text:
Basic facts about Hemodialysis Therapy
tis is very useful ,simple and easy to understand
Dwi Edi pa Wahono
, Internist at RSPAD Gatot Subroto
at RSPAD Gatot Subroto
Wf'samoskey Samson
Natraj Nkv
Dialysis Basics Dr.Ashutosh OjhaMD,DNB(Gen Med)PDCC-Nephro (student) GMCH..Guwahati. 2.
Outline Indications Modalities Apparatus Access Complications of dialysis access Acute complications of dialysis 3.
Indications Pericarditis or pleuritis Progressive uremic encephalopathy or neuropathy ( asterixis, myoclonus, seizures) Bleeding diathesis Fluid overload unresponsive to diuretics Metabolic disturbances refractory to medical therapy (hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hyper- calcemia , hyper- phosphatemia) Persistent nausea/vomiting, weight loss, or malnutrition Toxic overdose of a dialyzable drug….Dialysable substance IgG/>>>>IgM 4.
Indications for RRT Acute management of life-threatening complications of AKI: A: Metabolic acidosis (pH less than 7.1) E: Electrolytes -- Hyperkalemia (K >6.5 meq/L) or rapidly rising K) I: Ingestion -- Certain alcohol and drug intoxications O: Refractory fluid overload U: Uremia, ie. pericarditis, neuropathy, decline in mental status 5.
Goals of Dialysis  Solute clearance  Diffusive transport (based on countercurrent flow of blood and dialysate)  Convective transport (solvent drag with ultrafiltration)  Fluid removal 6.
Modalities Peritoneal dialysis Intermittent hemodialysis Hemofiltration Continuous renal replacement therapy  Decision of modality determined by catabolic rate, hemodynamic stability, and whether primary goal is fluid or solute removal 7.
Principles of dialysis Dialysis = diffusion = passive movement of solutes across a semi- permeable membrane down concentration gradient  Good for small molecules (Ultra)filtration = convection = solute + fluid removal across semi- permeable membrane down a pressure gradient (solvent drag)  Better for removal of fluid and medium- size molecules Faber. Nursing in Critical Care 2009; 14: 4 8.
Principles of dialysis Hemodialysis = solute passively diffuses down concentration gradient  Dialysate flows countercurrent to blood flow.  Urea, creatinine, K move from blood to dialysate  Ca and bicarb move from dialysate to blood. Hemofiltration: uses hydrostatic pressure gradient to induce filtration / convection plasma water + solutes across membrane. Hemodiafiltration: combination of dialysis and filtration. •Millers Anesthesia, 7th ed. 2009 •Foot. Current Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2005; 16:321-329 9.
Hemodialysis Apparatus Dialyzer (cellulose, substituted cellulose, synthetic noncellulose membranes) Dialysis solution (dialysate – water must remain free of Al, Cu, chloramine, bacteria, and endotoxin)ABDEC Tubing for transport of blood and dialysis solution Machine to power and mechanically monitor the procedure (includes air monitor, proportioning system, temperature sensor, urea sensor to calculate clearance)CAPUT 10.
Hemodialysis Access Acute dialysis catheter (vascular catheter, i.e. Quentin catheter) Cuffed, tunneled dialysis catheter (Permcath) Arteriovenous graft Arteriovenous fistula 11.
Arteriovenous Fistula Preferred form of dialysis access Typically end-to-side vein-to-artery anastamosis Types  Radiocephalic (first choice)  Brachiocephalic (second choice)  Brachiobasilic (third choice, requires superficialization of basilic vein, i.e. transposition) Lower extremity fistulae are rare 12.
Radiocephalic AVF 13.
Brachiocephalic AVF 14.
Arteriovenous Graft Synthetic conduit, usually polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, aka Gortex), between an artery and a vein Either straight or looped Common sites  Straight forearm : Radial artery to cephalic vein  Looped forearm : brachial artery to cephalic vein  Straight upper arm : brachial artery to axillary vein  Looped upper arm : axillary artery to axillary vein 15.
Arteriovenous Graft cont’d Rare sites  Leg grafts  Looped chest grafts  Axillary-axillary (necklace)  Axillary-atrial grafts 16.
Arteriovenous Graft 17.
Tunneled Cuffed Catheters Dual lumen catheters Most commonly placed in the internal jugular vein, exiting at the upper, anterior chest Can also be placed in the femoral vein Subclavian catheters should be avoided given the risk of subclavian stenosis 18.
Cuffed Dialysis Catheter 19.
Dialysis Access : Time to use Graft  Usually cannulated within weeks  Vectra or flexine grafts can safely be cannulated after ~12 hours Fistula  Median period of 100 days before cannulation in the U.S. and U.K.  Initial cannulation should be performed with small gauge needles and low blood flow  Needles Chart for home care Dialysis 20.
Dialysis Access : Longevity Native fistulas have a high rate of primary failure, but long- term patency is superior to grafts if they mature R-C fistulas 5- and 10-year patency are 53 and 45%, respectively PTFE grafts 1-, 2-, and 4-year patency are 67, 50, and 43%, respectively 21.
Complications of AVF and AVG Thrombosis Infection (10% for AVG, 5% for transposed AVF, 2% for non- transposed AVF) Seromas Steal (6% of B-C AVF, 1% of R-C AVF) Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms (3% of AVF, 5% of AVG) Venous hypertension (usually 2/2 central venous stenosis) Heart failure (Avoid AVFs in pts with severely depressed LVEF) Local bleeding 22.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters Indications  Intermediate-duration vascular access during maturation of AVF or AVG  Expected lifespan on dialysis of < 1 year (due to co-morbidities or on living donor transplant list)  Medical contra-indication to permanent dialysis access (severe heart failure)  Patients who refuse AVF or AVG after explanation of the risks of a catheter  All other dialysis access options have been exhausted 23.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters :Complications Infection  Risk of bacteremia 2.3 per 1000 catheter days or 20 to 25% over the average duration of use Dysfunction  Defined as inability to sustain blood flow of >300 mL/min  By this definition, 87% of catheters malfunction in their lifetime Central venous stenosis Mortality (may be influenced by selection bias) 24.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Metastatic infections  Osteomyelitis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, or epidural abscess Risk factors : prolonged duration of usage, previous bacteremia, recent surgery, diabetes mellitus, iron overload, immunosuppression, malnutrition 25.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Microbiology  Coagulase-negative staph and S. aureus together account for 40 to 80%  Significant morbidity and mortality with S. aureus, esp. MRSA  Nonstaphylococcal infections predominantly due to enterococci and Gram negative rods (30-40%)  If HIV positive, consider polymicrobial and fungal infections 26.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Clinical manifestations  Fevers or chills in catheter-dependent dialysis patients associated with positive blood cultures in 60 to 80%  Less commonly : hypotension, altered mental status, catheter dysfunction, hypothermia, and acidosis 27.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Empiric Treatment  Vancomycin (load with 15-20 mg/kg and then 500-1000 mg after each HD session) plus either gentamicin (load with 2 mg/kg and then 1 mg/kg after each HD session) or ceftazidime (2 grams after each HD session)  Avoid prolonged use of an aminoglycoside given the risk of ototoxicity with vestibular dysfunction 28.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Tailored treatment  MRSA : vancomycin, daptomycin if vancomycin allergy  MSSA : cefazolin (Ancef)  VRE : daptomycin  Gram-negative organisms : ceftazidime, levaquin  Candidemia : immediate catheter removal, Infectious disease consultation for appropriate anti-fungal agent (ex., micafungin) 29.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Duration  Catheter removal and replacement, early resolution of symptoms, blood cultures quickly negative : 2 to 3 weeks  Uncomplicated S. aureus infection : 4 weeks  Metastatic infection or persistently positive blood cultures : minimum 6 weeks  Osteomyelitis : 6 to 8 weeks 30.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Catheter management  Immediate removal if severe sepsis, hypotension, endocarditis or metastatic infection, persistent bacteremia (usually defined as >72 hrs), tunnel site infection  Consider removal if S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, fungi, or mycobacteria  Consider salvage if coagulase negative staphylococcus (may be a risk factor for recurrence) 31.
Tunnel Cuffed Catheters : Bacteremia Catheter management  Guidewire exchange  Not well studied (small, uncontrolled studies)  Theoretically, useful for preservation of vasculature  May be indicated if coagulopathy or hemodynamic instability precludes catheter removal and temporary catheter placement  Catheter tip should be sent for culture, and if positive, new catheter should be relocated to a new site 32.
Acute Complications of Dialysis Hypotension (25-55%) Cramps (5-20%) Nausea and vomiting (5-15%) Headache (5%) Chest pain (2-5%) Back pain (2-5%) Itching (5%) Fever and chills (<1%) 33.
Acute Complications of Dialysis Chest pain  Can be associated with hypotension and dialysis disequilibrium syndrome  Always consider angina, hemolysis, and (rarely) air embolism  Consider pulmonary embolism if recent manipulation of thrombus and/or occlusion of the dialysis access 34.
Acute Complications of Dialysis Hemolysis  Suggestive findings include port wine appearance of the blood in the venous line, a falling hematocrit, or complaints of chest pain, SOB, and/or back pain  Usually due to dialysis solution problems, including overheating, hypotonicity, and contamination with formaldehyde, bleach, chloramine, or nitrates in the water, or copper in the dialysis tubing  Treatment includes discontinuation of dialysis without blood return to the patient, and evaluation for hyperkalemia with medical treatment as necessary 35.
Acute Complications of Dialysis Arrhythmias  Common during, and between, dialysis treatments  Controversial whether due to disturbances in plasma potassium  Treatment is similar to the non-dialysis population, except for medication dosing adjustments 36.
Thank you Blood and Dialysate have to run opposite to achieve optimum clearance …..Fluid and Solute Learning is always unidirectional …..Institute to Individual. Recommended

