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BBC Hydraulic Rollers
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Intro to Social Media for NCBPW by Marsha Lanier 799 views
Cra Round Table.Feb09 by AdamZFP 527 views
Disability Rights and Social Media by Marsha Lanier 2650 views
Tools Of The Trade by Jeff Ray 527 views
Is your brand truly unique by Rob Kempton 376 views
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Sel... by LinkedIn 339654 views
See Jane Do Passion Into Action presentation: Small Town Big Voice
1. Passion Into Action See Jane Do & Gather the Women

Bridging the Digital Divide:

"Small Towns - Big Voice"

2. A Social Media for Social Justice Presentation Marsha Lanier, MSW SpiritBodyMind.org Community Organizing Consultant Twitter: @CommunityBldr 415-678-6303
3. What is the Digital Divide?

Seniors

Women and girls

People with DisABILITIES

Communities of color

Low income

Small towns

4. Who's Bridging it? How?
5. Seniors Blogging: SilverPlanet.com
6. People with DisABILITIES: NCIL Wiki
7. People with DisABILITIES: Second Life & Virtual Mobility
8. Women and Girls: AAUW and Tech Camps
9. Women and Girls: ShesGeeky.org
10. Communities of Color: Kwan Booth
11. Low income: OaklandLocal.org
12. Small Towns: SYRCL
13. Small Towns: Wild & Scenic Film Festival / Media Lounge
14. Small Towns: Briar Patch Coop
15. Mobile Phone Advocacy: Haiti “ About 15-20% of the Red Cross donations have been made via text messaging. In fact, the amount raised so far (via text messaging) has surpassed the $4 million that was donated to all charities via mobile texts in ALL of 2009.”
16. M-advocates = Mobile Phone Advocates
17. Small Towns: FREED Join us on February 10 in Nevada City
18. Small Towns: FREED Center for Independent Living Become a Fan on Facebook Search #DisabilityRights on Twitter What: Social Media for Activists When: February 10 Where: FREED Nevada City
19. A Social Media for Social Justice Presentation Marsha Lanier, MSW SpiritBodyMind.org Community Organizing Consultant Twitter: @CommunityBldr 415-678-6303

type: global

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text: Promotional value expires 180 days after purchase. Amount paid never expires. Limit 1 per person. Must activate by the expiration date on your Groupon, subscription expires 1 year from activation date. Online only. Must provide credit card number, membership will auto-renew if not opted out of. New members only. Not valid for adding cities to already existing accounts. Valid only for the Harrisburg area. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.

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Katzrin ancient village and synagogue - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Katzrin Ancient Village)
Entrance to ancient Katzrin synagogue
32°59′31″N 35°41′28″E / 32.992°N 35.691°E / 32.992; 35.691
The Katzrin ancient village and synagogue (Hebrew: קצרין העתיקה; also Kasrin, Qisrin) is an open-air museum located in the Golan Heights on the outskirts of the Israeli settlement Katzrin. It features the reconstructed remains of a Talmudic-era village.[1]
Reconstructed arches in a section of the ancient village
The ancient Jewish farming village of Katzrin was built around a spring, which still flows. Although there were standing ruins on the site, archaeological excavations have increased the number of accessible ancient buildings. An ancient synagogue was discovered in 1967 and excavated between 1971 and 1984. Other parts of the village were excavated beginning in 1983. Some of the buildings have been reconstructed on their ancient foundations and furnished with replicas of household goods and tools. An ancient wine press and olive press have also been made functional with new ropes and beams. Costumed guides demonstrate and explain construction methods, agricultural and manufacturing processes in Hebrew and English.[2][3]
The Katzrin Synagogue was built in the 6th century CE atop a more modest 4th-5th century synagogue. Fragments of a mosaic floor have been found. The synagogue was apparently destroyed by the Golan earthquake of 749. In the Mamluk period, part of the standing ruin was roofed and used as a mosque. After a brief period, this use and the village itself were abandoned until 1967.
The synagogue had two rows of four columns each. The building was two stories tall with rows of windows at the top of the walls. The roof was built of wooden beams covered with ceramic tiles. In the southern wall, which faces Jerusalem, two massive stone steps lead to a raised stone platform (bimah). It is thought that a wooden Torah ark would have stood here. stood on it. Under the bimah there is a long, stone-paved space thought to have served as a Geniza (storage space for sacred texts no longer in use). The walls were plastered and painted white, with the lower walls decorated with red geometric motifs. The walls were lined with stone benches in the form of a double step.[4]
The basalt lintel of one of the houses unearthed in the Golan bears a Hebrew inscription that reads: "This is the beit midrash of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker."[5] This discovery ties in with a discussion in the Talmud that revolves around wearing new shoes on the Sabbath: What are new shoes? Shoes that have not “walked” a certain distance, in this case the distance between the synagogue at Katzrin and the beit midrash of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker.[6]
^ Talmudic village
^ Katzrin
^ Jewish time-travel: a travel narrative and guide to Jewish historic sites in Europe and Israel Mae E. Sander, Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 155
^ The Emergence of Judaism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective, Christine Hayes
^ Eretz Magazine:Stayput Golan
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katzrin_ancient_village_and_synagogue&oldid=714567637"	Categories: Open-air museumsClassical sites on the Golan HeightsSynagogues preserved as museumsConversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosquesArchaeological museumsTourist attractions in Israeli-occupied territoriesFormer populated places on the Golan HeightsSynagogues in SyriaAncient synagogues in the Land of IsraelAncient Jewish settlements of the Golan HeightsHidden categories: Articles containing Hebrew-language text	Navigation menu
עברית	Edit links	This page was last modified on 10 April 2016, at 15:19.

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


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tpk95 - Member Forum Posts - TripAdvisor
Search Profile Badge collection Travel map tpk95 Send Message Since Nov 2005Phila, PA
7 Forum Posts tpk95's TripCollective Progress Total Points 140 New ReviewerThis badge is earned after 1 review.Write a ReviewNew PhotographerThis badge is earned after 1 photo.Add a PhotoReviewerThis badge is earned after 3 reviews.Write a ReviewHelpful ReviewerThis badge is earned after 1 helpful vote.Write a ReviewReadershipThis badge is earned after a reviewer has 100 readers.Write a ReviewHotel Expert Level 1The Hotel Expert badge levels up after every three hotel reviews.Level 1: earned after your 3rd hotel review.Write a ReviewLuxury Hotel Expert Level 1The Luxury Hotel Expert badge levels up after every three luxury hotel reviews.Level 1: earned after your 3rd luxury hotel review.Write a ReviewBoutique Hotel Expert Level 1The Boutique Hotel Expert badge levels up after every three boutique hotel reviews.Level 1: earned after your 3rd boutique hotel review.Write a ReviewB&B and Inns Expert Level 1The B&B and Inns Expert badge levels up after every three B&B or Inn reviews.Level 1: earned after your 3rd B&B or Inn review.Write a ReviewResort Expert Level 1The Resort Expert badge levels up after every three resort reviews.Level 1: earned after your 3rd resort review.Write a ReviewRestaurant Expert Level 1The Restaurant Expert badge levels up after every three restaurant reviews.Level 1: earned after your 3rd restaurant review.Write a ReviewAttraction Expert Level 1The Attraction Expert badge levels up after every three attraction reviews.Level 1: earned after your 3rd attraction review.Write a ReviewSenior ReviewerThis badge is earned after 5 reviews.Write a ReviewContributorThis badge is earned after 10 reviews.Write a ReviewSenior ContributorThis badge is earned after 20 reviews.Write a ReviewTop ContributorThis badge is earned after 50 reviews.Write a Review
How do I earn points? Every time you contribute to TripAdvisor, you earn TripCollective points. Here’s a list of what you can contribute, and how much it’s worth. Review 100points Photo 30points Video 30points Forum Post 20points Rating 5points Traveler Article Creation 100points Traveler Article Edits 5points Trip Lists 50points Helpful Vote 1point Earn points, reach new levels. The more points you earn, the higher your level – and the more you’re recognized in the travel community for your contributions. Your TripCollective level appears in your traveler profile. Level6 10000points Level5 5000points Level4 2500points Level3 1000points Level2 500points Level1 300points Total Points 140tpk95's Contributions Forum Posts (7)DateTypeForumTopicPointsApr 20, 2006ReplyMauiWarren and Annabelle's Magic Show20Apr 19, 2006TopicMauiWarren and Annabelle's Magic Show20Mar 25, 2006ReplyKiheiFairmont Kea Lani or Four Seasons Maui?20Mar 13, 2006ReplyKiheiFairmont Kea Lani or Four Seasons Maui?20Mar 12, 2006ReplyKiheiFairmont Kea Lani or Four Seasons Maui?20Mar 12, 2006ReplyKiheiFairmont Kea Lani or Four Seasons Maui?20Mar 12, 2006TopicKiheiFairmont Kea Lani or Four Seasons Maui?20PreviousNext1Bonus points are available on occasion across the site. Keep an eye out for opportunities to get extra points!

