text:
Patent US6470170 - System and method for interactive distance learning and examination training - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA system for learning and examination training is disclosed. A student can log on the system through a website to review training history, to access a menu of levels of practice examinations of interest to him, and to select training exams on the website. During the examination, the student is able to...http://www.google.com/patents/US6470170?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6470170 - System and method for interactive distance learning and examination trainingAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6470170 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/858,620Publication dateOct 22, 2002Filing dateMay 16, 2001Priority dateMay 18, 2000Fee statusLapsedPublication number09858620, 858620, US 6470170 B1, US 6470170B1, US-B1-6470170, US6470170 B1, US6470170B1InventorsHai Xing Chen, Qiang LiOriginal AssigneeHai Xing Chen, Qiang LiExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Referenced by (60), Classifications (7), Legal Events (11) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystem and method for interactive distance learning and examination training
US 6470170 B1Abstract
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5963914 *Dec 9, 1997Oct 5, 1999Skinner; Gary R.Network time and work trackerUS6141529 *Nov 14, 1997Oct 31, 2000Sony CorporationLearning system with random assignments, conferencing and modelingUS6157808 *Jul 16, 1997Dec 5, 2000Gpu, Inc.Computerized employee certification and training systemUS6304864 *Apr 20, 1999Oct 16, 2001Textwise LlcSystem for retrieving multimedia information from the internet using multiple evolving intelligent agentsUS20010039003 *Apr 27, 2001Nov 8, 2001Bin HuangMulti-lingual global distance learning system with database manager for automatic progressive learning* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6554618 *Apr 20, 2001Apr 29, 2003Cheryl B. LockwoodManaged integrated teaching providing individualized instructionUS6705869 *Jun 4, 2001Mar 16, 2004Darren SchwartzMethod and system for interactive communication skill trainingUS6782396 *May 31, 2001Aug 24, 2004International Business Machines CorporationAligning learning capabilities with teaching capabilitiesUS6905340 *Jul 18, 2001Jun 14, 2005Mentormate LlcEducational device and methodUS7074128May 12, 2003Jul 11, 2006Drb Lit Ltd.Method and system for enhancing memorization by using a mnemonic displayUS7357640Mar 31, 2004Apr 15, 2008Drb Lit Ltd.Lock-In Training systemUS7364432Mar 31, 2004Apr 29, 2008Drb Lit Ltd.Methods of selecting Lock-In Training courses and sessionsUS7379704 *Oct 10, 2001May 27, 2008Microsoft CorporationProviding collaborative services with contentUS7390191Feb 9, 2005Jun 24, 2008Drb Lit Ltd.Computer system configured to sequence multi-day training utilizing a databaseUS7717712 *Dec 19, 2003May 18, 2010Xerox CorporationMethod and apparatus for language learning via controlled text authoringUS8005700Jul 30, 2003Aug 23, 2011International Business Machines CorporationCustomer relationship management system with compliance tracking capabilitiesUS8019815 *Apr 24, 2007Sep 13, 2011Keener Jr Ellis BarlowInteractive audio/video method on the internetUS8496484 *Jun 4, 2007Jul 30, 2013Iti Scotland LimitedGames-based learningUS8577280 *Jun 14, 2010Nov 5, 2013Ronald R. HutchinsonProgrammed classroom instructionUS8606170Jan 20, 2012Dec 10, 2013Northrop Grumman Systems CorporationMethod and apparatus for interactive, computer-based, automatically adaptable learningUS8666298May 15, 2008Mar 4, 2014Coentre Ventures LlcDifferentiated, integrated and individualized educationUS9042808 *Jul 16, 2010May 26, 2015Edupath, Inc.Didactic applianceUS20020184215 *May 31, 2001Dec 5, 2002International Business Machines CorporationAligning learning capabilities with teaching capabilitiesUS20030070176 *Oct 10, 2001Apr 10, 2003Cameron ParkerProviding collaborative services with contentUS20030207238 *Dec 30, 2002Nov 6, 2003Markus LatzinaTraining methods and systemsUS20040098249 *Nov 18, 2002May 20, 2004Yaliang WangMethod and system to utilize web resources for language vocabulary learningUS20040161728 *Feb 14, 2003Aug 19, 2004Benevento Francis A.Distance learning systemUS20040186743 *Jan 27, 2004Sep 23, 2004Angel CorderoSystem, method and software for individuals to experience an interview simulation and to develop career and interview skillsUS20050003337 *Mar 31, 2004Jan 6, 2005Berman Dennis R.Lock-In Training systemUS20050027575 *Jul 30, 2003Feb 3, 2005International Business Machines CorporationCustomer relationship management system with compliance tracking capabilitiesUS20050058978 *Sep 12, 2003Mar 17, 2005Benevento Francis A.Individualized learning systemUS20050137847 *Dec 19, 2003Jun 23, 2005Xerox CorporationMethod and apparatus for language learning via controlled text authoringUS20050144908 *Mar 31, 2004Jul 7, 2005Cvc Technologies, Inc.Apparatus for tightening and loosening caps on containersUS20050177427 *Oct 27, 2004Aug 11, 2005Jeff MountIncentives based upon active key sniffingUS20050221267 *Mar 31, 2004Oct 6, 2005Berman Dennis RMethods of selecting Lock-In Training courses and sessionsUS20050233292 *Feb 9, 2005Oct 20, 2005Berman Dennis RComputer system configured to sequence multi-day training utilizing a databaseUS20050282135 *Aug 4, 2005Dec 22, 2005Berman Dennis RLock-in training method utilizing the entry of a portion of a keywordUS20060088806 *Oct 26, 2004Apr 27, 2006Clark QuinnLearning integrating system and methodsUS20060088811 *May 17, 2003Apr 27, 2006Park Joo YModified multiple-choice testing system using computer and the method of sameUS20060160055 *May 19, 2005Jul 20, 2006Fujitsu LimitedLearning program, method and apparatus thereforUS20060160056 *Sep 13, 2005Jul 20, 2006Fogarty James JrSystem for electronically administering a certification programUS20060224395 *May 14, 2004Oct 5, 2006Isao MiyadaiProgram for generating user-compatible business application data, recording medium containing the program, and user-compatible business applicationUS20070009873 *Jul 28, 2006Jan 11, 2007Berman Dennis RLock-in training systemUS20070009875 *Jul 31, 2006Jan 11, 2007Berman Dennis RLock-in training systemUS20070009877 *Jul 31, 2006Jan 11, 2007Berman Dennis RLock-in training systemUS20080045286 *Jun 4, 2007Feb 21, 2008Iti Scotland LimitedGames-based learningUS20080118905 *Oct 11, 2007May 22, 2008Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.Interactive lecture support systemUS20080270541 *Apr 24, 2007Oct 30, 2008Ellis Barlow KeenerInteractive audio/video method on the internetUS20090042176 *Oct 24, 2008Feb 12, 2009Happyedu Co., Ltd.On-line education methodUS20090123902 *Aug 11, 2008May 14, 2009Higgs Nancy NMethod And System For The Preparation Of The General Education Development TestUS20090215018 *Sep 1, 2008Aug 27, 2009Therenow, Inc.Remote Observation System and Method of UseUS20090253113 *Aug 25, 2006Oct 8, 2009Gregory TuveMethods and systems for facilitating learning based on neural modelingUS20090287619 *May 15, 2008Nov 19, 2009Changnian LiangDifferentiated, Integrated and Individualized EducationUS20100005413 *Jul 7, 2008Jan 7, 2010Changnian LiangUser Interface for Individualized EducationUS20100092935 *Oct 14, 2009Apr 15, 2010Tom RootWeb-based physical fitness monitoring systemUS20100129783 *Nov 25, 2008May 27, 2010Changnian LiangSelf-Adaptive Study EvaluationUS20100293478 *May 13, 2009Nov 18, 2010Nels DahlgrenInteractive learning softwareUS20110111385 *Nov 6, 2009May 12, 2011Honeywell International Inc.Automated training system and method based on performance evaluationUS20110136094 *Jul 16, 2010Jun 9, 2011Michael WeilerDidactic applianceUS20110189643 *Jun 14, 2010Aug 4, 2011Foundation For Behavioral ResourcesProgrammed classroom instructionUS20120237914 *Sep 1, 2011Sep 20, 2012Donald SpectorTeaching method using virtual in-room teachers and teaching assistantsUSRE39435Sep 2, 2003Dec 19, 2006Drb Lit Ltd.Learning system with learner-constructed response based methodologyCN103606312A *Nov 14, 2013Feb 26, 2014广州华多网络科技有限公司On-line education questioning method and systemCN103631481A *Nov 29, 2013Mar 12, 2014广州华多网络科技有限公司Method, device and system for collecting informationWO2005091247A1 *Mar 22, 2005Sep 29, 2005Lava Consulting Pty LtdA method of teaching* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification434/350International ClassificationG09B7/04, G09B5/14Cooperative ClassificationG09B5/14, G09B7/04European ClassificationG09B5/14, G09B7/04Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 10, 2006REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedSep 5, 2006FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Sep 5, 2006SULPSurcharge for late paymentMar 11, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: DILIFE TECHNOLOGY INC., OFFICES OF OFFSHORE INCORPFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHEN, HAI XING;LI, QIANG;SIGNING DATES FROM 20091215 TO 20100130;REEL/FRAME:024066/0501Mar 29, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Apr 19, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: DILIFE TECHNOLOGY (HONG KONG) LIMITED,HONG KONGFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DILIFE TECHNOLOGY, INC., OFFICES OF OFFSHORE INCORPORATIONS (CAYMAN) LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:024252/0595Effective date: 20100418Apr 20, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: DILIFE TECHNOLOGY (HONG KONG) LIMITED,HONG KONGFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DILIFE TECHNOLOGY INC., OFFICES OF OFFSHORE INCORPORATIONS (GAYMAN) LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:024252/0729Effective date: 20100418Sep 23, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: CHANGSHA DILIFE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD., CHINAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DILIFE TECHNOLOGY (HONG KONG) LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:025026/0532Effective date: 20100910May 30, 2014REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedOct 22, 2014LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesDec 9, 2014FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20141022RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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(Redirected from Azerbaijan-Israel relations)
Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the State of Israel