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Patent US8058342 - Composition and method of sealing and protecting asphalt shingles or other ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsSealing compositions and application methods for sealing and protecting asphalt roof shingles or other porous roofing and construction materials are described for eliminating algae, mold and mildew, increasing granular adhesion, providing additional UV protection and significantly increasing the wind...http://www.google.com/patents/US8058342?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8058342 - Composition and method of sealing and protecting asphalt shingles or other porous roofing and construction materialsAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS8058342 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/450,633Publication dateNov 15, 2011Filing dateJun 9, 2006Priority dateJun 9, 2005Fee statusPaidPublication number11450633, 450633, US 8058342 B1, US 8058342B1, US-B1-8058342, US8058342 B1, US8058342B1InventorsThomas H. Stevens, William Andrew StevensOriginal AssigneeEnviroseal CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (1), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetComposition and method of sealing and protecting asphalt shingles or other porous roofing and construction materials
US 8058342 B1Abstract
Sealing compositions and application methods for sealing and protecting asphalt roof shingles or other porous roofing and construction materials are described for eliminating algae, mold and mildew, increasing granular adhesion, providing additional UV protection and significantly increasing the wind resistance of the roof or other construction material. The sealing composition includes an acrylic polymer that has been modified by a silicone surfactant to alter its wetting properties so as to promote wicking of the sealer under asphalt shingles and at open edges to prevent curling and water infiltration. The method of applying the sealing composition promotes uniform distribution of the product on the surface of installed roofs as well as enhances bonding between individual shingles by improved penetration on and between shingle layers to increase adhesion area.
1. A composition for sealing and protecting at least one asphalt shingle or other porous construction materials consisting essentially of:
(a) about 20% by weight to about 28% by weight of an acrylic polymer;
(b) about 0.01% by weight to about 4% by weight of a silicone surfactant;
(c) about 0.001% by weight to about 4% by weight of a UV inhibitor; and
(d) about 0.001% by weight to less than 0.06% by weight of a biocide, with the remainder being water,
wherein the remain the composition contains about 20% to about 30% solids by weight, the UV inhibitor is 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone, the biocide is copper sulfate, and all weight percentages are based on a total weight of the composition.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the acrylic polymer is an acrylic/vinyl co-polymer.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the silicone surfactant is polydimethylsiloxane.
4. A composition for sealing and protecting at least one asphalt shingle or other porous construction material comprising about 20% by weight to about 28% by weight of an acrylic/vinyl co-polymer, about 0.01% by weight to about 4% by weight of a silicone surfactant, about 0.001% by weight to about 4% by weight of a UV inhibitor, about 0.001% by weight to less than 0.06% by weight of a biocide, with the remainder being water, wherein the composition has a surface tension of about 15 to 30 dynes/cm as measured between the composition and an asphalt shingle, the composition wicks into and impregnates 20% to about 99% of a surface area of the shingle, the UV inhibitor is 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone, the biocide is copper sulfate, and all weight percentages are based on a total weight of the composition.
5. A method for sealing at least one asphalt shingle or other porous construction materials comprising:
a) Formulating a coating composition consisting essentially of about 20% by weight to about 28% by weight of an acrylic polymer, about 0.01% by weight to about 4% by weight of a silicone surfactant, about 0.001% by weight to about 4% by weight of a UV inhibitor, and about 0.001% by weight to less than 0.06% by weight of an biocide, with the remainder being water, wherein the UV inhibitor is 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone, the biocide is copper sulfate, and all weight percentages are based on a total weight of the composition;
b) Applying the coating composition to the shingle or other porous construction material to achieve a dried thickness of about 2 to 6 mils.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein step b) is completed by applying a single coat of the composition.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein step b) is completed by applying a first, thicker coat, allowing the first coat to dry and impregnate the shingle, and subsequently applying a second coat.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein the coating is applied to achieve a desired dried thickness of about 4 mils.
9. The method of claim 5 wherein the coating is applied at a wet thickness of about 6 to 10 mils to achieve the desired dried thickness.
10. The method of claim 5 further including prior to step b), washing the asphalt shingle or other construction material.
11. The method of claim 5 wherein step b) is completed by using an airless sprayer.
12. The method of claim 5 wherein step b) further includes applying the composition at a rate of about 75 ft2 per gallon to about 125 ft2 per gallon.
13. The method of claim 5 wherein step b) further includes applying the composition at a rate of about 100 ft2 per gallon.
14. The method of claim 5 wherein the composition in step a), the acrylic polymer is an acrylic/vinyl co-polymer and the silicone surfactant is polydimethylsiloxane.
15. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition as applied to an asphalt shingle has a surface tension of about 15 to 30 dynes/cm.
16. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition as applied to an asphalt shingle wicks into and impregnates at least about 30% of a surface area of the shingle.
17. The composition of claim 4 further comprising ethylene glycol methyl butyl ether.
Continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/688,764 filed Jun. 9, 2005.
INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE TO MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC
Roofing systems of varying pitches used on homes and buildings located in tropical/semi-tropical and hurricane-prone areas face many challenging conditions that can adversely affect the integrity and lifetime of the roof. Some of the most commonly used types of roofing systems include asphalt shingles and clay or concrete tiles. Because shingled or tile roof systems are individual pieces or components installed in a single fashion, these types of roofing systems are especially susceptible to damage due to high winds, especially winds in excess of 100 mph or more that can occur during hurricanes or other tropical storms. Other conditions that can often be more intense in tropical/semi-tropical areas include high UV exposure and high humidity that results in mold, mildew and algae growing on the roof.
Typically, asphalt shingles are composed of a base material, an asphalt mixture, and a surfacing material. The base material is usually either organic felt or glass-fiber mat. The base material provides support for the weather-resistant components and gives strength to the shingle. The asphalt mixture includes asphalt, limestone and other mineral stabilizers. Asphalt is a complex mixture of hundreds of aliphatic and aromatic compounds. The surfacing material is generally in the form of mineral granules, which provide protection from impact and UV degradation and improves fire resistance. As asphalt ages due to UV exposure, expansion and contraction, it breaks down chemically and physically. Granule loss may subsequently occur due to the changes in the asphalt layer or due to mechanical forces such as high winds or other impacts to the roof. The result of all these challenges is that the shingles are weakened structurally and highly susceptible to further damage and/or failure.
It is known to protect and extend the life of existing roofing systems by applying a coating to the shingles or other type of roofing material after its installation. Typically, these protective coatings are highly viscous materials that adhere to the existing roof system to form an additional layer that provides a further barrier to weather. Examples of this type of coating system are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,571,415; 4,859,723; and 5,434,009. These types of coating systems cover the existing roof system and therefore, destroy any aesthetic value of the roof such as architectural singles or clay/cementatious tiles. The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the known roof coating systems by providing a clear sealer that wicks into the existing roof structure and results in a shingle, tile, or other porous construction material that is highly water resistant, stronger, and still retains its original look.
This invention is directed to sealing compositions and application methods for sealing and protecting asphalt roof shingles or other porous roofing and construction materials by eliminating algae, mold and mildew, increasing granular adhesion, providing additional UV protection and significantly increasing the wind resistance of the roof as per state building codes, such as Florida Building Code TAS-100-95. The sealing composition includes a low viscosity film forming component that has been modified to alter its wetting properties so as to promote wicking of the sealer under asphalt shingles and at open edges to prevent curling and water infiltration. It also seals pores and other discontinuities in the roof system, sealing it from moisture infiltration without affecting its ability to breathe and allowing vapors to evaporate. The sealing composition also includes at least one biocide to protect the roof from algae, mold, or mildew related degradation and staining. The method of applying the sealing composition promotes uniform distribution of the product on the surface of installed roofs as well as enhances bonding between individual shingles by improved penetration on and between shingle layers to increase adhesion area.
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a composite asphalt shingle, half of which has been sealed with the invention.
FIG. 2 is a top view of a composite asphalt shingle that has been sealed with the invention.
This invention is directed to a water-based, polymeric film composition and an in-situ method of applying it to composite asphalt shingles or other porous roofing or construction materials to seal the material and prevent degradation and destruction of the material due to UV exposure, algae, mildew and mold, excessive wind, rain and naturally occurring disasters such as hurricanes and hail. In particular, the inventive composition has been shown to provide superior wind resistance on existing shingles, as measured by Florida Building Code TAS-100-95. (Capable of withstanding 110 to 130 mph winds and 8.8 inches of water per hour with no roof leakage.) These sealing compositions and application methods provide a simpler, immediate and more versatile construction route to enhance the wind resistance of existing structures and strengthen new roof construction.
The sealing composition of this invention includes a film forming polymer, a surfactant, and additives such as UV inhibitors, biocides, and curing agents that are mixed with water to form an aqueous solution that is capable of wicking into asphalt shingles or other porous construction materials, thereby protecting the shingle or material from damage due to sun, wind, mold etc. The sealing composition dries into a transparent film or membrane that is fully adhered to the shingle or other material.
In particular, the inventive composition is formulated to have a surface tension that provides for maximum wicking of the composition into the fissures and other irregularities found in composite asphalt shingles or other porous construction materials. The ability of a liquid to wet a solid surface is determined from the surface tension values of both the liquid and solid. In order for a liquid to wet out a solid, its surface tension should be about 10 dynes/cm higher or lower than the solid surface tension. Asphalt-liquid surface tensions have been measured to range from about 25 to 40 dynes/cm. (“Use of NMR Imaging to Measure Interfacial Properties of Asphalts” Miknis, F. P. et al., Western Research Institute—Laramie, WY.) Reducing surface tension is the preferred route to provide maximum wicking of the sealing agents. As such, the sealing composition is preferably formulated to have a surface tension in the range of about 15 to about 30 dynes/cm. For comparison, water without any additives has a surface tension of about 70 dynes/cm.
The sealing composition is also formulated so that it contains about no more than about 30% by weight of solids. The amount of solids present in the composition will affect the ability of the composition to pass through the voids in the surface granules of the shingles. For use on all types of porous construction materials, the sealing composition contains about 10% to 40% solids by weight. For most roof system applications, the sealing compositions contain about 20% to about 30% solids by weight. More particularly, the inventive sealing includes about 22% to about 28% solids by weight for asphalt applications and about 21% to about 24% solids by weight for cementatious or clay tiles.
The sealing composition of the present invention includes several other properties that provide advantages over other roof coating compositions. The present sealing composition is formulated to have a theoretical density of about 8.0 lbs/gal to about 9.0 lbs/gal. For asphalt and cementatious/clay tile applications, the sealing composition typically has a density of about 8.3 lbs/gal to about 8.9 lbs/gal, and preferably about 8.6 lbs/gal to about 8.8 lbs/gal. The pH of the sealing compositions should be formulated to be compatible with the roof system to which it is being applied. Since asphalt roof systems often contain limestone, it is desirable to formulate these sealers having a pH in the range of about 7 to 10, preferably about 8 to 9. Formulations for use on asphalt roof systems and cementatious and clay tiles typically have a pH of about 8. Finally, the present sealing composition is formulated to have very low volatile organic components (VOCs). Typically, the sealer contains less than about 250 gm/L VOCs.
The film forming polymer used in the composition can be any polymer that is water based and provides good adhesion to shingles or other porous construction materials. Acrylic polymers are particularly advantageous due to their low cost, good adhesion to asphalt shingle substrates and excellent UV protecting properties. Co-polymers such as acrylic/vinyl and urethane/polyethylene can also be used. In particular, the PaveCryl® 100 Vinyl and Acrylic Asphalt Modifiers developed by Rohm and Haas (Philadelphia, Pa.) have been found to be effective for the inventive sealing composition. The PaveCryl® line includes PaveCryl 2500, Pavecryl 3077, PaveCryl 9100, PaveCryl Suppress, and PaveCryl Suppress Plus. Other acrylic polymers that are suitable for use in this invention include Acronal NX 3717 (BASF) and Flex Bond 325 Emulsion (Air Products).
The surfactant used in this coating promotes enhanced wicking of the composition into the shingles. Surfactants, or surface-acting agents, are a broad category of compounds that facilitate and enhance the absorbing, emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, sticking, wetting or penetrating properties of various compositions, such as the coating of this invention. The absorption of the coating into the shingle prevents curling of the shingle edges, thereby reducing water infiltration into the roof substrate. The surfactant used in the coating includes at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric, silicone, fluorinated, polymeric surfactants and mixtures thereof. The anionic surfactant includes, but is not limited to, the sulfated anionic surfactants, sulfonated anionic surfactants, sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, taurates, isethionates, salts of fatty acids, carboxylated alcohol ethoxylates, ether sulfates and combinations thereof. The nonionic surfactant includes, but is not limited to, the alkanolamides, amine oxides, alkoxylated alcohols, alkoxylated phenols, block polymers and co-polymers, alkoxylated amines, alkyl polysaccharides, glucosamides, sugar esters and combinations thereof. The cationic surfactant includes, but is not limited to, alkyl dimethylamines, alkyl amidopropylamines, alkyl imidazoline derivatives, quaternised amine ethoxylates, and quaternary ammonium compounds. The amphoteric surfactant includes but, is not limited to, the monoacetates, diacetates, betaines, glycinates, imidazolines, imidazoline derivatives, monopropionates, dipropionates, hydroxy sultaines and combinations thereof. The silicone surfactant includes, but is not limited to silicone oil, dimethyl polysiloxane, or any of the surfactants described above having a silicon atom or dimethyl-siloxane group replacing the hydrophobic portion of the surfactant. The inventors have found that the dimethylpolysiloxane is effective in the coatings described herein. Examples include SE 21 (Wacker Silicones) or Dow Corning 346 (Dow Corning). Other surfactants that may be useful include TERGITOL NP-9 (Union Carbide), TERGITOL XH (Union Carbide), PEG (Union Carbide), or Fluorosurfactant (3M). The silicone surfactant can be included in the sealing composition in amounts ranging between 0.001 to 10% by weight. Alternatively, the silicone surfactant can be present in the ranges of about 0.001% to about 0.005% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.05% by weight, about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, or 0.01 to 4% by weight depending on the desired application of the sealing composition.
Additional compounds are added to the sealing composition based on the environment where the sealer will be used. In tropical and semi-tropical areas, these additives include at least one UV inhibitor, at least one biocide, and at least one curing agent. When individual asphalt molecules absorb UV radiation from sunlight, the molecule's vibration may cause the asphalt layer to wrinkle, buckle, crack and ultimately completely fracture. As a result, granular loss will occur making the shingle even more susceptible to UV damage. Even worse, fissures in the asphalt layer may allow water to penetrate into the organic mat/substrate causing the shingles to swell and subsequently shrink when dry. Additional stress would develop when the shingle freezes and thaws. Ultimately, the shingle would fail and the roof will leak requiring replacement. Although acrylic polymers have good UV inhibition, it is desirable to add a compound that provides additional protection in high sun areas. The UV inhibitor can be a UV blocker such as Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS) that act by scavenging the radical intermediates formed in the photo-oxidation process, or a UV absorber such as Tinuvin tetrasziole, 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, 2-hydroxybenzophenones, esters of substituted or unsubstituted benzoic acids or 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines that act by shielding the polymer from ultraviolet light, or mixtures thereof. The inventors have found that 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone (Ashland Chemical, Ciba Geigy) is particularly effective in sealers used in the southern United States. Typically, the UV inhibitor will be present in the sealing composition in an amount ranging between about 0.0001% by weight to about 15% by weight of the total composition. Alternatively, the UV inhibitor can be present in the ranges of about 0.0001% to about 0.0005% by weight, about 0.0001% to about 4% by weight, 0.001% to about 0.005% by weight, 0.01% to about 0.1% by weight, about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight, or about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, depending on the desired application of the sealing composition.