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Patent US4074661 - Fuel reforming system for an internal combustion engine - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA system for converting a rich air-fuel mixture into a reformed gaseous mixture containing hydrogen forms a part of an intake system of an internal combustion engine. The system includes an intake passage divided by a dividing wall into a first and a second sub-passages for receiving relatively lean...http://www.google.com/patents/US4074661?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4074661 - Fuel reforming system for an internal combustion engineAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS4074661 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/657,289Publication dateFeb 21, 1978Filing dateFeb 11, 1976Priority dateFeb 14, 1975Publication number05657289, 657289, US 4074661 A, US 4074661A, US-A-4074661, US4074661 A, US4074661AInventorsMasaaki Noguchi, Tsuchio Bunda, Taro TanakaOriginal AssigneeNippon Soken, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Referenced by (13), Classifications (18) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFuel reforming system for an internal combustion engine
US 4074661 AAbstract
A system for converting a rich air-fuel mixture into a reformed gaseous mixture containing hydrogen forms a part of an intake system of an internal combustion engine. The system includes an intake passage divided by a dividing wall into a first and a second sub-passages for receiving relatively lean and rich parts of the rich air-fuel mixture, respectively. The first sub-passage has a sparking plug for igniting and burning the relatively lean part of the mixture to produce heat which is transferred by the dividing wall and, as occasion demands, by a heat exchanger to the relatively rich part of the mixture flowing through the second sub-passage in order that a part of the fuel is converted into reformed gaseous mixture and the remainder of the fuel is effectively vaporized. Thereafter the rich air-fuel mixture is directed to a catalyst bed disposed downstream of the first and the second sub-passages and subjected to the fuel reformation operation, wherein the fully vaporized fuel is completely converted into reformed gaseous mixture. The sub-passages and the catalyst bed are disposed in the system upstream of a throttle valve, whereby the system is protected from variation in the vacuum produced in the intake system of the engine and thus is reliably operative to produce the reformed gaseous mixture.
1. A fuel reforming system for converting a rich mixture of air and a fuel into a reformed gaseous mixture containing hydrogen and for feeding the reformed gaseous mixture into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, comprising:an air-valve type carburetor for producing a heterogeneous rich mixture of air and fuel; means disposed downstream of said carburetor for defining an intake passage leading to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine; means disposed in said intake passage directly downstream of said carburetor for dividing a part of said intake passage into first and a second sub-passages to introduce a relatively lean part of said heterogeneous rich mixture into said first sub-passage and introduce a relatively rich part of said heterogeneous rich mixture into said second sub-passage; igniting means extending into said first sub-passage for igniting and burning said relatively lean part of said mixture to produce heat in said first sub-passage, said heat being transferred to said second sub-passage to heat said relatively rich part of said mixture flowing therethrough; the burned gas from said first sub-passage and said relatively rich part of said mixture from said second sub-passage being mixed together downstream of said dividing means to facilitate atomization of said mixture; catalyst means disposed in said intake passage downstream of said dividing means for converting the heated and atomized mixture into reformed gaseous mixture; and a throttle valve disposed in said intake passage downstream of said catalyst means for varying the cross-sectional area of said intake passage. 2. A fuel reforming system according to claim 1, wherein said rich mixture producing means produce a rich mixture of air and gasoline at an air-to-fuel ratio of less than 10.
3. A fuel reforming system according to claim 1, wherein said carburetor comprises; an air valve automatically operative to control the cross-sectional area of said intake passage according to a pressure difference across said air valve to thereby control the flow of air therethrough; and a fuel nozzle having a fuel orifice open to said intake passage immediately downstream of said air valve.
4. A fuel reforming system according to claim 1, wherein said carburetor is an SU carburetor and wherein said divided part of said intake passage extends substantially horizontally so that said first sub-passage is disposed substantially vertically above said second sub-passage, said rich air-fuel mixture being vertically separated into relatively lean and rich parts by virtue of the difference in gravity between air and the fuel so that said relatively lean part of said rich air-fuel mixture is introduced into said first sub-passage.
5. A fuel reforming system according to claim 1, further including heat exchanger means disposed in said first and second sub-passages substantially at the downstream ends thereof for transferring the heat produced in said first sub-passage to said relatively rich part of said rich air-fuel mixture flowing through said second sub-passage.
6. A fuel reforming system according to claim 1, further including flame arresting means respectively disposed substantially at the upstream and the downstream ends of said divided part of said intake passage for preventing upstream and downstream propagation of flames produced by the combustion of said relatively lean air-fuel mixture part, the downstream flame arresting means being designed to also act as a heat exchanger which disposes said first and second sub-passages in heat exchange relationship.
7. A fuel reforming system according to claim 1, further including a layer of a heat insulating material surrounding the part of said intake passage defining means in which said divided part of said intake passage is disposed.
8. A fuel reforming system according to claim 1, further including a layer of heat insulating material surrounding the part of said intake passage defining means in which said catalyst means is disposed.
9. A fuel reforming system for converting a rich mixture of air and a fuel into a reformed gaseous mixture containing hydrogen, said system being adapted for use with an internal combustion engine of the type comprising a cylinder, a cylinder head cooperating with said cylinder to define a main combustion chamber, a main intake port for introducing a lean mixture of air and a fuel to said main combustion chamber, a sub-combustion chamber communicated with said main combustion chamber, a sparking plug having a set of electrodes disposed in said sub-combustion chamber, a secondary intake port for supplying said sub-combustion chamber with the reformed gaseous mixture, said system comprising:an air-valve type carburetor for producing the rich mixture of air and the fuel, means disposed downstream of said carburetor and defining a secondary intake passage adapted to be connected at its downstream end to said secondary intake port of said engine, means disposed in said secondary intake passage directly downstream of said carburetor for dividing a part of said secondary intake passage into first and second sub-passages, said first sub-passage being adapted to receive a relatively lean part of said rich air-fuel mixture while said second sub-passage is adapted to receive a relatively rich part of said rich air-fuel mixture, a second sparking plug having at least one electrode extending into said first sub-passage for igniting and burning said relatively lean part of said rich air-fuel mixture to thereby produce heat in said first sub-passage, a catalyst means disposed in said secondary intake passage downstream of said dividing means, and a secondary throttle valve disposed in said secondary intake passage downstream of said catalyst means for varying the cross-sectional area of said secondary intake passage. 10. A fuel reforming system for converting a rich mixture of air and a fuel into a reformed gaseous mixture containing hydrogen, said system being adapted for use with an internal combustion engine of the type comprising a cylinder, a cylinder heat cooperating with said cylinder to define a main combustion chamber, an intake valve having a valve stem and a valve head connected thereto, a main intake port for introducing a lean mixture of air and a fuel into said main combustion chamber, a substantially closed trap chamber having at least one suction aperture and at least one discharge aperture, said suction and discharge apertures communicating the interior of said trap chamber with said main combustion chamber, means disposed in said trap chamber between said suction and discharge apertures for partially dividing the interior of said trap chamber, a secondary intake port for supplying said trap chamber with the reformed gaseous mixture, said secondary intake port having a downstream end opening in the downstream end of said main intake port and oriented generally toward said suction aperture of said trap chamber so that the reformed gaseous mixture is directed from said open downstream end of said secondary intake port into said trap chamber, said system comprising:an SU carburetor for producing the rich mixture of air and the fuel, means disposed downstream of said SU carburetor and defining a secondary intake passage adapted to be connected at its downstream end to said secondary intake port of said engine, means disposed in said secondary intake passage directly downstream of said carburetor for dividing a part of said secondary intake passage into first and second sub-passages, the rich air-fuel mixture produced by said SU carburetor being vertically separated into relatively lean and rich parts by virtue of the difference in gravity between air and fuel, said divided part of said secondary intake passage extending substantially horizontally so that said first sub-passage is disposed substantially vertically above said second sub-passage to receive said relatively lean part of said rich air-fuel mixture, a second sparking plug having at least one electrode extending into said first sub-passage for igniting and burning said relatively lean part of said rich air-fuel mixture to thereby produce heat in said first sub-passage, catalyst means disposed in said secondary intake passage downstream of said dividing means, and a secondary throttle valve disposed in said secondary intake passage downstream of said catalyst means for varying the cross-sectional area of said secondary intake passage. Description
The present invention relates generally to an internal combustion engine operable with a mixture of air and a fuel such as a hydrocarbon fuel (for example, gasoline) or alchols (for example, methyl alchol) and, more particularly, to a fuel reforming system for converting a rich mixture of air and the fuel into an easily combustible reformed gaseous mixture containing hydrogen and for feeding the reformed gaseous mixture into a combustion chamber of the engine for the combustion therein to thereby reduce the emission of the harmful components of the engine exhaust gases and improve the fuel consumption of the engine.
In order to comply with the requirements for the purification of engine exhaust gases, it has recently been strongly demanded that a mixture of air and a fuel to be supplied into an engine is uniformly distributed to respective cylinders and that the ignitability and combustibility of the mixture in combustion chambers are improved.
In the past, in an attempt to comply with the demands discussed above, there has been proposed an apparatus for heating an intake system of an engine by engine exhaust gases or warmed engine cooling water to facilitate the atomization of fuel in the intake system. With the proposed prior art apparatus, however, the atomization of fuel depends upon the temperature of the engine exhaust gases or cooling water with the resultant disadvantage that it is difficult to obtain sufficient atomization of fuel over all ranges of the operating conditions of the engine. In addition, the prior art apparatus has improved the ignitability and combustibility of fuel only to the extent that is achieved by mere atomization of the fuel and, thus, has not completely satisfied the requirements. References will be made hereunder to examples of the prior art apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,687,918 issued Oct. 16, 1928 to L. M. Woolson discloses a heater disposed in an intake system of an internal combustion engine downstream of a carburetor to heat an air-fuel mixture produced thereby. The heater includes a sparking plug for igniting and burning a part of a fuel to produce heat which is transferred through a corrugated wall to the air-fuel mixture flowing through an intake pipe from the carburetor. The heater is disposed in the intake system downstream of a throttle valve which is disposed in the intake system downstream of the carburetor. The combustion of the part of the fuel in a combustion chamber of the heater, however, is disadvantageously influenced by the variation in the vacuum produced by the engine in the intake system. In addition, the heater needs secondary air to be mixed with the part of the fuel to be burnt in the combustion chamber of the heater. The flow of the secondary air into the combustion chamber is controlled by a spring controlled automatic valve to control the combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,401,862 issued June 11, 1946 to J. J. Dugas discloses a fuel heating system intended to adapt a carburetor to use heavy oil. The system comprises a heater which is disposed outside an intake system of an internal combustion engine and in which fuel is burnt to produce combustion gases which are caused to flow first through a first coil of tube disposed in the intake system downstream of the carburetor and then through a second coil of tube disposed in a float chamber. The heat produced by the combustion is utilized merely to reduce the viscosity of the oil in the float chamber and vaporize an air-fuel mixture produced by the carburetor.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,736 issued Aug. 13, 1974 to Christian Koch discloses method and apparatus for the combustion of a fuel. By the method, air and engine exhaust gases are mixed with a fuel to form a mixture which is then passed over a catalyst bed so that the mixture is converted into a gaseous mixture of methan and carbon monoxide which mixture is then fed into an internal combustion engine. The apparatus may include ignition means disposed at the inlet portion of the catalyst bed to heat the catalyst.
In general, internal combustion engines need fuels of high octane values in order to produce high output. For this reason, each of the conventionally used fuels contains an appropriate amount of aromatic hydrocarbon and lead compound which are known to produce harmful compounds and thus give rise to environmental pollution. Thus, smooth operation of internal combustion engines with low octane value fuels has long been desired but not yet attained before the present invention.
In order to solve the problems discussed above, the present invention aims to provide a fuel reforming system for converting a rich mixture of air and a fuel such as a hydrocarbon fuel (for example, gasoline) or alchols (for example, methyl alchol) into a reformed gaseous mixture most suitable for the uniform distribution of the air-fuel mixture to respective engine cylinders as well as for the improvement in the ignitability and combustibility of the air-fuel mixture and to install the system in the intake system of the engine.
The fuel reforming system according to the present invention is operative to produce a reformed gaseous mixture the main component of which is hydrogen and which includes carbon monoxide and an atomized part of a fuel. The system includes means for producing a heterogeneous rich mixture of air and the fuel preferably at an air-to-fuel ratio of less than 10. The rich air-fuel mixture producing means may preferably be a variable venturi type carburetor which is connected by an intake passage to a secondary intake port of an associated internal combustion engine. A part of the intake passage is divided by a dividing wall into a first and a second sub-passages. A relatively lean part of the rich air-fuel mixture is separated from a relatively rich part of the rich air-fuel mixture and introduced into one of the sub-passages in which the lean part of the rich air-fuel mixture is ignited and burnt by means of an igniting means such as a sparking plug to produce heat which is preferably transferred by the dividing wall and, as occasion demands, by a heat exchanger to the relatively rich part of the rich air-fuel mixture flowing into and through the other sub-passage. Mainly due to the heat produced by the combustion of the relatively lean part of the rich air-fuel mixture in the one sub-passage, the rich part of the the rich air-fuel mixture is subjected to combustion, oxidation, thermal decomposition, atomization or a combination of them and thus is converted into the reformed gaseous mixture mentioned above. A catalyst bed is disposed in the intake passage downstream of the dividing wall to facilitate the reforming conversion. The divided part of the intake passage forms a combustion reaction section of the system of the invention, while the part of the intake passage in which the catalyst bed is disposed forms a catalytic reaction section of the system. Both sections of the system are disposed upstream of a throttle valve disposed upstream of the secondary intake port of the engine so that the reforming reaction in the combustion and catalytic reaction sections is effectively protected from the variation in the vacuum produced by the engine in the intake passage. The combustion and catalytic reaction sections may be covered with layers of a heat insulating material to much facilitate the reforming reaction in the sections.
The reformed gaseous mixture thus produced by the fuel reforming system of the invention may be supplied solely or together with air or mixture of air and a fuel into a combustion chamber or chambers of an ordinary internal combustion engine or into a sub-combustion chamber or chambers of a stratified charge internal combustion engine. In the case where the engine has a plurality of combustion chambers, the reformed gaseous mixture is uniformly distributed to all combustion chambers because the reformed gaseous mixture is prefectly gasified. The hydrogen contained in the reformed gaseous mixture greatly contributes to the improvement in the ignitability and combustibility of the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. In addition, a fuel of a low octane value can advantageously be reformed into a high octane value fuel.
The term "rich air-fuel mixture" used in the present application means an air-fuel mixture which contains a larger percentage of fuel compared with another air-fuel mixture of a stoichiometrically proper air-to-fuel ratio at which a perfect combustion can be produced whereas the term "lean air-fuel mixture" used herein means an air-fuel mixture which contains a lesser percentage of fuel compared with the other air-fuel mixture.
FIG. 1 is a partly diagrammatic and partly sectional side view of an internal combustion engine equipped with a fuel reforming system according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional side view of the fuel reforming system;
FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of a combustion reaction section of the system taken along line IIIA--IIIA in FIG. 2;
FIGS. 3B and 3C are enlarged fragmentary sectional views illustrating modifications of a dividing wall shown in FIGS. 2 and 3A;
FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the combustion reaction section taken along line IVA--IVA in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4B is a front elevational view of a modification of a flame arresting and heat exchanger member shown in FIG. 4A;
FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view of a catalytic reaction section of the system taken along line FIG. VA--VA in FIG. 2;
FIGS. 5B and 5C are front elevational views of modifications of a catalyst bed shown in FIG. 5A;
