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Patent US8190274 - Method and control device for controlling an automating system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsMethods for accessing a control module that can be executed in a control device of an automating system are provided. The method includes the steps of providing the control module in the control device; providing a first interface module in the control device; providing a second interface module in the...http://www.google.com/patents/US8190274?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8190274 - Method and control device for controlling an automating systemAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS8190274 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 12/450,844PCT numberPCT/EP2008/002985Publication dateMay 29, 2012Filing dateApr 15, 2008Priority dateApr 15, 2007Also published asDE102008019040A1, EP2140317A2, US20100114336, WO2008125336A2, WO2008125336A3Publication number12450844, 450844, PCT/2008/2985, PCT/EP/2008/002985, PCT/EP/2008/02985, PCT/EP/8/002985, PCT/EP/8/02985, PCT/EP2008/002985, PCT/EP2008/02985, PCT/EP2008002985, PCT/EP200802985, PCT/EP8/002985, PCT/EP8/02985, PCT/EP8002985, PCT/EP802985, US 8190274 B2, US 8190274B2, US-B2-8190274, US8190274 B2, US8190274B2InventorsFrank Konieczny, Dietmar Krumsiek, Thorsten Behr, Anja Kruse, Ralf AronOriginal AssigneePhoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. KgExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (7), Classifications (18), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and control device for controlling an automating system
US 8190274 B2Abstract
Methods for accessing a control module that can be executed in a control device of an automating system are provided. The method includes the steps of providing the control module in the control device; providing a first interface module in the control device; providing a second interface module in the control device; connecting the control device with an operating device via a network; transferring the second interface module from the control device to the operating device, whereby the operating device comprises input and output devices for operation by a user; executing the second interface module by the operating device; and transferring data between the first and the second interface modules.
The principle of memory-programmable control (SPS) is already approximately 30 years old today and with the increasing maturity of the market, construction and mode of operation are less differentiated. The fundamental operating principle is based on detecting the current status of the plant/machine to be automated and transforming the corresponding physical process signals into electrical signals by appropriate sensors. In addition to the central processing unit with programming memory and processor as well as the input/output units, an appropriate PC-based programming device or Windows-based development tool for creating the control program is also a part of the basic configuration of an SPS today, while the corresponding startup phase via interplay with the actual machine and plant—is generally called engineering.
For the user, the manipulation of the control is essentially determined by the programming system by means of which the user creates an automating task, inputs it into the device and puts it in operation. The state of the art here is that for the control, the appropriate programming software is provided as a Windows application, which must be installed for this purpose on an appropriately equipped Windows PC. In the case of controls of the lowest performance class—so-called control relay substitutions—variants have been known for several years, which can also be programmed via a display placed directly on the device (e.g., Moeller easy and Siemens LOGO!). The solutions that are available in this case, however, are limited to a simple representation with only a few lines, which is hardly suitable for creating and maintaining extensive programs and do not suffice for presenting more complex relationships.
The control device can be designed as any device that participates in the control of a process of an automating system. Accordingly, the phrase “control device” designates, for example, a sensor, an actor, a device for the input or output of process, parameter or control data, or a device for controlling, monitoring, creating protocols for, operating and/or observing a process. The control module, which is also called a control engine in the following, is preferably designed as a software module for controlling functions of the control device, whereby these functions are typically designed as software applications, which are integrated in the control module or are filed in a separate memory of the control device. The functions may advantageously comprise security-directed automating functions or also a combination of security-directed and non-security-directed automating functions.
It is known to utilize the World Wide Web (WWW) as the infrastructure for the worldwide distribution of information. Such an information system is shown in FIG. 1. In this case, hypermedia documents 10 connected via (hyper) links 20 form a network of information, and Web browser 100 is the terminal for this network. The request for a Web page 40 is made by inputting a URL in the address line of the Web browser 100. The Web server addressed in this way sends the requested HTML document 10 to browser 100, which then displays it correspondingly. If the presented content of the page shall be changed, then this must be done via a new request in the Web server and a repeated transfer of the complete page to browser 100—the user sees a sequence of static pages 40.
Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML) was coined as a term at the beginning of 2005 by Jesse James Garrett of Adaptive Path in his essay “Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications” and describes a concept of how, with already existing technologies—in the JavaScript kernel or core and the XML HTTP request-object—the conventional request/response model of the classical Web application can be replaced by separation into a front-end application—which is stored in the browser—and a back-end application on the server, which are combined via an asynchronous communication. The motivation for Ajax described by Jesse James Garrett is to approximate the behavior of Web applications to that of a pure desktop application. Corresponding to this definition, an Ajax Web application is an application which operates exclusively as a runtime environment in a Web browser, but simultaneously is represented as a desktop application in the alignment of its interaction with the user.
AJAX is described, for example in the article found on the Web page “http://www.heise.de/ix/artikel/2005/11/056/”, whereby the content of this Web page at the time point of the application is incorporated herein by reference.
Engineering computer 300 and control 400 are connected to one another via a communication connection 500 via a physical cable or a wireless connection, which is in a position to transmit Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), e.g., Ethernet TCP/IP. The core of control 400 is a control engine 410, which executes control application 600 by controlling the process connected via the peripheral 700 corresponding to this application 600. This application 600 is created, launched and maintained via the engineering application 310, which is created on the basis of Web technologies HTML or XHTML, CSS and JavaScript and is completely executed in a Web browser 110 as a standard runtime environment—alternatively, the engineering of the application is also possible via a self-contained Windows application.
All components of engineering application 310 are filed in a file system on control 400. By entering the URL of control 400 in the address line of browser 110, the HTML start page is loaded from the file system. This HTML page contains the software components of the engineering application 310 in the form of JavaScript code. Browser 110 executes this code and in this way makes engineering application 310 available to the user. After starting the engineering application 310, the current control application 600 is loaded from control engine 410 and the instantaneous status of the control is presented to the user. The control application 600 can now be operated in engineering application 310 by the user—for this purpose, additional components (tools) are subsequently loaded from tool filing system 450 onto control 400, corresponding to the selected processing steps. If control application 600 is constructed in a modular manner, then only the parts of it that the user has selected correspondingly and would like to observe or process are loaded in engineering application 310. This modular loading limits the components and data to be transferred to the necessary components and in this way reduces the resource requirement for communication and thus reduces wait times for the user.
With this concept, an HTML page is loaded on the page of the application particularly advantageously only once upon starting. This basic application (home page) contains the user interface and the infrastructure components of engineering application 310 directly or via references to separate files. Special tools may also be loaded only when these are required by the user for processing the corresponding data of the application—preferably they are loaded in the background and loading is controlled by the basic application.
A command is the triggering of an action in control engine 410 by a processing step of engineering application 310. Since engineering application 310 and control engine 410 operate in different processes and typically also on separate computers with different runtime environments, a transport mechanism is necessary in order to transfer the command. The principle of such a call for a “remote” action (procedure) via a communication protocol is known and is called a “remote procedure call”. In connection with the Ajax concept, this is normally conducted via calling up a SOAP Web service or a comparable XML-based Web service dialect. The principal disadvantages with the use of XML are the less compact format for the transfer and the complicated type of access to information. With JSON (JavaScript object notation), a compact format is available, which can be evaluated directly in JavaScript—objects transmitted with JSON or JSON-RPC are available directly as JavaScript objects. Therefore, JSON-RPC is preferably used for transmitting commands 710 between the engineering application 310 in browser 110 and control engine 410 on control 400. Commands 710 transferred with JSON-RPC are transformed into a call for a corresponding action of control engine 410 in HTTP—server 420 of control 400.
JSON and JSON-RPC are described, for example, in the article found on the Web page “http://www.heise.de/ix/artikel/2006/01/070/”, whereby the content of this Web page at the time point of the application is incorporated herein by reference.
Comet is described, for example, in the article found on the Web page “http://www.entwickler.com/zonen/portale/psecom,id,101,online,.1151.html”, whereby the content of this Web page at the time point of the application is incorporated herein by reference.
Industrial controls are predominantly proprietary solutions based on the special requirements of the different fields of application. They are distinguished both in the arena of the hardware used, which is particularly determined by the microcontroller platform utilized, as well as by the operating system that is used. In comparison to the Windows PC, which makes available a very stable platform, this involves a considerable expenditure for software portability for the specific devices in each case. The invention thus preferably provides for implementing both control engine 410 as well as HTTP server 420 with the means of the Microsoft .Net language family, which is translated into a standardized intermediate language (CIL—Common Intermediate Language) and is executed in a corresponding runtime environment. This runtime environment is called CLR—Common Language Runtime and is available under the name embedded CLR also for different microcontroller platforms. This embodiment makes possible a simple portability of Web engineering to different embedded devices, since both control engine 410 as well as HTTP server 420 are implemented relative to a standard environment.