There are many types of biocides available to kill algae, mold, and mildews that can occur on roof surfaces. These include antimicrobials, algaecides, bactericides, preservatives, or mixtures thereof. More particularly, the biocide is selected from the group consisting of:
1. halogenated organic compounds, such as 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether; 2. organosulfur compounds, such as methylene-dithiocyanate, 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 3,5-dimethyl-tetrahydro-1,3,5-2H-thiodiazine-2-thione; 3. s-triazine compounds, such as 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropyl-amino-s-triazine; 4. copper or copper compounds, such as copper sulfate, copper nitrate, copper-bis(8-hydroxyquinoline); 5. organotin compounds, such as tributyltin oxide and its derivatives; and 6. bactericides, such as silver and zinc compounds, oxy-bis-phenoxyarsine. The inventors have found that the copper compounds, and in particular, copper sulfate is effective, both in the results it achieves and in keeping the cost of the sealer economical. Typically, the copper compound comprises about 0.001% to about 10% by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the copper compound may be present in the ranges of 0.001% to about 0.006% by weight, about 0.001% to about 0.06% by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.06% by weight, about 0.02% by weight to about 0.05% by weight, about 0.01% to about 1% by weight, or about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of a copper compound, depending on the desired application of the sealing compound.
Another additive often included in the inventive sealer is a curing agent. When the sealer is applied in very warm conditions, it is desirable to retard the curing time so as to allow the sealer to wick further into the shingles. An example of a suitable curing retard agent is ethylene glycol methyl butyl ether. Conversely, in colder environments, it may be desirable to add a curing agent that accelerates the cure time.
In view of the above, a typical composition for sealing and protecting asphalt shingles or other porous construction materials includes about 15% by weight to about 60% by weight of an acrylic polymer; about 0.01% by weight to about 10% by weight of a silicone surfactant; about 0.001% by weight to about 15% by weight of a UV inhibitor; about 0.001% by weight to about 10% by weight of an biocide, and water and/or other minor additives, preservatives or adjuvants comprising the remainder of the composition.
FIG. 1 shows the cross section of an asphalt shingle 10, half of which has been sealed with the inventive sealing composition. The left part of the shingle 20 has not been sealed while the right part 21 has been first washed and then protected with the inventive sealer. The shingle (20/21) includes a substrate 22, which is typically felt or fiberglass, upon which is placed an asphalt layer 23. Granular particles 24 are embedded into the asphalt layer 23. In the left part 20, particles of mold and algae 24 can be seen interspersed between the granules 26. Also in the left part 20, the asphalt base is shown exposed where the granules have been worn away. Conversely in the right part 21, a sealer 28 fills in the gaps left between the granules 24 and prevents mold and algae (not shown) from growing on the shingle. In addition, small fissures or cracks 29 in the asphalt layer 23 present at the time the sealing composition 28 is applied are filled in the right part 21 of the shingle. In contrast, the fissures/cracks 29 in the left part 20 remain open and unsealed.
FIG. 2 shows the top view of an asphalt shingle 30 that has been protected with the inventive sealer. As shown therein, the sealer 28 wicks into the shingles along the two side edges 32, 34 and the leading edge 36 (also referred to as the forward or bottom edge.) Depending on the amount of the sealer applied, the age of the shingles, and the ambient conditions under which the sealer is applied, the sealing composition may wick upwards beneath the shingle and penetrate the entire shingle up to the tar adhesion strip 38. Normally, the adhesive strip 38 on shingles is up to a few inches from the leading edge 36 which can allow the leading edge 36 to curl, providing an exposed edge for wind to lift. Coated shingles 30 are sealed on all edges (32, 34, and 36) which eliminates any exposed edges and provides a more aerodynamic surface that is more resistant to wind damage. Moreover, standard 110 mph rated shingles (such as shingle 30 in FIG. 2) have been shown in laboratory tests to actually increase their structural strength by 215% and to increase their wind resistance by 65%.
Preferably, the sealing composition is formulated such that it is capable of wicking into a shingle or other porous construction material and impregnating at least about 10% up to 99% of the surface area of the shingle or other material. In the case of asphalt shingles, at least about 20%, preferably at least 50% and more preferably at least 90% of the surface area of the shingle, along the two side edges and the leading edge of the shingle, is impregnated or otherwise absorbed by the shingle with the sealers described herein. Alternatively, the sealing composition is absorbed and fully adhered to the surface area of the shingle or other material in the ranges of 30% to 100%, 40% to 100%, 50% to 100%, 60% to 100%, 70% to 100%, 80% to 100%, 90% to 100%, or 95% to 100%.
Though not wishing to be limited to any theories, it is believed that the sealing composition increases the longevity of asphalt shingles and other roofing or construction materials by two separate mechanisms; first by reducing the effects of asphalt degradation by UV radiation and second, by providing a water-resistant barrier. Use of a combination of transparent UV blockers (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers—HALS) and UV absorbers similar to those used in varnishes can provide superior protection and extended shingle life. These products are used in a 2:1 ratio of TINUVIN (Ciba Giegy 292 HALS) and one part of any of the 400 series TINUVIN tetrasziole UV blockers. HALS do not block UV, they mop up the excess free radicals create from UV oxidation. In contrast, the Teratraziole UV blockers absorb the UV light similar to opaque pigments but remain clear additives, thereby preventing discoloration of the roofing surface. This combination provides excellent protection to the asphalt and helps it retain its plasticity.
With respect to the water resistant barrier provided by the sealer composition, contact of bulk water with the asphalt membrane is prevented, thereby preventing low molecular weight asphalt fractions from leaching out of the asphalt. Moreover, the sealing composition prevents contact of water with the organic substrate layer, thus eliminating the formation of ice and freeze thaw changes in the asphalt membranes. Water infusion into the organic substrate would also cause degradation of the substrate via biological attack. In general, the sealing composition of the present invention acts more like a fully adhered functional membrane than merely a paint type coating. Studies conducted have demonstrated that greater than 75% of initial elongation properties were retained even after 5 years exposure, versus no sealing or coatings using pigmented coated which tend to be much thicker and weaker in their chemical compositions while reducing adhesion qualities due to the addition of these fillers. These heavier viscosity coatings are unable to be wicked upwards into the shingle structure.
The process to apply the sealing compositions described above is dependent on the type and structure of material to which the sealer is being applied and to the ambient conditions. For asphalt shingles, it is desirable to provide a sealer that imparts rigidity to the shingle and provides a sufficient barrier to water, wind and airborne particles. A film of the dried sealer in the range of 1 to 8 mils provides these functions. The inventors have found that a dried film of 2 to 6 mils is desirable, while about 4 mils is preferred. Because the sealers of the present invention are water based, they must be applied to account for the shrinkage due to the evaporation of the water. In order to achieve a dried film of about 4 mils, a wet film of about 6 to 10 mils needs to be applied initially.
Steeper roofs may require two smaller applications of the inventive sealers so as to minimize runoff losses. As an example, roofs having a pitch of 6 inches in 12 inches or greater will typically require two applications/coatings. In general, it is preferred that the first coating/sealer is the thickest to maximize the amount of sealing composition that penetrates the shingle. As such, the first coating/sealer provides most of the desired adhesion between the granules and the asphalt/substrate matrix while the second coating/sealer is a monolithic membrane that provides additional protection. Conversely, roofs having a pitch of 5 inches in 12 inches or less can often be adequately sealed in a single application/coating. Moreover, the sealing compositions of this invention are very effective on low aspect roofs, which is typically considered to be roofs having pitches of 1 to 3 inches per 12 inches.
The type of construction material and its age will affect the amount of sealer that will need to be applied to achieve the desired thickness. In general, the typical application rate for asphalt shingles or cementatious/clay tiles is about 75 ft2 per gallon to about 125 ft2 per gallon, with the average being about 100 ft2 per gallon. Older shingles and tiles may require additional amounts since they are more porous and more of the sealing material will be needed to achieve the desired thickness. The amount of material to be applied to other construction materials such as concrete floors or walls is less critical since wind resistance is not normally a concern.
In general, any type of conventional liquid applicator systems can be used to apply the composition including air sprayers, airless sprayers, hand sprayers, brushes, rollers or other applicators. In the case of asphalt shingles, the inventors have found that airless sprayers using a high volume, low pressure spray application provides the best application. The airless sprayer provides a more even sealing and promotes migration on and between the shingles. An example of an airless sprayer that works well with the inventive compositions is manufactured by Grayco. The Grayco sprayer operates at a pressure of 200 to 1800 psi. Low pressure sprayers operating at approximately 0 to 60 psi and at a flow rate between 2 to 6 gpm can also be used. An advantage of using a lower pressure sprayer is lower losses of the sealing material to the environment due to atomization. Single nozzle or multi-nozzle applicators can also be used to apply a uniform application of the sealing composition.
The compositions of this invention can be applied to newly installed construction materials as well as existing materials. It is highly recommended that existing structures be washed or otherwise cleaned prior to the application of the inventive compositions. For example, roofs that have been installed longer than 12 months should be power washed or cleaned in some other fashion to remove any organic materials such as algae, mildew, mold and dirt that may have accumulated on the surface.
The following examples illustrate the superior wind resistance and lack of damage that can be achieved by applying the inventive sealing compositions to installed or new asphalt shingles or cementatious/clay tiles. These examples are meant for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the instant invention in any way whatsoever.
The following compounds are illustrative of the invention described above:
ROOF-GUARD 101 ™
ROOF-GUARD 102 ™
Dimethylpoly-
UV 2-Hydroxy-4-n-
0.0001 to 4
octyloxybenzo-
15-30 dynes/cm
Roof-Guard 101™ shown above in Tables 1 and 2 is formulated primarily for asphalt shingle roofs while Roof-Guard 102™ is for use primarily with clay, cementatious/concrete, or barrel tile roofs.
Owens Corning Classic AR20 Three Tab Asphalt Shingles coated with Enviroseal Corporation Roof-guard 101™ Protective Sealer for shingles were tested in accordance with Florida Building Code (HVHZ) Test Protocol TAS 100-95, Test procedure for wind and wind driven rain resistance of discontinuous roof systems (PRI Asphalt Technologies, Tampa Fla.; test report May 5, 2005, test date Apr. 28, 2005.) The shingles used in this test were rated as 60 mph wind resistance. The roof surface used during this test had a 3 inch on 12 inch pitch. The Roof-Guard 101™ Protective Sealer was applied at a rate of 1.33 gallons per 100 square feet (75 ft2/gal). The following results were achieved under this test:
8.8 in/hr
110 mph 8.8
As can be seen from Table 3, the shingles coated with the inventive composition did not lift or experience any type of failure, even under extreme wind conditions. Under this test protocol, the ability to withstand 110 mph continuous wind conditions is equivalent to being able to withstand 130 mph gusts. Furthermore, the integrity of the coated shingles did not allow any water infiltration through the deck sheathing.
Aged existing shingles (installed for 12 years) and new shingles were tested under ASTM D4491, Water Permeability of Geotextiles, Constant Head Method. This test is used for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Both the aged and new shingles were treated using Roof-Guard 101™. Deviations from the standard included laboratory temperatures at 22±3° C., laboratory humidity at 50±15%, and oxygen content of the water was 6±2 ppm. The test results were corrected to 20° C. The following results were obtained from this test:
between untreated (gal/
and treated like
min/ft2)
12 yr shingle -
New shingle -
As seen from Table 4, treated shingles that are both aged 12 years and new show decreased permeability over the untreated shingles. In the case of aged shingles, the improvement in lower permeability was 29.8% while the new shingles showed a 17.1% improvement.
The sealing compositions and application methods described above can be used on any porous construction material used in numerous applications including, but not limited to, roofs, floors, walls, structural supports, foundations, roads, driveways, or any surface containing asphalt. The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or the following claims, or the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for attaining the disclosed result, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilized for realizing the invention in diverse forms thereof.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4291086Jul 10, 1980Sep 22, 1981Auten Jerry PCoating system for roofs, swimming pools and the likeUS4571415Oct 1, 1984Feb 18, 1986Rohm And Haas CompanyWashout resistant coatingsUS4749731Apr 14, 1986Jun 7, 1988The Celotex CorporationCoating for roof surfacesUS4859723May 5, 1988Aug 22, 1989The Celotex CorporationCoating for roof surfacesUS4870796Nov 16, 1983Oct 3, 1989Hart Eric RWeatherproof Roofing membrane and method for constructing the sameUS5254608 *Oct 19, 1989Oct 19, 1993E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And CompanyUltraviolet screener blendsUS5434009Mar 18, 1993Jul 18, 1995Polymer Science CorporationAn acrylic based composition/asphaltic roofing laminateUS6503413 *Feb 14, 2001Jan 7, 2003The Procter & Gamble CompanyStable, aqueous compositions for treating surfaces, especially fabricsUS6881786 *May 20, 2002Apr 19, 2005Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.One-component, waterborne film-forming compositionUS20050131176 *Dec 10, 2003Jun 16, 2005Cheng-Le ZhaoProcess for production of polymer dispersions containing an acetoacetate moiety* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Florida Building Code 2004 Test Protoco's for High-Velocity Hurricane Zones, International Code Council Inc, Oct. 2004.2Graham, M.S. "Enhancing Wind Resistances; FEMA Attempts to Improve High-wind Performances of Asphalt Shingles and Tile", National Roofing Contractors Association, http:/www.nrca.net/, 2005.3Miknis, F.P. et al. (Miknis. F. P., A. T. Pauli A. Beemer, and B. Wilde, 2005, ) "Use of NMR Imaging to Measure Interfacial Properties of Asphalts." Fuel, 84:1041-1051. Abstract.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS20130171414 *Dec 21, 2012Jul 4, 2013Ming Liang ShiaoRoofing product with enhanced properties for processing rain water* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification524/560, 524/359, 524/267, 524/261, 524/423International ClassificationC08K3/30, C08F220/10, C08K5/54, C08K5/07Cooperative ClassificationC08K5/0008, C09D133/08Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJun 26, 2015REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedNov 4, 2015FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 4, 2015SULPSurcharge for late paymentJan 19, 2016ASAssignmentOwner name: POLICON LLC, FLORIDAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:STEVENS, WILLIAM ANDREW;REEL/FRAME:037518/0218Effective date: 20160119RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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build a criminal defense website | Graphic Design | HTML | PHP | Website Design
build a criminal defense website
I need an excellent website built focusing on criminal defense representation. I have a website with some information but I need more. i need this done asap.
See more: defense, criminal, website evaluation representation information, build website people upload information, excellent website design, free website creator let build multiple websites, building website client can edit information, need build website asap, excellent website, information collect build website, website can resum give information, dating website design services build dating websites
Project ID: #4224509
We are a team of web designers and developers with 800+ varied sites to our credit. We have developed and integrated custom CMS with many of them and have integrated Wordpress for a few. Please see PMB for some site UR More
Expert in website design. Please check with the PMB for details...
Hello Sir/Madam, I m interested in ur project, and will do it, May u please provide full details in PM as well as please check PM for portfolio, Thanks!
Hello!. Could you please send me more information about this project,. I need that to adjust my bid. If you want more information about me, please check my pm. Thanks
Hi, Please check your inbox. Regards Raza
Hi! I'm realy interested to work on your [url removed, login to view] check my portfolio.I can assure you that you'll get awasome design with good [url removed, login to view]
optimize my criminal defense website ($30-250 USD)