FIG. 6A is an axially sectional side elevational view of a modification of the catalytic reaction section shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 6B is an end view of the modified catalytic reaction section shown in FIG. 6A as viewed from line VIB--VIB in FIG. 6A;
FIG. 7A is an axially sectional view of a further modification of the catalytic reaction section;
FIG. 7B is an end view of the further modified catalytic reaction section shown in FIG. 7A as viewed from line VIIB--VIIB in FIG. 7A;
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary axially sectional view of a modification of a fuel reforming device shown in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 9 is a vertical sectional view of another embodiment of the fuel reforming system of the invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the fuel reforming system according to the present invention is shown as being mounted on an internal combustion engine which is of the type including a combustion chamber comprising a main combustion chamber 1 and a sub-combustion chamber in the form of a trap chamber 2 and a sparking plug 3 which has electrodes disposed in the trap chamber 2 and which is of the type used to ignite an ordinary air-fuel mixture. The main combustion chamber 1 is defined by a cylinder 4, a piston 5 reciprocally mounted therein and a cylinder head 6 mounted on the top of the cylinder 4. A main and a secondary intake ports 7 and 8 are formed in and extend through the cylinder head 6 and are connected to the main combustion chamber 1. The secondary intake port 8 has a downstream end opening in the downstream end of the main intake port 7. The communication between the main and secondary intake ports 7 and 8 and the main combustion chamber 1 is controlled by a common intake valve 9 having a valve stem 9a and a valve head 9b and adapted to be actuated by a valve train (not shown). The trap chamber 2 is defined in a cup body 10 mounted in the cylinder head 6 so that the bottom portion of the cup body 10 extends into the main combustion chamber 1. The trap chamber 2 is provided with a suction and a discharge apertures 11 and 12 formed in the bottom portion of the cup body 10 for communicating the interior of the trap chamber 2 with the main combustion chamber 1. The suction aperture 11 is directed substantially to the downstream end of the secondary intake port 8 so that a reformed, gaseous mixture (to be described later) supplied through the secondary intake port 8 flows from the open end thereof into a portion of the main combustion chamber, from which portion the reformed gaseous mixture is introduced by the suction aperture 11 into the trap chamber 2. The trap chamber 2 is also provided with a partition 13 projecting a distance toward the electrodes of the sparking plug 3 from the bottom portion of the cup body 10 between the suction and the discharge apertures 11 and 12 to partially divide the interior of the trap chamber 2. The cup body 10 is secured to the cylinder head 6 by means of a holder 14 which also holds the sparking plug 3 in position.
The main intake port 7 in the cylinder head 6 is connected with a main intake tube 15 defining therein a main intake passage. The upstream end of the main intake tube 15 is connected with a main carburetor 16 for producing or forming a mixture of gasoline, which is one of the kinds of hydrocarbon fuels, and cleaned air from an air filter 21. The main carburetor 16 is so adjusted as to form a lean air-fuel mixture and provided with a main throttle valve 17 for controlling the flow of the lean air-fuel mixture supplied through the main intake port 7 into the main combustion chamber. On the other hand, the secondary intake port 8 in the cylinder head 6 is connected with a secondary intake tube 18 the upstream end of which is connected with a throttle body 20 having a secondary throttle valve 19 for controlling the flow of the combustible gaseous mixture from a fuel reforming device generally designated by numeral 100 and connected to the upstream end of the throttle body 20. The upstream end of the fuel reforming device 100 is connected with a rich air-fuel mixture producing or forming means in the form of an SU carburetor generally designated by numeral 200. The SU carburetor 200 forms a mixture of gasoline and air and feeds the thus formed air-fuel mixture to the fuel reforming device 100. In the illustrated embodiment, the SU carburetor 200 is so adjusted as to form a rich air-fuel mixture of an air-to-fuel ratio which is less than that of an ordinary air-fuel mixture; namely, less than 10. The passages in the secondary intake tube 18 connected to the secondary intake port 8, in the throttle body 20 and in the fuel reforming device 100 form a secondary intake passage for introducing the combustible gaseous mixture into the secondary intake port 8. The secondary intake passage is particularly designed to extend substantially horizontally for the reason to be made apparent later. The main and the secondary throttle valves 17 and 19 are operatively associated with an acceleration pedal of an associated automobile by means of a link mechanism (not shown).
The details of the fuel reforming device 100 and the SU carburetor 200 will now be described hereunder mainly with reference to FIG. 2. The fuel reforming device 100 comprises a combustion reaction section 100A and a catalytic reaction section 100B. The combustion reaction section 100A comprises a combustion reaction barrel which includes a cylindrical inner tube 102 and an upstream and a downstream flanges 103 and 104 secured together by bolts 101 (only one of which is shown) extending through one of the flanges 104 and screwed into the other flange 103. The inner tube 102 defines therein a horizontal passage which is a part of the afore-mentioned secondary intake passage. The passage defined in the combustion reaction barrel is divided into an upper and a lower sub-passages 106 and 107 by a horizontal dividing wall 105 which includes a substantially central point of the cross-section of the barrel, as also shown in FIG. 3A which is a cross-section of the barrel taken along line IIIA--IIIA in FIG. 2.
A second sparking plug 108 used for fuel reforming purpose is secrewed into a holder 109 which is secured to the inner tube 102. The sparking plug 108 has a high voltage side center electrode 108a extending from the inner end of the body of the plug 108 into the upper sub-passage 106 at a substantially axial intermediate position thereof, as will be seen in FIG. 2. An earthed electrode 108b is mounted on the dividing wall 105 and positioned in opposed relationship to the center electrode 108a. The sparking plug 108 is electrically connected to a conventional ignition system (not shown) so that the plug is electrically energized to intermittently produce spark discharges between the electrodes 108a and 108b.
The dividing wall 105 extends substantially the entire axial dimension of the passage defined in the combustion reaction barrel to thereby axially divide the entire length of the passage into the upper and the lower sub-passages 106 and 107. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3A, the dividing wall 105 is substantially flat and divides the passage into two sub-passages having substantially the same cross-sectional areas. The ratio between the cross-sectional areas of the upper and the lower sub-passages 106 and 107 is appropriately determined such that the part of the air-fuel mixture flowing into and through the upper sub-passage 106 is of an air-fuel ratio which is proper for combustion in terms of stoichiometry. The cross-sectional shape of the dividing wall 105 is not limited to the flat shape and may be modified into the shapes as shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C. The modification shown in FIG. 3B comprises a dividing wall 105' which is circular in cross-section (thus, the lower passage 107 is circular) and disposed such that the circle is tangential to the inner peripheral surface of the inner tube 102. The modification shown in FIG. 3C comprises a dividing wall 105" which is arcuate in cross-section.
At the upstream and the downstream ends of the upper and the lower sub-passages 106 and 107 are provided with flame arresting members 110 and 111, respectively, which are designed in principle to prevent propagation of flames upstream and downstream of the combustion reaction section 100A and may be made of laminations of a plurality of layers of wire screens or honeycomb structures of a metal or a ceramic material. The downstream flame arresting member 111, however, is advantageously designed to also act as a heat exchanger which exchanges heat between the upper and the lower sub-passages 106 and 107. More specifically, the heat exchanger transfers heat from the upper sub-passage 106 to the lower sub-passage 107. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the downstream flame arresting member 111 is formed of a row of a plurality of sheets 111a of a metal having a good heat conductivity, such as a stainless steel, for example, The sheets 111a are arranged in spaced relationship with respect to each other and extend vertically and axially of the inner tube 102, as shown in FIG. 4A. The flame arresting and heat exchanger member 111 operates to prevent flames from being propagated out of the upper sub-passage 106. In addition, those parts of the sheets 111a of the member 111 which are disposed within the upper sub-passage 106 also serve as heat receiving plates for receiving heat from the upper sub-passage 106, while those parts of the sheets 111a which are disposed within the lower sub-passage 107 function as heat radiating plates which receive heat from the upper heat receiving plates and radiate the thus received heat into the lower sub-passage 107. In the modification shown in FIG. 4B, the flame arresting and heat exchanger member 111 includes corrugated fins 111b each disposed between each adjacent pair of the sheets 111a to advantageously improve the efficiency of the above-described heat exchange.
Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3A, the combustion reaction barrel of the combustion reaction section 100A further includes an outer tube 112 defining with the inner tube 102 an annular space which is filled with a layer of a conventional heat insulating material 113 to keep the interior of the inner tube 102 at an elevated temperature. The heat insulating material 113 may, for example, be asbestos or glass fiber.
The catalytic reaction section 100b comprises a reactor vessel 120 defining therein an axial passage 121 which is communicated with both of the upper and the lower sub-passages 106 and 107 in the combustion reaction barrel and which forms a part of the aforementioned secondary intake passage. The reactor vessel 120 includes an axially intermediate bulged portion 120a within which is disposed a catalyst bed 122 extending transversely across the interior of the bulged portion 120a. The portions of the reactor vessel 120 axially adjacent to the bulged portion 120 gradually converge toward the ends of the reactor vessel and terminate in an upstream and a downstream flanges 120b and 120c, respectively. The upstream flange 120b is secured by bolts 123a and 123b to the downstream flange 104 of the combustion reaction barrel, while the downstream flange 120c is secured by bolts 124a and 124b to the throttle body 20. The reactor vessel 120 is preferably formed of a pair of an upper and a lower halves 120' and 120" (FIG. 5A) to make easy the installation of the catalyst bed 122 in the bulged portion 120a.
As shown in FIG. 5A, the catalyst bed 122 is formed into a honeycomb structure which defines therein a plurality of passages 122a of substantially square cross-sections and carries thereon a catalyst. The catalyst bed 122 is disposed in the passage 121 with an annular shock absorbing member 125 of a mass of fine wires of a heat-resistant metal interposed between the catalyst bed 122 and the reactor vessel 120. The main component of the catalyst carried by the catalyst bed 122 is nickel or silver. Alternatively, the catalyst may be one which contains platinum or rhodium. The catalyst bed 122 is not limited to the structure shown in FIG. 5A. FIG. 5B shows a modification which comprises a catalyst bed 122' which is formed of a spiral convolution 122'-1 of a heat-resistant sheet material and a heat resistant corrugated sheet material 122'-2 interposed between each adjacent turns of the convolution. The gaps between each turn of the convolution and the corrugated sheet form a plurality of passages 122a'. FIG. 5C shows another modification which comprises a lamination of a plurality of flat and heat-resistant sheet materials 122"-1, and a plurality of heat-resistant and corrugated sheet materials 122"-2 which are alternately disposed to provide a plurality of passages 122a" between each corrugated sheet 122"-2 and adjacent flat sheets 122"-1. FIGS. 7A and 7B show a further modification of the catalyst bed. The further modification comprises a pair of axially spaced end plates 128 and 129 extending across the passage 121 in the reactor vessel 120, each of which is formed of a perforated sheet metal or wire screen and a layer of catalyst particles 130 disposed in the space between the perforated end plates 128 and 129.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show a modification of the structure of the catalytic reaction section 100B shown in FIG. 2. The modification comprises a reactor vessel 120-1, an inner tube 126 defining a passage 121-1 therein, a catalyst bed 122-1 of a honeycomb structure disposed in the passage 121-1, a layer 127 of a heat insulating material such as asbestos or glass fiber disposed between the inner tube 126 and the reactor vessel 120-1 to keep the interior of the inner tube at an elevated temperature. The reactor vessel 120-1 is preferably formed of a generally pot-like housing member 120d and an end plate 120e secured to the open end of the housing member 120d. This structure of the reactor vessel 120-1 is convenient for the assembly of parts into the catalytic reaction section 100B. The bottom end of the pot-like housing member 120d and the end plate 120e are formed therein with openings which are axially aligned with each other and with the passage 121-1.
Referring again to FIG. 2, the SU carburetor 200 is of a variable venturi type, as well known in the art, and comprises a carburetor body 201 having a downstream flange 201a secured by bolts 202 to the upstream flange 103 of the combustion reaction section 100A. Three gaskets 203, 204 and 205 each made of a heat insulating material are interposed between the flanges 201a and 103 to prevent transfer of heat from the fuel reforming device 100 to the carburetor 200. The structure of the SU carburetor is well known in the art. Thus, the carburetor 200 will be briefly described hereunder. The carburetor body 201 defines therein an air passage 206 which is communicated with the upper and the lower sub-passages 106 and 107 in the combustion reaction section 100A of the fuel reforming device 100. A suction piston 207 is mounted on the carburetor body 201 so that the piston 207 extends into the air passage 206 in a transverse direction of the air passage 206 and is movable up and down according to a pressure difference across the piston to form a variable venturi 208. A fuel nozzle 210 is mounted in the carburetor body 201 at the lower side thereof and positioned in substantially coaxial relationship to the suction piston 207. The fuel nozzle 210 has a fuel jetting orifice opening to the variable venturi 208 and a bottom end extending into a flat chamber 209 in which gasoline supplied from a fuel tank (not shown) by a fuel pump (not shown) is maintained at a constant liquid level. A needle 211 is secured to the suction piston 207 and slidably extends into the fuel nozzle 210 to meter the flow of gasoline from the float chamber 209 to the venturi 208.
In the case where the engine described has a plurality of cylinders, the main and secondary intake passages are respectively divided at the main and secondary intake tubes 15 and 18 into a plurality of branches each connected to one of the cylinders.
In operation, the SU carburetor 200 operates to form or produce in conventional manner a rich mixture of fuel (gasoline) and air at an air-to-fuel ratio of less than 10. The production of the rich air-fuel mixture is performed in such a manner that the fuel is jetted from the fuel nozzle 210 into the venturi 208 at a rate according to the rate of flow of air through the air passage 206 with the result that the jetted fuel is formed into fine particles which are mixed with the air flowing through the venturi 208. With the SU carburetor, air and fuel are not perfectly uniformly mixed. Because of the difference in the gravity between air and fuel and because of the positioning of the fuel nozzle 210, the part of the produced air-fuel mixture nearer to the lower part of the inner peripheral surface of the passage 206 contains a greater percentage of fuel compared with the part of the mixture nearer to the upper part of the inner peripheral surface of the passage. This stratified distribution of the fuel is maintained as far as the intake passage following the SU carburetor 200 extends in substantially horizontal direction. Due to the stratified distribution of the fuel particles in the air, the lower sub-passage 107 in the fuel reforming device 100 receives the relatively rich part of the rich air-fuel mixture, which part of the mixture is richer than what is called "rich air-fuel mixture" in the present application, while the upper sub-passage 106 in the fuel reforming device 100 receives the relatively lean part of the air-fuel mixture, which part of the mixture is of an air-fuel ratio within the combustible range. The lean, combustible part of the rich air-fuel mixture is ignited by the sparking plug 108 and burnt within the upper sub-passage 106. The flame arresting members 110 and 111 prevent upstream and downstream propagation of flames produced by the combustion. It will be appreciated that no extra supply of secondary air is necessary for the combustion of the lean part of the rich air-fuel mixture. The combustion produces heat which is transferred through the dividing wall 105 and the downstream flame arresting and heat exchanger member 111 to the rich part of the rich air-fuel mixture flowing through the lower sub-passage 107, with the result that the rich part of the rich air-fuel mixture is surely atomized and that a portion of the rich part of the mixture is subjected to thermal decomposition and converted into a reformed gaseous mixture which contains hydrogen. Thereafter, the rich part of the mixture (which is now composed of the fully atomized part of the fuel and the partially reformed gaseous mixture) from the lower sub-passage 107 and the combustion products or burned gases from the upper sub-passage 106 enter the passage 121 in the catalytic reaction 100B and are mixed in the passage 121 so that the thermal decomposition and, especially, atomization of the fuel are facilitated and so that either oxidation combustion reaction or reduction reaction of a part of the fuel is induced. Thus, a part of the fuel contained in the rich air-fuel mixture is effectively converted into a reformed gaseous mixture, while the remainder of the fuel is fully atomized and prepared for a catalytic reforming reaction in the catalyst bed 122, as will be described later.
The reformation of the fuel by virtue of the combustion of a part of the air-fuel mixture produced by the SU carburetor 200 is achieved by keeping the lean air-fuel mixture part (i.e., the mixture part flowing into the upper sub-passage 106) within a proper range of air-fuel ratio and by surely igniting the lean air-fuel mixture part by the sparking plug 108. In order to obtain a high degree of reformation, the heat produced in the upper sub-passage 106 should be effectively transferred to the rich part of the air-fuel mixture flowing into and through the lower sub-passage 107.
