Israel), Ever (from ancestor Eber), Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected. The name Israel was suggested by Ben-Gurion and passed by a vote of 6–3. In the early weeks after establishment, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of the Israeli state.
The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name Israel (Hebrew: Yīsrā��ēl; Septuagint Greek: ���σραήλ, Israēl, "El (God) persists/rules", though after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God") refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. The earliest known archaeological artefact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE).

== History ==

=== Prehistory ===

Early hominin presence in the Levant, where Israel is located, dates back at least 1.5 million years based on theIsrael (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]

History of Saudi Arabia

For much of the region's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area. The Al Saud (the Saudi royal family) emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia. From the mid-18th century, imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahhabi Islamic movement, they became aggressively expansionist. Over the following 150 years, the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated. However, between 1902 and 1927, the Al Saud leader, Abdulaziz, carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1930. 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to modern-day Pakistan in the east) in a matter of decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517), and Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates, as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of mainly four distinct historical regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa), and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud in Western countries. Abdulaziz united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy governed along Islamist lines. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "the Land of the Two Holy Mosques", in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
Petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia has since become the world's second largest oil producer (behind the US) and the world's largest oil exporter, controlling the world's second largest oil reserves and the sixth largest gas reserves.
From 1902 until his death in 1953, Saudi Arabia's founding father, Abdulaziz, ruled the Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913), the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921), the Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926), the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932), and as the King of Saudi Arabia (1932–1953).
Thereafter, six of his sons in succession have reigned over the kingdom:

Saud, the immediate successor of Abdulaziz, faced opposition from most in the royal family and was eventually deposed.
Faisal replaced Saud in 1964. Until his murder by a nephew in 1975, Faisal presided over a period of growth and modernization fuelled by oil wealth. Saudi Arabia's role in the 1973 oil crisis, and the subsequent rise in the price of oil, dramatically increased the country's political significance and wealth.
Khalid, Faisal's successor, reigned during the first major signs of dissent: Islamist extremists temporarily seized

Question: When was the area directly above the region where Sar-El is located and the Persian Gulf formed?

Question: Sar-El >> country

Answer: Israel

Question: Where is #1 located?

Answer: Middle East

Question: what region lies immediately to the north of #2 and the persian gulf

Answer: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Question: when was #3 created

Answer: 1930

Answer: 1930

When was the region immediately north of the region where the country in which Sar-El can be found is located and the Persian Gulf created?


La Liga

, both all-time records. Across all positions, the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins, Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins, Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins, and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins each.
Many of the awards were discontinued after the 2015–16 season.

== Main categories ==

=== Winners ===

== Additional categories ==

== Other La Liga honours ==
The following awards were presented once:

=== Player of the season ===

=== Best African player ===

=== Team of the season ===

=== Player and manager of the month ===

== See also ==
Don Balón Award
Miguel Muñoz Trophy
Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano
Trofeo Aldo Rovira
Trofeo EFE
Ricardo Zamora Trophy
Pichichi Trophy
Zarra Trophy

== References ==
Notes

CitationsThe La Liga Awards, previously known as the LFP awards, are presented annually by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) to the best players and coach in La Liga, the first division of association football in Spain. Established in the 2008–09 season, they were the first official awards in the history of the Spanish competition. La Liga's best coach and player in each position—goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward—were chosen based on a voting by the captain and vice-captains of each club, while the best player overall was determined via statistical analysis.
Since the La Liga Awards' creation, Barcelona players have won 32 honours in the six main categories, almost triple the number of any other club. Barcelona's forward Lionel Messi has been named La Liga's best player for six times and La Liga's best forward for seven times, both all-time records. Across all positions, the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins, Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins, Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins, and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins each.
Many of the awards were discontinued after the 2015–16 season.

== Main categories ==

=== Winners ===

== Additional categories ==

== Other La Liga honours ==
The following awards were presented once:

=== Player of the season ===

=== Best African player ===

=== Team of the season ===

=== Player and manager of the month ===

== See also ==
Don Balón Award
Miguel Muñoz Trophy
Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano
Trofeo Aldo Rovira
Trofeo EFE
Ricardo Zamora Trophy
Pichichi Trophy
Zarra Trophy

== References ==
Notes

CitationsThe La Liga Awards, previously known as the LFP awards, are presented annually by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) to the best players and coach in La Liga, the first division of association football in Spain. Established in the 2008–09 season, they were the first official awards in the history of the Spanish competition. La Liga's best coach and player in each position—goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward—were chosen based on a voting by the captain and vice-captains of each club, while the best player overall was determined via statistical analysis.
Since the La Liga Awards' creation, Barcelona players have won 32 honours in the six main categories, almost triple the number of any other club. Barcelona's forward Lionel Messi has been named La Liga's best player for six times and La Liga's best forward for seven times, both all-time records. Across all positions, the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins, Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins, Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins, and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins each.
Many of the awards were discontinued after the 2015–16 season.

== Main categories ==

=== Winners ===

== Additional categories ==

== Other La Liga honours ==
The following awards were presented once:

=== Player of the season ===

=== Best African player ===

=== Team of the season ===

=== Player and manager of the month ===

== See also ==
Don Balón Award
Miguel Muñoz Trophy
Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano
Trofeo Aldo Rovira
Trofeo EFE
Ricardo Zamora Trophy
Pichichi Trophy
Zarra Trophy

== References ==
Notes

CitationsThe La Liga Awards, previously known as the LFP awards, are presented annually by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) to the best players and coach in La Liga, the first division of association football in Spain. Established in the 2008–09 season, they were the first official awards in the history of the Spanish competition. La Liga's best coach and player in each position—goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward—were chosen based on a voting by the captain and vice-captains of each club, while the best player overall was determined via statistical analysis.
Since the La Liga Awards' creationThe competition format follows the usual double round - robin format. During the course of a season, which lasts from August to May, each club plays every other club twice, once at home and once away, for 38 matchdays. Teams receive three points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, with the highest - ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion.TheThe competition format follows the usual double round - robin format. During the course of a season, which lasts from August to May, each club plays every other club twice, once at home and once away, for 38 matchdays. Teams receive three points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, with the highest - ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion. midfielder, and forward—were chosen based on a voting by the captain and vice-captains of each club, while the best player overall was determined via statistical analysis.
Since the La Liga Awards' creation, Barcelona players have won 32 honours in the six main categories, almost triple the number of any other club. Barcelona's forward Lionel Messi has been named La Liga's best player for six times and La Liga's best forward for seven times, both all-time records. Across all positions, the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins, Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins, Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins, and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins each.
Many of the awards were discontinued after the 2015–16 season.