Azerbaijan and Israel have engaged in intense cooperation since 1992.[1] Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries besides Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Albania, Maldives and the former Soviet republics to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. In his meeting with Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu President Ilham Aliyev praised the active role of Jewish community living in Azerbaijan in developing bilateral relations between the countries.[2]
7 Cooperation against Iran
Population 10,002,887 (2019)[3] 9,113,900 (2019)[4]
Area 86,600 km2 (33,436 sq mi) 20,770 km2 (8,019 sq mi)
Population density 114/km2 (295/sq mi) 403/km2 (1,044/sq mi)
Capital Baku Jerusalem (Disputed)
Largest city Baku 2,262,600 (4,308,740 Metro) Jerusalem 901,302 (1,253,900 Metro)
Largest metro area Baku 4,308,740 Tel Aviv-Yafo 3,854,000
Government Unitary Semi-Presidential republic Parliamentary republic
First head of state Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh David Ben-Gurion
Current head of state Ilham Aliyev Benjamin Netanyahu
Official language Azerbaijani Hebrew
Main religions[citation needed] 90% Muslim, 5% Christian, 4% No Religion 1% Jewish 75.4% Jews, 20.89% Muslim, 7.8% others
Ethnic groups 91.6% Azerbaijanis, 1.15% Lezgian, 1.35% Armenian,
1.26% Talysh, 1.34% Russians, 2.43% Other nations 75.4% Jews, 20.6% Arab, 4.1% others
GDP (nominal) US$175 billion ($17,857 per capita) US$305 billion ($38,004 per capita)
Military expenditures $4.6 billion (2.6% of GDP) $23.2 billion (7.6% of GDP)
Military troops 126,000 176,500
English speakers 45% 84.97%
Labour forces 6,210,000 4,198,000[5]
On October 18, 1991, the declaration of the Parliament of Azerbaijan restored the country's independence, and, in November 1991, Turkey became the first state to formally recognize it.[6] On December 25, 1991, Israel formally recognized the independence of Azerbaijan,[7] becoming one of the first states to do so, and established diplomatic relations with Azerbaijan on April 7, 1992.[7]
According to a 2009 U.S. diplomatic memo, made public through WikiLeaks, Azeri president Ilham Aliyev once compared his country's relationship with Israel to an iceberg: "Nine-tenths of it is below the surface."[8]
Azerbaijan was visited by David Harris, executive director of the American Jewish Committee, in July 2010, shortly after the visit of Hillary Clinton to Baku. During the reception, Harris said Azerbaijan presented cultural, strategic and political importance.[9]
Azerbaijan was visited by John Shapiro, executive director of the American Jewish Committee, in January 2017, shortly after the visit of Benjamin Netanyahu to Baku. During the reception, Shapiro said that constructive partnership between Azerbaijan, US and Israel has a big significance.[10]
Visiting Azerbaijan in December 2016 the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said: "Relations with Azerbaijan are very close. They will be even better after this visit.".[11]
Azerbaijan is home to some 30,000 Jews, residing primarily in Baku and Qırmızı Qəsəbə settlement in the Quba district of Azerbaijan.[12] Mountain Jews have been living in Azerbaijan for close to 1,500 years; they are the descendants of Persian Jews. During the conquest by the Islamic Caliphate, Arabs settled an allied Jewish tribe in the neighborhoods of Baku; in 1730 Jews were officially allowed to put down roots and own property in Quba.[13] There are also nearly 5,000 Ashkenazi Jews living mostly in Baku. The first Jewish Sochnut school in the Soviet Union was opened in 1982 in Baku, then capital of Azerbaijan SSR.
April 2017 marked the 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between Israel and Azerbaijan.[14][15] Congratulatory letter to the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev from the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu include:[16][17]
“ Excellent relations with Jewish community and Israel ”
— Ilham Aliyev, Azerbaijan’s president tells WJC delegation[18]
Israeli–Azerbaijani ties have been expanding since the very early 1990s. The strategic relationship included cooperation in trade and security matters, cultural and educational exchanges, etc. Relations entered a new phase in August 1997 during the visit of then the Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu to Baku. Since then Israel has been developing closer ties with Azerbaijan and have helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. Israeli military is said to have been a major provider of battlefield aviation, artillery, antitank, and anti-infantry weaponry to Azerbaijan.[19][20]
In 2009, Israeli President Shimon Peres made a visit to Azerbaijan where military relations were expanded further, with the Israeli company Aeronautics Defense Systems Ltd announcing it was going to build a factory in Baku.[21]
In 2010, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev issued a decree banning the issue of visas in the country's international airports; foreigners henceforth had to apply for visas at the nearest Azerbaijani consulate. Israel and Turkey were the only two countries whose citizens were unaffected by the new law.[22]
In 2016, Israel's Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman supported the position of Azerbaijan in the 2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes, calling it "absolutely justified".[23] Furthermore, Lieberman held Armenia responsible for provoking the conflict in April 2016.[24]
A delegation of the World Jewish Congress visited Azerbaijan on September 2016 where during the talks with the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev emphasis was put on "Excellent relations with Jewish community and Israel".[18][25]
In December 2016, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu paid an official visit to Baku. During the visit he emphasised that "Israel and Azerbaijan enjoy an excellent relationship and warm friendship".[26] During the visit Netanyahu visited the Alley of Martyrs and paid tribute to Azerbaijani heroes.[27] He also visited the Ohr Avner Chabad Day School, met with the local Jewish community and gave a speech before students.[28][29] Press statements made by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also showed satisfaction with the bilateral cooperation of two countries.[30][31]
In December 2016, Azerbaijan-Israel intergovernmental agreement on air communication was signed.[32]
In March 2017, several regional tours were made by the Israeli envoy to Azerbaijan to deepen economic cooperation in the spheres of economy, agriculture, and tourism.[33] Azerbaijan and Israel abolished double taxation between countries in April 2017.[34]
During his speech at the 72nd sessions of UN General Assembly on September 19, 2017, Netanyahu mentioned the expansion of cooperation between the two countries.[35]
In January 2019, the State Border Service of Azerbaijan has purchased Sky Striker kamikaze from Israel's Elbit Systems. Azerbaijan became the first foreign buyer of Sky Striker. [36]
Following an October 2001 meeting with Israeli ambassador Eitan Naeh, Azerbaijan's then president Heydar Aliyev declared that the two countries had identical positions in the fight against international terrorism.[37] Israeli intelligence helps collect human intelligence about what they view as extremist organizations in the region. One of the groups, Hizb ut-Tahrir, which seeks the annihilation of the state of Israel, threatens both Jerusalem and Baku. Hizb ut-Tahrir is suspected of having several hundred members in Azerbaijan, and several members of it were arrested and prosecuted by Azerbaijani authorities.[38]
In 2008, a plot was foiled to bomb the Israeli Embassy in Baku, which is located in a high-rise building along with the Thai and Japanese embassies. Two Hezbollah militants went on trial for the attempt in May 2009.[39] Local police narrowly averted the potential disaster, which involved placing three or four car bombs around the high-rise complex to carry out the attack. Groups planned the bombing in retaliation for the 2008 assassination in Damascus, Syria of Hezbollah's second in command Imad Mughniyah, which the Lebanese group blamed on Israel. News reports suggested Iran was involved in the plan as well.[40]
In 2012, Israel and Azerbaijan signed an agreement according to which state-run Israel Aerospace Industries would sell $1.6 billion in drones and anti-aircraft and missile defense systems to Azerbaijan.[41]
Some analysts consider that both Israel and Azerbaijan see Iran as an existential threat. Azerbaijan fears Iranian Islamist influence, but Iran fears Azerbaijan, too, as up to 18 million Iranians are ethnic Azeris. On the other hand, Azerbaijan has close links with Turkey, and the post-2006 worsening of Israel-Turkey relations may have repercussions on Azerbaijan's relations with Israel.[42]
In February 2012, Iran rebuked Azerbaijan for allegedly aiding anti-Iranian activities by Israel's Mossad intelligence agency.[43] A few weeks later Azerbaijan arrested 22 people in a suspected Iranian plot against Israeli and US targets in Azerbaijan.[44] In March 2012, the magazine Foreign Policy reported that the Israeli Air Force may be preparing to use the Sitalchay Military Airbase, located 500 km (340 miles) from the Iranian border, for air strikes against the nuclear program of Iran.[8]
Azerbaijan has sought closer relations with the West, including Israel. There are, however, several inhibiting factors to the closeness of this alliance. One is the great influence of Russia. Another is Azerbaijan's difficulty to withstand pressure from the Muslim world. This pressure is the reason Azerbaijan has yet to open an embassy in Israel and why it has voted against Israel's views in international forums.[45]
Economic cooperation between Israel and Azerbaijan has been growing significantly. As Azerbaijan deregulated its industries and liberalized economy in the early 1990s, Israeli companies penetrated Azerbaijani markets.[46] Many companies have invested in service industry. One example is Bezeq, a major Israeli telecommunication provider. Through a trade contract bid in 1994, Bezeq bought a large share of the telephone operating system.[47] Today it installs phone lines and operates regional services throughout much of the country. Another company, Bakcell, was started as a joint venture between the Ministry of Communication of Azerbaijan and GTIB (Israel)[48] in early 1994 as the first cellular telephone operator in the country. Dozens of Israeli companies are active in the Azerbaijani energy sector. For instance, Modcon Systems Ltd., an Israel-based supplier of high technology to the oil and gas industries, opened a branch in Azerbaijan.[citation needed]