With the fuel reforming system according to the present invention described above, the horizontal passage in the combustion reaction section 100A is divided by the dividing wall 105 into upper and lower sub-passages. The ratio between the cross-sectional areas of the upper and the lower sub-passages 106 and 107 is properly determined so that due to the difference in gravity between fuel and air, the upper sub-passage 106 is supplied with an air-fuel mixture within a properly combustible range of air-to-fuel ratio. It will be appreciated that by simply dividing the horizontal passage in the combustion reaction section 100A by means of the simple dividing wall 105, the relatively lean, combustible part of the rich air-fuel mixture produced by the SU carburetor 200 can be separated from the relatively rich, non-combustible part of the mixture. The inherent construction of the SU carburetor partly contributes to the separation of the lean and rich parts of the rich air-fuel mixture and assures that the air-fuel mixture is reliably divided into the lean and rich parts. In addition, it is to be particularly noted that not only the combustion reaction section 100A but also the catalytic reaction section 100B are positioned upstream of the throttle valve 19. In general, the vacuum downstream of the throttle valve 19 is greatly varied according to the operating conditions of the engine. By the presence of the throttle valve 19, however, the variation of the vacuum is hardly transmitted upstream of the throttle valve 19, so that the combustion reaction section 100A as well as the catalytic reaction section 100B are protected from the pressure variation which would otherwise adversely affect not only the ignition of the combustible lean part of the rich air-fuel mixture by the sparking plug 108 but also the fuel reforming operation in the catalyst bed, whereby reliable reformation is continuously attained. Moreover, the efficiency of the reformation is improved by the fact that the heat produced in the upper sub-passage 106 is effectively transmitted by the dividing wall 105 and the downstream flame arresting and heat exchanger member 111 to the rich part of the mixture flowing through the lower sub-passage 107. The heat insulating material 113 surrounding the inner tube 102 of the combustion reaction section 100A prevents outward radiation of the heat produced within the upper sub-passage 106 with the resultant improvements in the heat transfer from the upper passage 106 to the rich part of the air-fuel mixture in the lower sub-passage 107 and, thus, in the efficiency of the reformation.
In the case where the lean part of the air-fuel mixture flowing into the upper sub-passage 106 is at a stoichiometric equivalence ratio (i.e., stoichiometric ratio of oxygen required for complete combustion of a fuel relative to total oxygen present) of less than 1, the combustion of the lean mixture part tends to produce soot. The production of soot can be prevented by adjusting the system such that the lean mixture part entering the upper sub-passage 106 is at an equivalence ratio of more than 1.
The composite mixture of the reformed gaseous mixture and the fully atomized part of the fuel produced in the combustion reaction section 100A and in the passage 121 is introduced into the catalyst bed 122 while the composite mixture is maintained at a high temperature and in a gasified condition. Thus, even if the catalyst bed 122 is at a low temperature as experienced at the cold-starting of the engine, the catalyst bed 122 is quickly warmed and the catalyst carried by the bed becomes activated. The activated catalyst facilitates a reformation of the fully atomized part of the fuel in a manner similar to that of the above-described reformation in the combustion reaction section 100A and the passage 121. Because the catalyst bed 122 is disposed upstream of the throttle valve 19 and, thus, is hardly subjected to the pressure variation, the reformation by the action of the catalyst is reliably achieved.
The fuel flowing out of the fuel reforming device 100 is completely converted into a reformed gaseous mixture the main component of which is hydrogen. When the intake valve 9 is opened, the reformed gaseous mixture flows through the throttle body 20, the secondary intake tube 18, the secondary intake port 8, a part of the main combustion chamber 1 and through the suction aperture 11 into the trap chamber 2 and is trapped therein. On the other hand, the main combustion chamber 1 is supplied with a lean air-fuel mixture from the main carburetor 16 and through the main intake pipe 15 and the main intake port 7 in the cylinder head 6. The total charge of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the trap chamber 2 and the main combustion chamber 1, is very lean. The fuel supplied into the trap chamber consists of the completely gasified and reformed gaseous mixture. This is advantageous in the case where the engine has a plurality of cylinders in that the completely gasified mixture can be uniformly distributed into the respective cylinders. In addition, hydrogen and the completely gasified fuel extremely improve the ignitability and combustibility to attain an extremely reliable combustion of the fuel at a very lean air-to-fuel ratio, whereby the purification of the engine exhaust gases is effectively realized. By the above-described reformation, a fuel of a low octane value can be converted into a fuel of a high octane value. Thus, even if a fuel of a low octane value is used for the engine, the performance of the engine thus obtained from the fuel is substantially the same as the engine performance obtained from the use of a fuel of a higher octane value. Thus, the system of the present invention enables the engine to be supplied with a fuel of high octane value converted from that of low octane value and also prevents the emission of harmful components of exhaust gases produced by the use of such fuel of high octane value.
FIG. 8 shows a modification of the combustion reaction section 100A shown in FIG. 2. The modification comprises a barrel 102' provided with integral flanges 102'a and 102'b at the upstream and the downstream ends of the barrel. The interior of the barrel 102' is divided by a dividing wall 105 into an upper and a lower sub-passages 106 and 107. Upstream and downstream flame arresting members 110' and 111' are provided in the upper sub-passage 106 respectively at the upstream and the downstream ends thereof. A sparking plug 108 is mounted directly on the barrel 102' so that a center electrode 108a projects into the upper sub-passage 106. An earthed electrode 108b is mounted on the dividing wall 105 in opposite relationship to the electrode 108a. The entire length of the lower sub-passage 107 accomodates a heat exchanger member 111'a which is formed therein with a plurality of axial passage and which may be similar in structure to the flame arresting and heat exchanger member 111 shown either in FIG. 4A or in FIG. 4B. As will be seen in FIG. 8, the heat exchanger member 111'a is disposed in heat transfer relationship with the dividing wall 105.
The barrel 102' is connected at its upstream end to the SU carburetor 200 and supplied with a rich mixture of air and a fuel produced thereby. As discussed previously, the rich air-fuel mixture is divided into a relatively lean mixture part of an air-to-fuel ratio within a combustible range and rich mixture part which is richer than what is called "rich air-fuel mixture" in the present application. The lean mixture part is introduced into the upper sub-passage 106 for the ignition by the sparking plug 108, whereas the rich mixture part is fed into the lower sub-passage 107. The heat produced by the combustion in the upper sub-passage 106 is transferred through the dividing wall 105 and the heat exchanger member 111'a to the rich mixture part in the lower sub-passage 107, so that the rich mixture part is processed in a manner similar to that described with reference to FIG. 2.
FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment to the present invention. This embodiment comprises a carburetor 300 of a down draft and variable venturi type. The carburetor 300 includes a barrel 301 defining therein a passage 306 in which is pivotally mounted an air valve 307 which is operable to automatically open and close the passage 306 in accordance with a pressure difference across the air valve by a conventional vacuum-operated mechanism 308, thus controlling the flow of air through the passage 306. Thus, the carbuetor 300 may also be called "air valve type carburetor". A fuel nozzle 310 having a fuel orifice 311 open to the passage 306 just downstream of the air valve 307 extends from the barrel 301 into a float chamber 309 provided on one side of the barrel 301. The part of the carburetor barrel 301 downstream of the air valve 307 and fuel orifice 311 is formed into a combustion reaction section 400A of a fuel reforming device 400. More specifically, a dividing wall 405 is provided in the part of the passage 306 positioned downstream of the air valve 307 and the fuel orifice 311 to divide the passage part into sub-passages 406 and 407. The sub-passage 406 is positioned adjacent to that side of the inner peripheral surface of the barrel 301 which is substantially diametrically opposite to the fuel orifice 311, while the sub-passage 407 is positioned on the same side of the barrel as the fuel orifice 311. The sub-passage 406 is provided with flame arresting members 410 and 411 disposed at substantially an upstream and a downstream ends of the sub-passage 406. A sparking plug 408 is mounted on the carburetor barrel 301 so that a set of electrodes of the plug is disposed within the sub-passage 406 between the flame arresting members 410 and 411. The downstream ends of the sub-passages 406 and 407 are connected to a passage 421 extending through a catalytic reaction section 400B which may be similar in structure to the catalytic reaction section 100B described previously.
With the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the fuel jetted into the passage 306 is not immediately uniformly mixed with air. A relatively rich part of the air-fuel mixture is formed at the place adjacent to the fuel orifice 311, whereas a relatively lean part of the air-fuel mixture of a combustible air-fuel ratio is produced at the place remote from and diametrically opposite to the orifice 311. The lean mixture part is thus introduced into the sub-passage 406 and ignited by the sparking plug 408. The operation of the combustion reaction section 400A is similar to that of the combustion reaction section 100A and, thus, will not be described. The catalytic reaction section 400B also operates in a manner similar to that of the catalytic reaction section 100B. Thus, it will not be necessary to further describe the operation of the catalytic reaction section.
Thus, the fuel from the fuel nozzle 310 is converted into a hydrogen-containing reformed gaseous mixture to be introduced into the trap chamber 2 and trapped in the vicinity of the sparking plug 3 of the engine. The existence of hydrogen in the reformed gaseous mixture greatly improves the ignitability of the fuel by the sparking plug 3. In addition, a relatively small amount of the reformed gaseous mixture is sufficient for the torch ignition of the lean air-fuel mixture introduced into the main combustion chamber. For this reason, the fuel reforming system itself can be designed to have a small size and thus conveniently installed in a narrow engine compartment of an associated automobile.
As having been described, the reformation of a fuel by the fuel reforming system of the present invention is achieved by the principle that a passage following the rich-mixture producing carburetor is divided into two sub-passages one of which is provided with a sparking plug and which is designed to receive a combustible, lean part of the rich air-fuel mixture for the ignition by the sparking plug, the other sub-passage being designed to receive a non-combustible, rich part of the rich air-fuel mixture, and that the two divided sub-passages are both connected to the catalytic reaction section having a catalyst bed therein. For this reason, the installation of the heat exchanger member 111 or 111'a in the combustion reaction section 100A and the provision of the heat insulating layer 113 around the inner tube 102 are not indispensable for the invention, although they are useful and improve the reforming operation of the system. It is also to be noted that the means for producing the rich air-fuel mixture are not limited to the SU carburetor 200 or the down draft, air-valve type carburetor 300 and may be any conventional rich air-fuel producing means such as a fuel injection device. In the described embodiments of the invention, gasoline is used as the fuel to be converted into the reformed gaseous mixture. However, other hydrocarbon fuels, such as alcohols (methyl alcohol is most preferred), may also be used with the system of the present invention. In the case where methyl alcohol is used, the air-to-methyl alcohol ratio should be less than 2. The engine associated with the fuel reforming system of the present invention has been described as being of the type that has a sub-combustion chamber in the form of a trap chamber 2 and a single intake valve 9 operated to open and close the main and secondary intake ports 7 and 8. However, the engine may be of another type having another type of sub-combustion chamber; i.e., having a secondary intake port and a secondary intake valve which is solely used to control the communication between the secondary intake port and the sub-combustion chamber.
The fuel reforming system described above may be associated not only with a torch ignition type internal combustion engine, such as one described above, but also with an ordinary type internal combustion engine adapted to be operated by a homogeneous air-fuel mixture (not by stratified charges of mixtures). In addition, the reformed gaseous mixture produced by the fuel reforming system described above may be mixed with air or air-fuel mixture before the reformed gaseous mixture is fed into the engine.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3635200 *Feb 18, 1970Jan 18, 1972Grace W R & CoHydrocarbon conversion process and apparatusUS3734473 *Jan 5, 1971May 22, 1973Hitachi LtdAir valve type carburetorUS3754870 *Aug 26, 1971Aug 28, 1973Universal Oil Prod CoMethod and means of catalytically converting fluidsUS3809039 *Sep 25, 1972May 7, 1974Phillips Petroleum CoStratified charge spark ignition internal combustion engine with exhaust recycleUS3828736 *Jan 18, 1972Aug 13, 1974Siemens AgMethod and apparatus for operating combustion enginesUS3901197 *May 1, 1974Aug 26, 1975Toyota Motor Co LtdMethod and device for reforming the quality of fuel oil in an internal combustion engineUS3955538 *Jul 11, 1974May 11, 1976Nippon Soken, Inc.Fuel reforming system for an internal combustion engineUS3977366 *Jul 23, 1974Aug 31, 1976Nippon Soken, Inc.Intake system of internal combustion engineUS4023539 *Dec 8, 1975May 17, 1977Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki KaishaFuel-reforming device for internal combustion enginesUS4026248 *Jul 11, 1975May 31, 1977Volkswagenwerk AktiengesellschaftArrangement for stabilization of flow in a reaction carburetorUS4036180 *Mar 3, 1976Jul 19, 1977Nippon Soken, Inc.Fuel reforming system for an internal combustion engine* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4175523 *Mar 27, 1978Nov 27, 1979Nippon Soken, Inc.Internal combustion engine and a method for operation thereofUS4454841 *May 6, 1981Jun 19, 1984Optimizer, Ltd.Automatic liquid thermal pressure regulator and balancing systemUS4651703 *Dec 26, 1985Mar 24, 1987Eaton CorporationMethod and apparatus for achieving hypergolic combustion by partial catalytic combustionUS4691682 *Feb 3, 1986Sep 8, 1987Eaton CorporationMethod and apparatus for maximizing internal combustion engine work output by controlled heat releaseUS4715347 *Aug 25, 1986Dec 29, 1987Eaton CorporationMethod and apparatus for pretreatment of fuel by partial combustion with a composite catalystUS6345610 *May 26, 2000Feb 12, 2002Ford Global Technologies, Inc.Partial oxidation device for an HCCI engine intake systemUS6427639 *Dec 7, 1998Aug 6, 2002Lynntech, Inc.Method and apparatus for warming intake air to an internal combustion engineUS6698389Apr 26, 2002Mar 2, 2004Lynntech, Inc.Electrolyzer for internal combustion engineUS7381229 *Dec 8, 2004Jun 3, 2008Enerday GmbhSystem for reacting fuel and air into reformateUS8051846 *Oct 6, 2008Nov 8, 2011Husqvarna Zenoah Co., Ltd.Two-cycle engineUS20050120627 *Dec 8, 2004Jun 9, 2005Webasto AgSystem for reacting fuel and air into reformateUS20070130830 *Dec 14, 2005Jun 14, 2007Balachandar VaratharajanStaged combustion for a fuel reformerUS20090095268 *Oct 6, 2008Apr 16, 2009Husqvarna Zenoah Co., Ltd.Two-cycle engine* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification123/3, 123/640, 123/274, 123/551International ClassificationF02M31/16, F02B51/02, F02B19/10, F02M27/02Cooperative ClassificationF02M27/02, Y02T10/125, F02M31/163, F02B51/02, F02B19/1066, Y02T10/126European ClassificationF02M27/02, F02B19/10B1B, F02M31/16B, F02B51/02RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Online Pins and Posts Party: Top 5 Pinterest Gardening Pins - Best Photo, Funniest and More | Mosaics, Tools and Garden Tools
from Stealth Armoured Online Pins and Posts Party: Top 5 Pinterest Gardening Pins - Best Photo…
Garden Tools, Mosaic Garden, Mosaic Idea, Garden Art, Gardening Tool, Mosaic Tools
Kimberley DiSanto
Art Turtle, Hat Turtle, Tool Turtle, Hard Hats, Garden Art, Hats Turtle, Metal Art, Hat Wrench, Ideas Turtle
Limitless Ideas---hard hat turtle http://calgary.isgreen.ca/
Hard Hat, wrenches and oh my, what a turtle!
hard hat and old tools turtle
This isnt rock painting, however, I like it and this is my bedt board for it. "Teals" Mosaic Garden Stones by Chris Emmert, via Flickr
by Chris Emmert 10
from faucet handles
Garden art from faucet turns -
Outdoor Birdhouse and Mosaic Garden Art with colorful stones. $139.50, via Etsy.
from Etsy Outdoor Birdhouse and Mosaic Garden Art with colorful stones
Outdoor Birdhouse and Mosaic Garden Art with colorful stones. The wine corks ruin it for me, but otherwise, cute idea.
Crafts Mosaic, Mosaic Birdhouses, Birdhouses Ideas, Winestone Birdhouses
Outdoor Birdhouse and Mosaic Garden Art with colorful stones. I like this without the wine corks.
DIY birdhouse: no instructions, but a nice inspiration using glass baubles and wine corks
Outdoor birdhouse - perfect idea for my little green one and what about the bird feeder?
Garden Decoration: Stones. What a clever idea to get rid of those tell tale wine corks.
Items similar to Mosaic birdhouse - fresh & funky green on Etsy
Birdhouse Large Mosaic Stone and Wine Cork. $145.00, via Etsy.
I just love these stone & trinket bird houses :)
By Winestone Birdhouses
Check the site for the full photo, this is a garden fork all duded up for spring. Sjarmerende GJENBRUK
tool mosaics
Garden Ideas, Garden Tools, Garden Art, Gardening Ideas, Crafty Ideas
Mosaic Garden Tool Art . Pitch Fork . sjarmerende-gjenbruk.blogspot.com
repurposed garden tool into art mosaic
tool mosaics for garden decorating
Funky junky mosaic garden tools.
Mosaic Pitch Fork
Learn more at kisas.tumblr.com
kisas.tumblr.com
a good idea for repurposing / recycling an old tub for the garden...
Bath Tubs, Bathtubs, Mosaic Bathtub, Bathtub Planter, Flowerpot, Mosaic Art
Repurpose an old bath tub and turn it into a planter! - I want one of these when I finally get a house
Clawfoot tub makes an excellent container for plants.
Upcycled Mosaic Bathtub is now a Flower Planter
Mosaic bathtub for my front yard
beautiful mosaic bathtub garden
Mosaic bathtub used as planter
Mosaic Bathtub Planter
I would love to see a few chairs, like an outdoor salon.
beautiful rock chair
Cute garden idea...awesome idea;)))
Gardening Idea, Spilled Flower, White Flower, Yard Idea, Milkcan, Milk Can
Alelhi Miramontes Equihua
Table And Chairs, Garden Tools, Garden Art, Old Tools, Shovel Chairs
Jan 14-19: 35% off tools & hardware Montana Wildlife Gardener: Repurposed Garden Tool Table and Chairs
Would be great outdoor furniture..Montana Wildlife Gardener: Repurposed Garden Tool Table and Chairs - You bet!
Helemaal geweldig!! Montana Wildlife Gardener: Repurposed Garden Tool Table and Chairs - You bet!
Jan 14-19: 35% off tools & hardware Repurposed Garden Tool Table and Chairs
Chairs made from reclaimed gardening tools, old shovels and pitchforks
Repurposed pitch fork and garden tool Table and Chairs,awesome
Chairs and table from old tools Garden Art
Scoop Shovel Chairs Pitch Fork Table
Jeanette Crozier
Learn more at steveworks.co.uk
steveworks.co.uk
mosaic garden mushrooms
Beautiful Mosaics, Garden Mosaics, Mosaic Garden, Bglass Andmosaics, Mosaic Projects, Mosaic Mushrooms, Garden Mushrooms, Mushroom Mosaics
Mushroom Mosaic, HAFAD School - Hammersmith & Fulham Action on Disability
mushroom mosaics
Mosaic Stepping Stone, Diy Stepping Stone, Broken Dish, Garden Craft, Garden Stepping Stone
Learn more at ourhousesignature.blogspot.ca
A beautiful addition to a garden in any season, but especially fun in the summer. #indigo #perfectsummer
Hopscotch Mosaic, Mosaic Hopscotch, Tile Pattern, Hopscotch Fun, Hop Scotch
Suzanne Lucas-Lambalot
Learn more at fromthealleytothegallery.blogspot.com.au
A different blue bottle tree
Liz Redesigned
Project and Art Ideas
recycling in the garden. I've been using one of these old rakes in my kitchen to hold up my antique serving spoon collection (which I use all of them all the time) Looks great and convenient.
Garden tool holder...

