Cabinet of the United States

 created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away.
The members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president, who can dismiss them at any time without the approval of the Senate, as affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Myers v. United States (1926) or downgrade their Cabinet membership status. Often it is legally possible for a Cabinet member to exercise certain powers over his or her own department against the president's wishes, but in practice this is highly unusual due to the threat of dismissal. The president also has the authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees. Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".
The Constitution of the United States does not explicitly establish a Cabinet. The Cabinet's role, inferred from the language of the Opinion Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) of the Constitution is to provideThe heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the ``nuclear option ''during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by  ⁄ supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties. designate heads of other agencies and non-Senate-confirmed members of the Executive Office of the President as members of the Cabinet.
The Cabinet does not have any collective executive powers or functions of its own, and no votes need to be taken. There are 26 members: the vice president, 15 department heads, and 10 Cabinet-level officials, all except two of whom require Senate confirmation. During Cabinet meetings, the members sit in the order in which their respective department was created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away.
The members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president, who can dismiss them at any time without the approval of the Senate, as affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Myers v. United States (1926) or downgrade their Cabinet membership status. Often it is legally possible for a Cabinet member to exercise certain powers over his or her own department against the president's wishes, but in practice this is highly unusual due to the threat of dismissal. The president also has the authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees. Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".
The Constitution of the United States does not explicitly establish a Cabinet. The Cabinet's role, inferred from the language of the Opinion Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) of the Constitution is to provide advice to the president. Additionally, the Twenty-fifth Amendment authorizes the vice president, together with a majority of the heads of the executive departments, to declare the president "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office". The heads of the executive departments are—if eligible—in the presidential line of succession.

== History ==

The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority solely or collaboratively with a cabinet of ministers or a privy council. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) vests "the executive power" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices". The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties will be.
George Washington, the first president of the United States, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Vice President John Adams was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (president of the Senate). Furthermore, until there was a vacancy in the presidency (which did not occur until the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841) it was not certain that a vice president would be allowed to serve as president for the duration of the original term as opposed to merely acting as president until new elections could be held. It was not until the 20th century that vice presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch.
Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. During President Abraham Lincoln's administration, Secretary of State William H. Seward advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. However, Lincoln rebuffed Seward. While a professor Woodrow Wilson also advocated a parliamentary-style Cabinet, after becoming president

2014 United States Senate elections

 started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis. Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia that were previously held by Democrats. Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan.
This was the second consecutive election cycle held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm election cycle since 1918. With a total net gain of 9 seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980. This is also the first election cycle since 1980 in which more than 2 incumbent Democratic senators were defeated by their Republican challengers. Days after the election cycle, the United States Election Project estimated that 36.4% of eligible voters voted, 4% lower than the 2010 elections, and possibly the lowest turnout rate since the 1942 election cycle.
As of 2022, this remains the last time that a Republican has won a U.S. Senate election in Colorado. This is the most recent Senate election where any Republican flipped an open Democratic-held seat. It also remains the last time that the president's party has suffered a net loss of Senate seats in a midterm election cycle.

== Partisan composition ==
For a majority, Republicans needed at least 51 seats. Democrats could have retained a majority with 48 seats (assuming the two Independents continued to caucus with them) because the Democratic Vice President Joe Biden would become the tie-breaker. From 1915 to 2013, control of the U.S. Senate flipped in 10 of 50 cycles, or 20% of theThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:The 2014 United States Senate elections were held on November 4, 2014. A total of 36 seats in the 100-member U.S. Senate were contested. 33 Class 2 seats were contested for regular 6-year terms to be served from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2021, and 3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U.S. senators. Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party.
The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, MarkThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:

114th United States Congress

The One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obama's presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate (and control of both houses of Congress) for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931. California.

== Senate ==

== House of Representatives ==

=== Took office January 3, 2015 ===

==== Non-voting delegates ====

=== Took office during the 114th Congress ===

== See also ==
List of United States senators in the 114th Congress
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 114th Congress by seniority

== Notes ==

== References ==The 114th United States Congress began on January 3, 2015. There were 13 new senators (one Democrat, 12 Republicans) and 59 new representatives (15 Democrats, 44 Republicans), as well as two new delegates (one Democrat, one Republican), at the start of its first session. Additionally, seven representatives (two Democrats, five Republicans) took office on various dates in order to fill vacancies during the 114th Congress before it ended on January 3, 2017.
The president of the House Democratic freshman class was Ted Lieu of California, while the president of the House Republican freshman class was Ken Buck of Colorado. Additionally, the Republican's freshmen liaison was Mimi Walters of California.

== Senate ==

== House of Representatives ==

=== Took office January 3, 2015 ===

==== Non-voting

Question: When did the dominant party in the House of Representatives acquire the authority to endorse Cabinet members?

Question: who controls the house of representatives right now

Answer: the Republicans

Question: the members of american cabinet are appointed after the approval of

Answer: Senate

Question: when did #1 take control of the #2

Answer: January 2015

Answer: January 2015

When did the majority party in the House of Representatives gain control of the body which approves members of the Cabinet?


List of Bombardier CRJ operators

 presorted by customer
Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Bombardier
Del — number of aircraft delivered by Bombardier
Opr — number of aircraft in operation with specified airline

=== CRJ700/CRJ900/CRJ1000 ===
Deliveries and operators sortable, presorted by customer
Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Bombardier
Del — number of aircraft delivered by Bombardier
Opr — number of aircraft in operation with specified airline

== See also ==
Bombardier CRJ family of regional jets
Bombardier CRJ200 series (CRJ100, CRJ200)
Bombardier CRJ700 series (CRJ700, CRJ900, CRJ1000)

== References ==

== External links ==
 Media related to Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet by airline at Wikimedia Commons

Bombardier Aerospace
Bombardier CRJ website Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
"Program Status Report - CRJ Series aircraft" (PDF).This article contains one version of a list of orders made by airlines and other buyers
for the Bombardier CRJ family of regional aircraft.
Produced by BombProduced by Bombardier Aerospace, aerospace division of the Canadian aerospace and defence company Bombardier Inc. the former CRJ100 and CRJ200 series are no longer in production but still in active airline service, while the more recent CRJ700, CRJ900 and CRJ1000 series are in production and in service.ThisProduced by Bombardier Aerospace, aerospace division of the Canadian aerospace and defence company Bombardier Inc. the former CRJ100 and CRJ200 series are no longer in production but still in active airline service, while the more recent CRJ700, CRJ900 and CRJ1000 series are in production and in service. longer in modern production but remain in active  service.
The more recent CRJ700, CRJ900 and CRJ1000 models were produced until 2020 whereupon Mitsubishi resolved to halt  production wholemeal.