Between 2000 and 2005, Israel has risen from being Azerbaijan's tenth largest trading partner to its fifth. According to U.N. statistics, between 1997 and 2004, exports from Azerbaijan to Israel increased from barely over US$2 million to $323 million, fueled in recent years by the high price of oil.[49] As of 2013, 40 percent of oil to Israel is exported from Baku, which makes Azerbaijan Israel's largest oil supplier.[50]
Azerbaijan and Israel abolished double taxation between countries in April 2017.[51] "Defense and energy sectors apart, the bilateral trade between the two countries amounted to $260 million in 2016.", — said Israeli ambassador to Azerbaijan.[52] According to the State Customs Committee of Azerbaijan, the total trade turnover between Azerbaijan and Israel amounted to $116.2 million in January–February 2017, which is 17.5 percent more compared to the same period of 2016.[51]
Azerbaijan and Israel cooperate closely in the field of energy. Israel buys 40 percent of its oil from Azerbaijan.
In a 2007 speech, the Israeli ambassador to Azerbaijan, Arthur Lenk, spoke of a continuous trade between Azerbaijan and Israel in the energy sector. He noted that until the inauguration of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in 2006, Israel was a key consumer of Azerbaijani oil exports, and that the proximity of Ceyhan to Israel offers excellent new opportunities for greater Israeli participation in this sector of the economy, thus creating additional areas for collaboration and mutual benefit. He underlined that through the Trans-Israel pipeline between Ashkelon and Eilat, Israel could be a strategic partner for marketing Caspian oil to Asia. Israeli efforts in developing alternative energy resources, especially solar energy, were also mentioned. Israel additionally seeks possibilities of importing gas from the Caspian Sea region.[53]
In December 2016, during his visit to Azerbaijan the Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu said: "Today we are negotiating not only for the supply of Azerbaijani oil, but also imports of Azerbaijani gas to Israel".[30][31] Israel considers joining TANAP, said Israeli ambassador to Azerbaijan.[54]
Israel imports forty percent of its oil from Azerbaijan.[55]
Further information: Azerbaijan–Iran relations
On March 29, 2012, officials[who?] said that Israel was granted access to air bases in Azerbaijan through a "series of quiet political and military understandings." These airbases could potentially be used in a strike against Iran over its nuclear program and other tensions with Iran, and would be allowed by Azerbaijan.[56] Israeli and Azerbaijani officials denied these reports.[57][58]
On September 30, 2012, it was reported that Azerbaijan and Israel jointly examined the use of Azerbaijani air bases and spy drones to help Israeli jets perform a long-range strike on Iran. This would help Israel in regards to issues with refueling, reconnaissance, and rescuing crews, and could make an attack more feasible.[59] The plan apparently involves using an Israeli tanker aircraft painted in the colors of a third country airline company that would land and refuel in Azerbaijan and then refuel the Israeli strike aircraft.[60]
^ "News.Az – Azerbaijan, Israel to continue 'to forge strong friendship'". Retrieved March 8, 2016.
^ "Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic - NEWS » Meetings Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu held one-on-one meeting". en.president.az. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
^ "Azerbaijan Population (2019) - Worldometers". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
^ "The Jewish Voice". Jewish Voice NY. December 31, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
^ "Israel - Labor Force". Moody's Analytics. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ a b Lenk, Arthur (April 7, 2007). "15th Anniversary of Israel-Azebraijan Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ "Ilham Aliyev received the Executive Director of American Jewish Committee". President's office. July 4, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
^ "Azerbaijan-US-Israel partnership very important (exclusive)". Trend.Az (in Russian). January 30, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^ "PM Netanyahu meets with members of the Azerbaijan Jewish community and visits Martyrs Lane memorial site". Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "Azerbaijan Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved March 6, 2017. As of 2016, approximately 30,000 Jews live in Azerbaijan
^ "Jerusalem of the Caucasus". Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
^ "Israel and Azerbaijan: Celebrating 25 Years of Friendship — Jewish Journal". Jewish Journal. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "Celebrating 25 years of Azerbaijan-Israel Relations". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "From Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of the State of Israel". en.president.az. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "Israeli PM: Azerbaijan model of inter-faith, multicultural harmony". Trend.Az (in Russian). April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ a b "'Excellent relations with Jewish community and Israel,' Azerbaijan's president tells WJC delegation". www.worldjewishcongress.org. World Jewish Congress. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^ "Good Relations between Azerbaijan and Israel". Retrieved March 8, 2016.
^ Jane's Defence Weekly, October 16, 1996
^ Ora Coren (June 29, 2009). "Aeronautics to build plant in Azerbaijan". Haaretz. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
^ Citizens of Turkey and Israel Unaffected by New Visa Issue Law Archived March 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Vesti.az. November 9, 2010.
^ "Avigdor Lieberman: Azerbaijan's position in Karabakh conflict justified". April 6, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
^ Sputnik. "What's Israel's Role in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict?". sputniknews.com. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
^ "Ronald Lauder: I highly appreciate respectful and warm attitude of Azerbaijani people and Azerbaijani leadership towards Jewish community". Azertag. September 16, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^ "Netanyahu: Israel, Azerbaijan enjoy excellent relations". APA Information Agency, APA. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
^ "Israeli Prime Minister visits Alley of Martyrs in Baku". Azertag. December 13, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
^ "PM Netanyahu Meets with Jewish Community in Baku". December 13, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ "PM Netanyahu Meets with Jewish Community in Azerbaijan". December 13, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ a b "Statements by PM Netanyahu and President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev". December 13, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ a b "PM Netanyahu meets with Azerbaijan President Aliyev". Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "Azerbaijan, Israel agree on air communication". AzerNews.az. December 29, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "Israeli envoy tours regions to deepen economic cooperation". AzerNews.az. March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ "Azerbaijan, Israel abolishing double taxation". Trend.Az (in Russian). April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "FULL TEXT: Netanyahu's Address to UN General Assembly". Haaretz. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
^ "Azerbaijan purchases kamikaze drones from Israel". AzerNews.az. January 14, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
^ Itar-TASS News Agency (Moscow), October 22, 2001
^ "Israeli Embassy Bombing Foiled – Defense/Middle East – News – Arutz Sheva". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
^ Israel signs deal to provide Azerbaijan with $1.6 billion in military equipment. The Washington Post. February 26, 2012.
^ Tim Judah (February 6, 2012). "Israel's front-line in the South Caucasus". The Jewish Chronicle. United Kingdom. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
^ "Iran rebukes Azerbaijan for allegedly aiding Israel's Mossad". Haaretz. February 12, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
^ "Azerbaijan arrests 22 suspects in plot to attack Israeli, U.S. targets". Haaretz. March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
^ Gallia Lindenstrauss, Israel-Azerbaijan: Despite the Constraints, a Special Relationship, Institute for National Security Studies, January 2015
^ Bourtman, Ilya (2006). "Israel and Azerbaijan's Furtive Embrace". Middle East Quarterly. 13 (3): 44–57. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
^ Israel-Azerbaijan Telecommunications Forum Archived December 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Ilya Bourtman (June 2006). "Israel and Azerbaijan's Furtive Embrace". Middle East Forum. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
^ "Azerbaijan's Cooperation with Israel Goes Beyond Iran Tensions". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
^ a b "Azerbaijan, Israel abolishing double taxation". Trend.Az. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ "Israeli ambassador hails the country's relations with Azerbaijan". April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ Embassy of Israel in Azerbaijan. Ambassador Lenk: “Israel can be a strategic partner for marketing Caspian oil to Asia”. Retrieved on 2007-07-12
^ Holding, APA Information Agency, APA. "Israel considers joining TANAP, says ambassador". Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ Keinon, Herb. (November 15, 2018). "Jewish State appoints Christian envoy to Muslim Country". Jerusalem Post website Retrieved 16 November 2018.
^ "Azerbaijan granted Israel access to air bases on Iran border". Haaretz. March 29, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Azerbaijan denies report it gave Israel access to airfields". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
^ "Israel's Lieberman rebuffs claims on Azeri air base access". AzerNews.az. April 25, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
^ Grove, Thomas. "Azerbaijan eyes aiding Israel against Iran." Reuters, September 30, 2012.
"The Azeri Exception," Jewish Ideas Daily, by Aryeh Tepper [1]
Celebrating 25 years of Azerbaijan-Israel Relations — The Jerusalem Post
Israel and Azerbaijan: Celebrating 25 Years of Friendship — Jewish Journal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan–Israel_relations&oldid=925673761"