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text:
Rex, GA Home Builders
1,101 Rex, GA Home Builders
Marietta Fast Locksmith
(678) 757-7040	Marietta, GA, 30060, United States29 miles from Rex
Marietta Fast Locksmith keeps on training out locksmith’s technician on the latest keys and locking systems and our experts are well knowledgeable with the latest locks whether... Read More Big Sky Construction Services
(678) 401-7067	Marietta, GA, 30007-2288, United States31 miles from Rex
Every well-built home starts with a solid foundation. The same holds true when starting a business. At Big Sky Construction Services, our business foundation is built on integrity... Read More Taylor & Taylor Homes
(404) 285-6992	Atlanta, GA, 30306, United States15 miles from Rex
Home builder Read More POST + BEAM BUILDERS
Atlanta, GA, 30324, United States18 miles from Rex
Builders of fine custom residential modern and traditional homes. Read More Siplock Systems
(404) 295-8822	Lilburn, GA, 30047, United States23 miles from Rex
Panel system for residential and commercial Leed , energy efficient SIP Panels and structural steel Read More Maple Park - LGI Homes
(855) 441-6300	Gainesville, GA, 30504, United States50 miles from Rex
Maple Park by LGI Homes offers brand new homes for sale in Atlanta, Georgia. Affordable prices start at just $749 per month, and buyers can choose from 3, 4 and 5 bedroom floor... Read More Hickory Construction
Rex, GA, 30273, United States
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Small, medium and large sized residential renovations Read More Staton Homes Inc.
Morrow, GA, United States4 miles from Rex
Larry Conger
Stockbridge, GA, 30281, United States4 miles from Rex
(404) 221-3696	riverdale, 30297, United States6 miles from Rex
KREBS BUILDERS, LLC
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RESIDENTIAL HOME BUILDER Read More knight Homes
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List your business here for free - Learn More 345678910111213Next Page Builders near Rex
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text:
JavascriptDevIntermediateHTML5WebGL Related Articles
My vote of 5 Madhan Mohan Reddy6-Sep-12 1:38 Hi fred, first of all, thank u so much for ur valuable share. I am also learning WebGL, but my task is to show a CAD file in the WebGL context. Just now I have started learning WebGL. So could you guide me like what books and website are better to refer for beginners ... please help me ..
Mouse to zoom doesn't work H. Gohel24-Feb-12 13:21 Not sure why, but in Firefox 10, mouse wheel scroll to zoom doesn't work. Otherwise this is a nice demo
My vote of 5 Anurag Gandhi9-Jan-12 20:51 Good One.
Did something similar David Sehnal7-Jan-12 5:36 A few months back I also wrote a small molecule visualizer using WebGL (actually I used the SceneJS library). It has some advanced features such as picking of atoms and it also computes bonds. You can take a look at it at http://goo.gl/WFz9R[^]. I actually wrote this as an experiment to replace some of my Silverlight UIs with something more compatible (= working on Linux), but then I found out the WebGL support is still quite poor across the board (= it isn't "just working") so I decided to drop the project for now.
Guillain Barre Syndrome Paul Issa6-Jan-12 0:36 Visit This Site
My vote of 5 MarkDaniel6-Jan-12 0:32 Great,Great.
This look great but... Sacha Barber5-Jan-12 22:43 I can not get it to work. I am using Google Chrome 16.0.912.63 beta-m, and I have opened all the PDB files you included, but I get nothing shown at all. I also get this exception in the Chrome console Uncaught Error: SECURITY_ERR: DOM Exception 18
Re: This look great but... Fred Ackers6-Jan-12 3:53 That is because, unfortunately, it needs to run a web server. If you run it on IIS or apache that should solve the security error.
Re: This look great but... Sacha Barber6-Jan-12 4:40 Fair enough, I just made new web project all good now.
My vote of 5 sam.hill5-Jan-12 17:14 Cool
My vote of 5 zexspectrum5-Jan-12 17:11 Great