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text:
12-15, 8th in Pac-12 Conference
ORLANDO, FL - DECEMBER 01: Ronald Roberts, Jr. #13 of the Saint Joseph's Hawks drives to the basket against Jordan Railey #20 of the Washington State Cougars during the Old Spice Classic at HP Field House on December 1, 2013 in Orlando, Florida. (Photo by Sam Greenwood/Getty Images)

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text:
9781516940707: Relaxing and Calming Flowers - Coloring Books For Grownups (Volume 1) - AbeBooks - Coloring Books Wonderland: 1516940709
Coloring Books Wonderland Relaxing and Calming Flowers - Coloring Books For Grownups (Volume 1)
ISBN 13: 9781516940707
Relaxing and Calming Flowers - Coloring Books For Grownups (Volume 1)
ISBN 10: 1516940709 ISBN 13: 9781516940707
This coloring book features 50 beautifully detailed flower designs ready to be brought to life with color!
1. Relaxing and Calming Flowers - Coloring Books For Grownups (Volume 1)
Book Description CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. Condition: New. book. Seller Inventory # M1516940709
2. Relaxing and Calming Flowers
Book Description Createspace Independent Pub, 2015. Paperback. Condition: Brand New. clr edition. 134 pages. 10.00x8.00x0.31 inches. This item is printed on demand. Seller Inventory # zk1516940709
3. Relaxing and Calming Flowers - Coloring Books For Grownups (Volume 1)
Book Description CreateSpace Independent Publis, 2015. Paperback. Condition: New. Never used!. Seller Inventory # P111516940709