== Orders and operators ==

=== CRJ100/CRJ200 ===
Deliveries and operators sortable, presorted by customer
Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Bombardier
Del — number of aircraft delivered by Bombardier
Opr — number of aircraft in operation with specified airline

=== CRJ700/CRJ900/CRJ1000 ===
Deliveries and operators sortable, presorted by customer
Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Bombardier
Del — number of aircraft delivered by Bombardier
Opr — number of aircraft in operation with specified airline

== See also ==
Bombardier CRJ family of regional jets
Bombardier CRJ200 series (CRJ100, CRJ200)
Bombardier CRJ700 series (CRJ700, CRJ900, CRJ1000)

== References ==

== External links ==
 Media related to Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet by airline at Wikimedia Commons

Bombardier Aerospace
Bombardier CRJ website Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
"Program Status Report - CRJ Series aircraft" (PDF).This article contains one version of a list of orders made by airlines and other buyers
for the Bombardier CRJ family of regional aircraft.
Produced by BombProduced by Bombardier Aerospace, aerospace division of the Canadian aerospace and defence company Bombardier Inc. the former CRJ100 and CRJ200 series are no longer in production but still in active airline service, while the more recent CRJ700, CRJ900 and CRJ1000 series are in production and in service.This article contains one version of a list of orders made by airlines and other buyers
for the Bombardier CRJ family of regional aircraft.
Produced by Bombardier Aerospace of the Canadian aerospace and defence company Bombardier Inc., which was owned by

Learjet 60

=== Engines ===

Two General Electric CJ610-6 single-rotor axial-flow turbojet engines are pylon-mounted on the aft fuselage. Each engine is rated at 2950 pounds of thrust at sea level. The engine compartments consist of an eight-stage axial-flow compressor directly coupled to a two-stage turbine, a through-flow annular combustion system, variable inlet guide vanes, controlled compressor interstage bleed, exhaust nozzle and accessory drive system. Starting ignition is provided by a dual output capacitor-discharge system. As the ignition cycle is completed, the igniter plugs cease sparking and combustion becomes self-sustaining. A fuel control metering system selects the rate of fuel flow to the engine combustor.
The electrically operated RPM tachometer consists of a signal generator on the engine and an indicator located in the centre of the instrument panel. Dial markings are based on percent of maximum allowable engine speed. The large markings are graduated in 2% increments from 0% to 100% and the small dial is graduated in 1% increments from 0% to 10% to allow the pilots to accomplish more precise engine speed settings.
The engine pressure ratio (EPR) system enables the pilot to obtain power required to meet certified aircraft performance without exceeding engine limitations. The engine compressor inlet and turbine discharge pressures are sensed by the EPR transmitter and transformed into an electrical signal that is transmitted to the EPR indicator.
Fuel flow is indicated via a fuel flow system. The fuel flow through a rotor-turbine at each engine causes the rotor to spin and a pickup coil emits pulses as the rotor blades pass through the coil field. The pulsating dc voltage isThe Learjet 60 is a mid-size cabin, medium-range business jet aircraft manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace in Wichita, Kansas. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW305A engines, it has a range (with 4 passengers and 2 crew) of with NBAA reserves, ISA. In July 2012 Bombardier Aerospace announced a temporary "production pause" of the latest variant Learjet 60XR to begin in the fourth quarter of 2012.TheThe Learjet 60 is a mid-size cabin, medium-range business jet aircraft manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace in Wichita, Kansas. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW305A engines, it has a range (with 4 passengers and 2 crew) of with NBAA reserves, ISA. In July 2012 Bombardier Aerospace announced a temporary "production pause" of the latest variant Learjet 60XR to begin in the fourth quarter of 2012.) longer, allowing for three additional passengers. In 1970 the Learjet 25B was produced along with the Learjet 25C in the same year.  Type development continued with the Models 25D and 25G, which included more advanced CJ610-8A engines and a ceiling increase to 51,000 feet.
By 2018, 1970s Learjet 25s were sold for under $200,000.

== Design ==

=== Engines ===

Two General Electric CJ610-6 single-rotor axial-flow turbojet engines are pylon-mounted on the aft fuselage. Each engine is rated at 2950 pounds of thrust at sea level. The engine compartments consist of an eight-stage axial-flow compressor directly coupled to a two-stage turbine, a through-flow annular combustion system, variable inlet guide vanes, controlled compressor interstage bleed, exhaust nozzle and accessory drive system. Starting ignition is provided by a dual output capacitor-discharge system. As the ignition cycle is completed, the igniter plugs cease sparking and combustion becomes self-sustaining. A fuel control metering system selects the rate of fuel flow to the engine combustor.
The electrically operated RPM tachometer consists of a signal generator on the engine and an indicator located in the centre of the instrument panel. Dial markings are based on percent of maximum allowable engine speed. The large markings are graduated in 2% increments from 0% to 100% and the small dial is graduated in 1% increments from 0% to 10% to allow the pilots to accomplish more precise engine speed settings.
The engine pressure ratio (EPR) system enables the pilot to obtain power required to meet certified aircraft performance without exceeding engine limitations. The engine compressor inlet and turbine discharge pressures are sensed by the EPR transmitter and transformed into an electrical signal that is transmitted to the EPR indicator.
Fuel flow is indicated via a fuel flow system. The fuel flow through a rotor-turbine at each engine causes the rotor to spin and a pickup coil emits pulses as the rotor blades pass through the coil field. The puls

Question: Who is the proprietor of the company that produces the Learjet 60?

Question: Learjet 60 >> manufacturer

Answer: Bombardier Aerospace

Question: #1 >> owned by

Answer: Bombardier Inc.

Answer: Bombardier Inc.

Which company owns the manufacturer of Learjet 60?


III (Stanton Moore album)

Will Bernard: guitar (Motherbug)

== Guest artists ==
Skerik: tenor saxophonics (Les Claypool, Critters Buggin)
Mark Mullins: trombone (Harry Connick, Jr., Bonerama)

== Track listing ==
"Poison Pushy"
"Licorice"
"Big 'UnIII is Stanton Moore's third studio solo album released 2006. As each of Moore's solo albums have had unique character, "III" features keyboardist Robert Walter and guitarist Will Bernard for a 1970s-like soul funk with a "sense of authenticity" as "artists who live it." was recorded at Preservation Hall by Mike Napolitano with equipment borrowed from Ani DiFranco. It closes with songs chosen as a response to the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

== Personnel ==
Stanton Moore: drums (Galactic)
Robert Walter: Hammond B3 organ (Greyboy Allstars)
Will Bernard: guitar (Motherbug)

== Guest artists ==
Skerik: tenor saxophonics (Les Claypool, Critters Buggin)
Mark Mullins: trombone (Harry Connick, Jr., Bonerama)

== Track listing ==
"Poison Pushy"
"Licorice"
"Big 'Uns Get the Ball Rolling"
"Chilcock"
"(Don't Be Comin' with No) Weak Sauce"
"Dunkin' in the Deep"
"Maple Plank"
"Water from an Ancient Well"
"When the Levee Breaks"
"I Shall Not Be Moved"

== References ==

== External links ==
Preservation Hall - official site
Stanton Moore - official siteIII  is Stanton Moore's third studio solo album released 2006. As each of Moore's solo albums have had unique character, III features keyboardist Robert Walter and guitarist Will Bernard for a 1970s-like soul funk with a "sense of authenticity" as

Flyin' the Koop

 and composer James Black. "Let's Go" and "Hunch" are both contributions from the writing team of Charlie Dennard and Brian Seeger who were half of Moore's working band at the time, "Moore and More". The track "For the Record" is a composition by Seeger written specifically for this session.
On Flyin' the Koop Moore played vintage Gretsch drums with an 18-inch bass drum. Wood plays upright and Hoffner bass. Many fans speculated at first that the name of the solo album implied that Moore could be leaving his band Galactic. Moore explained that the metaphor which regarded "freeing yourself from the limitations" of music styles was combined with the location of the recording studio being on a former chicken farm in Cotati, California.