value: This website is a community for computer programmers with articles on different topics and programming languages such as web development, software development, C++, Java, and other topics. Once a visitor registers a user account on the site, they can gain reputation which allows users to unlock different privileges such as the ability to store personal files in the user's account area, have live hyperlinks in their profile biography, and more.


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VaguelyRobot comments on I work at a bike company and my boss told me he wants us to be bigger on Tumblr.jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | gadgets-sports-gaming-pics-worldnews-videos-AskReddit-aww-Music-funny-news-movies-books-history-food-philosophy-television-Jokes-Art-DIY-space-Documentaries-Fitness-askscience-nottheonion-todayilearned-personalfinance-gifs-listentothis-IAmA-TwoXChromosomes-creepy-nosleep-GetMotivated-WritingPrompts-LifeProTips-EarthPorn-explainlikeimfive-Showerthoughts-Futurology-photoshopbattles-mildlyinteresting-dataisbeautiful-tifu-OldSchoolCool-UpliftingNews-InternetIsBeautiful-sciencemore » bicyclingcommentsrelatedWant to join? Log in or sign up in seconds.|Englishlimit my search to /r/bicyclinguse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 24 Jan 2013832 points (86% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postbicyclingsubscribeunsubscribe162,631 readers155 users here now
a community for 7 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSaggieotisTrue Fabrication Custom with super-tall-man cranksno_numbers_here1995 Trek 2100Stereo2013 Fuji Altamira 2.2_warningShop sales guy and wrenchjazlocscoofyMasi CX & Brompton S6L & KHS Flite 100AutoModeratornowhere3Bike PirateplattyjoEl Camino/Hunter/Ebisu/Ocean Airabout moderation team »discussions in /r/bicycling<>X65 points · 74 comments A newspaper took my reddit/twitter posts and made an article with it without letting me know. They hotlinked to pictures I can edit. I edited them.26 points · 65 comments Today was a fun day!11 points · 7 comments Thou shalt not steal27 points · 110 comments Maybe I should have left him a note...25 points · 135 comments Helmet Cams Are Inflaming Road Rage Incidents, Motoring Body Claims As It Brands Cyclists 'Self-Righteous'15 points · 26 comments Dentist License Renewal aka New Bike Day! 2016 Cervélo R313 points · 26 comments Had my first ride bike crash today. Made the mistake of checking over my shoulder while crossing recessed railroad tracks. Remember: right angles!9 points · 14 comments NBD! Surly Cross Check10 points · 4 comments My first small milestone!17 points · 13 comments Need help identifying this Cannondale831832833I work at a bike company and my boss told me he wants us to be bigger on Tumblr. (i.imgur.com)submitted 2 years ago by ciacciojonPodiumCycling.com96 commentssharesorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: besttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomq&ayou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]VaguelyRobotMotobecane Messenger 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted on
Everyone should be riding our stuff.
The tron suit is awesome, but a broke student can't afford it. I bookmarked it though.
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talking rosie | eBay
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talking rosie:
Talking Rosie ODonnell Doll 19"
Talking Rosie O'Donnel Doll. New In Box.
Rosie O'Donnell Talking Plush Doll Rosie's Voice 1997 18" Tyco Rosie O'Doll NEW
New In Box! The Talking Rosie O"Doll Doll-SIgned At Show-Also TSHIRT & ORNAMENT!
The Original Talking Rosie O'Donnell Doll Plush 19" Tyco New
Talking ROSIE O'DONNELL PLUSH DOLL Tyco 1997 Good Condition FREE SH
ROSIE O DONNELL TALKING ELECTRONIC DOLL 16" TYCO ROSIE O DOLL
Thomas Friends Wooden Talking Railway Train Tank RFID Gold Magnets Rosie Engine
AUTOGRAPHED Rosie O'Donnell Talking Plush Doll Tyco with COA
ORIGINAL ROSIE O'DONNELL TALKING DOLL TYCO Box1
ROSIE O'DONNELL 1997 TYCO ROSIE O'DOLL TALKING DOLL UNUSED IN ORIGINAL BOX WORKS
Rosie O'Doll Talking Soft Body Doll by Tyco in Box See Our Video!
ROSIE O'DONNEL! - Talking, Plush, 17" Tall, Doll, Pre-Owned, Clean
The Original Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll Rosie O'Doll NEW 1997 Tyco
The Original Rosie O'Donnell talking doll NIB
Funny Rosie O'Donnell 1997 Talking Cloth Doll by Tyco
Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll Rosie's Voice 1997 18" Tyco - Rosie O'Doll Works!
Rosie O Donnell Talking Doll TYCO Autographed Plush Signed
2 Rosie O'Donnell Dolls 15 in. Talking Doll MIB 1997. Rosie, friend of Barbie
Rosie O'Donnell talking doll the Rosie O'Doll 1997 Tyco in original box
Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll Plush Rosie O'Doll by Tyco NIB
Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll Plush Rosie O'Doll Television show New In Box!
Rosie O'Donnell talking doll the Rosie O'Doll 1997 Tyco GUC
Vintage Tyco The Rosie O'Doll The Original Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll in Box
Rosie O'Donnell Plush Doll - Tyco - Talks with Batteries - 1997
Rosie O'Donnell talking doll plush odoll by Tyco New!
Tyco Rosie Odonell O Doll talking complete in box
ROSIE O'DONNELL TALKING CELEBRITY DOLL SOFT SCULPTURE NIB TYCO 1997 PLUSH 18"
Original Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll TYCO Rosie O'doll Autographed Plush
Big Fat Rosie O' Donnell Talking Doll The "Rosie O'Doll" 17" tall BNIB TV Actres
The Rosie O'Doll, The Original Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll by Tyco NIB
The Original Rosie O'Donnell Talking Doll New In Box NRFB TYCO 34609
Vintage Funny Rosie O'Donnell 1997 Talking Cloth Doll Comedian Toy by Tyco
Donald Trumps Punching Bag Rosie O'donnell Talking Doll Annoying as She Herself
ORIGINAL ROSIE O'DONNELL TALKING DOLL MIB TYCO #34609
Mint ROSIE O'Donnell Talking & Laughing DOLL Stuffed Plush by Tyco & Mattel 1997
THE ORIGINAL ROSIE O'DOLL O'DONNELL TALKING DOLL NRFP
Rosie O'Donnell, Rosie O'Doll, 15" talking cloth doll, MIB, Tyco, 1997
VTG Rosie O'Donnell Talking Celebrity Plush Doll Rosie's Voice 1997 18" Tyco NEW
Celebrity Dolls (117)
Other Hollywood Barbie & Friends Dolls (1973-Now) (11)
Caillou Toys (1)