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


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This Evening’s Topics

What is Financial Planning?

What are some things I should know about getting married, buying a home, and the cost of parenthood?

How should I save for my children’s education?

What should I know about retirement savings plans and saving for my retirement?

How do I create a solid portfolio of investments?

Questions and answers

What is Financial Planning?

Personal Financial Planning

The Standard Definition

The on-going process of

defining your financial and non-financial goals,

assessing your financial situation, and

then creating a plan of action to reach those goals .

Which Really Means…

How do I achieve the life I want with the money I have?

-Or Conversely-

How do I make my money work to create the life I desire?

A Financial Plan is a Roadmap

Financial and non-financial goal setting

Retirement planning (& increasingly health care planning)

Education planning

Cash flow and savings analysis

Insurance & risk reduction

Tax planning

Estate planning

Taken one at a time, most people can handle each of the elements of financial planning.

The Challenge:

Coordinating all the pieces throughout time , while having a limited amount of resources available to you to allocate to these oftentimes competing needs and desires.

(And you also have a day job.)

“ I Do Diligence”

5 Financial Tips for Newlyweds

Not exactly a Lord Byron love poem, but financial accord does matter.

2006 study by Opinion Research and Fair Isaac showed that a lack of financial responsibility is greater cause of marital stress than infidelity.

Discuss financial goals and attitudes.

What does money mean to each of you? Here, opposites may not attract.

Review your credit history and debt.

If one or both have bad credit, work to get this cleaned up before buying a home. Be honest with each other.

5 Financial Tips for Newlyweds, continued

Update beneficiaries, wills and legal docs

Although most things automatically go to the spouse, beneficiary designations on 401(k)s or estate planning docs remain in effect until changed. POA and Health Care proxies also needed.

Create a budget together

Tedious but important. Helps bring each spouse’s spending habits more in-line with the other’s. Look as it as empowering rather than restrictive.

To commingle or not to commingle

Does not have to be all-or-nothing decision.

One important area to consider combining: INSURANCE. If both have employer-provided medical insurance, compare the plans to see who has better benefits for the costs.

Grim reality is a 50% divorce rate so some separate assets may be prudent.

Buying Your First Home

Home Ownership

Common Reasons to Own a Home

To achieve the “American Dream” -

Non-monetary decision; a place to “nest” and call your own.

To save taxes by deducting a portion of your mortgage interest and real estate taxes

To earn a solid investment return

Home Ownership

Disadvantages of Owning A Home

There are no guarantees; despite popular belief, you can lose money in real estate. It is like any investment – there is risk & reward

Being a homeowner is usually more costly than renting after adding in home maintenance and added utilities

In times of financial trouble, may be difficult to sell home quickly

Makes moving more complicated so may reduce career flexibility

Top Things to Know About Home Ownership

Don’t buy if you can’t stay put.

Usually need to stay in a home 3-4 years for it to be cost-effective due to high transaction costs. Plus, capital gains if own less than two years.

May make more sense to rent.

Rule of thumb - If you pay 35% or less in rent than you would buying, including mortgage, taxes & insurance, it is financially better to rent.

Renting vs Buying: Assumptions

Monthly rent = $3500; annual rent increase 4%

Home purchase price = $750,000; annual price appreciation = 1%

Down payment = 20%

Mortgage interest rate = 6.25%

Annual property taxes =1.35%

Cost of buying = 4%

Cost of selling home = 6%

Length of mortgage = 30 years

Annual renovation costs =0.5%

Homeowners insurance rate = 0.46%

Capital gains exclusion = $500,000

Additional monthly utilities = $300

Rent deposit = 1 month

Renter’s insurance rate = 1.32%

Rate of return on investments = 5%

Marginal income tax rate = 20%

Inflation rate = 2.5%

www.nytimes.com/2007/04/10/business/2007_BUYRENT_GRAPHIC.html

Financial Comparison of Renting v Buying Buying is better than renting after 15 years. Better to Rent or Buy? -$80,000 -$70,000 -$60,000 -$50,000 -$40,000 -$30,000 -$20,000 -$10,000 $0 $10,000 $20,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Year of Ownership Annual Savings 17.
Steps to Home Ownership

Determine if you want to rent or buy

Determine the price you can afford – old rule of thumb was 2.5 X annual income. Now??