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text:
Per sources, UFC finalizing a flyweight bout between Liz Carmouche and Roxanne Modafferi for UFC Fight Night on ESPN, on July 20 in San Antonio. Carmouche has won four of five, including Chookagian and Maia. Roxy coming off the Antonina Shevchenko win. : MMA
Dana was always my freind7 days ago
MY BALLZ WAS HOT70 points · 7 days ago
Guys, this could be a title eliminator. Roxanne Modafferi vs Liz Carmouche. In 2019.
I want to get hyped, but it's been years since Carmouche has had an entertaining fight. I'm rooting for Happy Warrior in what will hopefully be a decent fight.
TranquilloPrick
There’s basically 2 number one contenders fights for the flyweight division coming up. This one and Joanne vs Katlyn at 238. If Liz wins she’ll get a title shot and if Joanne wins she’ll get a title shot. If they both win who knows what’ll happen.
oink oink motherfucker6 points · 7 days ago
Carmouche winning lets Shevchenko get back that stoppage loss. So, you know, it is what it is.
Roxanne beats Cyborg2 points · 7 days ago
strpszn
goathje
Team Poirier83 points · 7 days ago
⚠MONEY FIGHT ALERT⚠
PM me Dakota Cochrane videos17 points · 7 days ago
Two WMMA OGs
Liz Carmouche needs to finalise the lesbian takeover of women's MMA.
Frankie Edgar took a risk and lost. It is now Alex's time17 points · 7 days ago
Team Fake Jon Jones14 points · 7 days ago
Man I'm looking to go to this card and this is the first fight they announce lol
ROBOSLUMDOG
Marijuana Guy4 points · 7 days ago
Let’s hope the 210 gets some bangers in, you never know!
_MMAgod
im bummed i moved iut if san antonio and am going to miss a ufc card
talk poop, get boop1 point · 7 days ago
It's probably gonna be a prelim fight, they can't all be bangers.
Team Fighters Union-1 points · 6 days ago
Bring a poncho if you are near the cage for this bloodbath matchup
Roxanne beats Cyborg12 points · 7 days ago
Roxanne is going to dust this hoe in the first round and then put the beatdown on Val that she's been ducking for so long just like she did to her sister. #strpszn
UFCunderground
Team Tatiana Suarez6 points · 7 days ago
I have a hard time seeing Liz lose this. She should tap her out.
This has FOTY contender all over it
Solsker94
This is not going to be an entertaining fight
Mr. Steaknanas5 points · 7 days ago
War roxxy always been on your side, even when everyone thought Shev-lite was going to tool note
Side note no one should go check my comments from that event thread
Roxy is coming for that strap daddy
12clockelbow
3 piece with the soda2 points · 7 days ago
Is this the only confirmed fight for San Antonio?
Ukraine3 points · 7 days ago
Homeboy Alexander Hernandez will probably be in the card too.