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text: ...Support Open Access... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007232079"	Categories: Wikipedia resources for researchers	Navigation menu

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


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National Screening Room, Available Online, Barnett, Claude, All American News, Inc, Image, Owen, Chandler, Pacific Area, Video, Centenarians | Library of Congress
Results: 1-1 of 1 | Refined by: Part of: National Screening Room Remove Available Online Remove Contributor: Barnett, Claude Remove Contributor: All American News, Inc Remove Online Format: Image Remove Contributor: Owen, Chandler Remove Location: Pacific Area Remove Online Format: Video Remove Subject: Centenarians Remove

value: This website is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States.


text: _.Kj.prototype.Ae=function(){var a=new gj;this.H=a;var b=_.Rh.Cb();b.kb=!0;this.R();b.Pa=a;_.mfa(b);a.Za=b;b=_.Of("Im6cmf").Na()+"/jserror";$ha(b);b=_.Zd(_.Of("cfb2h").Na());kj.buildLabel=b;if(Jj)for(var b=Jj.H,c=0;c<_.Ij.length;c++)b.push(_.Ij[c]);var b=window,d,c=new Ifa,e=b||window,f=e.document.documentElement,g=new Wfa(f);a:{for(var l=0;lAlbum - Google+Press question mark to see available shortcut keysSign in0 Photos - Apr 30, 2012There are no photos in this Album.

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Top 10 Hotels in Malia, Greece | Hotels.comEnglish (United States)Book online or call 800-246-8357This call is free. 24 hours a day; 7 days a week.HotelsHotel DealsPackages & FlightsGroupsGift CardsHelpWebsite feedbackSign in & AccountSign inCreate an accountYour bookingsReview a hotelHotels.com® RewardsYour bookingsHotelsHotels in GreeceMalia HotelsHotels in Malia, GreeceSearch & Compare Malia HotelsCity, landmark, hotel name, address or zip codeCheck inCheck out I don’t know my datesRooms123456789+Room 1:Adults12345678Aged 18+Children01230-17Age at check in:Child 1:-?-<11234567891011121314151617Show dealsGet Secret Prices on select hotelsThese prices aren’t available to everyone.Unlock nowDeal of the dayKing's Village Apartments from $206See all 13 Malia dealsTrending now in MaliaMost bookedAlexander Beach Hotel & VillageExcellent 4.4 / 5( 40 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"The setting is beautiful with a long, sand beach and many pools. The long chairs were comfy and clean. Internet is only in the lobby area, a surprise, but not such a bad one. Our 1/2 board became boring very fast with a correct, but unchanging buffet. There was no fresh fish and little meat. ..."A Traveller, Oct 2016, GBAegean Sky Hotel & SuitesExcellent 4.1 / 5( 30 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"Great location! The family that own the hotel and their staff were absolutely lovely! They share Greek hospitality and a genuine interest in their guests . Would recommend to all!"A Traveller, Sep 2016, AUIkaros Beach Resort and SpaExcellent 4.5 / 5( 25 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"We book this resort for Easter and we have the time of our life there ...staf was just so good and make us to fell very welcome .the hotel welcome us for a nice barbecue easter lunch and celebrate easter day and meke us fell like home ..Thx you Ikaros and staff for such a amazing time there .."A Traveller, May 2016, GBSirens Beach and Village - All InclusiveExcellent 4.0 / 5( 9 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Cretan Malia ParkExcellent 4.6 / 5( 34 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"Super family resort. We still have good feeling about it."R, Oct 2016, USCarolina Mare - All InclusiveExcellent 4.0 / 5( 26 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"lack of communication with staff members especially with staff from the snack bars. hotel very nice, beach next to the hotel, sunbeds.
poor customer service, poor english"A Traveller, Sep 2016, GBSmartline Kyknos Beach Hotel & Bungalows - All InclusiveExcellent 4.1 / 5( 12 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"Everything was good and nice from hotel location, service and facilities."A Traveller, Aug 2016, ASSunVillage Boutique HotelExcellent 4.1 / 5( 16 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"Beautifully designed for complete relaxation and perfectly located just 2 minutes away from the high street and the sea. Marina is one of the best hotel managers I've ever met, very attentive and supportive. Even strict house rules (no food or drinks at the pool) and temporary issues with Interne..."A Traveller, Sep 2015, IEReal PalaceExcellent 4.6 / 5( 9 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"We had a great stay , it's a Beautiful place, rooms are nice and very comfortable, there is a nice bar and a big swimming pool
Based on some information notices on the room, It seems that t..."A Traveller, May 2015, CAHappy Days StudiosGood 3.7 / 5( 7 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Primavera Beach Studios & ApartmentsGood 3.7 / 5( 3 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Villa Mare MonteExcellent 4.5 / 5( 26 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"The hotel is located in the hills back from Malia and Stalis which makes it very quiet. It does mean however that the access is up hill, so I would suggest hiring a car or quad bike/taking taxis. However walking to Malia old town is perfectly easy, and is a ten minute gentle downhill walk. Th..."C, Aug 2016, GBNotos Heights Hotel & SuitesGood 3.8 / 5( 17 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"The Notos Heights was not yet open so we were put up in a suite in the Socrates, near the beach. However, we really felt the need to make a high recommendation to the Staff who are owners of both sites. They did everything possible to satisfy us, including tracking us down when we were lost in to..."A Traveller, Apr 2015, USNewcastle StudiosGood 3.8 / 5( 5 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"The old town is a lovely place, with many quiet, hidden tavernas. It was quite a long walk to and from the beach, but well worth it. The only fault I could possibly find, is that the bed was very hard and uncomfortable 😔"A Traveller, Sep 2016, GBMelissa ApartmentsOutstanding 4.8 / 5( 6 genuine reviews )Hotels.com® RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free! Most recent review"We were not aware that Malia was such a British tourist mecca. This detracted a little but the market was next door, parling was great and pool and pool bar were wonderful."A Traveller, Sep 2016, USSee more hotels in Malia, GreeceRecently bookedAmmos Boutique Apartments & Suites3 starsfrom $45Semiramis Apartments3 starsfrom $34Pay now or later on most roomsFree cancellation on most roomsPrice GuaranteeBest hotels in MaliaWith hotels.com we help you find the best hotels in Malia, Greece.
To make the most of our service, download our mobile & tablet apps and sign up to our newsletter or follow us on Facebook, Google+ or Twitter to receive the latest deals and Hotels.com Malia discount codes.See more hotels in Malia, GreeceAll special hotel deals in Malia, GreeceMore Malia hotelsChoose one of the following to unlock Secret Prices and pay less on select hotels.EmailSign up for our latest offersHotels.com appDownload the app and book on the goHotels.com® RewardsJoin now to collect 10 nights, get 1 free*Top DestinationsHotels in New York, New YorkHotels in Las Vegas, NevadaHotels in Chicago, IllinoisHotels in San Francisco, CaliforniaHotels in Washington, District of ColumbiaHotels in Boston, MassachusettsHotels in San Diego, CaliforniaHotels in Orlando, FloridaHotels in London, United KingdomHotels in New Orleans, LouisianaHotels in Los Angeles, CaliforniaHotels in San Antonio, TexasHotels in Paris, FranceHotels in Seattle, WashingtonHotels in Atlanta, GeorgiaHotels in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaHotels in Austin, TexasHotels in Atlantic City, New JerseyHotels in Rome, ItalyHotels in Myrtle Beach, South CarolinaHotels in Dallas, TexasHotels in Houston, TexasHotels in Denver, ColoradoHotels in Miami, FloridaSupport & FAQsYour bookingsFAQsContact usWebsite feedbackReview a hotelFor Suppliers, Affiliates and the MediaAdd HotelAffiliate with usPrivate LabelPromote with UsTravel AgentsPress OfficeUser Terms and Privacy PolicyTerms & ConditionsPrivacy PolicyCookie PolicyAbout our adsAbout UsJobsTravel GuidesTop 50 CitiesAll countriesAll hotelsSite index© 2017 Hotels.com, L.P. All rights reserved.Hotels.com and the Hotels.com logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Hotels.com, LP in the U.S. and/or other countries. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.* Learn more about Hotels.com® RewardsABOUT SSL CERTIFICATES