== Main categories ==

=== Winners ===

== Additional categories ==

== Other La Liga honours ==
The following awards were presented once:

=== Player of the season ===

=== Best African player ===

=== Team of the season ===

=== Player and manager of the month ===

== See also ==
Don Balón Award
Miguel Muñoz Trophy
Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano
Trofeo Aldo Rovira
Trofeo EFE
Ricardo Zamora Trophy
Pichichi Trophy
Zarra Trophy

FC Barcelona

 in Catalonia was dominated by clubs such as CE Europa, Laietà BC and Société Patrie (later CB Atlètic Gràcia) and it was not until the 1940s that FC Barcelona became established as a basketball team. During this decade they won six Copas del Generalísimo de Baloncesto and were runners-up once. In 1956 they were founding members of the Liga Española de Baloncesto and finished as runners-up. In 1959 they won Spanish basketball's first-ever league and cup double.

=== Decline in the 1960s ===
The 1960s and 1970s saw the team in decline. In 1961 the club president Enric Llaudet dissolved the team in spite of its popularity. However, in 1962, the club was reformed after a campaign by the fans. In 1964 the league's Primera División was cut from fourteen teams to eight and the club found themselves in the Segunda División after not finishing between the two first qualified teams in the relegation playoffs. However they quickly returned to the top division after being crowned Segunda champions in 1965. During the 1970s the club was persistently overshadowed by its rivals Real Madrid and Joventut.

=== Revival in the 1980s ===
In the 1980s club president Josep LAfter the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts. Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950, who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches, drew larger crowds to the games. The club began to make plans for a new stadium. The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Barça fans. The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego. Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas, 336% over budget. players that have played with the team included Pau Gasol, Rony Seikaly, Marc Gasol, Anderson Varejão, Juan Carlos Navarro, Jaka Lakovič, ��arūnas Jasikevičius, Dejan Bodiroga, Gianluca Basile, Ricky Rubio, Juan Antonio San Epifanio, Saša Đorđević, and Tony Massenburg.
FC Barcelona also has a reserve team, called FC Barcelona Bàsquet B, that plays in the Spanish 2nd-tier LEB Oro.

== History ==

=== Early years ===
Founded on 24 August 1926, the club entered its first competition in 1927, playing in the Campionat de Catalunya de Basquetbol (Catalan Basketball Championship). During these early years, basketball in Catalonia was dominated by clubs such as CE Europa, Laietà BC and Société Patrie (later CB Atlètic Gràcia) and it was not until the 1940s that FC Barcelona became established as a basketball team. During this decade they won six Copas del Generalísimo de Baloncesto and were runners-up once. In 1956 they were founding members of the Liga Española de Baloncesto and finished as runners-up. In 1959 they won Spanish basketball's first-ever league and cup double.

=== Decline in the 1960s ===
The 1960s and 1970s saw the team in decline. In 1961 the club president Enric Llaudet dissolved the team in spite of its popularity. However, in 1962, the club was reformed after a campaign by the fans. In 1964 the league's Primera División was cut from fourteen teams to eight and the club found themselves in the Segunda División after not finishing between the two first qualified teams in the relegation playoffs. However they quickly returned to the top division after being crowned Segunda champions in 1965. During the 1970s the club was persistently overshadowed by its rivals Real Madrid and Joventut.

=== Revival in the 1980s ===
In the 1980s club president Josep Lluís Núñez gave the team his full support with the aim of making the club the best in Spain and Europe. His support produced results and during the decade inspired by their coach Aíto García Reneses and players like Juan Antonio San Epifanio (better known as Epi), Andrés Jiménez, Sibilio, Audie Norris and Solozábal, the club won six Spanish championships, five Spanish cups, two European Cup Winners' Cups, the Korać Cup and the World Championship. However the European Cup remained elusive, ending as runners-up in 1984. In the 1987–88 season Barça won the Copa Príncipe, Liga ACB, Copa del Rey and the Supercopa completing a quadruple.

=== Champions of Europe ===
The club built on this success during the 1990s, winning a further four Spanish championships and two Spanish cups. They were still unable to win the European Cup despite playing in a further four finals in 1990, 1991, 1996 and 1997. They also made

Question: What is the number of matches played by teams in the league where Barcelona clinched championships in 1948 and 1949?

Question: What titles did Barcelona win in 1948 and 1949?

Answer: La Liga

Question: how many games do #1 teams play

Answer: 38

Answer: 38

How many games do team in the league where Barcelona won titles in 1948 and 1949 play?


Nelson River

 Lake and Kiskitto Lake into Cross Lake at the Manitoba Hydro's Jenpeg Generating Station and Dam. From Cross Lake it flows through Sipiwesk Lake, Split Lake and Stephens Lake on its way to the Hudson Bay.
Since it drains Lake Winnipeg, it is the last part of the large Saskatchewan River system, as well as that of the Red River and Winnipeg River. Devils Lake is unusual for a glacial lake in being presently closed, also has been known to overflow into the Red River for at least five separate periods since deglaciation.
Besides Lake Winnipeg, its primary tributaries include the Grass River, which drains a long area north of Lake Winnipeg, and the Burntwood River, which passes through Thompson, Manitoba.
The river flows into Hudson Bay at Port Nelson (now a ghost town), just north of the Hayes River andFort Nelson, a historic Hudson's Bay Company trading post, was at the mouth of the Nelson River at Hudson Bay and was a key trading post in the early 18th century. After his pivotal role in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, Pierre Esprit Radisson, noted French explorer, was chief director of trade at Fort Nelson during one of his sustained periods of service to England. Today, Fort Nelson no longer exists. Port Nelson, the abandoned shipping port, remains on the opposite side of the river mouth on Hudson Bay.

Kichi Sipi Bridge

The Kichi Sipi Bridge spans a deep channel of the Nelson River south of Cross Lake, providing the only all-weather road link between eastern Manitoba and the rest of Canada and North America. Its origins are unusual and its technology innovative. At 850 feet, it is the second longest road bridge in Manitoba.The Kichi Sipi Bridge spans a deep channel of the Nelson River south of Cross Lake, providing the only all-weather road link between eastern Manitoba and the rest of Canada and North America. Its origins are unusual and its technology innovative. At 850 feet, it is the second longest road bridge in Manitoba.The Kichi Sipi Bridge is a 260-metre (850 ft) long, four-span bridge that crosses a deep channel of the Nelson River south of Cross Lake in Manitoba, providing the only all-weather road link between north-eastern Manitoba and the rest of Canada (and North America).
It is the second longest road bridge in Manitoba. Kichi sipi is Cree for 'Great River'.