Get pre-qualified

Begin house hunt/select a home

Apply for a mortgage

Inspect the house

Make an offer

Get a professional inspection

Close the loan

Move in!

How Much House Can You Afford?

ASSUMPTIONS:

$200K income

$150K down payment

Monthly debt other than mortgage = $1500

Mortgage interest rate = 6.25% 30 yr fixed

Annual property taxes = $10K Homeowners ins = $1000

HOUSE RANGE YOU CAN AFFORD:

$732,000 - $786,000

Monthly Payment (with taxes & insurance) = $4500 - $4850 .

http://cgi.money.cnn.com/tools/houseafford/houseafford.html

Miscellaneous Home Information

Closing costs – generally not tax deductible but added to basis of home to reduce gain when sold

Points – fully deductible in year paid if loan is secured for your home, loan is for purchase or improvement of primary residence, points are used for money and not for a service charge.

Home equity loans and lines of credit – interest paid generally deductible.

Second homes – mortgage interest is also generally deductible, provided primary and secondary mortgages do not exceed $1M.

Married couples can exclude up to $500K of gain when home sold if lived in for 2 of 5 prior years.

Losses from a home sale are NOT deductible.

And Then There Were Three….

Financing Baby - The Costs of Parenthood

Health Insurance

Review your health care policies – deductibles, co-pays, policy limits. Good resource: Getting Organized for Your New Baby

Life and Disability Insurance

Each wage earner should have life insurance equal to 6-7 times annual income. A stay-at-home parent should have enough to cover the cost of child care, cleaning services & other services.

Do you have enough insurance to cover a long-term disability? May need to supplement your employer-provided disability coverage with a private policy.

Financing Baby - The Costs of Parenthood, cont.

Emergency Fund

Should have (or be able to accumulate as quickly as possible) 3-6 months’ living expenses in the event of layoff or disability.

First-Year and On-Going Expenses to Age 18

According to the book, Baby Bargains , the average family spends $6,200 on baby things in the first year.

Birth to age 18 : High income (avg. gross income $105K) household spends $269,520. This does not include the cost of private primary &/or secondary education. (April, 2005 data)

Estate Planning

At a minimum, you will need a will to name a guardian for the baby.

Retirement Planning

Do not sacrifice retirement savings for college savings. Financial aid is available for college – not retirees.

Education Planning

Cost of College

Harvard: 2007-08 Total Cost = $42,675

Average annual tuition increase is 6%

Est. annual Harvard cost in 2026 = $121,808

Assume your investments earn 8% annually

To save enough for college between birth and age 18, beginning today, you will need to save $1,110 per month .

Education Funding

Savings Plans

Section 529 Plans – Qualified Tuition Programs

Coverdell Education Savings Account (ESA)

Education Savings Bond Program

Education Tax Credits & Deductions

Hope and Lifetime Learning Credits

Deduction for Higher Education Expenses

Loans

Student Loans

Parent Loans

529 Plans

Currently the best way to save for college

Contributions are made on behalf of a designated beneficiary

Contributions are made after-tax but earnings are withdrawn TAX-FREE if used for education

No income limits – anyone can contribute

Contributions are not deductible on the federal form; may or may not be on state form. (MA does NOT allow a deduction.)

529 Plans, continued

Distribution of earnings NOT used for qualified education expenses are subject to ordinary income tax (not cap gains) and a 10% penalty, unless beneficiary dies, becomes disabled or receives a scholarship.

Assets can be rolled over, tax-free, to another plan for the same beneficiary once every 12 months.

The beneficiary can be changed to a relative of the beneficiary (which is very broadly defined). No age restrictions on the beneficiary.

529 Plans, continued

$12,000 per year contribution per beneficiary ($24K per couple) before gift tax may kick in.

Can front-load contributions: $60K contribution ($120K per couple) can be made in one year and treated as if spread out over 5 years to avoid gift tax.

529 plans, if the account owner is a parent, are considered assets of the parents. Only 5.6% in 529 plan will be counted towards college costs. (35% of student’s assets are expected.)

Qualified distributions are NOT counted towards either the child’s or the parent’s income in determining financial aid eligibility.

529 Plans, continued

Education tax credits can be taken in same year as tax-free 529 distributions, but not for same expenses.

Account may be seized by donor’s creditors (depending on the state).

Choose a plan with LOW expenses and the MOST flexibility in investment choices. Be careful of plans with set age allocations – depending on the capital markets, being “more conservative” by having a higher allocation to bonds may actually be more risky.

May make most sense to fund the oldest child’s account the most as you can change the beneficiary and “roll” unused assets to the younger children.

529 Plans, continued

Good 529 Plans Comparison Website:

http://www.savingforcollege.com/

See handout for sample comparison of three plans offered.

Coverdell Education Savings Accounts

Contributions can only be made if child under age 18 or special needs

Total contributions cannot exceed $2000 per year per child, no matter how many people contribute

Can contribute to both a 529 and a Coverdell

Contribution is not tax deductible

MAGI must be less than $110K (single) or $220K married filing jointly, to make contribution

Distributions not made for education subject to ordinary income tax + 10% penalty, with same exceptions as 529s

Considered asset of the parents (or account owner)

Balance must be withdrawn no later than 30 days after beneficiary's 30 th birthday.

UGMA/UTMA Accounts

UGMA/UTMA – Uniform Gift/Uniform Transfer to Minors Account

No contribution limits (over $12K subject to gift tax)

Some tax benefits but much less so now that “kiddie tax” extends to age 19 (age 23 if student) in 2008. Unearned income over $1700 is taxed at parents’ rate.

Becomes property of child at age 18, 21 or 25, state-dependent.

Gifts are irrevocable and withdrawals must be for benefit of child.

Assets are in child’s name which may reduce financial aid eligibility. Can transfer to 529 plan, but be careful. Account owner is still the child so cannot change beneficiary!

Hope and Lifetime Learning Credits

Income limits apply – No credit if income > $114K MFJ

Hope Credit = 100% of first $1,100 plus 50% of next $1,100 (max of $2,200). Applies to first 2 yrs only.

Lifetime Learning = 20% of first $10K college expenses. Max credit is $2K per year; no limit on number of years you can claim.

Cannot claim both Hope and Lifetime Learning for same child in same year.

Education Savings References

“ Tax Benefits for Education” IRS Publication 970

Saving for College website

http://Savingforcollege.com/

“ The SmartStudent Guide to Financial Aid” (FinAid)

http:// www.finaid.com

“ Student Loan Funding” (Sallie Mae)

http://www.studentloanfunding.com/

Retirement Planning

Retirement Planning 37.
First Things First….

Maximize your annual employer-provided retirement plan savings contributions.

If this is not possible, at least contribute up to any employer-match amount so you do not leave “free money” on the table. If 5% match offered on $200K salary, add at least $10K of your own money to receive maximum match.

2007 401(k) and 403(b) limits:

$15,500 +$5,000 catch-up over age 50.

Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)

$5,000 / year beginning in 2008 plus $1,000 if over age 50.

Tax-deductible contribution depending on income and participation in employer-sponsored retirement plan

AGI Deduction phase out limits:

 $52K-$62K single; $83K-$103K MFJ

“ Nonparticipant” spouse can make deductible IRA contribution if couple’s AGI < $166K

Roth Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)

$5,000 / year beginning in 2008 plus $1,000 if over age 50.

AGI Deduction phase out limits:

$99K-114K single; $156K-166K MFJ

Contributions to a Roth IRA are AFTER-tax.