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text:
Albanian Flag Lapel Pin Wooden Pin Wooden Lapel Gift For
Albanian Flag Lapel Pin, Wooden Pin, Wooden Lapel, Gift For Him or Her, Wedding Gifts, Groomsman Gifts, and Personalized
Our wooden Albanian Flag lapel pin is perfect as a wedding gift, gift for dad, mom, groomsmen gifts, or just an amazing conversation starter! Express yourself with our selection of over 8,000 shapes, rings, earrings, tie clips, cufflinks, lapel pins, and more.
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Irish Water Spaniel Lapel Pin, Wooden Pin, Wooden Lapel, Gift For Him or Her, Wedding Gifts, Groomsman Gifts, and Personalized
albanian flag pin
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text:
Lucy's Really Lost Moments (In Color) (1956) - Walmart.com
Lucy's Really Lost Moments (In Color) (1956)
By: Lucy's
Starring: Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, William Frawley; VUDU Release Date: 10/12/2012; Running Time: 68 minutes; Rating: Not Rated

value: This website is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores, and grocery stores from the United States, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.


text:
Jamie Lomas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the footballer, see Jamie Lomas (footballer).
(1975-04-21) 21 April 1975 (age 40)
Kym Marsh (2012-14, Divorced)
Billy Lomas
Archie Jay Lomas (deceased)
Polly Lomas
James "Jamie" Lomas (born 21 April 1975 [1]) is an English television actor, best known for his role as bad boy Warren Fox on the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks. He played criminal Barry Southern in BBCs Casualty. In June 2013, it was revealed that Lomas had received a part in EastEnders as a newcomer Jake Stone
Lomas was born in Manchester. Before joining Hollyoaks in 2006, he had minor roles in Heartbeat playing Craig Harker in 2005 and in Casualty playing Nathan Simmonds in 2005. His most notable appearance was the Sky One series Dream Team as Alex Dempsey and also appeared in Blue Murder in October 2006.[2] Lomas left Hollyoaks in the summer of 2009, in a dramatic fire scene.[3]
Lomas has a son named Billy (born January 2006)[4] with his former girlfriend, Haley Lever.[5][6] He and Coronation Street star Kym Marsh publicly announced their relationship in July 2008.[7] In December 2008, Lomas and Marsh announced they were expecting a baby together, due in the summer of 2009.[8] On 12 February 2009, Marsh released a statement on behalf of the couple, announcing their son, Archie Jay Lomas, had been born 18 weeks early on 11 February, and had died moments after birth. Marsh stated "Archie is our beautiful angel and we will miss him so much. Thank you all for your support."[9][10] Marsh gave birth to their daughter, Polly Lomas, on 23 March 2011 five weeks early;