== Background ==
Until 2002, the only road links to eastern Manitoba north of 51° (an area of some 120,000 sq. miles, with numerous communities) were seasonal ice roads.
Kichi Sipi Bridge was constructed by the Government of Manitoba as a result of a lawsuit by Cross Lake Indian Band. The lawsuit arose in turn from the 1977 Northern Flood Agreement, between five bands and the Crown concerning effects of hydro-electric development on several rivers in Manitoba. Article 17.1 of the agreement undertakes a policy of implementing recommendations that a government-sponsored Study Board made in 1975, including "that an all-weather road be built connecting the Cross Lake community road network with the Jenpeg access road."  Article 14.2 provides that if such policies are not fully implemented in a timely way the bands may claim damages. In Claim 109, Cross Lake Indian Band sought damages for governmental failure to build an all-weather road to Cross Lake, including the lack of an all-weather crossing over the Nelson River (originally known as Kichi Sipi).
The governments of Canada and Manitoba took the position that Provincial Road 374, including a ferry crossing over the Nelson River, was an all-weather road. In 1993, the continuing arbitrator charged with enforcing the agreement found that, "there is at present no all-weather road connecting Cross Lake and Jenpeg" because there was no bridge across the Nelson River.
After further arbitration hearings, the Manitoba Court of Appeal[note 3] finally ruled that one or both of the federal and provincial governments was liable to pay damages as long as no bridge was in place. The agreement provides that there is no appeal from the decision of the court.

== Construction ==

In 1999, the Government of Manitoba announced that, in light of the Court's decision, it would implement the policy.
It built a technically innovative quadruple-span concrete and steel bridge at a cost of C$25,000,000. Kichi Sipi Bridge was officially opened on December 16, 2002.
Building the bridge froze the mounting liability for damages. The claim is ongoing as the amount of damages remains to be determined and may exceed the cost of the bridge.  Which government is liable to pay the damages has also not yet been determined.
Other communities in north-eastern Manitoba may be linked by all-weather road to the continental highway system via the Kichi Sipi Bridge in future. This was the third public highway bridge to be constructed in northern Manitoba as a result of lawsuits under the Northern Flood Agreement.  The other two are the PR 391 crossing over the Footprint River and the PR 373 crossing over the Minago River.

== Footnotes ==

== References ==The Kichi Sipi Bridge is a 260-metre (850 ft) long, four-span bridge that crosses a deep channel of the Nelson River south of Cross Lake in Manitoba, providing the only all-weather road link between north-eastern Manitoba and the rest of Canada (and North America).
It is the second longest road bridge in Manitoba. Kichi sipi is Cree for 'Great River'.

== Background ==
Until 2002, the only road links to eastern Manitoba north of 51° (an area of some 120,000 sq. miles, with numerous communities) were seasonal ice roads.
Kichi Sipi Bridge was constructed by the Government of Manitoba as a result of a lawsuit by Cross Lake Indian Band. The lawsuit arose in turn from the 1977 Northern Flood Agreement, between five bands and the Crown concerning effects of hydro-electric development on several rivers in Manitoba. Article 17.1 of the agreement undertakes a policy of implementing recommendations that a government-sponsored Study Board made in 1975, including "that an all-weather road be built connecting the Cross Lake community road network with the Jenpeg access road."  Article 14.2 provides that if such policies are not fully implemented in a timely way the bands may claim damages. In Claim 109, Cross Lake Indian Band sought damages for governmental failure to build an all-weather road to Cross Lake, including the lack of an all-weather crossing over the Nelson River (originally known as Kichi Sipi).
The governments of Canada and Manitoba took the position that Provincial Road 374, including a ferry crossing over the Nelson River, was an all-weather road. In 1993, the continuing arbitrator charged with enforcing the agreement found that, "there is at present no all-weather road connecting Cross Lake and Jenpeg" because there was no bridge across the Nelson River.
After further arbitration hearings, the Manitoba Court of Appeal[note 3] finally ruled that one or both of the federal and provincial governments was liable to pay damages as long as no bridge was in place. The agreement provides that there is no appeal from the decision of the court.

== Construction ==

In 1999, the Government of Manitoba announced that, in light of the Court's decision, it would implement the policy.
It built a technically innovative quadruple-span concrete and steel bridge at a cost of C$25,000,000. Kichi Sipi Bridge was officially opened on December 16, 2002.
Building the bridge froze the mounting liability for damages. The claim is ongoing as the amount of damages remains to be determined and may exceed the cost of the bridge.  Which government is liable to pay the damages has also not yet been determined.
Other communities in north-eastern Manitoba may be linked by all-weather road to the continental highway system via the Kichi Sipi Bridge in future. This was the third public highway bridge to be constructed in northern Manitoba as a result of lawsuits under the Northern Flood Agreement.  The other two are the PR 391 crossing over the Footprint River and the PR 373 crossing over the Minago River.

== Footnotes ==

== References ==The Kichi Sipi Bridge is a 260-metre (850 ft) long, four-span bridge that crosses a deep channel of the Nelson River south of Cross Lake in Manitoba, providing the only all-weather road link between north-eastern Manitoba and the rest of Canada (and North America).
It is the second longest road bridge in Manitoba. Kichi sipi is Cree for 'Great River'.

== Background ==
Until 2002, the only

Question: The Kichi Sipi Bridge spans a tributary of which river?

Question: Kichi Sipi Bridge >> crosses

Answer: Nelson River

Question: What is #1 a tributary of?

Answer: Hudson's Bay

Answer: Hudson's Bay

Of which river is the river Kichi Sipi Bridge crosses a tributary?


Gustave Courbet

 for his involvement with the Paris Commune and lived in exile in Switzerland from 1873 until his death four years later.

== Biography ==

Gustave Courbet was born in 1819 to Régis and Sylvie Oudot Courbet in Ornans (department of Doubs). Anti-monarchical feelings prevailed in the household. (His maternal grandfather fought in the French Revolution.) Courbet's sisters, Zoé, Zélie, and Juliette were his first models for drawing and painting. After moving to Paris he often returned home to Ornans to hunt, fish, and find inspiration.
Courbet went to Paris in 1839 and worked at the studio of Steuben and Hesse. An independent spirit, he soon left, preferring to develop his own style by studying the paintings of Spanish, Flemish and French masters in the Louvre, and painting copies of their work.

Courbet's first works were an Odalisque inspired by the writing of Victor Hugo and a Lélia illustrating George Sand, but he soon abandoned literary influences, choosing instead to base his paintings on observed reality. Among his paintings of the early 1840s are several self-portraits, Romantic in conception, in which the artist portrayed himself in various roles. These include Self-Portrait with Black Dog (c.��1842–44, accepted for exhibition at the 1844 Paris Salon), the theatrical Self-Portrait which is also known as Desperate Man (c.��1843–45), Lovers in the Countryside (1844, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon), The Sculptor (1845), The Wounded Man (1844–54, Musée d'Orsay, Paris), The Cellist, Self-Portrait (1847, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, shown at the 1848 Salon), and Man with a Pipe (1848–49Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (; 10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists. His independence set an example that was important to later artists, such as the Impressionists and the Cubists. Courbet occupies an important place in 19th-century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social statements through his work.bet occupies an important place in 19th-century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social statements through his work.
Courbet's paintings of the late 1840s and early 1850s brought him his first recognition. They challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects. Courbet's subsequent paintings were mostly of a less overtly political character: landscapes, seascapes, hunting scenes, nudes, and still lifes. Courbet was imprisoned for six months in 1871 for his involvement with the Paris Commune and lived in exile in Switzerland from 1873 until his death four years later.