== Musicians ==
Stanton Moore - drums
Karl Denson - saxophone, flute
Skerik - saxophone
Chris Wood - bass
Brian Seeger - guitarFlyin' the Koop is the second solo album by New Orleans drummer Stanton Moore. The album includes funk, rock and jazz. Moore's line-up for "Flyin' the Koop" is in part a combination of musicians with whom he played at a "SuperJam" at Tipitina's during Jazz Fest 2000.FFlyin' the Koop is the second solo album by New Orleans drummer Stanton Moore. The album includes funk, rock and jazz. Moore's line-up for "Flyin' the Koop" is in part a combination of musicians with whom he played at a "SuperJam" at Tipitina's during Jazz Fest 2000.ore's concept for the album "was to have two saxes, bass and drums, and to improvise over loops..."  building the tracks upon rhythm. Melodies then developed through improvisation and composition by the saxophonists. "Magnolia Triangle" is a classic New Orleans composition in 5/4 meter from famed New Orleans drummer and composer James Black. "Let's Go" and "Hunch" are both contributions from the writing team of Charlie Dennard and Brian Seeger who were half of Moore's working band at the time, "Moore and More". The track "For the Record" is a composition by Seeger written specifically for this session.
On Flyin' the Koop Moore played vintage Gretsch drums with an 18-inch bass drum. Wood plays upright and Hoffner bass. Many fans speculated at first that the name of the solo album implied that Moore could be leaving his band Galactic. Moore explained that the metaphor which regarded "freeing yourself from the limitations" of music styles was combined with the location of the recording studio being on a former chicken farm in Cotati, California.

== Musicians ==
Stanton Moore - drums
Karl Denson - saxophone, flute
Skerik - saxophone
Chris Wood - bass
Brian Seeger - guitarFlyin' the Koop is the second solo album by New Orleans drummer Stanton Moore. The album includes funk, rock and jazz. Moore's line-up for "Flyin' the Koop" is in part a combination of musicians with whom he played at a "SuperJam" at Tipitina's during Jazz Fest 2000.Flyin' the Koop  is the second solo album by New Orleans drummer Stanton Moore. The album includes funk, rock and jazz. Moore's line-up for Flyin' the Koop is in part a combination of musicians with whom he played at a "SuperJam" at Tipitina's during Jazz Fest 2000.
Moore's concept for the album "was to have two saxes, bass and drums, and to improvise over loops..."  building the tracks upon rhythm. Melodies then developed through improvisation and composition by the saxophonists. "Magnolia Triangle" is a classic New Orleans composition in 5/4 meter from famed New Orleans drummer and composer James Black. "Let's Go" and "Hunch" are both contributions from the writing team of

Black people

 It was universally regarded as highly offensive in Australia until the 1960s and 70s. "Black" was generally not used as a noun, but rather as an adjective qualifying some other descriptor (e.g. "black ****").  As desegregation progressed after the 1967 referendum, some Aboriginals adopted the term, following the American fashion, but it remains problematic.
Several American style guides, including the AP Stylebook, changed their guides to capitalize the 'b' in 'black', following the 2020 murder of George Floyd, an African American. The ASA Style Guide says that the 'b' should not be capitalized. Some perceive the term 'black' as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result neither use nor define it, especially in African countries with little to no history of colonial racial segregation.

== Africa ==

=== Northern Africa ===

Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others descend from migrants via the historical trans-Saharan trade or, after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, from slaves from the trans-Saharan slave trade in North Africa.
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Warrior King" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion. Not all people considered "black" have dark skin; in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racialThough Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005., regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "Black race" as socially constructed. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified "black", and these social constructs have changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. In the United Kingdom, "black" was historically equivalent with "person of color", a general term for non-European peoples. While the term "person of color" is commonly used and accepted in the United States, the near-sounding term "colored person" is considered highly offensive, except in South Africa, where it is

Question: When was the first black mayor elected in the city that was birthplace to Ill's performer?

Question: III >> performer

Answer: Stanton Moore

Question: #1 >> place of birth

Answer: New Orleans

Question: When did #2 elect it's first black Mayor?

Answer: 1970s

Answer: 1970s

When did the city where Ill's performer was born elect its first black mayor?


Photoelectric effect

In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1900, while studying black - body radiation, the German physicist Max Planck suggested that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in ``packets ''of energy. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. This model contributed to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1914, Robert Millikan's experiment supported Einstein's model of the photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for`` his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect'', and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for ``his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect ''.

Evelyn Einstein

Evelyn Einstein (28 March 1941 – 13 April 2011) was the adopted daughter of Hans Albert Einstein, the son of Albert Einstein.Evelyn Einstein (28 March 1941 – 13 April 2011) was the adopted daughter of Hans Albert Einstein, the son of Albert Einstein.Evelyn Einstein (March 28, 1941 – April 13, 2011) was the adopted daughter of Hans Albert Einstein, the son of Albert Einstein. She graduated from University of California, Berkeley with a master's degree in literature, and had several jobs in her life including animal control officer, cult deprogrammer, and reserve police officer in Berkeley, California.

== Biography ==
Einstein was born in Chicago; after her birth she was adopted by Hans Albert Einstein. Towards the end of her life, she asserted that she was an illegitimate daughter of Albert Einstein and a ballet dancer; however, she had no documentation supporting this claim. She obtained a Master's degree in Medieval literature at University of California, Berkeley. She was married to Grover Krantz for 13 years from 1964 to about 1977. She then worked briefly as an animal control officer, as a cult deprogrammer, and as a Berkeley, California, reserve police officer.
As an 18-year-old college student in 1960, Einstein was the only person with a recognized name among the dozens of people arrested in San Francisco at a peaceful protest against the House Un-American Activities Committee.
After her divorce, she stated that she was impoverished.  She claims that she was homeless, she slept in cars, scrounged for discarded food and described herself as a dumpster-diver for three months. From the mid-1990s up to her death in 2011, she lived in her own townhouse in Albany, California with a view of the San Francisco Bay.
Evelyn told CNN she was outraged she had not received a dime out of the millions of dollars earned annually from her grandfather's likeness, with all profits going to Hebrew University of Jerusalem. While Albert Einstein bestowed the literary rights for the more than 75,000 papers and other items in his estate, Evelyn asked "What does a bobblehead have to do with a literary estate?" adding "It's hard for me to believe they would treat the family the way they have, which has been abysmally."  In 1996 she sued the trustee in charge of a collection of correspondence between Albert and Mileva Einstein, a suit that was settled privately.
She left her entire estate valued over a million dollars to attorney Allen P. Wilkinson.

== Publications ==
With Marfe Ferguson Delano: Genius: A Photobiography of Albert Einstein. National Geographic Children's Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7922-9544-7.
Introduction of: Alice Calaprice (editor); Robert Schulmann (contributor). Dear Professor Einstein: Albert Einstein's Letters to and from Children. Prometheus Books, 2002. ISBN 978-1591020158

== References ==

=== Citations ===

=== Sources ===
"Evelyn Einstein: Eine uneheliche Tochter? Evelyn Einstein, die Adoptiv-Tochter des Einstein-Sohnes Hans Albert, spielte eine wichtige Rolle bei der Beschaffung der frühen Liebesbriefe von Albert und Mileva. Ob sie selbst in Wahrheit ein uneheliches Kind von Albert Einstein ist, bleibt ungeklärt". mensch–einstein.de. March 24, 2005.
"Personalien: Evelyn Einstein". Der Spiegel. February 21, 2011. p. Nr. 8.
Dinkelspiel, Frances (May 5, 2011). "Saving the history of the Berkeley Police Department". Berkeleyside. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
Donaldson James, Susan (April 20, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein Died in Squalor, Despite Grandfather's Riches". ABC News.
Holler, Madeline (February 11, 2011). "Granddaughter of Albert Einstein Wants a Cut in Bobblehead Profits". blogs.babble.com.
Martin, Douglas (April 18, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein Dies at 70; Shaped by a Link to Fame". The New York Times.
Rees, Mary (May 13, 2011). "Granddaughter of Albert Einstein Remembered Fondly in Albany: Albany resident Evelyn Einstein passed away last month". AlbanyPatch.
Rees, Mary (June 18, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein, R.I.P.? The death of Albany resident Evelyn Einstein, granddaughter of Albert Einstein, was followed by confusion and some conflict". AlbanyPatch.
Sanides, Silvia (December 20, 2004). "Adoptiv-Enkelin oder Tochter? Evelyn Einstein rätselt, in welchem verwandtschaftlichen Verhältnis sie zu Albert Einstein wirklich steht. Womöglich sollte ihre Adoption einen Skandal vertuschen". Focus.
Sanides, Silvia (December 20, 2004). "Einstein: Adoptiv-Enkelin angeblich uneheliche Tochter". Focus.
Tracy, Marc (April 21, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein, Granddaughter, 70". Tablet: A New Read on Jewish Life.
Zackheim, Michele. "Children of a Lesser God: For the offspring of a science deity, the legacy is more burden than blessing". Discover Magazine (March 2008).

== External links ==
Evelyn Einstein Memorial. With contributions of Evamaria Erdpohl, Elizabeth Migliore, Robert Schulmann, Jon Ruth, Jerry Richard, Kennan Kellaris Salinero, George Klein, Ada Rusinek Klein and Allen P. Wilkinson.
Relics: Einstein's Brain, Part 4 on YouTube with Evelyn Einstein, BBC, 1994 (she is interviewed at her home by the Japanese professor Kenji Sugimoto)
Evelyn Einstein, Albert's granddaughter 50 yrs after @ HUAC protest on FlickrEvelyn Einstein (March 28, 1941 – April 13, 2011) was the adopted daughter of Hans Albert Einstein, the son of Albert Einstein. She graduated from University of California, Berkeley with a master's degree in literature, and had several jobs in her life including animal control officer, cult deprogrammer, and reserve police officer in Berkeley, California.

== Biography ==
Einstein was born in Chicago; after her birth she was adopted by Hans Albert Einstein. Towards the end of her life, she asserted that she was an illegitimate daughter of Albert Einstein and a ballet dancer; however, she had no documentation supporting this claim. She obtained a Master's degree in Medieval literature at University of California, Berkeley. She was married to Grover Krantz for 13 years from 1964 to about 1977. She then worked briefly as an animal control officer, as a cult deprogrammer, and as a Berkeley, California, reserve police officer.
As an 18-year-old college student in 1960, Einstein was the only person with a recognized name among the dozens of people arrested in San Francisco at a peaceful protest against the House Un-American Activities Committee.
After her divorce, she stated that she was impoverished.  She claims that she was homeless, she slept in cars, scrounged for discarded food and described herself as a dumpster-diver for three months. From the mid-1990s up to her death in 2011, she lived in her own townhouse in Albany, California with a view of the San Francisco Bay.
Evelyn told CNN she was outraged she had not received a dime out of the millions of dollars earned annually from her grandfather's likeness, with all profits going to Hebrew University of Jerusalem. While Albert Einstein bestowed the literary rights for the more than 75,000 papers and other items in his estate, Evelyn asked "What does a bobblehead have to do with a literary estate?" adding "It's hard for me to believe they would treat the family the way they have, which has been abysmally."  In 1996 she sued the trustee in charge of a collection of correspondence between Albert and Mileva Einstein, a suit that was settled privately.
She left her entire estate valued over a million dollars to attorney Allen P. Wilkinson.

== Publications ==
With Marfe Ferguson Delano: Genius: A Photobiography of Albert Einstein. National Geographic Children's Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7922-9544-7.
Introduction of: Alice Calaprice (editor); Robert Schulmann (contributor). Dear Professor Einstein: Albert Einstein's Letters to and from Children. Prometheus Books, 2002. ISBN 978-1591020158

== References ==

=== Citations ===

=== Sources ===
"Evelyn Einstein: Eine uneheliche Tochter? Evelyn Einstein, die Adoptiv-Tochter des Einstein-Sohnes Hans Albert, spielte eine wichtige Rolle bei der Beschaffung der frühen Liebesbriefe von Albert und Mileva. Ob sie selbst in Wahrheit ein uneheliches Kind von Albert Einstein ist, bleibt ungeklärt". mensch–einstein.de. March 24, 2005.
"Personalien: Evelyn Einstein". Der Spiegel. February 21, 2011. p. Nr. 8.
Dinkelspiel, Frances (May 5, 2011). "Saving the history of the Berkeley Police Department". Berkeleyside. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
Donaldson James, Susan (April 20, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein Died in Squalor, Despite Grandfather's Riches". ABC News.
Holler, Madeline (February 11, 2011). "Granddaughter of Albert Einstein Wants a Cut in Bobblehead Profits". blogs.babble.com.
Martin, Douglas (April 18, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein Dies at 70; Shaped by a Link to Fame". The New York Times.
Rees, Mary (May 13, 2011). "Granddaughter of Albert Einstein Remembered Fondly in Albany: Albany resident Evelyn Einstein passed away last month". AlbanyPatch.
Rees, Mary (June 18, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein, R.I.P.? The death of Albany resident Evelyn Einstein, granddaughter of Albert Einstein, was followed by confusion and some conflict". AlbanyPatch.
Sanides, Silvia (December 20, 2004). "Adoptiv-Enkelin oder Tochter? Evelyn Einstein rätselt, in welchem verwandtschaftlichen Verhältnis sie zu Albert Einstein wirklich steht. Womöglich sollte ihre Adoption einen Skandal vertuschen". Focus.
Sanides, Silvia (December 20, 2004). "Einstein: Adoptiv-Enkelin angeblich uneheliche Tochter". Focus.
Tracy, Marc (April 21, 2011). "Evelyn Einstein, Granddaughter, 70". Tablet: A New Read on Jewish Life.
Zackheim, Michele. "Children of a Lesser God: For the offspring of a science deity, the legacy is more burden than blessing". Discover Magazine (March 2008).

== External links ==
Evelyn Einstein Memorial. With contributions of Evamaria Erdpohl, Elizabeth Migliore, Robert Schulmann, Jon Ruth, Jerry Richard, Kennan Kellaris Salinero, George Klein, Ada

Question: Who is the offspring of the physicist who conceived a theory for the photoelectric effect?

Question: who developed an explanation for the photoelectric effect

Answer: Albert Einstein

Question: #1 >> child

Answer: Hans Albert Einstein

Answer: Hans Albert Einstein

Who is the child of the physicist who who developed an explanation for the photoelectric effect?