Distributions are TAX-FREE if withdrawals are made after 5 years of initial contribution and you are at least age 59 ½.

No minimum required distributions at age 70.5 as with IRA.

Roth IRAs, continued

Can convert an existing IRA to a Roth IRA if your MAGI is below $100,000 in the year of the conversion.

In 2010, this income restriction will be lifted; everyone will then be allowed to convert.

Conversions are treated as distributions so you pay income taxes on the converted IRA amounts.

If you convert, it is best to pay the required taxes from monies outside of the IRA to maximize the future tax-free earnings growth potential.

Roth 401(k) & Roth 403(b)

Unlike Roth IRAs, Roth 403(b)/401(k)s have NO income restrictions

Roth 403(b)/401(k)s are subject to the more generous salary deferral limits of traditional 401(k)s and 403(b)s - $15,500 in 2007, plus $5K catch-up after age 50.

Employee Contributions are made with AFTER-TAX dollars.

Employer matches cannot be put into the Roth 403(b)/401(k). Matches must go into a traditional 403(b) or 401(k).

Roth 401(k)/403(b) – What to Defer?

Important consideration

Same net pay but less deferred to the Roth

OR

Less net pay but maximized Roth deferral

Assume:

2006: High Income Taxpayer, Age 51, Single, Earning $350K, marginal tax rate = 35%, 7% rtn, 3% infl, 5 years of contributions, distributions begin at age 66, life exp = 81. Equal periodic pmts beginning at retirement.

Can either elect to defer $13,000 after-tax to the Roth to make it equivalent to $20,000 pre-tax 401(k)

– OR –

Can elect to defer $20,000 to the Roth, which would decrease his paycheck by $30,775.

Roth 401(k)/403(b): Equivalence at Retirement 44.
Roth 401(k)/403(b) – What to Defer?

CONCLUSIONS:

Even if the MTR decreases from 35% to 28%, it is still more favorable to select the Roth 401(k) option over the traditional 401(k).

It is significantly better to select the Roth 401(K) if you expect your MTR to either stay the same at 35% or increase to 42%.

It is BEST, as long as you can afford it, to contribute the higher after-tax payment to the Roth account, when saving for retirement. (In this example, $30,769 pre-tax for $20,000 Roth contribution.)

Roth 401(k)/403(b) – Should You Switch?

Can you afford to make the Roth contribution and pay the additional taxes? Yes/No

How long do you plan on leaving the money in the retirement account? <10yrs / >10yrs

Do you want to avoid mandatory withdrawals at age 70.5? Yes/No

Can your Roth portfolio earn an average annual return of 5% or more to take advantage of the tax-free growth potential? Yes/No

Will your tax rate be as high as it is now or higher when you retire? Yes/No

Roth 401(k)/403(b) – Should You Switch?

TALLY YOUR SCORE:

50 points for answering “Yes” on questions 1 and 4.

10 points for “Yes” on 3 and 5.

Question 2: 10 points if you have >10yrs before withdrawing

LESS than 110: Stick with traditional pretax 401(k)

110 or more: Contribute to a Roth 401(k)/403(b)

Still unsure? Split the contribution, especially if on border of tax brackets. 401(k) contribution could put you in lower bracket now. Put rest in Roth.

(Source: Business Week October 22, 2007)

Investing to Meet Your Goals

Investments 49.
The 7 Truths of Investments

Diversify, Diversify, Diversify

The 3 R’s: Risk, Returns, Rebalancing

It’s not about timing the market, it’s time in the market

Not too many investors need to own individual stocks.

Indexing increases your odds of success versus actively managed mutual funds

Expenses and taxes do matter

Everyone needs help with investing – education is key

1. Diversify, Diversify, Diversify

Proper asset allocation is the key to long-term investing.

Ibbotson Associates has found that 90% of the variability of returns over time is due to asset allocation.

Diversifying your portfolio means investing in a wide range of asset classes that do not always move in tandem. Doing so reduces the overall risk of the portfolio, while enhancing the return.

Diversification is NOT owning 5,6 or 15 mutual funds if they are all large cap growth and value. Correlation between these two groups is over 96%.

Stocks beat bonds, bonds beat cash, small stocks beat large stocks…but not all the time and with the same risk profiles at any particular point in time.

2. Risk, Returns &Rebalancing

RISK : “Can You Sleep at Night?”

How much risk can you live with? How much time to you have for your goals? How old are you? How close are you to retirement? Is college right around the corner for your children?

RETURNS : Expected returns are positively correlated with the level of risk taken.

The expected return on stocks is NOT 15% unless you take on a high level of risk.

Real return is actually 7% for the past two centuries. (Jeremy Siegel, Stocks for the Long Run .)

REBALANCING : Essential for proper asset allocation

Recent studies show the average investor never rebalances after his/her initial retirement plan investment. You need to trim winners and invest in the losers to stay properly balanced.

3. It’s Not About Market Timing, But Time in the Market

“ Patience is a necessary ingredient of genius ”

Benjamin Disraeli

2001 study by Financial Research Corp found that the average investor’s $10K investment in mutual funds over 25 years would grow to $123K without any trading, but only $70K with trading. (Not including rebalancing)

Vanguard study found that from 1984 to 2000, the S&P500 returned 16.32% per year, but the average stock fund investor had an average annualized return of 5.32%. Reason – active trading chasing performance.

4. Who Needs to Own Individual Stocks?

Most investors can retire comfortably without ever owning or short-selling an individual stock.

It’s a lot more difficult to pick an individual stock than a blend of stellar funds.

Trading individual stocks is not bad – just do it with a small amount of your money that you are willing and able to lose.

If you do buy individual stocks – do your own research. Don’t listen to pop sound bites on TV or call your broker.

5. To Be or Not Be the Market: Indexing vs Active Management

We cannot all get above average returns but the surest way to get above-average returns over the past 30 years is to buy index funds.

A Random Walk Down Wall Street - $10K in S&P500 index fund in 1969 would have grown to $327K by end of 2002, with dividends reinvested.

That same $10K invested in the average actively managed mutual fund would have had $213K.

The index fund returned 50% more.

Index funds (and ETFs) are also very low cost, keeping even more of your money in your pocket.

6. Expenses and Taxes Matter Annual Expenses (%): ETFs, Index Funds & Actively Managed Mutual Funds A shares : Front load fee assessed with initial purchase (~3-6%) + 12b-1 B shares : Back-end fee assessed if fund sold before 5-8 yrs (~6%) + 12b-1 C shares : Annual fee assessed (12b-1 fee of 1-2%) TYPICAL EXPENSES: Average Average ETF ASSET CLASS Active Index Total Index ETF CATEGORY Fund Fund Expenses Name Ticker US Taxable Bond 1.14 0.48 0.20 Lehma n Agg AGG Large Cap Equities 1.41 0.25 0.10 S&P 500 SPY Small Cap Equities 1.66 0.50 0.20 Russell 2000 IWM International Equity 1.79 0.75 0.35 MSCI EAFE EFA Source: Morningstar, BGI 56.
6. Expenses Matter, continued

Recent Lipper study found investors lose as much as 25 cents of every $ of their annual returns to Uncle Sam.

$100K invested for 10 year @ 10% annual return :

S&P Index fund with expense ratio = 0.25%

S&P Mutual fund with expense ratio = 1.41%

After 10 years :

Index fund = $271,019

Mutual fund = $244,519

Index fund returned $26,500 (11%) more, due to expenses alone.

7. Educate Yourself About Investing

Four great investing books to get you started:

The Intelligent Investor , by Benjamin Graham

A Random Walk Down Wall Street , by Burton Malkiel

Stocks for the Long Run , by Jeremy Siegel

The Four Pillars of Investing: Lessons for Building a Winning Portfolio , by William Bernstein

One of the best ways to avoid trouble when investing :

If you do not understand what you are buying and why you are buying it, do not buy it! Never be afraid to ask questions until you fully understand.

If it sounds too good to be true…it is.