== Biography ==

Gustave Courbet was born in 1819 to Régis and Sylvie Oudot Courbet in Ornans (department of Doubs). Anti-monarchical feelings prevailed in the household. (His maternal grandfather fought in the French Revolution.) Courbet's sisters, Zoé, Zélie, and Juliette were his first models for drawing and painting. After moving to Paris he

The Painter's Studio

 on Courbet's artistic life. On the left are human figures from all levels of society. In the center, Courbet works on a landscape, while turned away from a nude model who is a symbol of Academic art. On the right are friends and associates of Courbet, mainly elite Parisian society figures, including Charles Baudelaire, Champfleury, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, and Courbet's most prominent patron, Alfred Bruyas.
The 1855 Paris World Fair's jury accepted eleven of Courbet's works for the Exposition Universelle, but The Painter's Studio was not among them. In an act of self promotion and defiance, Courbet, with the help of Alfred Bruyas, opened his own exhibition (The Pavilion of Realism) close to the official exposition; this was a forThe Painter's Studio: A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life ("L'Atelier du peintre") is an 1855 oil on canvas painting by Gustave Courbet. It is located in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France.TheThe Painter's Studio: A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life ("L'Atelier du peintre") is an 1855 oil on canvas painting by Gustave Courbet. It is located in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France. the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France.
Courbet painted The Painter's Studio in Ornans, France in 1855. "The world comes to be painted at my studio," said Courbet of the Realist work. The figures in the painting are allegorical representations of various influences on Courbet's artistic life. On the left are human figures from all levels of society. In the center, Courbet works on a landscape, while turned away from a nude model who is a symbol of Academic art. On the right are friends and associates of Courbet, mainly elite Parisian society figures, including Charles Baudelaire, Champfleury, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, and Courbet's most prominent patron, Alfred Bruyas.
The 1855 Paris World Fair's jury accepted eleven of Courbet's works for the Exposition Universelle, but The Painter's Studio was not among them. In an act of self promotion and defiance, Courbet, with the help of Alfred Bruyas, opened his own exhibition (The Pavilion of Realism) close to the official exposition; this was a forThe Painter's Studio: A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life ("L'Atelier du peintre") is an 1855 oil on canvas painting by Gustave Courbet. It is located in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France.The Painter's Studio (French: L'Atelier du peintre; in full, The Painter's Studio: A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life)  is an 1855 oil-on-canvas painting by Gustave Courbet. It is located in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, France.
Courbet painted The Painter's Studio in Ornans, France in 1855. "The world comes

Question: What is the birthdate of the artist who created The Painter's Studio?

Question: The Painter's Studio >> creator

Answer: Gustave Courbet

Question: The date of birth of #1 is?

Answer: 10 June 1819

Answer: 10 June 1819

When was the creator of The Painter's Studio born?


The Right Stuff Records

 various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New  York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.

== Selected artists on reissues ==

== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.
The label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New  York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.

== Selected artists on reissues ==

== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.
The label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New  York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.

== Selected artists on reissues ==

== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.
The label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi RecordsThe Right Stuff Records is a reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California..
The label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post

Sony Music

 in Japan, so releases under Columbia Records from another country appears on Sony Records in Japan, but retains the usage of the "walking eye" logo. The Columbia name and trademark is controlled by Nippon Columbia, which was, in fact, the licensee for the American Columbia Records up until 1968, even though relationsSony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group., which was established in September 1995 as a joint-venture between Sony Music Entertainment Japan and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan, but which in 2001 became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It was prominent in the early to mid '90s producing and licensing music for animated series such as Roujin Z from acclaimed Japanese comic artist Katsuhiro Otomo and Capcom's Street Fighter animated series.
Until March 2007, Sony

American Idol

 committed suicide outside Abdul's home. Abdul later claimed that she had objected beforehand to Goodspeed being at the audition because she knew Goodspeed and had been frightened by her past behavior, but the producers overrode her objection. Producers Ken Warwick and Nigel Lythgoe denied being aware of her fears or that they would put her in danger.

== Hollywood week ==
The Hollywood semifinal rounds were held at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005-2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008-2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records. while Ryan Seacrest returned as host. Taylor Hicks was named the winner, while Katharine McPhee was the runner-up. 18 contestants (including all of the top 10 and a few semifinalists) got record deals – nine of them with major labels.

== Regional auditions ==
Auditions were held in seven cities in the summer and fall of 2005. An audition was originally planned for Memphis, Tennessee, but that was canceled due to the Hurricane Katrina relief effort that was taking place there, and replaced by Las Vegas, Nevada, and Greensboro, North Carolina.

One notable audition this season was Paula Goodspeed, a fervent fan of Paula Abdul, who auditioned in Austin. In 2008

Santa Monica, California

 party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.
There are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.

=== Mexican era ===

In 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y SantaSanta Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.

Question: When did the explorer arrive at the site of the headquarters for the sole business that surpassed the scale of BMG's collaborator between the years 2005 to 2007?

Question: Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?

Answer: Sony Music Entertainment

Question: What company is the only group larger than #1 ?

Answer: Universal Music Group.

Question: #2 >> headquarters location

Answer: Santa Monica

Question: What date did the explorer reach #3 ?

Answer: August 3, 1769

Answer: August 3, 1769

What date did the explorer reach the location of the headquarters of the only company larger than BMG's partner from 2005-2007?


Rothschild banking family of France

The Rothschild banking family of France is a French banking dynasty founded in 1812 in Paris by James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868). James was sent there from his home in Frankfurt, Germany, by his father, Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812). Wanting his sons to succeed on their own and to expand the family business across Europe, Mayer Amschel Rothschild had his eldest son remain in Frankfurt, while his four other sons were sent to different European cities to establish a financial institution to invest in business and provide banking services. Endogamy within the family was an essential part of the Rothschild strategy in order to ensure control of their wealth remained in family hands.TheThe Rothschild banking family of France is a French banking dynasty founded in 1812 in Paris by James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868). James was sent there from his home in Frankfurt, Germany, by his father, Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812). Wanting his sons to succeed on their own and to expand the family business across Europe, Mayer Amschel Rothschild had his eldest son remain in Frankfurt, while his four other sons were sent to different European cities to establish a financial institution to invest in business and provide banking services. Endogamy within the family was an essential part of the Rothschild strategy in order to ensure control of their wealth remained in family hands.amy within the family was an essential part of the Rothschild strategy in order to ensure control of their wealth remained in family hands.

== Involvement in finance and industry ==

Through their collaborative efforts, the

Amschel Moses Rothschild

== Life ==

AmsAmschel Moses Rothschild died in a smallpox epidemic in the Frankfurt ghetto in 1755. He was buried in the Frankfurt Battonnstraße cemetery.AAmschel Moses Rothschild died in a smallpox epidemic in the Frankfurt ghetto in 1755. He was buried in the Frankfurt Battonnstraße cemetery.engasse, the Jewish ghetto of the Free City of Frankfurt in present-day Germany. His son Mayer Amschel Rothschild became the progenitor of the Rothschild dynasty.

== Life ==

AmsAmschel Moses Rothschild died in a smallpox epidemic in the Frankfurt ghetto in 1755. He was buried in the Frankfurt Battonnstraße cemetery.Amschel Moses Rothschild (c.��1710 – 6 October 1755) was a German Jewish money changer and trader in silk cloth in the Judengasse, the Jewish ghetto of the Free City of Frankfurt in present-day Germany. His son Mayer Amschel Rothschild became the progenitor of the Rothschild dynasty.

== Life ==

Amschel Moses Rothschild was born about 1710, the son of Moses Kalman Rothschild (d. 19 October 1735). The Frankfurt ghetto had been established in 1462 by the intervention of Emperor Frederick III; the first known members of the family lived on No. 69 Judengasse in a house called zum Rot(h)en Schild (German for "Red Shield" though the name Rothschild means Red Coat, as in coat-of-arms, in the Yiddish language). Isaak Elchanan Bacharach (d. 1585) had the building erected about 1567 and began to use the name "Rothschild", which his descendants kept even after they moved to No. 188 in a rear building called zur Pfanne ("Pan") in 1664.
Rothschild had a small shop, according to a 1749 tax register his assets amounted to the rather large sum of 1,375 guilders. He married Schönche Lechnich (died 29 June 1756). They had eight children, of whom five survived into adulthood. Rothschild's sons attended the Frankfurt cheder, notably the fourth son, Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), was sent to the yeshiva in Fürth but had to abandon his studies upon the early death of his parents. He went on to be the founder of the Rothschild international banking dynasty.
Amschel Moses Rothschild died in a smallpox epidemic in the Frankfurt ghetto in 1755. He was buried in the Frankfurt Battonnstraße cemetery.

== References ==

== Sources ==
Amos Elon (1996). Founder: Meyer Amschel Rothschild and His Time. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255706-1.

== External links ==
Rothschild ArchiveAmschel Moses Rothschild (c.��1710 – 6 October 1755) was a German Jewish money changer and trader in silk cloth in the Judengasse, the Jewish ghetto of the Free City of Frankfurt in present-day Germany. His son Mayer Amschel Rothschild became the progenitor of the Rothschild dynasty.

== Life ==

Amschel Moses Rothschild was born about 1710, the son of Moses Kalman Rothschild (d. 19 October 1735). The Frankfurt ghetto had been established in 1462 by the intervention of Emperor Frederick III; the first known members of the family lived on No. 69 Judengasse in a house called zum Rot(h)en Schild (German for "Red Shield" though the name Rothschild means Red Coat, as in coat-of-arms, in the Yiddish language). Isaak Elchanan Bacharach (d. 1585) had the building erected about 1567 and began to use the name "Rothschild", which his descendants kept even after they moved to No. 188 in a rear building called zur Pfanne ("Pan") in 1664.
Rothschild had a small shop, according to a 1749 tax register his assets amounted to the rather large sum of 1,375 guilders. He married Schönche Lechnich (died 29 June 1756). They had eight children, of whom five survived into adulthood. Rothschild's sons attended the Frankfurt cheder, notably the fourth son, Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), was sent to the yeshiva in Fürth but had to abandon his studies upon the early death of his parents. He went on to be the founder of the Rothschild international banking dynasty.
Amschel Moses Rothschild died in a smallpox epidemic in the Frankfurt ghetto in 1755. He was buried in the Frankfurt Battonnstraße cemetery.

== References ==

== Sources ==
Amos Elon (1996). Founder: Meyer Amschel Rothschild and His Time. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255706-1.

== External links ==
Rothschild ArchiveAmschel Moses Rothschild (c.��1710 – 6 October 1755) was a German Jewish money changer and trader in silk cloth in the Judengasse, the Jewish ghetto of the Free City of Frankfurt in present-day Germany. His son Mayer Amschel Rothschild became the progenitor of the Rothschild dynasty.

== Life ==

Amschel Moses Rothschild was born about 1710, the son of Moses Kalman Rothschild (d. 19 October 1735). The Frankfurt ghetto had been established in 1462 by the intervention of Emperor Frederick III; the first known members of the family lived on No. 69 Judengasse in a house called zum Rot(h)en Schild (German for "Red Shield" though the name Rothschild means Red Coat, as in coat-of-arms, in the Yiddish language). Isaak Elchanan Bacharach (d. 1585)

Question: Who is James Mayer de Rothschild's paternal grandfather?

Question: James Mayer de Rothschild >> father

Answer: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

Question: #1 >> father

Answer: Amschel Moses Rothschild

Answer: Amschel Moses Rothschild

Who is the grandfather of James Mayer de Rothschild?


Edward Egan

ism was regarded with suspicion in some quarters; and in the class-conscious society of Victorian and Edwardian Britain, he was acutely sensitive about his humble origins even after he achieved recognition. He nevertheless married the daughter of a senior British Army officer. She inspired him both musically and socially, but he struggled to achieve success until his forties, when after a series of moderately successful works his Enigma Variations (1899) became immediately popular in Britain and overseas. He followed the Variations with a choral work, The Dream of Gerontius (1900), based on a Roman Catholic text that caused some disquiet in the Anglican establishment in Britain, but it became, and has remained, a core repertory work in Britain and elsewhere. His later full-length religious choral works were well received but have not entered the regular repertory.
In his fifties, Elgar composed a symphony and a violin concerto that were immensely successful. His second symphony and his cello concerto did not gain immediate public popularity and took many years to achieve a regular place in the concert repertory of British orchestras. Elgar's music came, in his later years, to be seen as appealing chiefly to British audiences. His stock remained low for a generation after his death. It began to revive significantly in the 1960s, helped by new recordings of his works. Some of his works have, in recent years, been taken up again internationally, but the music continues to be played more in Britain than elsewhere.
Elgar has been described as the first composer to take the gramophone seriously. Between 1914 and 1925, he conducted a series of acoustic recordings of his works. The introduction of the moving-coil microphone in 1923 made far more accurate sound reproduction possible, and Elgar made new recordings of most of his major orchestral works and excerpts from The Dream of Gerontius.