Hero of Socialist Labour (Albania)

Hero of Socialist Labour () was an honorary title in Albania and other Warsaw Pact countries. It was the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in national economy and culture. It provided a similar status to the title People's Hero of Albania that was awarded for heroic deeds, but unlike the latter, was awarded to citizens who contributed to the development of Albania's industry, agriculture, transportation, trade, science and technology and promoted the might and the glory of Albania.

Exercise Reforger

Exercise Campaign Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise and campaign conducted, during the Cold War, by NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. Although most troops deployed were from the United States, the operation also involved a substantial number of troops from other NATO countries including Canada and the United Kingdom.Exercise Campaign Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise and campaign conducted, during the Cold War, by NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. Although most troops deployed were from the United States, the operation also involved a substantial number of troops from other NATO countries including Canada and the United Kingdom.Exercise Campaign Reforger ("REturn of FORces to GERmany") was an annual military exercise and campaign conducted by NATO during the Cold War. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. Although most troops deployed were from the United States, the operation also involved a substantial number of troops from other NATO countries including Canada and the United Kingdom. It was a basic military planning exercise to smooth out issues in the event of an invasion of western Europe, and not a show of force. Once the Cold War ended, it was superseded by other exercises.
The last Reforger exercise was Reforger 93. Exercise Steadfast Defender is the most similar military exercise that has taken place in the 21st century, also involving North American troops deploying across the Atlantic Ocean to exercise with European NATO allies. There is also the biennial Exercise Bright Star that involves operations in the Middle East. However, while NATO members (and other countries friendly to Egypt and the US) are free to participate, Exercise Bright Star is not a NATO exercise.

== History ==

The Reforger exercise itself was first conceived in 1967. During the ongoing Vietnam War, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson announced plans to withdraw approximately two divisions from Europe in 1968. As a demonstration of its continuing commitment to the defense of NATO and to illustrate its capability of rapid reinforcement, a large scale force deployment was planned that would deploy a division or more to West Germany in a regular annual exercise. The first such exercise was conducted beginning on 6 January 1969.

Exercise Reforger 1988 is held to be the largest exercise during the Cold War. Involving around 125,000 troops, it was

Warsaw Pact

 of China and People's Republic of Albania condemned the attack. Many other communist parties also lost influence, denounced the USSR, or split up or dissolved due to conflicting opinions. The invasion started a series of events that would ultimately pressure Brezhnev to establish a state of détente with U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1972 just months after the latter's historic visit to the PRC.

== Background ==

=== Novotný's regime: late 1950s – early 1960s ===
The process of de-Stalinization in Czechoslovakia had begun under Antonín Novotný in the late 1950s and early 1960s, but had progressed more slowly than in most other states of the Eastern Bloc. Following the lead of Nikita Khrushchev, Novotný proclaimed the completion of socialism, and the new constitution, accordingly, adopted the name Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The pace of change, however, was sluggish; the rehabilitation of Stalinist-era victims, such as those convicted in the Slánský trials, may have been considered as early as 1963, but did not take place until 1967.
In the early 1960s, Czechoslovakia underwent an economic downturn. The Soviet model of industrialization applied unsuccessfully since Czechoslovakia was already entirely industrialized before World War II, and the Soviet model mainly took into account less developed economies. Novotný's attempt at restructuring the economy, the 1965 New Economic Model, spurred increased demand for political reform as well.

=== 1967 Writers' Congress ===
As the strict government eased its rules, the Union of Czechoslovak Writers cautiously began to air discontent, and in the union's gazette, Literární noviny, members suggested that literature should be independent of Party doctrine. In June 1967, a small fraction of the Czech writer's union sympathized with radical socialists, specifically LudvíkThe Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander ofThe Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces. People's Republic of Albania refused to participate, while East German forces, except for a small number of specialists, were ordered by Moscow not to cross the Czechoslovak border just hours before the invasion because of fears of greater resistance if German troops were involved, due to public perception of the previous German occupation three decades earlier. 137 Czechoslovaks were killed and 500 seriously wounded during the occupation.
Public reaction to the invasion was widespread and divided, including within the communist world. Although the majority of the Warsaw Pact supported the invasion along with several other communist parties worldwide, Western nations, along with socialist countries such as Romania, and particularly the People's Republic of China and People's Republic of Albania condemned the attack. Many other communist parties also lost influence, denounced the USSR, or split up or dissolved due to conflicting opinions. The invasion started a series of events that would ultimately pressure Brezhnev to establish a state of détente with U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1972 just months after the latter's historic visit to the PRC.

== Background ==

=== Novotný's regime: late 1950s – early 1960s ===
The process of de-Stalinization in Czechoslovakia had begun under Antonín Novotný in the late 1950s and early 1960s, but had progressed more slowly than in most other states of the Eastern Bloc. Following the lead of Nikita Khrushchev, Novotný proclaimed the completion

German reunification

 the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; itsHorst Teltschik, Kohl's foreign policy advisor, later recalled that Germany would have paid ``100 billion deutschmarks ''if the Soviets demanded it. The USSR did not make such great demands, however, with Gorbachev stating in February 1990 that`` The Germans must decide for themselves what path they choose to follow''. In May 1990 he repeated his remark in the context of NATO membership while meeting Bush, amazing both the Americans and Germans. This removed the last significant roadblock to Germany being free to choose its international alignments, though Kohl made no secret that he intended for the reunified Germany to inherit West Germany's seats in NATO and the EC.The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [��d����t��ə ����a��n��������] ) was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part). It commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a military alliance de facto dominated by Prussia which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution.Horst Teltschik, Kohl's foreign policy advisor, later recalled that Germany would have paid ``100 billion deutschmarks ''if the Soviets demanded it. The USSR did not make such great demands, however, with Gorbachev stating in February 1990 that`` The Germans must decide for themselves what path they choose to follow''. In May 1990 he repeated his remark in the context of NATO membership while meeting Bush, amazing both the Americans and Germans. This removed the last significant roadblock to Germany being free to choose its international alignments, though Kohl made no secret that he intended for the reunified Germany to inherit West Germany's seats in NATO and the EC. of south German states joined the North German Confederation with the ceremonial proclamation of the German Empire i.e. the German Reich having 25 member states and led by the Kingdom of Prussia of Hohenzollerns on 18 January 1871; the event was later celebrated as the customary date of the German Empire's foundation, although the legally meaningful events relevant to the accomplishment of unification occurred on 1 January 1871 (accession of South German states and constitutional adoption of the name "German Empire") and 4 May 1871 (entry into force of the permanent Constitution of the German Empire).
Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; itsHorst Teltschik, Kohl's foreign policy advisor, later recalled that Germany would have paid ``100 billion deutschmarks ''if the Soviets demanded it. The USSR did not make such great demands, however, with Gorbachev stating in February 1990 that`` The Germans must decide for themselves what path they choose to follow''. In May 1990 he repeated his remark in the context of NATO membership while meeting Bush, amazing both the Americans and Germans. This removed the last significant roadblock to Germany being free to choose its international alignments, though Kohl made no secret that he intended for the reunified Germany to inherit West Germany's seats in NATO and the EC.The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [��d����t��ə ����a��n��������] ) was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (

Question: When did the nation that held both political and military power over the organization, which included the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, consent to the integration of a united Germany into the organization known for conducting a yearly event named Exercise Reforger?

Question: People's Socialist Republic of Albania >> member of

Answer: Warsaw Pact

Question: Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of #1 ?