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text:
WATER & ENERGY SAVING 60% FIXED SHOWER HEAD ECOFLOW STYLE AIR 6 L/MIN WALL MOUNT | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hello -User-.'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hello (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellHelp & ContactMy eBayExpand My eBaySummaryBids/OffersWatch ListWish ListAll ListsPurchase HistorySellingMy CollectionsFollowed SearchesMessagesCollect & Spend Learn moreNotification Back to home page
Details about WATER & ENERGY SAVING 60% FIXED SHOWER HEAD ECOFLOW STYLE AIR 6 L/MIN WALL MOUNT
WATER & ENERGY SAVING 60% FIXED SHOWER HEAD ECOFLOW STYLE AIR 6 L/MIN WALL MOUNT
savinga_co_uk
Visit Shop: Drop Water Saving ...
savinga_co_uk has no other items for sale.
Estimated between Tue. 4 Oct. and Wed. 19 Oct. help icon for estimated delivery date - opens a layer
WATER & ENERGY SAVING 60% SHOWER HEAD...
WATER & ENERGY SAVING 65% SHOWER HEAD...
WATER & ENERGY SAVING 65% FIXED SHOWE...
eBay item number:122117961321
okzcetsyzrK anytsuJ
51/04 wótnazytraP
eiksromop ,ainydG 32418
Energooszczędność Jakub Dobrosielski Justyna Krzysteczko s.c.
Item location: Gdynia, Poland	Postage to: Worldwide
Estimated between Tue. 4 Oct. and Wed. 19 Oct. £6.50
WATER & ENERGY SAVING 60% FIXED SHOWER HEAD ECOFLOW...
Aurora Energy Saving Bulbs,