== Biography ==

=== Early years ===
Edward Elgar was born in the small village of Lower Broadheath, near Worcester, England, on 2 June 1857. His father, William Henry Elgar (1821–1906), was raised in Dover and had been apprenticed to a London music publisher. In 1841 William moved to Worcester, where he worked as a piano tuner and set up a shop selling sheet music and musical instruments. In 1848 he married Ann Greening (1822–1902), daughter of a farm worker.
Edward was the fourth of their seven children. Ann Elgar had converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before Edward's birth, and he was baptised and brought up as a Roman Catholic, to the disapproval of his father. William Elgar was a violinist of professional standard and held the post of organist of St George's Roman Catholic Church, Worcester, from 1846 to 1885. At his instigation, masses by Cherubini and Hummel were first heard at the Three Choirs Festival by the orchestra in which he played the violin.
All the Elgar children received a musical upbringing. By the age of eight, Elgar was taking piano and violin lessons, and his father, who tuned the pianos at many grand houses in Worcestershire, would sometimes take him along, giving him the chance to display his skill to important local figures.

Elgar's mother was interested in the arts and encouraged his musical development. He inherited from her a discerning taste for literature and a passionate love of the countryside. His friend and biographer W. H. "Billy" Reed wrote that Elgar's early surroundings had an influence that "permeated all his work and gave to his whole life that subtle but none the less true and sturdy English quality". He began composing at an early age; for a play written and acted by the Elgar children when he was about ten, he wrote music that forty years later he rearranged with only minor changes and orchestrated as the suites titled The Wand of Youth.
Until he was fifteen, Elgar received a general education at Littleton (now Lyttleton) House school, near Worcester. His only formal musical training beyond piano and violin lessons from local teachers consisted of more advanced violin studies with Adolf Pollitzer, during brief visits to London in 1877–78. Elgar said, "my first music was learnt in the Cathedral ... from books borrowed from the music library, when I was eight, nine or ten." He worked through manuals of instruction on organ playing and read every book he could find on the theory of music. He later said that he had been most helped by Hubert Parry's articles in the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
Elgar began to learn German, in the hope of going to the Leipzig Conservatory for further musical studies, but his father could not afford to send him. Years later, a profile in The Musical Times considered that his failure to get to Leipzig was fortunate for Elgar's musical development: "Thus the budding composer escaped the dogmatism of the schools." However, it was a disappointment to Elgar that on leaving school in 1872 he went not to Leipzig but to the office of a local solicitor as a clerk. He did not find an office career congenial, and for fulfilment he turned not only to music but to literature, becoming a voracious reader. Around this time, he made his first public appearances as a violinist and organist.
After a few months, Elgar left the solicitor to embark on a musical career, giving piano and violin lessons and working occasionally in his father's shop. He was an active member of the Worcester Glee club, along with his father, and he accompanied singers, played the violin, composed and arranged works, and conducted for the first time. Pollitzer believed that, as a violinist, Elgar had the potential to be one of the leading soloists in the country, but Elgar himself, having heard leading virtuosi at London concerts, felt his own violin playing lacked a full enough tone, and he abandoned his ambitions to be a soloist. At twenty-two he took up the post of conductor of the attendants' band atEdward Michael Egan (April 2, 1932 – March 5, 2015) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1988 to 2000, and as Archbishop of New York from 2000 to 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001. He was the twelfth Bishop, ninth Archbishop, and seventh Cardinal of the See of New York.Edward Michael Egan (April 2, 1932 – March 5, 2015) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1988 to 2000, and as Archbishop of New York from 2000 to 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001. He was the twelfth Bishop, ninth Archbishop, and seventh Cardinal of the See of New York.

Reformation

Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as

Mary, mother of Jesus

ception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety." Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at WittenbergDespite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety." Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death: Protestants hold less exalted views of Mary's role, often based on a perceived lack of biblical support for many traditional Christian dogmas pertaining to her.
The multiple forms of Marian devotions include various prayers and hymns, the celebration of several Marian feast

Wittenberg (district)

Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-ElWittenberg is a district () in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.. The capital and largest city is Wittenberg, famous for its association with the influential religious reformer Martin Luther and containing a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question: What is the location of the district where the individual, who desired to reform and discuss Edward Egan's faith, delivered a sermon about Marian devotion prior to his passing?

Question: Edward Egan >> religion

Answer: Catholic Church

Question: who wanted #1 to reform and address

Answer: Martin Luther

Question: Where did #2 preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?

Answer: Wittenberg

Question: #3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity

Answer: Saxony-Anhalt

Answer: Saxony-Anhalt

Where is the district that the person who wanted to reform and address Edward Egan's religion preached a sermon on Marian devotion before his death located?


Strangers No More

 four Academy Award nominations and three Emmy Awards. It won best Short Documentary at the Academy Awards in 2011.

== Premiere and screenings ==
Strangers No More premiered on September 24, 2010, at the Laemmle Theatres Sunset 5 Theatre in West Hollywood, California.  It has also screened in cities worldwide through the Shorts International OSCAR®-Nominated Short Films 2011 program.  On January 25, 2011, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced Strangers No More as being nominated for the 83rd Academy Awards for the Best Documentary Short Subject category and later won in the February 27, 2011 ceremony.
The film made its television debut on HBO on December 5, 2011.

== References ==

== External links ==
Strangers No More at IMDb
Official Strangers No More Site
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Press Release
Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards
Official Simon & Goodman Picture Company Site
Denver Film Festival Site
Review by author Talia CarnerStrangers No More is a 2010 short documentary film about a schoolStrangers No More is a 2010 short documentary film about a school in Tel Aviv, Israel, where children from 48 different countries and diverse backgrounds come together to learn. The parents of these children are among over 300,000 transnational migrant workers who have arrived in Israel—some with government authorization and others undocumented.StrStrangers No More is a 2010 short documentary film about a school in Tel Aviv, Israel, where children from 48 different countries and diverse backgrounds come together to learn. The parents of these children are among over 300,000 transnational migrant workers who have arrived in Israel—some with government authorization and others undocumented. film follows three students as they struggle to acclimate to life in Israel and slowly unveil their stories of hardship. Strangers No More was shot on location at the Bialik-Rogozin School in Tel Aviv. It is produced and directed by Karen Goodman and Kirk Simon of Simon & Goodman Picture Company, whose films have received four Academy Award nominations and three Emmy Awards. It won best Short Documentary at the Academy Awards in 2011.