Answer: the USSR

Question: Exercise Reforger >> participant

Answer: NATO

Question: when did the #2 agree to a unified germany inside of #3

Answer: May 1990

Answer: May 1990

A country was in effective control of both political and military functions of the organization the People's Socialist Republic of Albania belonged to. When did this country agree to a unified Germany inside the organization that ran an annual event called Exercise Reforger?


USS Zigzag (SP-106)

 a wooden-hulled motorboat completed in May 1916 by theUSS "Zigzag" (SP-106) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.UUSS "Zigzag" (SP-106) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.SS Zigzag (SP-106) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.

Zigzag was a wooden-hulled motorboat completed in May 1916 by theUSS "Zigzag" (SP-106) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 191

United States Navy SEALs

 The United States Military recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses. As a result, the joint Army, Marine Corps, and Navy Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce, Florida. The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group, a joint U.S. Army-Marine-NThe United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from, and return to, a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named. highly trained, and possess a high degree of proficiency in unconventional warfare (UW), direct action (DA), and special reconnaissance (SR), among other tasks like sabotage, demolition, intelligence gathering, and hydro-graphic reconnaissance, training, and advising friendly militaries or other forces. All active SEALs are members of the U.S. Navy.

== History ==

=== Origins ===
Although not formally founded until 1962, the modern-day U.S. Navy SEALs trace their roots to World War II.

List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy

except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy.The first automotive torpedo was developed in 1866, and the torpedo boat was developed soon after. In The first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were "frigates"—the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy. Wickes-class destroyers. The peacetime years between 1919 and 1941 resulted in many of these flush deck destroyers being laid up. Additionally, treaties regulated destroyer construction. The 1500-ton destroyers built in the 1930s under the treaties had stability problems that limited expansion of their armament in World War II. During World War II, the United States began building largerThe first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were "frigates"—the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy.The first automotive torpedo was developed in 1866, and the torpedo boat was developed soon after. In 1898, while the Spanish–American War was being fought in the Caribbean and the Pacific, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt wrote that the Spanish torpedo boat destroyers were the only threat to the American navy, and pushed for the acquisition of similar vessels. On 4 May 1898, the US Congress authorized the first sixteen torpedo boat destroyers and twelve seagoing torpedo boats for the United States Navy.
In World War I, the U.S. Navy began mass-producing destroyers, laying 273 keels of the Clemson and Wickes-class destroyers. The peacetime years between 1919 and 1941 resulted in many of these flush deck destroyers being laid up. Additionally, treaties regulated destroyer construction. The 1500-ton destroyers built in the 1930s under the treaties had stability problems that limited expansion of their armament in World War II. During World War II, the United States began building larger 2100-ton destroyers with five-gun main batteries, but without stability problems.
The first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were "frigates"—the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the Farragut class became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the Spruance-class destroyers entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy.
The Arleigh Burke class, introduced in 1991, has been the U.S. Navy's only destroyer class in commission since 2005; construction continued through 2012 and was restarted in 2015. A further class, the Zumwalt, is entering service; the first ship was launched in 2013. The Zumwalt class will number three ships.

== Pre–World War I ==

In 1864, US Navy Lt. William B. Cushing sank the ironclad CSS Albemarle using a "spar torpedo"—an explosive device mounted on a long pole and detonated underwater. Two years later in Austria, the British engineer Robert Whitehead developed a compressed air "automotive" torpedo; capable of 6–8 knots (3.1–4.1 m/s) over a distance of 200–400 yards (180–370 m). The threat a small, fast, torpedo–delivering ship could pose to the battle line became clear to navies around the world; giving birth to the torpedo boat, including USS Cushing of the United States Navy.
During the Spanish–American War, Assistant

Question: What is the representation of the seal in relation to the operator maintaining a list of destroyer classes for the operator of the USS ZigZag Seals?

Question: USS Zigzag >> operator

Answer: United States Navy

Question: list of destroyer classes of #1 >> operator

Answer: U.S. Navy

Question: what does seal stand for in #2 seals

Answer: Sea, Air, and Land

Answer: Sea, Air, and Land

What does the seal stand for in the operator of the list of destroyer classes of the operator of the USS ZigZag seals?


Water resources

 is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== ListDesalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water.  The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis.  Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is usually only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. However, there is growth in desalination for agricultural use, and highly populated areas such as Singapore or California. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf.MinDesalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water.  The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis.  Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is usually only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. However, there is growth in desalination for agricultural use, and highly populated areas such as Singapore or California. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf. ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai Deng, while Hon. Peter Mahal Dhieu Akat serves as undersecretary.

== List of ministers of irrigation and water resources ==

== References ==Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation  is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The current minister is Hon. Pal Mai

Israel

alongside elements of Arab culture, involving cuisine, music, and art. Israel has one of the biggest and most advanced economies in the Middle East. It also has one of the highest GDP per capita as well as standards of living in the Middle East and Asia, it’s one of most technological developed countries.  The country has been a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operationIsrael (/ ˈɪzreɪəl /; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل ), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others. who emigrated, fled, or were expelled from the Muslim world. The 1949 Armistice Agreements established Israel's borders over most of the former Mandate territory. The 1967 Six-Day War saw Israel occupy the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and Syrian Golan Heights. Israel has established and continues to expand

Geography of Saudi Arabia

area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering theThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows a mountain ridge for

Saudi Arabia

 the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - MasjidThe area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi culture '', with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called`` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. As of 2017, the population is 33 million. The state's official language is Arabic. Islam, the world's second-largest religion, emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territories in North Africa, Central, South Asia and Iberia within decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661The area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi culture '', with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called`` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. As of 2017, the population is 33 million. The state's official language is Arabic.Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest country in Asia and the largest in the Middle East. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. The capital and largest city is Riyadh; other major cities include Jeddah and the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina. With a population of almost 32.2 million, Saudi Arabia is the fourth most populous country in the Arab world.
Pre-Islamic Arabia, the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, has some of the earliest traces of human activity outside Africa. Islam, the world's second-largest religion, emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territories in North Africa, Central, South Asia and Iberia within decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun

Question: When was the area right above Israel, which has seen the most development in desalination for farming activities, formed?

Question: what region of the world is israel located

Answer: Middle East,

Question: Where is the most growth taking place in desalination for agricultural use?

Answer: Persian Gulf

Question: what region lies immediately to the north of #1 and #2

Answer: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Question: when was #3 established

Answer: 1932

Answer: 1932

When was the region immediately north of the region where Israel is located and the site of the most growth in desalination for agricultural use established?


2014 United States Senate elections

 started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of ColoradoThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U.S. senators. Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party.
The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis. Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia that were previously held by Democrats. Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan.
This was the second consecutive election cycle held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm election cycle since 1918. With a total net gain of 9 seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980. This is also the first election cycle since 1980 in which more than 2 incumbent Democratic senators were defeated by their Republican challengers. Days after the election cycle, the United States Election Project estimated that 36.4% of eligible voters voted, 4% lower than the 2010 elections, and possibly the lowest turnout rate since the 1942 election cycle.
As of 2022, this remains the last time that a Republican has won a U.S. Senate election in Colorado. This is the most recent Senate election where any Republican flipped an open Democratic-held seat. It also remains the last time that the president's party has suffered a net loss of Senate seats in a midterm election cycle.