Finally…

The 10 Commandments of Successful Personal Financial Planning

Thou shall take action – now

Thou shall pay off all credit card debt – start with the highest interest and work down

Thou shall understand the difference between wants and needs

Thou shall live on less than you earn (starting once you have a “real job”)

Thou shall pay yourself first

Thou shall set financial goals

Thou shall educate yourself and be responsible for your decisions

Thou shall save and invest

Thou shall protect your finances – insurance

Thou shall give thanks for the luxury of being able to financially plan for your life.

For more information, please contact:

Katie B. Weigel, CFP ®

LongPoint Financial Planning, LLC

747 Main Street

Suite 315

Concord, MA 01742

www.LongPointFinancial.com

[email_address]

978-369-1664

Holding Equities For The Long Term Time Versus Timing
nypaul61
cdewolfe
Tax Planning Tips Individuals 2009

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Patent US6026679 - Method to infer engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present invention provides a method of inferring the engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature sensor equipped vehicles including the steps of measuring the cylinder head temperature, calculating the engine coolant temperature from the measured cylinder head temperature as a function...http://www.google.com/patents/US6026679?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6026679 - Method to infer engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature sensor equipped vehiclesAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6026679 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/037,508Publication dateFeb 22, 2000Filing dateMar 10, 1998Priority dateMar 10, 1998Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE69928850D1, DE69928850T2, EP0942160A2, EP0942160A3, EP0942160B1, USRE40262Publication number037508, 09037508, US 6026679 A, US 6026679A, US-A-6026679, US6026679 A, US6026679AInventorsJohn William Holmes, Michael John Cullen, Randall Adam BetkiOriginal AssigneeFord Global Technologies, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Referenced by (7), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod to infer engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature sensor equipped vehicles
US 6026679 AAbstract
The present invention provides a method of inferring the engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature sensor equipped vehicles including the steps of measuring the cylinder head temperature, calculating the engine coolant temperature from the measured cylinder head temperature as a function of at least one vehicle operational state, generating a signal for the calculated engine coolant temperature, and sending the generated signal to a display.
1. A method of inferring engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature sensor equipped vehicles comprising the steps of:measuring the cylinder head temperature; calculating the engine coolant temperature from the measured cylinder head temperature as a function of at least one vehicle operational state; generating a signal for the calculated engine coolant temperature; and sending the generated signal to a display. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle operational state is engine revolutions per minute.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the vehicle operational state is cylinder air charge temperature.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle operational states are both engine revolutions per minute and cylinder air charge temperature.
5. A method according to claim 1, further including the step of filtering the calculated engine coolant temperature so as to prevent inaccurate display readings resulting from sudden changes in vehicle operational states, the filter step performed prior to the step of generating a signal.
6. A method according to claim 5, further including the step of recording the difference between the measured cylinder head temperature and the filtered engine coolant temperature.
7. A method according to claim 6, further including the step of storing the recorded difference in keep alive memory.
8. A method according to claim 7, further including the steps of:decaying the difference between the measured cylinder head temperature and the filtered engine coolant temperature as an exponential function of soak time upon vehicle startup; generating an initial, startup signal by subtracting the measured cylinder head temperature from the last recorded difference stored in keep alive memory; and sending an initial, startup signal to the display. 9. A method of inferring engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature sensor equipped vehicles comprising the steps of:measuring the cylinder head temperature; calculating the engine coolant temperature from the measured cylinder head temperature as a function of engine revolutions per minute and cylinder air charge temperature; generating a signal for the calculated engine coolant temperature; and sending the generated signal to a display. 10. A method according to claim 9, further including the step of filtering the calculated engine coolant temperature so as to prevent inaccurate display readings resulting from sudden changes in revolutions per minute and air charge temperature, the filtering step performed prior to the step of generating a signal.
11. A method according to claim 10, further including the step of recording the difference between the measured cylinder head temperature and the filtered engine coolant temperature.
12. A method according to claim 11, further including the step of storing the recorded difference in keep alive memory.
13. A method according to claim 12, further including the steps of:decaying the difference between the measured cylinder head temperature and the filtered engine coolant temperature as an exponential function of soak time upon vehicle startup; generating an initial, startup signal by subtracting the measured cylinder head temperature from the last recorded difference stored in keep alive memory; and sending an initial, startup signal to the display. 14. A system for inferring engine coolant temperature in cylinder head temperature sensor equipped vehicles comprising:a cylinder head temperature sensor; and a controller for calculating the engine coolant temperature from the measured cylinder head temperature as a function of engine revolutions per minute and cylinder air charge temperature, wherein the controller generates a signal for the calculated engine coolant temperature and sends the generated signal to a display. 15. A system according to claim 14, wherein the controller further filters the calculated engine coolant temperature so as to prevent inaccurate display readings resulting from sudden changes in revolutions per minute and air charge temperature, the filtering performed prior to generation of the signal.
16. A system according to claim 15, wherein the controller further records the difference between the measured cylinder head temperature and the filtered engine coolant temperature.
17. A system according to claim 16, wherein the controller further stores the recorded difference in keep alive memory.
18. A system according to claim 17, wherein the controller further:decays the difference between the measured cylinder head temperature and the filtered engine coolant temperature as an exponential function of soak time if determined that the cylinder head temperature measurement was taken at vehicle startup; generates an initial, startup signal by subtracting the measured cylinder head temperature from the last recorded difference stored in keep alive memory; and sends an initial, startup signal to the display. Description
The present invention relates generally to an automotive engine coolant temperature determination method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method using a cylinder head temperature sensor to infer such a temperature.
It is well known that malfunctions of engine cooling systems, such as a leak, will generally cause damage to the engine due to excessive engine overheating. To indicate such an event, a temperature sensing system for an internal combustion engine may include an engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor, a cylinder head temperature (CHT) sensor, or a combination of the two. The temperature sensors record a temperature and relay the information to an electronic engine controller, which, in turn, relays the information to an operator, typically via an instrument display panel.
In ECT sensor equipped vehicles the sensor typically communicates with a coolant passage in a cylinder head. The problem with ECT sensor equipped vehicles is that an accurate reading of the CHT can not be obtained. Having an accurate CHT reading is important with respect to fuel economy and emissions.
In CHT sensor equipped vehicles the sensor typically communicates with the cylinder head at a location adjacent the combustion chamber of the engine. A problem with CHT sensor equipped vehicles is that the ECT can not be accurately calculated. For example, the CHT can be up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than the ECT and the temperature gauge would read hot when the system is really operating within a normal temperature range, thereby giving a "false reading".
To combat these problems many vehicles are equipped with both ECT and CHT sensors. A problem with a two sensor system is that it is more costly than the single sensor systems. A further problem is that the algorithm programmed into the engine controller is more complex because of the need to receive information from two sensors.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a method of accurately inferring ECT in CHT sensor equipped vehicles that overcomes the deficiencies associated with previous systems.
The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art approaches by providing a method of inferring ECT in CHT sensor equipped vehicles including the steps of measuring the CHT, calculating the ECT from the measured CHT as a function of at least one vehicle operational state, generating a signal for the calculated ECT, and sending the generated signal to a display.
It is an object and advantage of the present invention to calculate ECT as a function of the vehicle operational state. Calculation in this fashion prevents "false readings" which may arise when CHT is running hotter then ECT, but still within an acceptable operational range.