== Premiere and screenings ==
Strangers No More premiered on September 24, 2010, at the Laemmle Theatres Sunset 5 Theatre in West Hollywood, California.  It has also screened in cities worldwide through the Shorts International OSCAR®-Nominated Short Films 2011 program.  On January 25, 2011, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced Strangers No More as being nominated for the 83rd Academy Awards for the Best Documentary Short Subject category and later won in the February 27, 2011 ceremony.
The film made its television debut on HBO on December 5, 2011.

== References ==

== External links ==
Strangers No More at IMDb
Official Strangers No More Site
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Press Release
Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards
Official Simon & Goodman Picture Company Site
Denver Film Festival Site
Review by author Talia CarnerStrangers No More is

Israel

 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since 2010.

== Etymology ==

Under the British Mandate (1920–1948), the whole region was known as Palestine. Upon establishment in 1948, the country formally adopted the name State of Israel (Hebrew: מ��ד��י����ת ����ש����ר��א��ל,  [medi��nat jis��a����el]; Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَا��ِيل, Dawlat Isrā��īl, [dawlat ��isra������i��l]) after other proposed names including Land of Israel (Eretz Israel), Ever (from ancestor Eber), Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected. The name Israel was suggested by Ben-Gurion and passed by a vote of 6–3. In the early weeks after establishment, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of the Israeli state.
The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name Israel (Hebrew: Yīsrā��ēl; Septuagint Greek: ���σραήλ, Israēl, "El (God) persists/rules", though after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God") refers to the patriarch JacobIsrael (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]

History of Saudi Arabia

For much of the region's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area. The Al Saud (the Saudi royal family) emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia. From the mid-18th century, imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahhabi Islamic movement, they became aggressively expansionist. Over the following 150 years, the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated. However, between 1902 and 1927, the Al Saud leader, Abdulaziz, carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1930. 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to

Geography of Saudi Arabia

 area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows a mountain ridge for approximately 320 km (200 mi) to the vicinity of Najran. This sectionThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 7% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1960s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.

== Boundaries ==

Saudi Arabia is bounded by seven countries and three bodies of water. To the west, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea form a coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows a mountain ridge for approximately 320 km (200 mi) to the vicinity of Najran. This section of the border with Yemen was demarcated in 1934 and is one of the few clearly defined borders with a neighbouring country. The Saudi border running southeast from Najran, however, is undetermined. The undemarcated border became an issue in the early 1990s, when oil was discovered in the area and Saudi Arabia objected to the commercial exploration by foreign companies on behalf of Yemen. In the summer of 1992, representatives of Saudi Arabia and Yemen met in Geneva to discuss settlement of the border issue.
To the north, Saudi Arabia is bounded by Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait. The northern boundary extends almost 1,400 km (870 mi) from the Gulf of Aqaba on the west to Ras al Khafji on the Persian Gulf. In 1965, Saudi Arabia and Jordan agreed to boundary demarcations involving an exchange of areas of territory. Jordan gained 19 km (12 mi) of land on the Gulf of Aqaba and 6,000 square kilometers of territory

Question: When was the area situated north of the location where Strangers No More occurred and adjacent to the Persian Gulf established?

Question: The country for Strangers No More was what?

Answer: Israel

Question: Where is #1 located?

Answer: Middle East

Question: what region lies immediately to the north of #2 and the persian gulf

Answer: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Question: when was #3 created

Answer: 1930

Answer: 1930

When was the region that lies to the north of the region where Strangers No More took place and the Persian Gulf created?


Communications of the ACM

 The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal. While the content is subject to peer review, the articles published are often summaries of research that may also be published elsewhere. Material published must be accessible and relevant to a broad readership.
From 1960 onward, CACM also published algorithms, expressed in ALGOL. The collection of algorithms later became known as the Collected Algorithms of the ACM.
CACM announced a transition to entirely open access in February 2024, as part of ACM's commitment to make all articles open access.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 22.7.

== See also ==
Journal of the ACM

== References ==

== External links ==
Official websiteCommunications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor. It is sent to all ACM members.
Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems. The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals. The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal. While the content is subject to peer review, the articles published are often summaries of research that may also be published elsewhere. Material published must be accessible and relevant to a broad readershipCommunications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor. It is sent to all ACM members.Communications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor. It is sent to all ACM members.
Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems. The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals. The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal. While the content is subject to peer review, the articles published are often summaries of research that may also be published elsewhere. Material published must be accessible and relevant to a broad readership.
From 1960 onward, CACM also published algorithms, expressed in ALGOL. The collection of algorithms later became known as the Collected Algorithms of the ACM.
CACM announced a transition to entirely open access in February 2024, as part of ACM's commitment to make all articles open access.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 22.7.

== See also ==
Journal of the ACM

== References ==

== External links ==
Official websiteCommunications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor. It is sent to all ACM members.
Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems. The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals. The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal. While the content is subject to peer review, the articles published are often summaries of research that may also be published elsewhere. Material published must be accessible and relevant to a broad readership.
From 1960 onward, CACM also published algorithms, expressed in ALGOL. The collection of algorithms later became known as the Collected Algorithms of the ACM.
CACM announced a transition to entirely open access in February 2024, as part of ACM's commitment to make all articles open access.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 22.7.

== See also ==
Journal of the ACM

== References ==

== External links ==
Official websiteCommunications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor. It is sent to all ACM members.
Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areasCommunications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor. It is sent to all ACM members.Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems. The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals. The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal. While the content is subject to peer review, the

Deborah Estrin

 popular recognitions for her research. She was named one of "Popular Science"'s "Brilliant 10" in 2003. In 2007, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2009 was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering. She is a fellow of the ACM and the IEEE.DEstrin has received numerous academic and popular recognitions for her research. She was named one of "Popular Science"'s "Brilliant 10" in 2003. In 2007, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2009 was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering. She is a fellow of the ACM and the IEEE. scientists of all time, with her work cited over 128,000 times according to Google Scholar.
In 2009, Estrin was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the

Question: Who is the publisher of the Association's Communication to which Deborah Estrin belongs?

Question: Deborah Estrin >> member of

Answer: ACM

Question: Who published Communications of the #1 ?

Answer: Association for Computing Machinery

Answer: Association for Computing Machinery

Who published the Communication of the association that Deborah Estrin is a member of?


Tucson, Arizona

, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south.
Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in 1775. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821. The United States acquired a 29,670 square miles (76,840 km2) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico under the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Tucson served as the capital of the Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877. Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during the territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Nevertheless, its population growth remained strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a "City of Gastronomy" by UNESCO in 2015.
The Spanish name of the city, Tucsón (Spanish pronunciation: [tu����son]), is derived from the O'odham Cuk ���on (Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [t����k ������n]). Cuk is a stative verb meaning "(be) black, (be) dark". ���on is (in this usage) a noun referring to the base or foundation of something. The name is commonly translated into English as "the base [of the hill] is black", a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak. Tucson is sometimes referred to as the Old Pueblo and Optics Valley, the latter referring to its optical science and telescopes known worldwide.

