FIGURE 2 Non-canonical autophagy pathways. Overview of non-canonical autophagy pathways including LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), LC3-associated micropinocytosis (LAM), LC3-associated endocytosis (LANDO), all of which are classed as conjugation of ATG8 to single membrane (CASM) mechanisms and fi nally secretory autophagy (SA). Brie fl y LAP and LANDO internalize extracellular material for either degradation or endosomal recycling, whereas LAM internalizes damaged membrane for removal. SA can release autophagosome contents to the extracellular space either directly as free molecules or within multivesicular bodies (MVB). The latter requires fusion with endosomes to create an amphisome intermediate. See text for further description. The fi gure was created by modifying illustrations from servier medical art licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License: