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Patent US5288493 - Skin care compositions with improved rub-off resistance - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsSkin care compositions, such as creams and lotions, wherein improved rub-off resistance is attained by including an effective amount of a copolymer comprising: a) 10-75% by wt. of a C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 alkyl acrylate/methacrylate, b) 10-70% by wt. of C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide,...http://www.google.com/patents/US5288493?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5288493 - Skin care compositions with improved rub-off resistanceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5288493 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/010,094Publication dateFeb 22, 1994Filing dateJan 28, 1993Priority dateMay 17, 1991Fee statusPaidPublication number010094, 08010094, US 5288493 A, US 5288493A, US-A-5288493, US5288493 A, US5288493AInventorsJacob J. Guth, Gary T. Martino, Dinesh C. PatelOriginal AssigneeNational Starch And Chemical Investment Holding CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (12), Referenced by (29), Classifications (28), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSkin care compositions with improved rub-off resistanceUS 5288493 AAbstract Skin care compositions, such as creams and lotions, wherein improved rub-off resistance is attained by including an effective amount of a copolymer comprising:
a) 10-75% by wt. of a C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 alkyl acrylate/methacrylate,
b) 10-70% by wt. of C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide, and
c) 5-40% by wt. of unsaturated carboxylic acid having 3 to 5 carbon atoms.
What is claimed is: 1. In a skin care composition having a vehicle comprising:i) an emulsion, ii) an oil base, iii) an aqueous system, iv) a solvent system, or v) a mixture of aqueous and solvent systems,wherein the aqueous system comprises from about 25 to 99.8% by weight water, from about 0.1 to 25% by weight of additives and ingredients, and from about 0 to 50% by weight of a propellant, and wherein the solvent system comprises from about 25 to 99.8% of organic solvent selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, amines and hydrocarbons, from about 0.1 to 25% by weight of additives and ingredients, and from about 0 to 75% by weight of a propellant, the improvement comprising providing improved rub-off resistance by adding from about 0.1 to 10% by weight of a copolymer consisting essentially of: a) about 10 to 75% by weight of C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, b) about 10 to 70% by weight of C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide, and c) about 5 to 40% by weigh of unsaturated carboxylic acid having 3 to 5 carbon atoms. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the additives and ingredients are selected from the group consisting of emolients, humectants, thickening agents, UV-light inhibitors, preservatives, pigments, dyes, colorants, perfumes and fragrances, antiseptics, antifungal and antimicrobial agents, and the propellant is selected from the group consisting of non-halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, hydrofluorocarbon and compressed gases.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition has a substantivity value of at least 30.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the acrylate or methacrylate has a C.sub.3 to C.sub.8 alkyl group, the acrylamide is C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide and the acid is acrylic or methacrylic acid.
5. The composition of claim 4 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of about 30 to 60% by weight of the acrylate or methacrylate, about 15 to 60% by weight of the acrylamide and about 10 to 25% by weight of the acid component.
6. The composition of claim 5 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of isobutylmethacrylate, t-octylacrylamide and methacrylic acid.
7. The skin care composition of claim 1 wherein the vehicle comprises an emulsion of about 10 to 90% by weight of an oil phase and about 10 to 90% by weight of a water phase.
8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the composition has a substantivity value of at least 30.
9. The composition of claim 7 wherein the acrylate or methacrylate has a C.sub.3 to C.sub.8 alkyl group, the acrylamide is C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 N-substituted acrylamide and the acid is acrylic or methacrylic acid.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of about 30 to 60% by weight of the acrylate or methacrylate, about 15 to 60% by weight of the acrylamide and about 10 to 25% by weight of the acid component.
11. The composition of claim 10 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of isobutylmethacrylate, t-octylacrylamide and methacrylic acid.
12. The composition of claim 10 wherein the acrylamide component of the copolymer is present in an amount of from about 20 to 40% by weight.
13. In the method of treating skin with a skin care composition, the improvement comprising providing increased rub-off resistance by using the composition of claim 1 as the skin care composition.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the additives and ingredients are selected from the group consisting of emollients, humectants, thickening agents, UV-light inhibitors, preservatives, pigments, dyes, colorants, perfumes and fragrances, antiseptics, antifungal and antimicrobial agents, and the propellant is selected from the group consisting of non-halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, hydrofluorocarbon and compressed gases.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of an acrylate or methacrylate having a C.sub.3 to C.sub.8 alkyl group, a C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide and acrylic or methacrylic acid, and wherein the composition has a substantivity value of at least 30.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of about 30 to 60% by weight of the acrylate or methacrylate, about 15 to 60% by weight of the acrylamide and about 10 to 25% by weight of the acid component.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein the vehicle comprises an emulsion of about 10 to 90% by weight of an oil phase and about 10 to 90% by weight of a water phase.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of an acrylate or methacrylate having a C.sub.3 to C.sub.8 alkyl group, a C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide and acrylic or methacrylic acid, and wherein the composition has a substantivity value of at least 30.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of about 30 to 60% by weight of the acrylate or methacrylate, about 15 to 60% by weight of the acrylamide and about 10 to 25% by weight of the acid component.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the acrylamide component is present in an amount of from about 20 to 40% by weight.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the copolymer consists essentially of isobutylmethacrylate t-octylacrylamide and methacrylic acid.
22. The method of claim 19 wherein the acrylamide component is present in an amount of from about 25 to 35% by weight.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/703,431, filed May 17, 1991, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is directed to skin care compositions for application to the skin wherein improved rub-off resistance is attained.
The use of skin care products, often described as cosmetic or health care products, is a large and continuously growing consumer market. These products which include creams and lotions as well as various powders, sprays and other topical skin products must satisfy a number of different physical and chemical properties while imparting one or more attributes of beauty, health and comfort. Some of the properties that skin care products are concerned with include stability, compatibility, insensitivity (non-irritating) to skin, ease of application, aesthetics or appearance, toxicological and other health and safety considerations, effectiveness, fragrance or odor, moisturization and water-resistance. In view of the varying needs and types of application, it is easy to understand why many similar products exist and why no one product can meet all of the different requirements.
One area of interest for many skin care products is the ability of the product to resist physical rub-off or prevent physical removal of the active ingredients from the skin thus obtaining extended effectiveness. While many of these products are directly or indirectly concerned with the property of rub-off resistance, there still is the need to provide skin care compositions which, while satisfying the many chemical and physical needs, have significantly improved rub-off resistance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to skin care compositions which contain selected copolymers of acrylates/methacrylates, N-substituted acrylamides and unsaturated carboxylic acid and which exhibit improved rub-off resistance after application to the skin.
More particularly, this invention is directed to skin care compositions such as creams and lotions, wherein improved rub-off resistance is attained by including an effective amount of a copolymer comprising:
a) 10-75% by wt. of a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl acrylate/methacrylate;
b) 10-70% by wt. C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide; and
c) 5-40% by wt. of an unsaturated carboxylic acid having 3 to 5 carbon atoms;
wherein all percentages total 100%.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The use of selected copolymers of acrylates/methacrylates, N-substituted acrylamides and unsaturated carboxylic acid in skin care formulations in accordance with this invention provides improved rub-off resistance. The term rub-off resistance as used hereinrefers to physical abrasion such as rubbing the human skin with the hands or clothes or other physical interaction. It can also be described as the ability to hold active ingredients on the skin or prevent the removal of active ingredients from the skin by abrasion or other physical interaction. One way used to evaluate rub-off resistance is by determining the substantivity value of a composition using the test described below in the examples. The substantivity value or percent substantivity is the amount or percentage of the subject test composition remaining on the skin following a standard physical interaction or rub-off procedure. Skin care composition containing the selected copolymers of this invention have a substantivity value of at least 30 and preferred compositions have a substantivity value of at least 40 and more preferably at least 50.
The copolymers used in providing the improved rub-off resistance in skin care compositions involve three components, i.e., a) an acrylate/methacrylate, b) an N-substituted acrylamide and c) an unsaturated carboxylic acid. More particularly the copolymers comprise a) from about 10-75% by weight of C.sub.1 to C.sub.18, preferably C.sub.3 to C.sub.8 alkyl acrylate/methacrylate; b) from about 10 to 70% by weight of C.sub.1 to C.sub.18, preferably C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 N-substituted alkyl acrylamide and c) from about 5 to 40% by weight of unsaturated carboxylic acid of 3 to 5 carbon atoms preferably acrylic or methacrylic acid, wherein the percentages total 100%. Preferably, these copolymers comprise 30 to 60% by weight of the acrylate/methacrylate, 15 to 60% by weight of the acrylamide and 10 to 25% by weight of the carboxylic acid. More preferably the acrylamide will comprise 20 to 40% by weight of the copolymer and even more preferably 25 to 35% by weight. This copolymer is soluble in alcohols and other solvents used in cosmetic formulations and while insoluble in water can become soluble or dispersible by neutralization with appropriate alkaline material. These copolymers can therefore be formulated into the oil phase or aqueous phase of emulsions. Depending on the type and degree of neutralization and solubilization, the copolymers can be made suitable for use in many different skin care media.
The copolymers described above can be used in different skin care formulations to impart rub-off resistance. The term "skin care" cosmetic formulation or product as used throughout this application refers to products which are applied or treated to the human skin for beauty, health and comfort type purposes. Products falling into this category include creams and lotions such as skin conditioners, moisturizers, sunscreens and various facial and other body creams and lotions. They also include solid or stick type products such as lipstick as well as sprays, powders and other topical skin products which are applied to the skin for these same purposes of beauty, health and comfort.
The skin care compositions of this invention may involve different skin care media or systems and will comprise a suitable vehicle or base for the composition. This vehicle may be an emulsion, an oil base, an aqueous system, a solvent system or a combination of aqueous and solvent systems.
The emulsions are the preferred vehicle or base for the skin care compositions of this invention and products of this type include the skin care creams and lotions. These emulsions which comprise water-based and oil-based phases, may be oil-in-water emulsions having oil as the dispersed phase and water as the continuous phase or they may be water-in-oil emulsions with water dispersed in oil, which is the continuous phase. The oil phase, which may comprise from about 10 to 90% by weight of the composition, is typically made up of cosmetically acceptable or conventional oily substances that are soluble in this phase, such as oils, waxes and emulsifiers. Compounds which can be included in the oil phase are typically mineral, animal and vegetable oils and fats, synthetic esters or fatty acids with aliphatic alcohols, higher fatty alcohols, waxes, so called mineral fats and oils, such as paraffin oil, petrolatum, ceresin, silicone oils and silicone fats. The water phase may comprise from about 10 to 90% by weight of the composition and this will include water and water soluble components such as alkalis, alkanolamines, polyhydric alcohols and preservatives. These emulsions include one or more emulsifiers which usually are contained in the oil phase but in some instances, depending on the type, may be in the water phase. Emulsifiers, which may be ionic or nonionic are well known and constitute a large group of conventional and commercially available products. They are often characterized by their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifying agents typically have an HLB of more than 6.0 and produce emulsions in which the continuous phase is hydrophilic and such emulsions are generally dispersible in water. Emulsifiers of this type include PEG 300 distearate, sorbitan monolaurate and triethanolamine stearate. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsifiers usually have an HLB of less than 6.0, preferably below 5, and produce emulsions in which the continuous phase is lipophilic. Such emulsifiers include, lanolin alcohols, ethylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate and PEG 200 dilaurate. Emulsifiers with HLB's of between 5 and 7 may function as either W/O or O/W emulsifiers depending on how they are used.
The amount of emulsifier used in the emulsions of this invention can vary depending on the system and typically will be an effective emulsifying amount. More particularly, the amount of emulsifier can vary from about 0.1 to 25% by weight of the composition and preferably from about 1 to 10%.
Various other ingredients and additives may be included in one or both of the oil and water phases in the cosmetic skin care emulsions described above. This includes emollients, humectants, thickening agents, UV-light inhibitors, preservatives, pigments, dyes, colorants, perfumes and fragrances, antiseptics, antifungal, antimicrobial and other medicaments and solvents. Effective amounts of one or more of these and other active and functional ingredients is generally used and this can total from about 0.1 to 25% by weight of the composition and more particularly from about 0.1 to 15%.
Another type of skin care composition is the solid or liquid products using an oil base in combination with the selected copolymer of this invention. The oil base is essentially comprised of oils, fats and wax materials of the type described above in reference to emulsions and include any of the conventional and cosmetically acceptably oily substances known and used in cosmetic and health care related products for skin care. These oil base materials generally will comprise from about 65 to 99.8% by weight of the skin care product and more particularly from about 70 to 99.7%. Various other ingredients and additives similar to those described above in emulsion compositions may be included in these products.
Other skin care compositions using the selected copolymers in accordance with this invention involve aqueous or solvent systems wherein the added components are soluble or dispersible therein. The aqueous system will comprise the selected copolymers, additives and active and functional ingredients, optionally a propellant and the balance water. Generally, an aqueous system will comprise from about 25 to 99.8% by weight water, preferably 50 to 80%, from about 0.1 to 10% by weight of copolymer, preferably 0.3 to 5%, from about 0.1 to 25% by weight of additives and ingredients, preferably 0.1 to 15% and from about 0 to 50% by weight of propellant, preferably 0 to 30%. Compositions of this type include the topical sprays and products containing fragrances and antimicrobial agents.
The use of a solvent system as the vehicle or base involves other skin care compositions containing the selected copolymer in order to provide rub-off resistance. The solvent system will comprise the selected copolymers, additives and active and functional ingredients, optionally a propellant and the balance solvent. The solvent may be any of the known organic solvents which may solubilize or disperse components of the skin care composition and more particularly aliphatic alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, amines and hydrocarbons including the aromatic, nitrated and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Particularly preferred organic solvents are the lower aliphatic alcohols such as the C.sub.1-3 alcohols and especially ethanol. Generally the solvent system will comprise from about 25 to 99.8% by weight of solvent, preferably 50 to 80%, from about 0.1 to 10% by weight of copolymer, preferably 0.3 to 5%, from about 0.1 to 25% by weight of additives and ingredients, preferably 0.1 to 15% and from about 0 to 75% by weight of propellant, preferably 0 to 35%.
The additives and other ingredients which may be included in either the aqueous or solvent based systems are the same as those described above for the emulsion and oil based systems. The propellants which may be included in the solvent system are the same as those described above for the aqueous systems. Additionally, a mixture of the aqueous and solvent systems may be used wherein water and solvent, especially alcohols are combined along with the components, i.e., copolymer, additives and propellant. Such a composition will comprise 25 to 99.8% by weight of a combination or water and solvent, preferably 50 to 80% along with the components as described above.
The acrylate or methacrylate/acrylamide/acid copolymers used in this invention will comprise from about 0.1 to 10% and preferably about 0.3 to 5% by weight of the cosmetic skin care composition. This copolymer is soluble in organic materials such as alcohols and is insoluble in water, but may become water dispersible/soluble through neutralization of its carboxyl groups with an alkaline material such as triethanolamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, sodium, ammonium and potassium hydroxide. Solubilization in the oil phase is accomplished with a polar fatty material such as stearic acid or isocetyl alcohol and may be enhanced by using a long chain amine such as stearyl dimethylamine or lauryl amido dipropylamine for neutralization.
Preparation of the cosmetic skin care emulsion compositions typically involves adding the oil soluble components in one vessel and heating to, e.g., 75 components in another vessel and heating to e.g., 75 C. Depending on whether O/W or W/O emulsion are being prepared, the warmed inner phase is then slowly added to the outer phase with agitation.
EXAMPLE I The acrylate/methacrylate, acrylamide, acid copolymers used in the skin care compositions of this invention are prepared in the following illustrative and typical polymerization method.
A reaction vessel equipped with a condenser and mechanical agitation means was charged with 51 parts of isobutyl methacrylate, 30 parts of N-substituted t-octyl acrylamide, 19 parts of acrylic acid, 2.0 parts of free radical initiator and 100 parts of ethanol. The contents were heated to the reflux temperature of the system and held there for a period of six hours, whereupon an additional 1.0 part of the initiator was added thereto. The system was then held at reflux for an additional four hours and the reaction then cooled to 30 standard separation means.
This copolymer designated A along with other similar copolymers designated B to H were used in formulating the cosmetic skin care products illustrated in the following examples. The copolymers B to H had the following compositions:
Copolymer B--65% isobutyl methacrylate, 10% t-octylacrylamide, 25% acrylic acid
Copolymer C--15% isobutyl methacrylate, 60% t-octylacrylamide, 25% acrylic acid
Copolymer D--40% isobutyl metacrylate, 30% t-octylacrylamide, 30% methacrylic acid
Copolymer E--10% butyl acrylate, 35% methyl methacrylate, 30% t-octylacrylamide, 25% acrylic acid
Copolymer F--45% isobutyl methacrylate, 30% t-butylacrylamide, 25% acrylic acid
Copolymer G--35% isobutyl methacrylate, 30% t-octylacrylamide, 35% acrylic acid
Copolymer H--25% isobutyl methacrylate, 70% t-octylacrylamide, 5% acrylic acid
EXAMPLE II The copolymers described in Example I were formulated into cosmetic lotions in the following manner.
An oil phase (Phase A) and a water phase (Phase B) having the following ingredients were prepared:
______________________________________           Parts by weight______________________________________PHASE AMineral Oil #10   10.0Octyl palmitate   2.0Stearic acid      4.0Glycerol stearate 3.0PEG-40 stearate   1.0Dimethicone copolyol             1.0Lanolin Oil       0.5PHASE BDeionized H.sub.2 O             74.75Triethanolamine (99%)             1.30______________________________________
The ingredients of Phase A were combined and heated to 80 separate vessel, the ingredients of Phase B were added and mixed and while maintaining agitation, 1.0 part of the selected copolymer A or C to H was added slowly. This phase was then heated to 50 a thickener, carbomer 934, a product of B. F. Goodrich, added slowly while heating was continued to 80 and B was uniform they were combined, mixed and cooled to 40 preservative, 1.0 part of Germaben II E, a product of sutton Laboratories, and 0.2 part of a fragrance were then added and the formulation cooked to room temperature. Note copolymer B was added to the same formulation but to the oil phase.
Each formulation was then tested for rub-off resistance using the following method:
TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING RUB-OFF RESISTANCE Equipment Glass plates - jig
20 mil draw down bird
675 g weighted block
PROCEDURE 1. Prepare glass plate jig by gluing glass slides across bottom to support test slides.
2. Weigh four glass slides.
3. Place four test slides in center of glass plate against stationary slides--place additional slides on sides and across tops of test slides.
4. Draw down 20 mil (1 mil=1/1000 inch) wet film on the four pre-weighed slides. Allow to dry for one hour.
5. Take weight of slides.
6. Slides were wiped with weighted blocks under closely controlled conditions.
7. Re-weigh slides.
% SUBSTANTIVITY A Weight of slide with sample--weight of slide =Initial Sample Weight
B Weight of slide with sample after wipe--weight of slide =Weight of Sample After Wipe ##EQU1## An average was taken of the four samples and reported as % Substantivity for each sample evaluated.
The % substantivity or the amount of composition remaining after rub-off, i.e., rub-off resistance was determined for each of the sample cosmetic formulations containing copolymers A to H and a control composition containing no copolymer and the results given below.
______________________________________Sample-copolymer           % Substantivity______________________________________Control         10.6A (30% acrylamide)           64.2B (10% acrylamide)           42.6C (60% acrylamide)           51.9D (30% acrylamide)           52.4E (30% acrylamide)           83.4F (30% acrylamide)           73.4G (30% acrylamide)           70.9H (70% acrylamide)           32.3______________________________________
As can be observed, all the formulations gave better rub-off resistance or % substantivity then the control which contained no polymer. Additionally, all samples containing greater then 10% to less than 70% of the acrylamide component had especially good % substantivity values.
EXAMPLE III In order to further evaluate the rub-off resistance properties of cosmetic skin compositions of the invention, a test procedure using the reduction of TEWL (transepidermal water loss) was used. This procedure where the cosmetic formulation of this invention, containing copolymer A, and a control sample, without polymer, were applied to skin of human participants and the reduction in TEWL determined under test conditions described below. The formulations for copolymer A and the control were those described in Example II.
Test Procedure Eight sections, each 3 of the participants.
TEWL measurements were made directly on each section by means of a SERVO-MED Model EP-1 evaporimeter.
Using a microsyringe, 27 mg of the test formula was applied to each of four squares; 27 mg of the control formula was applied to the other four squares. Formulas were spread uniformly and allowed to dry 5 minutes at 20
Four sites (2 control and 2 test) were wiped with paper napkins under very closely controlled conditions of pressure applied, rate, etc. The remaining four sites were left undisturbed. After an additional one hour equilibration time at 21 each of the test sites once again.
Reduction in TEWL was calculated for each of the following test conditions:
Test patch without wipe
Test patch with wipe
Control patch without wipe
Control patch with wipe
The following equation was used in each determination: ##EQU2## Where: TEWL(A)=TEWL of treated skin after application
TEWL(B)=TEWL of treated skin before application
______________________________________Results:           Mean TEWL Reduction (%)Sample Applied       Unwiped  Wiped______________________________________Control (without Polymer)                16.3%     8.4%Formulation with copolymer A                14.0%    15.4%______________________________________
These results show that the sample containing the copolymer, exhibited virtually no change in TEWL after wiping, as compared with the control indicating that much of the active ingredients used to reduce TEWL had been retained by the copolymer A sample. In other words there was less rub-off in the A formulation since the degree of reduction in TEWL was virtually unchanged after rub-off.
EXAMPLE IV Rub-off resistance was evaluated for a topical spray cosmetic composition. This composition which was an antifungal powder spray, sold under the tradename Tinactin to which 2% by weight of copolymer A described in Example I was added. Tinactin is a product available from Schering Plough and comprises a propellant (A-46/57%), alcohol (SDA-40/14%), an active antifungal ingredient (tolnaftate 1%), a preservative (BHT) and talc. The sample composition containing copolymer A and a control without polymer were tested for rub-off resistance using the following test procedure:
TEST PROCEDURE FOR RUB-OFF RESISTANCE OF TOPICAL SPRAYS Equipment Wool swatches (3
675 g Weight
Procedure 1. Prepare wool swatches by framing with masking tape, covering approximately 1/8" of swatch. Weight swatch (Initial Weight).
2. Tape swatch to vertical surface.
3. spray swatch for 3 seconds from a distance of 10 inches (making sure swatch is at center of spray pattern).
4. Allow swatch to dry for 5 minutes. Re-weigh swatch (Spray Weight).
5. Tape swatch to horizontal surface (making sure to only tape down the framed area to avoid removing wool).
6. Tape second wool swatch on 675 g weight.
7. Draw down the weighted swatch across the sprayed swatch using even, slow speed.
8. Remove swatch from horizontal surface and re-weigh (Final Weight). ##EQU3##
Eight runs were tested for each of the samples, i.e., with copolymer A and the control without copolymer. The results show the spray composition containing copolymer A increased the % substantivity from 55 for the control to 95% indicating the significant rub-off resistance provided by the copolymer containing sample.
EXAMPLE V A skin care composition with rub-off resistance containing copolymer A, as described in Example I, was formulated (hand and body moisturizer) and had the following ingredients:
______________________________________             Parts by weight______________________________________PHASE AMineral Oil #10     7.0Octyl palmitate     2.0Stearic acid        3.5Glycerol stearate   3.0PEG-40 stearate     1.0Dimethicone copolyol               1.0Lanolin oil         0.5PHASE BDeionized H.sub.2 O 76.6Triethanolamine     1.3Glycerin            2.0Copolymer A         1.0______________________________________
Additional ingredients, i.e., 0.2 part of Carbomer 934, 1.0 part of Germaben II E and 0.2 part of a fragrance were added to the formulation in a similar manner as described in Example II.
EXAMPLE VI Another skin care composition containing copolymer A, as described in Example I, was formulated (dry skin lotion) and had the following ingredients:
______________________________________             Parts by weight______________________________________PHASE ACetyl alcohol       2.0Octyl palmitate     2.0Tridecyl neopentanoate               4.0Mineral Oil #7      1.0Dimethicone         1.0Ceteth-20 (ICI Americas, Inc.)               1.0Laureth-4 (ICI Americas, Inc.)               1.0PHASE BDeionized H.sub.2 O 81.5Carbomer 940        0.5Copolymer A         1.0Glycerin            3.0Triethanolamine (99%)               1.0______________________________________
Additional ingredients, i.e. 1.0 part of Germaben II E, and a small effective amount of fragrance were added to the formulation in a similar manner as described in Example II.
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CorporationCosmetic compositionsUS6136305 *Aug 1, 1997Oct 24, 2000Societe D'exploitation De Produits Pour Les Industries Chimiques, S.E.P.P.I.C.Topical composition comprising a thickener of acrylic acid-acrylamide water-in-oil emulsionUS6139827 *Dec 31, 1997Oct 31, 2000L'orealWear cosmetic compositionUS6190681Apr 15, 1999Feb 20, 2001Yoram FishmanLong lasting liquid color compositionsUS6214327Jul 12, 1999Apr 10, 2001Bio-Safe Enterprises, Inc.Antibacterial compositionUS6228354Jul 2, 1999May 8, 2001Allegiance CorporationWater resistant film-forming antimicrobial skin-preparationUS6248336 *Apr 23, 1996Jun 19, 2001The Procter & Gamble CompanyCosmetic make-up compositionsUS6261576Apr 15, 1998Jul 17, 2001Yoram FishmanLong-lasting liquid color formulationsUS6348199 *Jan 5, 1994Feb 19, 2002Joseph VerniceSkin treatment creamUS6372204Apr 25, 2000Apr 16, 2002Societe D'exploitation De Produits Pour Les Industries Chimiques, S.E.P.P.I.C.Topical composition of unsaturated monoacid/monoacrylamide/polyfunctional monomer copolymerUS6395262Sep 22, 1997May 28, 2002L'orealCosmetic composition comprising a copolymer and utilization of the copolymer in a cosmetic compositionUS6395263Sep 20, 2000May 28, 2002Rosemarie NicholsSmear-resistant cosmeticUS6428797Feb 18, 2001Aug 6, 2002Yoram FishmanLong-lasting liquid color compositionsUS6488665Jun 11, 1998Dec 3, 2002Allegiance CorporationAntimicrobial alcohol gel pre-operative skin-preparation delivery systemUS6509009Aug 17, 2001Jan 21, 2003Rosemarie NicholsSmear-resistant cosmeticUS8545825Aug 24, 2005Oct 1, 2013Reckitt Benkiser (Uk) LimitedDepilatory composition in emulsion form, process for preparation and useUS8545859Nov 26, 2003Oct 1, 2013Akzo Nobel N.V.Use of acrylates copolymer as waterproofing agent in personal care applicationsUS20110034708 *Sep 5, 2008Feb 10, 2011Helmholtz-Zentrum Fur Infektionsforschung GmbhPharmaceutical composition effective against biofilmsCN101005878B *Aug 24, 2005Apr 7, 2010雷克特本克斯尔(英国)有限公司Depilatory composition in emulsion form, process for preparation and useEP0832645A1 *Sep 16, 1997Apr 1, 1998L'orealCosmetic composition comprising a particular copolymer and use of said copolymer in cosmeticsEP0928187A1 *Jun 24, 1997Jul 14, 1999Bio-Safe Enterprises, Inc.Antibacterial compositionWO1997042929A1 *Jan 15, 1997Nov 20, 1997Isp Investments IncCosmetic composition for rejuvenation of skin without skin irritationWO2006021782A1 *Aug 24, 2005Mar 2, 2006Reckitt & Benckiser Uk LtdDepilatory composition in emulsion form, process for preparation and useWO2009036008A1 *Sep 10, 2008Mar 19, 2009Christine BarrettRub-resistant, water-resistant, phase inversion temperature-type sunscreen compositionsWO2009090362A1 *Dec 24, 2008Jul 23, 2009Reckitt Benckiser Uk LtdDepilatory composition comprising hydrophobic particles, process for preparation and method of use* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification424/401, 514/937, 424/78.02, 424/78.05, 424/78.03, 424/59, 424/78.07, 424/78.06, 514/957, 424/43International ClassificationA61K9/12, A61K8/81, A61Q19/00, A61K47/32, A61K9/107, A61K9/00Cooperative ClassificationY10S514/937, Y10S514/957, A61Q19/00, A61K47/32, A61Q1/06, A61K8/8158, A61Q17/04, A61K9/0014European ClassificationA61K8/81K6, A61K9/00M3, A61Q19/00, A61K47/32Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJan 19, 2009ASAssignmentOwner name: AKZO NOBEL N.V., NETHERLANDSFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NATIONAL STARCH AND CHEMICAL INVESTMENT HOLDING CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:022117/0694Effective date: 20080401Owner name: AKZO NOBEL N.V.,NETHERLANDSFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NATIONAL STARCH AND CHEMICAL INVESTMENT HOLDING CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:22117/694Aug 22, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Jul 24, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Apr 25, 1997FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of 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'Situational Leadership Styles On T...
Amsterdam West Museum for Contempor...
by Vanessa Lamounier...
Situational Leadership Revised(2)
Spindle Email Powerpoint
by kevingregan
Seminar on situational leadership
Know yourself and seek self-improvement As a leader, you need to know who you are including your strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, you need to seek self-improvement. Don’t frustrate yourself or your employees; leaders must focus their self-improvement on further improving their strengths and how to better manage their weaknesses. If you don’t know yourself and seek self-improvement, you will not garner the respect needed as a leader from anyone. Be technically and tactically proficient As a leader, you must know your job. Knowing your job includes knowing the industry and market segment that your company is in. It means knowing the products and services that your company sells. It means knowing and understanding business well enough to enable you to make reasonably intelligent decisions. Also, you need to understand the company, market segment, and industry politics and how to work and live in these environments. I want to make it painfully clear that you, as a leader, are not supposed to be the expert. Individual contributors are the experts. That’s what they do and they enjoy it. They need leaders who know the subject and can have an intelligent conversation. If you don’t know enough about it, have them teach you. You will be amazed at the connection you make and the respect you earn. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions In order to grow as a leader, you need to continue to seek more or different responsibilities. This will help you to grow and stretch you both personally and professionally. Leaders want responsibility. Leaders always take responsibility for their actions and those of their employees. This requires understanding loyalty, which is undergirded by beliefs, values, and norms. Make sound and timely decisions Leaders make decisions every day. Those decisions must be sound. In other words, leaders need a model by which to make decisions. This helps to be disciplined in gathering information, analyzing it, charting prospective courses of action, and making the final decision. We will learn more about this in a later chapter. Timely decision-making is important as well. It can help avoid costly mistakes in human capital, capital, other tangible and intangible resources, and time. It can launch or sink a company. Leaders must understand timing in all their decisions. Set the example As a leader, you have expectations of your employees. You communicate them both verbally and non-verbally. The communication style that is most effective is non-verbal. If you expect your employees to do, you had better do it as well. If you don’t, you’ll be thought of as a phony. Know your employees As a leader, you must know your employees. They are people with skills, knowledge, experience, families, emotions, etc. They come from diverse backgrounds and communicate in a variety of frames. They are at various levels of maturity both personally and professionally. You must connect with your people in order to know them. As a leader, you must also look out for the well-being of your employees. They are demanding and trusting you to do so. The ultimate outcome is a stronger and better team. Keep your employees informed As a leader, you need to trust your employees with the information needed to do their jobs and to keep them focused. Unless you are bound by confidentiality or timing constraints, keep your employees informed. In the absence of information, people will make it up from their own frame of mind. This promotes anarchy and reduces the effectiveness of leadership. Develop a sense of responsibility for your employees As a leader, you must look at your employees as your responsibility. During the time of their employ under your leadership, you have the responsibility to help advance them in their career. You read that correctly! You own the responsibility! Keep in mind the balance of the employee having responsibility to act on the opportunities and the coaching you provide. Ensure that the task is understood, supervised, and accomplished As a leader, your most important job is to communicate, communicate, and communicate. This is said three times not because you need to say the same message three times. Rather, you must understand the frame from which each employee learns and communicates, and communicate the message in a relevant way to them. Once they have received the message, you need to remove hurdles for them, keep them accountable, and celebrate successful accomplishments with them. It’s a great opportunity to connect and grow in your relationships with your employees. Train and inspire your employees as a team As a leader, you have people reporting to you. While these are individuals, they must also learn to work together as a team. Developing and implementing training for them as a team, will help build the necessary espirit de corps you need to lead your team. When your employees work together as a team, they solve problems together as a team, build businesses together as a team, and grow personally and professionally as a team. This leadership nirvana will enable you to focus on strategic planning. Deploy your employees in accordance with their capabilities As a leader, you need to know your employees’ strengths and weaknesses and how they fit together on your team. Trying to force people into roles that don’t play to their strengths and the strengths of the team will result in frustration for all parties and you will lose people. Putting them in the roles that play to their strengths as individuals and as a team will promote the harmony, goodwill, and discipline of the team. Your employees will have the opportunity to learn and grow in a positive environment. T he leader asks for information and recommendations, however, he still makes the decisions. H e simply gets advice from employees before making the decision. T his style is appropriate for many leadership situations. T his style is appropriate when dealing with mature employees who support your goals and are competent and motivated to perform the task delegated. W hile you are always accountable to your superior for the results of any task you delegate, you must hold your employees accountable to you for their actions and performance. Situational Leadership
Situational Leadership “ Being a leader in differing circumstances” By Arne Pedersen
Agenda

Definition

Philosophy

Principles

Factors

Styles

Practical Exercise

The price of greatness is responsibility.

Winston Churchill

Definition

Leadership is a process by which one influences others to do great things.

Leadership Philosophy

A system of values by which one leads.

Arne’s leadership philosophy

HIL philosophy:

H onesty – Always tell the truth, even when it hurts.

I ntegrity – Always do what you say you are going to do, even when you don’t want to.

L oyalty - a two way trust between people. As a leader, you must make yourself vulnerable by giving loyalty first without regard for return loyalty.

Principles

Know yourself and seek self-improvement

Be technically and tactically proficient

Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions

Make sound and timely decisions

Set the example

Know your employees

Keep your employees informed

Develop a sense of responsibility for your employees

Ensure that the task is understood, supervised, and accomplished

Train and inspire your employees as a team

Deploy your employees in accordance with their capabilities

Factors

Follower - clear understanding of human nature (needs, emotions, and motivation).

Leader - honest understanding of who you are, what you know, and what you can do.

Communication - lead through two-way communication.

Situation - use your judgment

Know thyself Who are you? How do you frame life?
Know Thyself*

Are you an analytical person who likes to work objectively with facts, or are you intuitive, preferring to rely on your instincts and feelings as you make decisions?

Are you introverted, tending to be a loner, or extroverted, relating easily to other people?

Are your actions directed toward your personal interest, or do you give of your thoughts and time to help others?

*Note:Oracle Shrine of Apollo at Delphi, Greece (6 th Century B.C.)
Know your team Who are they? How do they frame life?
Know Your Team

An effective organization is a group of people who…

Know themselves and each other well

Care about each other

Share mutual trust, respect, confidence, and understanding

Work as a disciplined team to accomplish common goals

Perceptions Unchecked, perceptions are dangerous
Generations Baby Boomers 1946-1964 Generation X 1965-1976 Generation Y 1977-1989 Millennial 1989-today
Styles - Definition

Leadership style is the personal manner and approach of leading (providing purpose, direction, and motivation).

Styles - Directing

A leader is using the directing leadership style when he tells employees what he wants done, how he wants it done, where he wants it done, when he wants it done, and then supervises closely to ensure they follow his directions .

Styles – Directing (warning)

S ome people think that a leader is using the directing style when he yells, uses demeaning language, or threatens and intimidates employees. This is not the directing style. It is simply an abusive , unprofessional way to treat employees.

You do not lead by hitting people over the head - that's assault, not leadership.

- Dwight D. Eisenhower

Styles - Participating

A leader is using the participating leadership style when he involves employees in determining what to do and how to do it.

Don't tell people how to do things, tell them what to do and let them surprise you with their results.

- George S. Patton, Jr

Styles - Delegating

A leader is using the delegating leadership style when he delegates problem-solving and decision-making authority to an employee or to a group of employees.

The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to keep from meddling with them while they do it.

- Theodore Roosevelt

Choosing the right style

C hoosing the correct style of leadership requires you to:

Understand the four factors of leadership

Size up every situation and employee carefully

Consider competence, motivation, and commitment

Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier. - Colin Powell

Practical Exercise

I. Identify someone you know who characterizes leadership.

A. How does this person influence others?

B. Describes this person’s leadership attributes.

Practical Exercise

II. How would someone characterize your leadership…

A. In the Office?

B. With clients?

C. In Board or committee meetings?

D. Outside of work?

LEAD WITH INTENT BY ARNE PEDERSEN From the sands of Medina Ridge in Iraq... ...to the boardroom in Corporate America... ...Arne Pedersen shares some of his secrets to success in Leadership for business and life.
kevingregan
Suthindran Rao

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View from the hotel rooms. - Picture of Socrates Hotel, Sidari - TripAdvisor
“Fab Holiday at the Socrates”
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View from the hotel rooms. - Picture of Socrates Hotel, Sidari
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Photo: “View from the hotel rooms.” From Review:
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Add Photo See all 125 reviews of Socrates Hotel Explore similar hotels Alkyon Hotel 475 ReviewsShow Prices 0.3 miles Damia Hotel 262 ReviewsShow Prices 0.9 miles Olga Apartments 232 ReviewsShow Prices 0.0 miles See all Sidari hotels Know better. Book better. Go better. © 2017 TripAdvisor LLC All rights reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Site Map* TripAdvisor LLC is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (more) TripAdvisor LLC is not responsible for content on external web sites. Taxes, fees not included for deals content. EXPLOREAbout UsHelp CenterCURRENCY/COUNTRY$USDUnited States

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Real Estate Training Course - The Chandler Real Estate Training Center | Groupon
$179 for Real-Estate-License Training Course at Real Estate Training Center ($399 Value)
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Workshop - The 2.0 Patient Experience Europe and US - Kathi Apostolid…
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Patient Advocate by Regina Holliday 2619 views
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1. Greek Patients & Doctors What do they do on the Net? Kathi Apostolidis Breast Cancer & Patient Rights Advocate Volunteer Sector Consultant & Health Commentator
2. Social Media in healthcare is not a fad. It has real value
3. Web2.0 & Social Media Inexpensive Immediate Personal Ubiquituous=Mobile
4. What’s the Change agent? The Internet 800m. Users by 3rd Q.2011
5. Internet penetration in Greece 9,1% 33,5% 46.2% 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 1 2 3 YEAR YEAR Approximately 5.1million internet users in 2011
6. Facebook penetration-1st Trimester 2012
7. Greek Internet User • Younger men & women of 16-44 years • High/medium socio-economic status • Resident in urban/semi urban regions • Often smart phone owner
8. Online Survey Internet for health/healthcare • 1.050 participants • 3rd Quarter 2011 • 2/10 frequently use internet for health/healhcare purposes • 50% only some times • 3/10 never
9. What do Greeks search for in health/healthcare online? • 69% search for healthcare information • 43% search for specialist doctors & hospitals • 35% participate in blogs/forums • 25% purchase online healthcare products & services
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4 bedroom house share to rent in Thornton Road, Cheshire Oaks, CH65, CH65
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/76057970
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Property reference 45084802102018. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by OpenRent, London.

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2. Think I’d Like to Share• All about Knowledge• What is knowledge management ?• What is knowledge translation ?• How to apply KM & KT in ED
4. Knowledge management“The process through which organizationsgenerate value from their intellectual and knowledge-based assets.” Knowledge Management Research Center
5. Knowledge management“A systematic process of connecting people to people…and people to the knowledge and information they need to effectively act and create new knowledge.” American Productivity and Quality Center
6. Why KM ?• The world is flat ……• Information Overload• High competition
11. Knowledge Translation is the bridge between discovery and impactResearch (KT research andoutputs practice) Research impacts It’s is about making a difference
12. Why Knowledge Translation?• 30-45 % of patient do not received optimizing care• 20%–25% of the care provided may actually be unneeded or even harmful McGlynn E, Asch SM, Adams J, et al. The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United State. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:2635–45
13. What is Knowledge Translation?Knowledge translation is about:• Apply knowledge to improve health care• Closing the gap between what we know and what we do (reducing the know-do gap)• Moving knowledge into action
15. Knowledge TranslationType of activity Objective Process Diffusion Awareness Passive Dissemination Awareness + Active Attitude changeImplementation Attitude change + Active+++ Behavior change
17. Implementation Strategies• Educational strategies (CME)• Traditional educational (Lecture)• Educational meetings/Interactive educational• Educational outreach• Audit/Feedback/Peer review• Multifaceted interventions• Mass media and distribution strategies• Guideline content and construction• Reminder and Decision Support System• Financial incentives• Local opinion leader
18. Implementation Strategies• Multifaceted interventions• interactive education• clinical reminder systems
22. Knowledge TranslationChaophayaabhaibhubejhr Experience
23. Scenario 1: Inhaler with SpacerNebulizer Versus Inhaler with Spacer in Acute Asthmatic Attack Holding chambers versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma Cates CCJ, Bara A, Crilly JA, Rowe BH. Cochrane Library March 2003
24. Scenario 1: Inhaler with Spacer Percentage of Use35.86 64.14 Nebulizer Spacer
25. Scenario 2 :ISBAR• Objectives – Improve communication process in ED• Goal – 80% of RN adhere to ISBAR
26. Scenario 2 :ISBAR• Implementation Strategies – Multifaceted interventions • Interactive education • Audit/Feedback • Reminder system • Financial incentive
27. Scenario 3 : Prachinburi Triage Scale• Implementation Strategies – Multifaceted interventions • Guideline content and construction • Traditional Education • Audit/Feedback/Peer review • Local opinion leader
28. Scenario 4 : Disease Specified Management• Implementation Strategies – Multifaceted interventions • Guideline content and construction • Traditional Education • Reminder • Audit/Feedback/Peer review • Financial incentives • Local opinion leader


text:
performance wolfram-mathematica expand share|improve this question asked Nov 23 '11 at 14:13
Perhaps Coefficient's algorithm trades off speed for space, to be able to work on expressions with an extremely long expanded form? BTW your computer is 4.5 times faster than mine.
7,58922151
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Words containing afforma | Words that contain afforma
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Republic act no.8980 early childh... by Jared Ram Juezan 15815 views
, Chief Executive Officer at Wakiki
Dory Anne Mañas RM , asst. manager at ljtc gen. merchandise at ljtc gen. merchandise
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1. ECCDEARLY CHILDHOOD Care and development
2. Early Childhood Care and Development 1987 Philippine Constitution UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Education for All (EFA) Agenda ARTICLE XV Section 2 “The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and other conditions prejudicial to their development.”
3. EFA Initial Planning Targets for Early Childhood Care and Development (1990-1992 and Year 2000)
4. ECCD objectives Designating a single agency to be responsible for early childhood development Including another year of preparatory schooling for six- year olds as part of the formal school system Accrediting private school programs and institutions Designing focused and differentiated approaches for special categories of children Integrating health, nutrition, and other allied services in the programs and services Adapting curriculum, materials and approaches to the Filipino child’s socio- cultural milieu Managing early childhood development programs and services with emphasis on community-based activities Exploring and using various approaches to parent education
5. ECCD Act of 2000
6. Legal Framework for Governance of Early Childhood Care and Development The Child and Youth Welfare Code of 1974 The Local Government Code of 1991
7. Establishment of the National System for ECCD
8. ECCD is shared responsibility.
9. Access to Preschool Education
10. What kind of intervention is needed? Should preschool be made part of the formal school system or should it continue to be operated on a non-formal basis? Should the intervention be done through institutionalizatio n or integration?
11. Integration The inclusion of preschool education in the formal school structure. Institutionalization The formal recognition of ECCD as part of non-formal education
12. EDCOM Institutionali zation Pedagogical Economic
13. Private Preschool Education
14. Private Preschool
15. Preschool Elementary Secondary (Tertiary)
16. Level Age Requirement Nursery classes 3-4 years old Kindergarten Classes 4-5 years old Preschools 5-6 years old Ministry of Education (MEC) Order No. 24, s. 1979 Age Requirements for Admission
17. Independent Private Preschools To prepare young children to formal schooling To provide surrogate parenting to children of working parents To promote specific philosophy of education


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Swedish Lessons: A Memoir of Sects, Love and Indentured Servitude by Natalie Burg | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble®
Swedish Lessons: A Memoir of Sects, Love and Indentured Servitude
9781483503004
Swedish Lessons: A Memoir of Sects, Love and Indentured Servitude 2 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. 1 reviews.
Did not care for this book. Seems like typical spoiled american children behaviour. No curiosity or joy about living and learning. I went to scandinavia when I was 16 years oldand could not have been happier. One of the best memories of my life. I continued to contact family members for more than twenty years after leaving them. Had my aunt not passed away and my then ticket to return became a long distance funeral I would probably be living there today. I read this book because of an interview on NPR but I probably would not haxe if I had known it was so negative.

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Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), International Conference on. (eJournal / eMagazine) [WorldCat.org]
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958722656 Title: Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), International Conference on. Publisher: IEEE / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated OCLC:958722656
Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), International Conference on.
Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), International Conference on
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Rowing Selection usiSeat racing by ...
Rowperfect Seminar 2006 Seat Racing as part of selection by Duncan Holland, head coach of Cambridge University Boat Club.Part 1 - the slides.
Thank Rowperfect, Rebecca, Grant. Aim: To promote discussion of selection techniques. To pass on my ideas and opinions on selection, particularly seat racing. Intro: My background and experience. Rowing is a team sport, teams must be chosen. Bad selection, or selection that doesn’t meet the expectations of the team will reduce performance and enjoyment. Just look at all the headlines! Good selection is a way of managing athletes. Use selection as a way of managing expectations, good selection shows the athletes why the decisions have been made. Selection is always done before the event, no substitutions in rowing! So, the selector is making a choice before the event about which athletes he / she thinks will be fastest on race day over a specific course. Information to make this choice is imperfect. Tests are done before the event, over different distances , in different boats. From this imperfect information the selector must extrapolate forward to race day and make a judgement. More appropriate for children, recreational. Opinions are valid, but make sure the athletes know that opinion is the basis. Technique is a valid selection criterion but hard to measure. Age is a valid measurement, too young. Experience, do last year’s medals count? Service, do you reward loyalty? What effect does this have on other people and their performance? Easily measured but what is the effect on boat speed? Low tech or high tech? Height, weight, wingspan or Max oxygen uptake and anaerobic thresholds? What ergo score? 2km? 5km?, maximal or submaximal? Which machine on which setting? What if any weight correction factor? Which regattas? If you are racing 2km then relatively easy. How to simulate the HORR or WeHORR. Henley? Boat Race? Time trials. What distance? Relatively easy to manipulate. Matrix. Good and useful but require fleets of identical boats, multi lane courses etc. Big assumption that 2- speed equates to 8 speed. Fit the tests to the ambitions of the crews. Don’t repeatedly test young people on the ergo. A-M small etc. Fit the tests to the water and testing equipment you have. Don’t seat race on the Tideway! Tests should fit the training at the time, long in winter, shorter in summer. Test that which you are training. Simple tests can work, pull ups! For Can be a good simulation of racing. Fair Transparent Repeatable Good training Against Time consuming Requires space and equipment Requires a good level of rowing ability. Only thing changed is one athlete per boat. This gives a measure of those two athletes. Null race tells nothing about the athletes but may tell something about a crew. Exception is a double change and a comparison with an earlier race. See example. Athletes know neither the number of races or the next change. Total time is irrelevant to the seat racing. It does give information about the general level of the team. Eights too clumsy Steering is vital, can distract the steersman and leads to difficulty boating crews. I use 1500m I use 34 or free. Similar boats are acceptable, rig must be identical. Usual convention is that athletes can change height and stretcher only. If the null race has more than 1 length difference start again. Careful! Change two athletes so that in effect you go back to the previous line up and make a single change. If any result seems doubtful, change back and check. You cannot compare between sessions. Draws are acceptable data. This applies if you have more than 2 boatfuls. Rowing Selection using Seat racing by Duncan Holland
Rowperfect UK 2006 Seminar Seat Racing As Part of Selection D.J.Holland. C.U.B.C. [email_address] 2.
1 Context

Selection is an issue for all crews.

Dissatisfaction with selection procedures or outcomes is a common negative factor in crew performance.

Good selection policy and procedures are a useful management tool.

2 Selection Philosophy

All selection tests are an approximation of the final event.

Time.

Usually distance.

Often boat type.

Continuum from social to performance driven.

3 Selection Methods

Continuum from subjective to objective.

Social.

Who turns up.

Taking turns.

Coaches opinion.

Technique.

Compatibility.

Age.

Experience / service.

Physiology

Size / weight etc

Ergo scores

Training scores

Maxima

Weight adjusted maxima

Racing

Regattas

Time trials

Matrices

Seat racing

4 Choosing a Selection Process

To suit crew and objective.

To suit facilities and abilities.

Usually a mix of tests is better.

5 The Case for Seat Racing

Advantages.

Disadvantages.

6 Principles of Seat Racing.

Everything held constant except athletes.

Comparisons are one to one, athlete to athlete.

Each race after the null race gives only one piece of information

7 Assumptions for Seat Racing.

All athletes are honest and well motivated.

All athletes have comparable levels of fitness and skill.

8 The Rules of Seat Racing

Only one change at a time.

Athletes must not know what the next change is.

Times don’t matter, differences do.

9 Procedure

Use fours.

Coxed is usually better than not.

Decide a distance.

Decide, and enforce, a rate.

Boats must be similar and capable of being rigged identically. Identical boats are better.

Course should be straight, and have consistent conditions across both lanes. Bouyed courses are significantly superior.

Cox’ns, if used, say nothing except rate.

Boats stay in same lane.

All comparisons are done between crews with only one difference.

All sequences require a null race with a small difference between the crews.

Changing two athletes at a time is allowed but the comparison is with an earlier crew.

If in doubt, change back.

Comparisons are only allowed within sessions.

Less than 1 sec is not a result.

All athletes should have the same number of races.

10 Common Errors

Inconsistent water.

Too great a distance between crews.

Rating differences.

One or more incompetent athlete.

Bad steering.

11 Traps

Not thinking ahead.

Decide what comparisons you need, boat crews accordingly.

Not having enough time.

Too many races.

Local Marketing in Te Atatu Auckland
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text:
You might add oly xz-2 and fuji x20 to the list as they best the 7: Panasonic Compact Camera Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review
You might add oly xz-2 and fuji x20 to the list as they best the 7
2eyesee wrote:I have a Sony RX100, and while in many regards it is a great camera, there are a couple of aspects that are starting to grate with me, and I'm seriously considering selling it and getting either a Canon G15 or Panasonic LX7.I made a detailed post over in the Canon forum explaining all and I'd really appreciate the comments of any LX7 owners:http://forums.dpreview.com/forums/thread/3381006I thought this was probably tidier than making a duplicate post here - thanks.Those would have never sold for $250 at amazon for monthsthe xz-2 and the x20 are pricier as they are considered better photo perzon's gear list:photo perzon's gear list

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