In typical Internet scenarios, computers on which Web servers run are appropriately powerful machines, in fact, they are frequently a group of crosslinked computers—so-called server farms, which permit them to be able to always maintain sufficient performance for the different processes. A memory-programmable control primarily has the task of controlling a process that is connected via its system of peripherals. In particular, in the case of control devices which are designed as compact and mini controls, free computing power is hardly available for additional tasks. The conception of a Web-based control system according to the invention takes this into consideration, on the one hand, by the above-described moving of engineering application 310 into browser 110. HTTP server 420 and its communication to engineering application 310 now still require additional computing power of control 400. For a perfect functioning of control engine 410, this engine must preferably have sufficient resources for processing control application 600 and should not be adversely affected by, e.g., the HTTP communication to engineering application 310. As is usual in the case of industrial controls, typically the input signals of the connected peripheral 700 are read in by control engine 410 at the beginning of each one of these cycles, then the automating functions corresponding to the current control application 600 are executed and at the end of the cycle, the output signals are output via the connected peripheral 700. The HTTP server 420 is activated if an HTTP request occurs or control engine 410 deposits a corresponding message 720. The processes for executing control engine 410 and HTTP server 420 are particularly advantageously managed via threads and a dynamic priority control. The dynamic priority control assures that control engine 410 has allocated sufficient computing time in order to be able to process control application 600.
The field of application of the invention, in particular, of a method according to the invention and/or a control device according to the invention, and thus the described mechanisms of a Web-based control system is (are) industrial memory-programmable controls (SPS/PLC), in particular, but can also be security-directed systems and especially combinations of security-directed and non-security-directed types of automating functions. In addition, the described mechanism can advantageously be used as a basis for Web-based “operate and observe” functions and their display systems.
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Record of the 2006 IEEE IAS Pulp and Paper Cont., 4 pp., 2006.2Campbell, Ryan, "Preloading Data with Ajax and JSON," Internet Article, pp. 1-8, Jan. 24, 2006.3English translation of International Preliminary Report and Written Opinion dated Nov. 10, 2009 for corresponding International Application No. PCT/EP2008/002985.4European Office Action dated Mar. 26, 2010 for corresponding European Patent Application No. 08 735 248.0 (with English translation).5International Search Report and Written Opinion based on corresponding International application No. PCT/EP2008/002985 dated Oct. 27, 2008.6Neuhaus, Sven, "JSON and JSON-RPC: Ajax ohne XML," IX, Magazine Fur Professionelle Informationstechnik, p. 70, Jan. 2006.7Office Action for corresponding German Patent Application No. 10 2008 019 040.3-55 dated Jul. 16, 2009.Classifications U.S. Classification700/17, 717/170, 709/218, 700/20, 717/172, 700/83, 709/223, 717/168, 700/87International ClassificationG06F9/44, G05B15/00, G06F15/16, G05B11/01Cooperative ClassificationG05B2219/32126, G05B2219/31104, G05B19/058, G05B2219/34444European ClassificationG05B19/05SLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 18, 2009ASAssignmentFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KONIECZNY, FRANK;KRUMSIEK, DIETMAR;BEHR, THORSTEN;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20091007 TO 20091117;REEL/FRAME:023706/0193Owner name: PHOENIX CONTACT GMBH & CO.KG, GERMANYOwner name: PHOENIX CONTACT GMBH & CO.KG,GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KONIECZNY, FRANK;KRUMSIEK, DIETMAR;BEHR, THORSTEN AND OTHERS;SIGNED BETWEEN 20091007 AND 20091117;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100513;REEL/FRAME:23706/193Owner name: PHOENIX CONTACT GMBH & CO.KG, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KONIECZNY, FRANK;KRUMSIEK, DIETMAR;BEHR, THORSTEN;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20091007 TO 20091117;REEL/FRAME:023706/0193Owner name: PHOENIX CONTACT GMBH & CO.KG,GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KONIECZNY, FRANK;KRUMSIEK, DIETMAR;BEHR, THORSTEN;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20091007 TO 20091117;REEL/FRAME:023706/0193RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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text: See comment in PubMed Commons belowBiochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Jul;1763(7):578-94. Epub 2006 Apr 26.Between a rock and a hard place: trace element nutrition in Chlamydomonas.Merchant SS1, Allen MD, Kropat J, Moseley JL, Long JC, Tottey S, Terauchi AM.Author information 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Box 951569, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA. merchant@chem.ucla.eduAbstractPhotosynthetic organisms are among the earliest life forms on earth and their biochemistry is strictly dependent on a wide range of inorganic nutrients owing to the use of metal cofactor-dependent enzymes in photosynthesis, respiration, inorganic nitrogen and sulfur assimilation. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a photosynthetic eukaryotic model organism for the study of trace metal homeostasis. Chlamydomonas spp. are widely distributed and can be found in soil, glaciers, acid mines and sewage ponds, suggesting that the genus has significant capacity for acclimation to micronutrient availability. Analysis of the draft genome indicates that metal homeostasis mechanisms in Chlamydomonas represent a blend of mechanisms operating in animals, plants and microbes. A combination of classical genetics, differential expression and genomic analysis has led to the identification of homologues of components known to operate in fungi and animals (e.g., Fox1, Ftr1, Fre1, Fer1, Ctr1/2) as well as novel molecules involved in copper and iron nutrition (Crr1, Fea1/2). Besides activating iron assimilation pathways, iron-deficient Chlamydomonas cells re-adjust metabolism by reducing light delivery to photosystem I (to avoid photo-oxidative damage resulting from compromised FeS clusters) and by modifying the ferredoxin profile (perhaps to accommodate preferential allocation of reducing equivalents). Up-regulation of a MnSOD isoform may compensate for loss of FeSOD. Ferritin could function to buffer the iron released from programmed degradation of iron-containing enzymes in the chloroplast. Some metabolic adjustments are made in anticipation of deficiency while others occur only with sustained or severe deficiency. Copper-deficient Chlamydomonas cells induce a copper assimilation pathway consisting of a cell surface reductase and a Cu(+) transporter (presumed CTR homologue). There are metabolic adaptations in addition: the synthesis of "back-up" enzymes for plastocyanin in photosynthesis and the ferroxidase in iron assimilation plus activation of alternative oxidase to handle the electron "overflow" resulting from reduced cytochrome oxidase function. Oxygen-dependent enzymes in the tetrapyrrole pathway (coproporphyrinogen oxidase and aerobic oxidative cyclase) are also increased in expression and activity by as much as 10-fold but the connection between copper nutrition and tetrapyrroles is not understood. The copper-deficiency responses are mediated by copper response elements that are defined by a GTAC core sequence and a novel metalloregulator, Crr1, which uses a zinc-dependent SBP domain to bind to the CuRE. The Chlamydomonas model is ideal for future investigation of nutritional manganese deficiency and selenoenzyme function. It is also suited for studies of trace nutrient interactions, nutrition-dependent metabolic changes, the relationship between photo-oxidative stress and metal homeostasis, and the important questions of differential allocation of limiting metal nutrients (e.g., to respiration vs. photosynthesis).PMID: 16766055 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free full textSharePublication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances, Grant SupportPublication TypesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.ReviewMeSH TermsAnimalsChlamydomonas/geneticsChlamydomonas/metabolism*Gene Expression ProfilingHomeostasisTrace Elements/metabolism*SubstancesTrace ElementsGrant SupportGM 07104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United StatesGM 07185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United StatesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesElsevier ScienceOther Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseLabome Researcher Resource - ExactAntigen/LabomeAccess more work from the authors - ResearchGatePubMed Commons home

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text:
Leprosy in China. [Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2003] - PubMed - NCBI
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Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2003 Aug;72(3):209-15.Leprosy in China.Zhang L.SourceLeprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1, Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 189-0002, Japan. zlfen@nih.go.jpAbstractLeprosy has definitely been present in China for at least 2,000 years. Through painstaking efforts over the past half century, China has put leprosy under control and reached the WHO's target at elimination of leprosy at the national and subnational level. But difficulties as well as problems like disabilities, discrimination, drug-resistance and dismissing of research still remain in the control of leprosy. Highly attention should be continuously paid on to attain the prevalence rate of less than 0.1/10,000 and the incidence rate below 0.5/100,000 in all counties (cities) throughout the country by the year 2010.PMID: 14598630 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types, MeSH Terms, SubstancesPublication TypesReviewMeSH TermsChina/epidemiologyCommunicable Disease ControlDapsone/therapeutic useGovernment ProgramsHumansIncidenceLeprostatic Agents/therapeutic useLeprosy/drug therapyLeprosy/epidemiology*Leprosy/prevention & control*PrevalenceWorld Health OrganizationSubstancesLeprostatic AgentsDapsoneLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesMedical Online, Meteo Inc - PDFOther Literature SourcesLabome Researcher Resource - ExactAntigen/LabomeMedicalMycobacterial Infections - MedlinePlus Health InformationMolecular Biology DatabasesDAPSONE - HSDB
Trends of case detection and other indicators of leprosy in China during 1985-2002.Shen JP, Gupte MD, Jiang C, Manickam P, Yu MW, Li WZ. Chin Med Sci J. 2005 Jun; 20(2):77-82. NLEP--current situation and strategy during the 11th plan period (2007-2012).
NLEP--current situation and strategy during the 11th plan period (2007-2012).Dhillon GP. J Indian Med Assoc. 2006 Dec; 104(12):671-2. Review Leprosy in Mexico.
Review Leprosy in Mexico.Lopez Roa RI, Morris MF. Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2006 Feb; 75(1):51-8. [Present and future of leprosy works].
[Present and future of leprosy works].Yuasa Y. Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2002 Aug; 71(3):187-93. Review The impact of leprosy control on the transmission of M. leprae: is elimination being attained?
[Lepr Rev. 2007]
Review The impact of leprosy control on the transmission of M. leprae: is elimination being attained?Richardus JH, Habbema JD. Lepr Rev. 2007 Dec; 78(4):330-7. See reviews...
Turn Off Turn On Leprosy in China.
Leprosy in China.Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2003 Aug ;72(3):209-15.


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By DAVID M. HERSZENHORNNOV. 23, 2002
A day after the Metropolitan Transportation Authority unveiled three proposals for increasing transit fares and tolls at the bridges and tunnels, transit officials and passenger advocates disagreed over who would be hardest hit: subway and bus riders in New York City or railroad commuters from the suburbs.It is an old argument with no simple answer.In raw dollars, commuters on the Long Island and Metro-North railroads stand to pay the steepest fare increases, experts said yesterday.At maximum, the city's bus and subway fare will rise 50 cents. But under the biggest fare increase, the average price of a one-way ride on the Long Island Rail Road would rise to $5.60 from $4.20 and on the Metro-North Railroad to $5.45 from $4.09 for passengers who board in New York State.(Passengers who board Metro-North trains in Connecticut will not be subjected to the authority's fare increase in New York, but they already pay substantially higher fares than their fellow passengers who ride the New Haven line from Westchester.) Continue reading the main story
But in percentage terms, the three fare-increase proposals do nothing to settle the age-old debate over whether the suburban rail traveler or the city bus and subway rider bears the heavier burden in financing the region's mass transit system.''You could argue that the suburban commuters are hit twice by a fare hike, not all of them but some of them,'' said Gene Russianoff, a staff lawyer for the Straphangers Campaign. But Mr. Russianoff's sympathy goes only so far.In 1995, he and the Straphangers Campaign unsuccessfully sued the transportation authority, arguing that city riders paid too much for mass transit and that the state overly subsidized the railroads.Mr. Russianoff said the proposed fare increase would hit city riders the hardest. He pointed to a statistic called the farebox operating ratio, which gauges the percentage of transit expenses covered by passenger fares.According to the most recent figures, from September, city bus and subway riders paid 59.7 percent of expenses, while Long Island Rail Road passengers paid 45.5 percent and Metro-North riders in New York paid 55 percent. In each case, New York State pays the balance.''I look at those numbers and what they say to me is that city subway and bus riders have a bigger farebox burden than do suburban commuters,'' Mr. Russianoff said.Jim Cameron, vice chairman of the Connecticut Rail Commuter Council, said he would be glad to discuss farebox operating ratios, especially since Connecticut riders of Metro-North's New Haven line cover 68 percent of expenses.
''In those regards, commuters in Connecticut pay the highest farebox returns of any commuters in North America,'' he said.The fact that Connecticut sets its own Metro-North fares increases the likelihood that the transportation authority will opt for a fare increase plan that entails minimal service cuts, New York transit officials said, because any service changes would have to be negotiated and approved by Connecticut.
At a board meeting on Thursday, the transportation authority proposed three different plans. Plan A calls for an increase in the city transit fare to $1.75 from $1.50, a 10 percent increase in railroad fares and substantial service cuts, including the elimination of 33 peak or off-peak railroad trains.Plan B calls for an increase in the city subway and bus fare to $2 and a 20 percent increase in railroad fares but would offer expanded discounts on monthly MetroCards and rail passes. Plan C calls for a $2 subway and bus fare and an increase of up to 33 percent in railroad fares.Mr. Cameron, of Connecticut, said New York's fare increase was overdue. ''I can speak to the historical disparity of the two states' fare increases,'' he said, noting that a passenger from Greenwich, Conn., paid $196 for a monthly ticket, while one in neighboring Port Chester, N.Y., paid $152 to ride the same train.Mr. Cameron acknowledged that many Connecticut residents could afford to pay. The median income of Connecticut Metro-North riders is $153,000 a year, he said.Larry Silverman, a former member of the Long Island Rail Road Commuters Council, said: ''When the M.T.A. looks at increases, it has to consider how to fairly allocate the pain. Not only on a percentage basis or dollar-and-cents basis but whether or not raising a fare to a certain level would discourage the use of mass transit.''Mr. Silverman noted that state subsidies were intended to increase ridership. ''Obviously if you raise the commuter fare to a point where you discourage people from using the system and they take cars in the city, we all suffer the effects of increased pollution, less mobility and lost revenue to the M.T.A.,'' he said.Mr. Silverman also disputed the notion that all railroad riders were rich suburbanites. ''Low-wage earners use the railroad and in many instances they are devastated by these increases,'' he said.Mr. Russianoff, however, said a disparity in state subsidies was still a major issue for the Straphangers Campaign. ''Subways and buses move 84 percent of total state transit riders but we receive only 63 percent of all transit aid,'' he said. ''Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North combined move 5 percent, but they receive 23 of state aid from Albany.'' Continue reading the main story

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Epub 2008 Oct 1.PMID: 23105768 Free PMC ArticleSimilar articles Select item 2202591112.Prenatal VPA Exposure and Changes in Sensory Processing by the Superior Colliculus.Dendrinos G, Hemelt M, Keller A.Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Oct 20;5:68. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00068. eCollection 2011.PMID: 22025911 Free PMC ArticleSimilar articles Select item 2179394713.Effects of neonatal treatment with valproic acid on vasopressin immunoreactivity and olfactory behaviour in mice.Murray EK, Varnum MM, Fernandez JL, de Vries GJ, Forger NG.J Neuroendocrinol. 2011 Oct;23(10):906-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02196.x.PMID: 21793947 Free PMC ArticleSimilar articles Select item 2021911214.Sodium valproate-induced congenital cardiac abnormalities in mice are associated with the inhibition of histone deacetylase.Wu G, Nan C, Rollo JC, Huang X, Tian J.J Biomed Sci. 2010 Mar 10;17:16. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-16.PMID: 20219112 Free PMC ArticleSimilar articles Select item 1960568415.Epigenetic control of skull morphogenesis by histone deacetylase 8.Haberland M, Mokalled MH, Montgomery RL, Olson EN.Genes Dev. 2009 Jul 15;23(14):1625-30. doi: 10.1101/gad.1809209.PMID: 19605684 Free PMC ArticleSimilar articles Select item 1949797316.Epigenetic control of sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.Murray EK, Hien A, de Vries GJ, Forger NG.Endocrinology. 2009 Sep;150(9):4241-7. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-0458. 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An Exercise in Refactoring in Ruby : ruby
An Exercise in Refactoring in Ruby (rubylove.io)
submitted 4 years ago by thatrubylove
[–]Broncosoozie 7 points8 points9 points 4 years ago (2 children)
Normally while doing this, I would make those extracted methods private as well, unless you intended for them to be public?
Also, while the code looks cleaner, sure, it doesn't actually solve the problem of the update method having more than one responsibility, and doesn't become any easier to test. You need to take it a step farther and extract into classes. Maybe something like an OrderProcessor and a ShippingContractor. These would allow you to test them in isolation and would make the code in your controller even cleaner.
Testing is what even allows you to safely refactor in the first place, and the test in this case won't change at all and won't get any simpler. The cyclomatic complexity of your example is already pretty high, by pushing some of the decisions into new objects you can eliminate a bit of that and make your tests easier to understand as well.
Not trying to take anything away from what you wrote, by the way, just pointing out what I feel could be done better. I think having clearly named methods is a great starting point, but ultimately if the test is still difficult to write or has too much complexity, it's not that much different and will need to be broken down further in order to be more valuable.
[–]thatrubylove[S] 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (1 child)
Don't get caught up on the code coming from rails. Treat it as ruby for the example. You are getting into the next article, where we replace a method with a method object. That leads us into more OO topics about turning complex code into collaborators and services.
[–]Broncosoozie 1 point2 points3 points 4 years ago (0 children)
Perhaps you should use a different example if you would like to convey it as pure ruby; one that does not use the update method as the main focus, and one that does not "render" anything either. Otherwise I would imagine anyone who knows about rails is going to assume you're talking about controllers as I did.
[–]opsb 1 point2 points3 points 4 years ago (1 child)
It's a bit of a funky method because it's basically doing the job of the router but based on query params. It would be far better to just use two different controllers/actions i.e.
post {:credit_card} => /orders
post {:shipping_address, :shipping_address} => /shipping_contacts
[–]thatrubylove[S] 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (0 children)
Don't get caught up on the rails part, I am treating it as ruby (since it is anyway). Honestly I don't even know what the code does, it was mailed to me in isolation as a question on how to get rid of the spaceship.
[–]morphemass 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (4 children)
"Each method is self documenting"
[–]thatrubylove[S] 1 point2 points3 points 4 years ago (3 children)
process_order create_shipping_contact
Self documenting. I don't care how, I care what.
Please expand inigo montoya :D
[–]morphemass 1 point2 points3 points 4 years ago (2 children)
Code doesn't document itself; programmers document code.
Stick your code through a document generating tool and what do you get? A bunch of method definitions. Parameter definitions? Param. So when someone else comes along and needs to understand your code (perhaps a front end designer who simply has a set of specs to work off?), they have to read the source code. All x thousand lines of it. And they don't know Ruby...
Oh, did I mention that they are Chinese and only understand basic English?
- (Object) apply_to(document, params = [])
Apply an XSLT stylesheet to an XML::Document. params is an array of strings used as XSLT parameters. returns serialized document
(Object) print_bitmap(*args)
The only way for me to know what the latter does is to view the source. Until I do, I don't know what args are, I won't know if there's a return type. I could even view the source and be none the wiser since it might just be part of a long invocation chain.
Not that the former example is perfect - "array of strings used as XSLT parameters" doesn't really tell me much.
Now a little experiment. Lets go back to our Chinese web designer. Lets run our "documentation" through google translate:
（オブジェクト）apply_to（文書、のparams=[]）
XML ::文書にXSLTスタイルシートを適用します。 paramsは、XSLTパラメータとして使用する文字列の配列である。シリアル化されたドキュメントを返します
（オブジェクト）print_bitmap（*引数）
(I know, its Japanese not Chinese but I wanted to get a feel for the output). While the translation is a long way off perfect too, its good enough that I would be left with a reasonable good idea (I think, my Japanese isn't that great) of what "apply_to" does.
print_bitmap though....ermmm I would have no idea.
Documentation is there for good reasons. It's meant to help us to understand our code. It is meant to help others understand our code (even when they don't have access to, or the ability to understand the code). "Self-documenting" is the excuse people use NOT to document code which is actually fine with throw away code but calling any code "self-documenting" continues a fallacy that we don't need to document.
[–]thatrubylove[S] 1 point2 points3 points 4 years ago (1 child)
You speak of return types. The ruby I know and the ruby you know are obviously different beasts.
print_bitmap IS self documenting. I am concerned about the what, not the how. When I am grepping a library and I am looking for something to print a bitmap... yep, self documenting.
As far as the splatted args, there is a good way to know what they are without reading inside. They are called tests :)
I do not write code for non rubyists. I write ruby for rubyists to read. If you don't know ruby, you can't complain you don't understand something. I never understand any language I don't know :p
xslt... now I know you are trolling. you can keep your dirty xml love to yourself. I have json thank you :)
[–]morphemass 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago * (0 children)
You are rather choosing to miss the entire point. There is no such thing as "self-documenting" code. Rather there is code that when written using a few conventions often ends up being comprehensible by a small subset of potential users of that code. The BIG problem is that that subset usually ends up being the author of the code alone.
Rather than belabour the point I'll leave you with a quote and a book recommendation:
“Any fool can write code that a computer can understand. Good programmers write code that humans can understand.” -- Fowler (1999), "Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code"
Since you're interested in refactoring, I would suggest you read it.
[–]le_fnord 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (0 children)
you should correct your title to "... refactoring in rails", cause not all ruby devs make web sites ;) you could do many more than this
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