== Partisan composition ==
For a majority, Republicans needed at least 51 seats. Democrats could have retained a majority with 48 seats (assuming the two Independents continued to caucus with them) because the Democratic Vice President Joe Biden would become the tie-breaker. From 1915 to 2013, control of the U.S. Senate flipped in 10 of 50 cycles, or 20% of theThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:The 2014 United States Senate elections were held on November 4, 2014. A total of 36 seats in the 100-member U.S. Senate were contested. 33 Class 2 seats were contested for regular 6-year terms to be served from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2021, and 3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U.S. senators. Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party.
The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis. Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia that were previously held by Democrats. Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan.
This was the second consecutive election cycle held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year

Dwight D. Eisenhower

 before the entry of the US into World War II in 1941. After further promotion Eisenhower oversaw the Allied invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany. After the war ended in Europe, he served as military governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany (1945), Army Chief of Staff (1945–1948), president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and as the first supreme commander of NATO (1951–1952).
In 1952, Eisenhower entered the presidential race as a Republican to block the isolationist foreign policies of Senator Robert A. Taft, who opposed NATO. Eisenhower won that year's election and the 1956 election in landslides, both times defeating Adlai Stevenson II. Eisenhower's main goals in office were to contain the spread of communism and reduce federal deficits. In 1953, he considered using nuclear weapons to end the Korean War and may have threatened China with nuclear attack if an armistice was not reached quickly. China did agree and an armistice resulted, which remains in effect. His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized "inexpensive" nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions. He continued Harry S. Truman's policy of recognizing Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution. His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War. After the French left, he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. He supported regime-changing military coups in Iran and Guatemala orchestrated by his own administration. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, a summit meeting with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was cancelled when a US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. Eisenhower approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion, which was left to John F. Kennedy to carry out.
On the domestic front, Eisenhower governed as a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. His administration undertook the development and construction of the Interstate Highway System, which remains the largest construction of roadways in American history. In 1957, following the Soviet launch of Sputnik, Eisenhower led the American response which included the creation of NASA and the establishment of a stronger, science-based education via the National Defense Education Act. The Soviet Union began to reinforce their own space program, escalating the Space Race. His two terms saw unprecedented economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958. In his farewell address, he expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, which he dubbed "the military–industrial complex". Historical evaluations of his presidency place him among the upper tier of American presidents.

== Family background ==

The Eisenhauer (German for "iron hewer" or "iron miner") family migrated from the German village of Karlsbrunn to the Province of Pennsylvania in 1741. Accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized.
David Jacob Eisenhower, Eisenhower's father, was a college-educated engineer, despite his own father's urging to stay on the family farm. Eisenhower's mother, Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower, of predominantly German Protestant ancestry, moved to Kansas from Virginia. She married David on September 23, 1885, in Lecompton, Kansas, on the campus of their alma mater, Lane University.
David owned a general store in Hope, Kansas, but the business failed due to economic conditions and the family became impoverished. The Eisenhowers lived in Texas from 188As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore." invasion of Normandy in 1944.
Eisenhower was born in Denison, Texas, and raised in Abilene, Kansas. His family had a strong religious background, and his mother became a Jehovah's Witness. Eisenhower, however, belonged to no organized church until 1952. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, with whom he had two

Standing Rules of the United States Senate

. The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent.

== Outline of rules ==

=== Quorum ===
The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of aThe Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: ``Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings... ''

Question: When did the political party that held the majority in Congress prior to the 1954 elections obtain authority over the institution that establishes the regulations for the US House and US Senate?

Question: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?

Answer: Republicans

Question: who determines the rules of the us house and us senate

Answer: The Senate

Question: when did #1 take control of the #2

Answer: January 2015

Answer: January 2015

When did the party with majorities in Congress prior to the 1954 elections gain control of the body which determines rules of the US House and US Senate?


Ahinoam

 ==
Some scholars suggest that the two may be, in fact, one person. In 2 Samuel 12:8, God tells David through the prophet Nathan, "I gave your master's house to you, and your master's wives into your arms." Jon Levenson suggests that this implies David took Ahinoam from Saul. However, Diana V. Edelman disagrees, "Such a presumption would require David to have run off with the queen mother while Saul was still on the throne, which seems unlikely. In view of the possession of the royal harem as a claim to royal legitimacy, Nathan's comment can be related to David's eventual possession of Saul's wives after he ascended the throne in the wake of Eshbaal's death..."
Levenson goes on to note that Ahinoam is always mentioned beforeAdherents of source criticism suggest that references to a woman called "Ahinoam" being Saul's wife belong to the account of the "republican source" of the Books of Samuel, while in the passages ascribed to the "monarchial source", the only mention of a woman called "Ahinoam" is the description of her as a wife of David.imaaz; who became a wife of Saul and the mother of his four sons and two daughters, one of whom is Michal, David's first wife.
A woman from Jezreel, who became David's second wife, after he fled from Saul, leaving Michal, his first wife, behind, and the mother of Amnon, David's first-born.

== Context ==
Some scholars suggest that the two may be, in fact, one person. In 2 Samuel 12:8, God tells David through the prophet Nathan, "I gave your master's house to you, and your master's wives into your arms." Jon Levenson suggests that this implies David took Ahinoam from Saul. However, Diana V. Edelman disagrees, "Such a presumption would require David to have run off with the queen mother while Saul was still on the throne, which seems unlikely. In view of the possession of the royal harem as a claim to royal legitimacy, Nathan's comment can be related to David's eventual possession of Saul's wives after he ascended the throne in the wake of Eshbaal's death..."
Levenson goes on to note that Ahinoam is always mentioned

Saul

, a transliteration from the Latin, also carrying the "modest" meaning of this name, and chosen because of its similarity to his Jewish name ��aul. The name Paul is common, with variations, in all European languages.
Paul's popularity has varied. In the United States, the 1990 census shows it ranked the 13th most common (male) name; however, Social Security Administration data shows Paul in the top 20 given names in 1968, after which it began a steady decline.
The feminine versions are Paula, Pauline, Paulina, and PauletteSaul (/ s����l /; Hebrew: ש����או��ל, ��ā��ûl; ``asked for, prayed for ''; Latin: Saul; Arabic: ��الوت , ���ālūt or Arabic: شا��ل , ��a'ūl), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE, marked a transition from a tribal society to statehood.Paul (Saul (/ sɔːl /; Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Šāʼûl; ``asked for, prayed for ''; Latin: Saul; Arabic: طالوت , Ṭālūt or Arabic: شاؤل , Ša'ūl), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE, marked a transition from a tribal society to statehood. same family bearing the same name. The Roman patrician family of the Gens Aemilia included such prominent persons as Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Tertia Aemilia Paulla (the wife of Scipio Africanus), and Sergius Paulus.
Its prevalence in nations with a Christian heritage is primarily due to its attachment to Saint Paul the Apostle, whose Greek name was ��α���λος, Paûlos, a transliteration from the Latin, also carrying the "modest" meaning of this name, and chosen because of its similarity to his Jewish name ��aul. The name Paul is common, with variations, in all European languages.
Paul's popularity has varied. In the United States, the 1990 census shows it ranked the 13th most common (male) name; however, Social Security Administration data shows Paul in the top 20 given names in 1968, after which it began a steady decline.
The feminine versions are Paula, Pauline, Paulina, and PauletteSaul (/ s����l /; Hebrew: ש����או��ל, ��ā��ûl; ``asked for, prayed for ''; Latin: Saul; Arabic: ��الوت , ���ālūt or Arabic: شا��ل , ��a'ūl), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE, marked a transition from a tribal society to statehood.Paul ( ) is a common Latin masculine given name in countries and ethnicities with a Christian heritage (Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism) and, beyond Europe, in Christian religious communities throughout the world. Paul – or its variations – can be a given name or surname.