== History ==

The Tucson area was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, who were known to have been in southern Arizona aboutTracks include Tucson Raceway Park and Rillito Downs. Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona. Rillito Downs is an in-town destination on weekends in January and February each year. This historic track held the first organized quarter horse races in the world, and they are still racing there. The racetrack is threatened by development. The Moltacqua racetrack, was another historic horse racetrack located on what is now Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail, but it no longer exists.

Eric Marcus Municipal Airport

Eric Marcus Municipal Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport in Pima County, Arizona, United States. It is located north of the central business district of Ajo and is about southwest of Phoenix. The airport was renamed on February 11, 2006; it was formerly known as Ajo Municipal Airport. 82 miles (71 nmi; 132 km) southwest of Phoenix. The airport was renamed on February 11, 2006; it was formerly known as Ajo Municipal Airport.
The airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, which categorizes it as a general aviation facility.

== Facilities and aircraft ==
Eric Marcus Municipal Airport covers an area of 1,375 acres (556 ha) and has one runway designated 12/30 with a 3,800 x 60 ft (1,158 x 18 m) asphalt surface. For the 12-month period ending April 19, 2023, the airport had 1,600 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 31 per week.
The Ajo Country Club is on the southeast part of the former Army Airfield containment area.

== History ==
The airport was established on 22 August 1941 on approximately 1,426

 and services."

== Parks ==
NRPR manages 51 parks with the majority located in or near Tucson. Ajo's parks include Ajo Regional Park, E.S. Bud Walker Park, Forrest Rickard Park, and Palo Verde II Park. Green Valley's parks include Canoa Preserve Park and Canoa Ranch.

=== Tucson Region ===

== River Parks and Greenways ==
The Loop (metro river park system)
Cañada del Oro River Park
Harrison Greenway
Julian Wash Greenway
Pantano River Park
Rillito River Park
Santa Cruz River Park

== Trailheads ==
36th Street Trailhead
Abrego Trailhead
Agua Caliente Hill South Trailhead
Avenida de Suzenu Trailhead
Bear Canyon Trailhead
Camino de Oeste Trailhead
Campbell TrailheadCentral Arizona Project Trailhead
Colossal Cave Road Trailhead
David Yetman West Trailhead
El Camino del Cerro Trailhead
ExplorerPima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation is the agency within Pima County, Arizona that manages the natural resources, parks, and recreation offerings within Pima County including Tucson, AZ.== History ==
The agency was established by the county as the Parks and Recreation Department in 1947 with the intended goal of serving "urban and rural residents and guests by providing leisure-time destinations and services."

== Parks ==
NRPR manages 51 parks with the majority located in or near Tucson. Ajo's parks include Ajo Regional Park, E.S. Bud Walker Park, Forrest Rickard Park, and Palo Verde II Park. Green Valley's parks include Canoa Preserve Park and Canoa Ranch.

=== Tucson Region ===

== River Parks and Greenways ==
The Loop (metro river park system)
Cañada del Oro River Park
Harrison Greenway
Julian Wash Greenway
Pantano River Park
Rillito River Park
Santa Cruz River Park

== Trailheads ==
36th Street Trailhead
Abrego Trailhead
Agua Caliente Hill South Trailhead
Avenida de Suzenu Trailhead
Bear Canyon Trailhead
Camino de Oeste Trailhead
Campbell TrailheadCentral Arizona Project Trailhead
Colossal Cave Road Trailhead
David Yetman West Trailhead
El Camino del Cerro Trailhead
Explorer Trailhead
Gabe Zimmerman Davidson Canyon Trailhead
Gates Pass Trailhead
Iris Dewhirst Pima Canyon Trailhead
King Canyon Trailhead
Richard Genser Starr Pass Trailhead
Richard McKee Finger Rock Trailhead
Sarasota Trailhead
Sweetwater Preserve Trailhead
Ventana Canyon Trailhead

== Community Centers ==
The NRPR has 13 community centers:

Ajo Community Center
Arivaca Community Center
Catalina Community Center
Centro Del Sur Community Center and Boxing Gym
Continental Community Center
Drexel Heights Community Center
Ellie Towne Flowing Wells Community Center
John A. Valenzuela Youth Center
Littletown Community Center
Mt. Lemmon Community Center
Northwest YMCA Pima County Community Center
Picture Rocks Community Center
Robles Ranch Community Center

== Pools and Splash Pads ==
The NRPR has 10 pools and 2 splash pads community centers:

Ajo Pool
Brandi Fenton Splash Pad
Catalina Pool
Flowing Wells Pool
Kino Pool (Mulcahy YMCA)
Los Niños Pool (Augie Acuña)
Manzanita Pool Park
Picture Rocks Pool and Splash Pad
Thad Terry Pool (Northwest YMCA)
Wade McLean Pool (Marana High School Pool)

== Shooting and Archery Ranges ==
Southeast Archery Range
Southeast Clay Target Center
Southeast Regional Park Shooting Range
Tucson Mountain Park Archery Range
Tucson Mountain Park Rifle and Pistol Range
Virgil Ellis Shooting Range (located at Ajo Regional Park)

== References ==Pima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation is the agency within Pima County, Arizona that manages the natural resources, parks, and recreation offerings within Pima County including Tucson, AZ.

== History ==
The agency was established by the county as the Parks and Recreation Department in 1947 with the intended goal of serving "urban and rural residents and guests by providing leisure-time destinations and services."

== Parks ==
NRPR manages 51 parks with the majority located in or near Tucson. Ajo's parks include Ajo Regional Park, E.S. Bud Walker Park, Forrest Rickard Park, and Palo Verde II Park. Green Valley's parks include Canoa Preserve Park and Canoa Ranch.

=== Tucson Region ===

== River Parks and Greenways ==
The Loop (metro river park system)
Cañada del Oro River Park
Harrison Greenway
Julian Wash Greenway
Pantano River Park
Rillito River Park
Santa Cruz River Park

== Trailheads ==
36th Street Trailhead
Abrego Trailhead
Agua Caliente Hill South Trailhead
Avenida de Suzenu Trailhead
Bear Canyon Trailhead
Camino de Oeste Trailhead
Campbell TrailheadCentral Arizona Project Trailhead
Colossal Cave Road Trailhead
David Yetman West Trailhead
El Camino

Question: In which location within the same county as Eric Marcus Municipal Airport are NASCAR races organized?

Question: Eric Marcus Municipal Airport >> location

Answer: Pima County

Question: #1 >> contains administrative territorial entity

Answer: Tucson

Question: Where does #2 hold NASCAR races?

Answer: Tucson Raceway Park

Answer: Tucson Raceway Park

Where do they hold NASCAR races in the city that is in the same county as the Eric Marcus Municipal Airport?