text:
Patent US3809276 - Plastic bottle and cap construction - Google Patents
The invention contemplates a bottle and closure-cap construction wherein locking formations hold the parts to secure a liquid-seal closure of the bottle. The nature of the liquid-seal engagement is one of circular line contact, involving a cylinder within a conical concavity, specifically between a relatively...http://www.google.com/patents/US3809276?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US3809276 - Plastic bottle and cap construction
Publication number US3809276 A
Publication number US 3809276 A, US 3809276A, US-A-3809276, US3809276 A, US3809276A
Inventors Landen W
Original Assignee Eyelet Specialty Co
Plastic bottle and cap construction
US 3809276 A
The invention contemplates a bottle and closure-cap construction wherein locking formations hold the parts to secure a liquid-seal closure of the bottle. The nature of the liquid-seal engagement is one of circular line contact, involving a cylinder within a conical concavity, specifically between a relatively thin-walled outwardly flaring upper end of the bottle opening and the lower limit of a cylindrical seal projection on the closure wall of the cap. An axially compliant generally radially extending annular portion connects the lower end of the flared neck part to the rest of the neck and is axially stressed to resiliently load the seal engagement.
United States Patent 11591 Landen 5] May 7, 1974 [5 PLASTIC BOTTLE AND CAP 754,977 3/1904 Dopheide i. 215/47 CONSTRUCTION FOREIGN. PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS [75] Inventor: William James Landen, Cheshire, 434,518 9/1911 France 215/44 Conn.
Primary Examiner-Herbert F. Ross 7 E l S It C 1 3] Asslgnee 7 S g gf g s mpany targgjtyge Agent, or FirmSandoe, Hopgood and [22] Filed: Sept. 27, 1972 21 Appl. No.2 292,650 [571 ABSTRACT I The invention contemplates a bottle and closure-cap F construction wherein locking formations hold the 2? 5" g i gfi parts to secure a liquid-seal closure of the bottle. The d 44 52 47 nature of the liquid-seal engagement is one of circular 1 1e 0 earc 6 C 1 line contact, involving a cylinder within a conical concavity, specifically between a relatively thin-walled outwardly flaring upper end of the bottle opening and [56] kefeliences cued the lower limit of a cylindrical seal projection on the UNITED STATES PATENTS closure wall of the cap. An axially compliant generally 3,435,975 4/1969 Weigand 215/44 radially extending annular portion connects the lower 3.4054832 l0/l968 Lu e c et l- /4 end of the flared neck part to the rest of the neck and 35921349 7/1971 v 215/41 is axially stressed to resiliently load the seal engage- 3,669,295 6/1972 Horvath 2] 5/44 ment 1 3.613928 10/1971 Landen 215 44 3.667.636 6/1972 Landen..; 215/44 8 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures 22 1 L Z4 l 1 i X1 1 ail PLASTIC BOTTLE AND CAP CONSTRUCTION The invention relates to a plastic bottle construction and closure cap and is particularly applicable to such bottles produced by extrusion blow-molding.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved construction of the character indicated.
Another object is to provide superior seal capabilities in a construction of the character indicated.
A further object is to provide axially compliant features in the neck of a bottle, of the character indicated, whereby compliant deformation in the neck, in the course of setting and locking the cap, is utilized to generate reactive forces for resiliently loading, and thus enhancing, the locked and sealed relationship.
Other objects and various further features of novelty and invention will be pointed out or will occur to those skilled in the art from a reading of the following specification in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In said drawings, which show, for illustrative purposes only, a preferred embodiment of the invention:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary exploded view in side elevation, partly broken-away and in longitudinal section, showing cooperating bottle and cap parts of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the neck end of the bottle part of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic presentation of locking parts of the bottleneck, shown in flattened development, and centered on the central line of the aspect 3-3 in FIG. 2. v The invention is shown in application to a plasticbottle having a body 11 and upwardly directed a neck 12, providing discharge access to bottle contents, and to be selectively closed and sealed by a cap 13. The neck 12 comprises a lower cylindrical portion 14 having locking formations engageable with coacting formations in the bore 15 of the outer wall 16 of cap 13.
nected to the relatively rigid outer cap body 16 by an integral axially compliant annular portion 21, shown downwardly dished, at the angle B As shown, the locking formations 22-23-24 22'-23-24') on neck portion 14 are of the bayonet variety, at equal angular spacings, and they co-act with suitable locking lugs 25 at similar spacings in the cap bore 15.
In accordance with the invention an axially compliant, generally radial annular portion26- integrally connects the neck portions14-17, and the lower limit (or sealed line) 18 of. the maximum-diameter extent of projection 19 is so positioned with respect to the axial relation of parts in locked condition that said generally radially extending annular portions 21-26 are oppositely axially stressed when in locked condition. Thus, an upwardly dished orientation B characterized the unstressed condition of annular portion 26. Also, a short cylindrical lip extension 27 terminates the flared seal portion 17, to protect the neck mouth and to provide hoop retention of the outer limit of flare 17; the outer diameter D, of the flared portion 17 and also of lip 27) is at least no greater than substantially the diameter of ceeding neck-wall thickness; and when the cylindrical lower portion is also thin-walled, as shown, the locking formations 22-23-24 extend close to the radial level of 7 portion 26. Similarly, the closure wall 20 and projection 19 are preferably of the relatively thin-walled nature of the compliant portion 21, and a bottom lip extension 28 is of similar thickness. In order that lip 28 will not interfere with the desired line contact at 18, the lip 28 is inwardly converged at an angle a, materially exceeding the divergent flare angle or; of the seal portion 17. Generally, the angle a; is in the range 15 to 25 degrees, preferably substantially 20, a being at least 5 greater, for example 30 for an angle 1 of 20.
The described bottle construction will be seen as lending itself particularly to extrusion blow-molding of suitable plastic, for example, high-density polyethylene. The relatively uniformly thin neck portions follow smooth contours which are not required to build up to greater thickness at the lip end; End flashing is cut-off and trimmed to leave the short cylindrical lip 27, and the design affords reliable flow of material to the locking formations 22-23-24, etc.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate parting-line considerations in the design of the respective locking formations, the parting line between mold halves being indicated by legend. Each of these formations provides an axialretention surface for one of the cap lugs 25, at 31 for lug 22, at 32 for lug 23, and at 33 for lug 24, all said surfaces being in the same radial plane. The lugs 25 include cam faces 34 to engage and ride up coacting cam surfaces at corresponding ends of all formations 22-2- 3-24, an axial snap to the locked position being achieved over the shoulders 35-36 of formations 22-23 (22-23'), and rotational limiting abutment being provided at stems 37-38 of the four formations 22-24 (22'-24'). All contours of formations 22-23-24 22'-23'24') are precisely formed and are not subject to degradation in the course of mold parting, as will be understood. v
In the process of securing the cap 13 to neck 12, lugs 25 are positioned between formations 22-23-24 (22'23'24'), andcap 13 is twisted clockwise. As earns 34 ride up the surfaces 35-36, cap 13 is drawn downwardly, causing axial stress and deformation of both annular portions 21-26, in opposite directions. The dished shapes are thusconsiderably flattened in the course of such rotation, to a maximum extent just prior to snapping off surfaces 35-36, to home all lugs 25, at the respective surfaces 31-32-33; preferably, a substantial residuum of axially stressed compliant action remains after snapping to such home position, so that the line contact at 17-18 tends to spread slightly to a narrow band of axially and radially stressed liquidsealing engagement, and the seal line is axially and rotationally wiped with attendant seal-cleansive action, in the course of securing the cap. To remove the cap, it must first be pushed axially to the bottle, against further sitffening compliant reaction, before counterclockwise twisting to cause lugs 25 to clear their trapped positions. A
The invention will be seen to have achieved all stated objects with a simple and economic bottle construction which is able to lend axially compliant deformation as a contribution to that provided at 21 for skirt 19. The divergent flare 17' is formed in a single operation, and it is possible to avoid the reaming step, previously necessary in the formation of an accurately flared concavity, for developing a line-contact seal.
While the invention has been described in detail for the preferred form shown, it will be uderstood that modifications may be made without departing from the lar generally radially inwardly projecting portion connecting said cylindrical and conical portions, the radial extent of said annular portion exceeding the thickness of said portions, whereby said annular generally radial portion provides an axially compliant connection of said upper and lower portions;.said closure cap including a relatively rigid outer annular wall having a bore with locking formations engageable with those of said cylindrical locking portion, said cap further having an integral axially yieldable generally radially extending annular closure-wall portion, an integral internal cylindrical seal projection radially inwardly spaced from said bore and extending axially downward for engagement with said conical portion, whereby said closurewall portion provides an axially compliant connection of said rigid annular wall to said internal seal projection; the maximum diameter of said seal projection being greater than the minimum diameter of said inwardly projecting neck portion and at least no greater than the maximum diameter of said upper conical portion, whereby an essentially circular line-contact cir cumferential interference will occur for cap-to-neck assembly; and the lower limit of the cylindrical portion of said cylindrical projection being so positioned with respect to the axial relation of parts in locked condition that both said axially compliant connections are oppositely axially stressed to axially preload said interference when said cap and neck are in locked condition.
2. The combination of claim 1, in which the downwardly projecting end of saidseal projection has a convergent inwardly tapered region adjacent said lower limit, the angle of convergence of said tapered region exceeding the angle of outward flare of said seal portion.
3. The combination of claim 2, in which the angle of outward flare of said seal portion is in the range of 15 to 25. a
4. The combination of claim 2, in which the angle of outward flare of said seal portion is substantially 20. 5. The combination of claim 1, which the upper end of said neck integrally includes a short cylindrical portion.
6. The combination of claim 1, in which said interengageable locking means is of the bayonet variety.
7. The combination of claim 1, in which said annular radially extending portion of said-neck is upwardly dished.
8. The combination of claim 1, in which said annular radially extending portion of said cap is downwardly dished.
US754977 * Apr 30, 1903 Mar 22, 1904 Frank E Dopheide Jar-closure.
US3405832 * Jul 6, 1966 Oct 15, 1968 Hans Schwarzkopf Stopper for bottles or the like
US3435975 * Oct 30, 1967 Apr 1, 1969 Tamper Proof Tops Ind Ltd Safety closure
FR434518A * Title not available
US4320844 * Jun 6, 1977 Mar 23, 1982 Cooper Michael F A Releasable locking system
US7527159 * Mar 11, 2004 May 5, 2009 Rexam Closure Systems Inc. Threaded child-resistant package having linerless closure
US7614496 * Apr 8, 2006 Nov 10, 2009 Steven Dvorak Aqueous solution of an analgesic and a dispenser therefor
US7819264 * Dec 3, 2003 Oct 26, 2010 Rexam Closure Systems Inc. Child-resistant closure, container and package
US8132684 * Jul 14, 2005 Mar 13, 2012 Rexam Prescription Products Inc. Child-resistant closure, package and method of making
US8857647 * May 29, 2009 Oct 14, 2014 Kohei Nakamura Connecting structure
US20110079573 * May 29, 2009 Apr 7, 2011 Kohei Nakamura Connecting structure
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U.S. Classification 215/332, 215/330, 215/301
International Classification B65D41/04, B65D41/06


text:
Patent US20020168110 - Method and apparatus for automatically tracing line-structure images - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method for rapid, fully automatic, two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) tracing of line-structure images, such as images of neurons produced by fluorescence confocal microscopy. A method of recursively following the line-structure topology, guided by the correlation response of a set of...http://www.google.com/patents/US20020168110?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20020168110 - Method and apparatus for automatically tracing line-structure imagesAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20020168110 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/058,543Publication dateNov 14, 2002Filing dateJan 28, 2002Priority dateJan 26, 2001Also published asUS7072515Publication number058543, 10058543, US 2002/0168110 A1, US 2002/168110 A1, US 20020168110 A1, US 20020168110A1, US 2002168110 A1, US 2002168110A1, US-A1-20020168110, US-A1-2002168110, US2002/0168110A1, US2002/168110A1, US20020168110 A1, US20020168110A1, US2002168110 A1, US2002168110A1InventorsKhalid Al-Kofahi, Badrinath Roysam, James TurnerOriginal AssigneeKhalid Al-Kofahi, Badrinath Roysam, Turner James N.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Referenced by (18), Classifications (19), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and apparatus for automatically tracing line-structure images
A method for rapid, fully automatic, two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) tracing of line-structure images, such as images of neurons produced by fluorescence confocal microscopy. A method of recursively following the line-structure topology, guided by the correlation response of a set of 4 �N2 directional kernels in the 3-D case, and a set of 2�N directional kernels in the 2-D case, is presented. These kernels are derived based on a generalized cylinder model of the line-structures. The automatic tracing method includes a protocol for determining the ends of line-structures. Images(9) Claims(25)
What is claimed: 1. A method of automatically tracing a line-structure comprising an end in an image, the method comprising the steps of: a. locating a seed point; b. defining a position and a direction for the seed point; c. tracing a centerline of the line-structure from the seed point; and d. stopping the centerline trace at the line-structure end. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of locating a seed point comprises identifying a plurality of candidate seed points and selecting a seed point from the plurality of candidate seed points. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of identifying the plurality of candidate seed points comprises identifying image data points that (1) are a local intensity maximum, and (2) have an intensity of at least a sum of a median intensity value and an intensity standard deviation over the intensity variation of the image. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of selecting the seed point comprises calculating a position intensity and a boundary direction at a plurality of boundary points surrounding the plurality of candidate seed points. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of selecting the seed point comprises evaluating the boundary directions at the plurality of boundary points. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of selecting the seed point comprises evaluating a boundary edge at the plurality of boundary points. 7. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of selecting the seed point comprises calculating an intensity of the image surrounding the candidate seed point. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of selecting the seed point comprises evaluating the intensity homogeneity surrounding the candid


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