== Origin and diffusion ==
The name has existed since Roman times. It derives from the Roman family name Paulus or Paullus, from the Latin adjective meaning "small", "humble", "least" or "little" . During the Classical Age it was used to distinguish the minor of two people of the same family bearing the same name. The Roman patrician family of the Gens Aemilia included such prominent persons as Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Tertia Aemilia Paulla (the wife of Scipio Africanus), and Sergius Paulus.
Its prevalence in nations with a Christian heritage is primarily due to its attachment to Saint Paul the Apostle, whose Greek name was ��α���λος, Paûlos, a transliteration from the Latin, also carrying the "modest" meaning of this name, and chosen because of its similarity to his Jewish name ��aul. The name Paul is common, with variations, in all European languages.
Paul's popularity has varied. In the United States, the 1990 census shows it ranked the 13th most common (male) name; however, Social Security Administration data shows Paul in the top 20 given names in 1968, after which it began a steady decline.
The feminine versions are Paula, Pauline, Paulina, and Paulette.

== Translations ==
Albanian: Pal
Amharic: ������������ (P'awlos)
Latin: Paulus, Paulinus
Arabic: بولس (Bulus, in the Bible)
Aragonese: Pavlo
Armenian Old: ������������ (Pawłos)
Armenian Western: ���������� (Bo��os)
Armenian Eastern: ���������� (Po��os)
Assamese: Pabloo
Asturian: Pablu
Basque: Paulo
Belarusian: Павeл (Pavel), Па��люк (Pa��luk), Па��люсь (Pa��luś), Пол (Pol)
Bengali: ���� (Pol)
Biblical Greek: Paulos or Pavlos
Biblical Latin: Paulus
Bosnian: Pavao, Pavão, Pavle
Breton: Paol
Bulgarian: Павел (Pavel)
Catalan: Pau, Pol
Chinese: 保��, 保�� (B��oluó), 保�� (B��olù)
Coptic: ������������������ (Paulos), ��������������� (Paule), ��������� (Pau)
Cornish: Pawl
Corsican: Paulu
Croatian: Pavao, Pavle, Pavo
Czech: Pavel
Danish: Poul, Povl, Palle
Dutch: Paul, Paulus, Pauwel
Esperanto: Pa��lo, Pa��jo
Estonian: Paul, Paavel, Paavo
Faroese: Páll, Pál, Palli, Pól, Pauli
Fijian: Paula
Finnish: Paavali, Paavo, Pauli
French: Paul, Pol, Paulin
Frisian: Pouw, Powles, Paulus
Galician: Paulo
Georgian: ���������� (Pavle)
German: Paul
Greek: ��α��λος (Pávlos, Páv��los)
Gujarati: ������ (Pōl)
Haitian Creole: Pòl
Hakka: Pó-lò
Hausa: Bulus
Hawaiian: Paulo
Hebrew: ��או��ו�� (Paulus – only used in Biblical context)), ��ו�� (Pol)
Hindi: प��लुस (pəulus, प��ल (p��l)
Hungarian: Pál (Nicknames: Pali, Palika, Paja, Pajus, Pajó, Palcsi, Palcsika, Pálka, Palkó, Pálocska)
Icelandic: Páll
Indonesian: Paulus, Paul, Paula, Paulo, Paulinus
Irish: Pól, Pódhl
Italian: Paolo, Paolino
Japanese: ��ール (Pōru), and in Biblical context, ��ウロ (Pauro)
Kannada: �������� (Pāl)
Karelian: Puavil, Puavila
Korean: 파��로스 (Paulloseu) or �� (Pol)
Catholic: 바오로 (Baoro)
Eastern Orthodox: 바��로 (Baullo)
Protestant: 바�� (Baul), 바우로 (Baulo, Anglican)
Latin: Paulus
Latvian: Pauls, Pāvils
Lithuanian: Paulas, Paulius, Povilas
Luganda: Paolo
Malayalam:  �����������് (Paulose)
Macedonian: Павле (Pavle, Pavel)
Maltese: Pawl, Pawlu
Manx: Payl
Māori: Paora
Marathi: प��लुस (pəulus – only used in Biblical context), प��ल (p��l), पा��्��ो (pa��lo), पा��्��ो (pablo)
Mongolian: Павел (Pavel), Паул
Na'vi: Pawl
Nepali: पा��लले (Pāvalalē)
Norwegian: Paul, Pål
Occitan: Pau
Old English: Paulus
Philippine languages: Pablo or Paulo
Polish: Paweł
Portuguese: Paulo, Paulino, Paulinho, Pavão (archaic)
Punjabi: �������������� (Paulusanē)
Romanian: Paul, Pavel
Russian: Павел (Pavel), Поль (Pol)
Sardinian: Paulu
Scottish Gaelic: Pòl, Pàl
Serbian: Павле (Pavle)
Shona: Paurosi
Sicilian: Pàulu, Paulu
Sinhala: ������������� (Pawulu)
Slovak: Pavol
Slovene: Pavel
Spanish: Pablo, Paulino, Paulo
Swedish: Paul, Pål
Syriac: Pawlos, Pola ��������������, ������������
Tamil: ����ு��் (Pavul)
Telugu: �������� (Pāulu)
Thai: พอล (Paul)
Turkish: Pavlus, Pavlos
Ukrainian: Павло (Pavlo)
Urdu: پال
Venetian: Pagolo, Polo
Vietnamese: Phao-lô
Welsh: Pawl

== Notable examples ==

=== Mononym ===
Paul I (disambiguation)
Paul II (disambiguation)
Patriarch Paul (disambiguation)
Pope Paul (disambiguation)
Saint Paul (disambiguation)
Listed chronologically
Paul the Apostle (c. 5–c. 64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Christian missionary and writer
Paul (jurist), also called Julius Paulus, praetorian prefect
Paul (Nestorian patriarch), briefly Patriarch of the Church of the East in 539
Paul (bishop of Mérida), the metropolitan bishop of Mérida in the mid sixth century (fl. 540s/550s)
Paul (father of Maurice) (died 593), father of Byzantine Emperor. Maurice and head of the Byzantine Senate
Paul of Aegina (625–690), Greek surgeon
Paul (exarch), Exarch of Ravenna from 723 to 727
Paul the Deacon (c. 720–c. 799), Italian Benedictine monk
Paul of Latrus (died c.��956), Greek hermit
Paul, son of Peter, voivode of Transylvania between 1221 and 1222
Paul, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (died 1371)
Paul (Meletiev) (1880–1962), Catholic bishop
Paul of Greece (1901–1964), King of Greece
Paul (Ponomaryov) (born 1952), emeritus Metropolitan

Question: Who was married to the individual stated in the Bible as the initial monarch of Israel?

Question: who was the first king of israel according to the bible

Answer: Saul

Question: #1 >> spouse

Answer: Ahinoam

Answer: Ahinoam

Who was the spouse of the person the Bible says was the first king of Israel?