A feature of the present invention is to filter the calculated ECT to prevent inaccurate display readings resulting from sudden changes in vehicle operational states, the filter step being performed prior to the step of generating a signal.
These and other advantages, features and objects of he invention will become apparent from the drawings, detailed description and claims which follow.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an automotive vehicle according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of an internal combustion engine having a temperature sensing system according to the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a method for inferring ECT in CHT sensor equipped vehicles according to the present invention.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows an automotive vehicle 10 having an internal combustion engine 12 and a dashboard 14 housing an instrument display panel 16. As known in the art, the display panel 16 has a variety of gauges which communicate various vehicle operational states such as vehicle speed, engine revolutions per minute, and engine temperature for example.
A temperature sensing system 11, shown in FIG. 2, infers ECT from a measured CHT. The engine 12 includes a cylinder block 18 having a cylinder 20 formed therein and a piston 22 reciprocally housed within the cylinder 20. A cylinder head 24 is mounted to the cylinder block 18, with a cylinder head gasket 26 disposed therebetween, such that the cylinder head 24 closes the outer end of the cylinder 20, thereby defining a combustion chamber 28 between the top of the piston 22 and an insulation deck 30 of the cylinder head 24. A sparkplug 32 is fastened to the cylinder head 24 to communicate with the combustion chamber 28. A cooling system 34 of the engine 12 is generally provided by a coolant passage 36 formed in the cylinder head 24. A coolant 38 circulates in coolant passage 36 to cool the engine 12.
According to the present invention, a temperature sensor 42 communicates with the insulation deck 30 in the cylinder head 24 adjacent the combustion chamber 28. Preferably, the temperature sensor 42 is a thermistor as is known in the art. The temperature sensor 42 senses the cylinder head 24 temperature and relays the information to an electronic engine controller (EEC) 44 having a keep alive memory (KAM) storage device 46.
Referring now to FIG. 3, according to the present invention, a method of inferring ECT from a CHT sensor is described. At step 50, the process is initiated. At step 52, it is determined whether a CHT is available from the EEC. If not, then at step 54 the engine temperature signal generated and sent to the display 16 (ECT DISPLAY) is set equal to a failure mode value of ECT (ECT FMEM). Generally, the engine temperature signal generated and sent to the display 16 at step 54 equals the combustion chamber air charge temperature during a cold start, and ramps to a calibratible constant whose value is typical for a warm engine.
If a valid CHT is available, then at step 56, it is determined whether the initial pass through this process has been completed (INIT FLG). The initial pass completed is indicated by a 1 as discussed below.
If the initial pass was completed, then at step 58, a temporary ECT value is determined. This temporary value is equal to the CHT value minus a first function (F1(RPM, LOAD)) plus a second function (F2(CHT)). The first function is derived from a calibratible look up table showing the deviation of ECT from CHT as a function of revolutions per minute (RPM) and cylinder air charge temperature (LOAD). Both RPM and LOAD values may be derived from the EEC. The second function is to account for the difference between ECT and CHT increases for very high values of CHT.
At step 60, the engine temperature signal generated and sent to the display 16 (ECT DISPLAY) is set equal to a rolling average function (ROLAV) used to filter out noise. The rolling average function is determined as a function of the temporary ECT value and a calibratible time constant (RUN TC) that takes into consideration the fact that CHT heats faster than the engine coolant.
At step 62, the temperature difference (DELTA) is determined and stored. The DELTA is the difference between the CHT and the engine temperature signal generated. The DELTA is sent to the display 16 and is stored in KAM, so that the DELTA at power-down is available during the next power-up. At step 64, the process ends.
If the pass at step 56 was not completed, then the process flow moves to step 66, where DELTA is determined as a function of the last DELTA stored in KAM multiplied by an exponential decay function (EXP). The EXP is a function of the number of minutes the engine 12 has been powered down (SOAKTIME) divided by a calibratible time constant (SOAK TC), which determines the rate at which DELTA decays during a soak. This information is available from the EEC 44. The EXP is equal to 1 if SOAKTIME equals zero and decays to zero as SOAKTIME approaches infinity. At step 68, the engine temperature signal generated and sent to the display 16 is equal to the difference between the CHT and the DELTA from step 66. At step 70, INIT FLG is registered as 1 indicating that the initial pass has been completed. At step 64, the process ends.
The present invention is advantageous for a number of reasons. First, because ECT is calculated as a function of the vehicle operational state "false readings" are avoided. For example, "false readings" which may arise when CHT is running hotter then ECT, but still within an acceptable operational range. Further, filtering the calculated ECT prevents inaccurate display readings resulting from sudden changes in vehicle operational states. More specifically, because ECT is being inferred by CHT as a function of RPM and LOAD, anomalous readings for RPM and LOAD need to be taken out of the calculation as they tend to change faster than actual CHT and ECT. In other words, if ECT is being inferred at a time when there is a sudden spike in RPM, with the RPM then returning to normal running, without filtering, the ECT calculation would indicate being out of control limits when that is not actually the case. It is an important aspect of the invention, therefore, that not only is ECT inferred from CHT as a function of vehicle operational states, but also that the ECT sent to the display is filtered to eliminate noise resulting from the various operational states.
Various other modifications to the present invention will, no doubt, occur to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. It is the following claims, including all equivalents, which define the scope of the present invention.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4393365 *Jul 2, 1981Jul 12, 1983Nippondenso Co., Ltd.Method and system for forecasting and warning on automotive abnormalitiesUS4984454 *Oct 10, 1989Jan 15, 1991Ford Motor CompanyEngine testing systemUS5020007 *Mar 10, 1988May 28, 1991Wu Samuel CMethod for monitoring the health of physical systems producing waste heatUS5201840 *Mar 18, 1992Apr 13, 1993Firma Carl FreudenbergTemperature transducerUS5669337 *May 6, 1996Sep 23, 1997Ford Global Technologies, Inc.Temperature sensing system for an internal combustion engine* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6393357Jul 17, 2000May 21, 2002Ford Global Technologies, Inc.System and method for inferring engine oil temperature at startupUS6680672 *Feb 8, 2001Jan 20, 2004Volvo Trucks North America, Inc.Vehicle diagnostic systemUS6829923 *Nov 7, 2002Dec 14, 2004Daimlerchrysler AgApparatus and method for indirectly determining a temperature at a predetermined location in an internal combustion engineUS7380983 *Dec 6, 2005Jun 3, 2008Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod and device for checking temperature values of a temperature sensor of an internal combustion engineUS9222840May 7, 2015Dec 29, 2015Ali A. A. J. ShammohDual temperature sensor for an engineUS20030106536 *Nov 7, 2002Jun 12, 2003Heiko SassApparatus and method for indirectly determining a temperature at a predetermined location in an internal combustion engineUS20060120430 *Dec 6, 2005Jun 8, 2006Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod and device for checking temperature values of a temperature sensor of an internal combustion engine* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification73/114.68, 340/449, 374/145, 123/41.15International ClassificationF01P11/16Cooperative ClassificationF01P2023/08, F01P2025/64, F01P2025/33, F01P11/16European ClassificationF01P11/16Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 27, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., MICHIGANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FORD MOTOR COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:009415/0688Effective date: 19980819Owner name: FORD MOTOR COMPANY, MICHIGANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CULLEN, MICHAEL JOHN;HOLMES, JOHN WILLIAM;BETKI, RANDALLADAM;REEL/FRAME:009415/0718Effective date: 19980304Jul 3, 2001RFReissue application filedEffective date: 20010416Jul 11, 2003FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jun 21, 2007FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Bank Teller Jobs, Employment in North Las Vegas, NV
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text: Patent US5047894 - IC card with shutter having L-shaped flanges enclosing the sides of an ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn IC card having a shutter, in which the right and left sides of the shutter are bent to form L-shaped flanges enclosing the sides of an electrode terminal board, the shutter sliding over the electrode terminal board....http://www.google.com/patents/US5047894?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5047894 - IC card with shutter having L-shaped flanges enclosing the sides of an electrode terminal boardAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5047894 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/514,933Publication dateSep 10, 1991Filing dateApr 26, 1990Priority dateApr 26, 1990Fee statusLapsedAlso published asDE69024633D1, DE69024633T2, EP0453672A1, EP0453672B1Publication number07514933, 514933, US 5047894 A, US 5047894A, US-A-5047894, US5047894 A, US5047894AInventorsShigeo Onoda, Hajime MaedaOriginal AssigneeMitsubishi Denki Kabushiki KaishaExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (3), Referenced by (16), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetIC card with shutter having L-shaped flanges enclosing the sides of an electrode terminal board