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text: of this group from iraq. and so there have been incidents. they provide forces to nato and af afghanistan. i think norway's law enforcement intelligence community had begun to see the possibility of an attack there. >> didn't they say this was a legitimate target for his efforts? >> absolutely. and saturday what hary said they were going to -- al qaeda was going to take revenge for the publication of that cartoon of the prophet muhammed. >> i mention that simply because we want to make clear why people might think of islamic terrorists when this happened. there was friction there although again the indication right now is this probably was not the case here. fran, is there any real lesson that can come out of this right now for other countries? it seems to me the only one really is a reit rags of this notion that you simply cannot look at your borders, you can't just look at your airports. you got to be looking at your own population at the same time you're looking at the world population in this world we live in. >> that's right, tom. the other message, i think, is for that reason, all coun Search Results 0 to 6 of about 7 (some duplicates have been removed)

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text:
Gray Boston Traveler Men's Lightweight Lace-Up Running Shoes - Free Shipping Today - Overstock.com - 14197453
Pearl Izumi Mens Road H3 Mesh Lightweight Running Shoes
Inov-8 Mens F-Lite 195 Mesh Lightweight Running, Cross Training Shoes
Gray Boston Traveler Men's Lightweight Lace-Up Running Shoes
ITEM# 14197453
ITEM#: 14197453
Topstitching and subtle color highlight these lace-up running shoes by Boston Traveler. The uppers are a composite construction of action leather and mesh, while the traction soles feature sturdy materials for sure footing in the elements. Color options: Grey Style: Athletic Toe shape: Round Heel height: 1.25-inch sole Lining: Solid-colored mesh Sole: Treaded Footbed: Slightly padded Lace-up Composite toe Imported Click here to view our men's shoe sizing guide Composite action leather and mesh upper/man-made outsole Model: MR70501-1 All measurements are approximate and were taken using a size 10. Please note measurements may vary slightly by size.
MR70501-1
Poor Running Shoes
I like the looks of these shoes. but they are horrible running shoes. I have worn them 3 times. And already a piece of fabric the laces run through has already broken. this is one of the pitfalls of buying online. If I had purchased this at a store, I would have simply returned it to them. Now I have to deal with shipping back or just putting up with it. they also offer no support and would not recommend them for running. At all.
Read More russllj
"ARe these shoes compressible like the Nike Free?"
We do not know what you mean about compressible. What we can say is that these are comfortable, high quality shoes.
The shoe is not compressible.
Gray Boston Traveler Men's Lightweight Lace-Up Running Shoes Today: $47.49 Add to Cart

value: This website is an American internet retailer selling primarily furniture headquartered in Midvale, Utah, near Salt Lake City.


text:
35601 Sales
Felt Leaf // Felt-Fetti by Benzie // Felt Shapes, Die Cut Shapes, Felt Greenery, Felt Plants, Flower DIY, Leaf Garlands, Felt Flowers
Wool Felt Color Palettes 26
Felt Pom Poms 6
Felt Pom Pom Palettes 16
Felt-Fetti // Die Cuts 12
Wool Roving 6
Felt & Craft Supplies 6
15985 Admirers
Felt Leaves // Felt-Fetti by Benzie // Leaf Die Cuts, Autumn Oak Leaves, Leaf Garland, Felt Leaf Confetti, Fall Garland, Fall DIY Crafting
Alphabet and Numbers // Felt-Fetti // Alphabet Die Cuts, Small Letters, Counting Game, Number Die Cut, Educational Craft, Letter Felt Shapes
Wool Felt // Cactus Palette // Wool Blend, Merino Felt Sheets, Green Assortment, Green Felt, Desert Plant, Prickly Pear Craft, Cactus Craft
Holly Leaves {Small} // Felt-Fetti by Benzie // Holiday Die Cuts, Small Holly Leaves, Christmas Wreath, Custom Holly, Holiday Confetti
Wool Felt // Alfalfa Palette // Wool Blend, Merino Felt Sheets, Green Color Assortment, Green Felt, Yellow Felt, Shades of Green, Fern Felt
Wool Felt // Feast // Thanksgiving Palette, Fall Colors, Felt Sheets, Autumn Assortment, Garland Felt, Merino Felt, DIY Craft, Holiday Craft
Jennifer Pressgrove on Oct 26, 2016
Beautiful felt! Perfect for my project. Wish I didn't have to pay as much shipping when combining multiple orders or would have easily been 5 stars.
Love that I could choose the specific quantities of each color I needed in this bag of 50
Susan Murry on Oct 26, 2016
The wool is a pleasure to work with and the colors are lovely. Very quick shipping and nicely packaged.
Lovely wool and colors. I received my order very quickly. Definitely will but from again.
Beautiful wools with very quick shipping.
Hope Dorsey on Oct 25, 2016
Package arrived today! Came pretty quick! Came in a super cute bag with the business logo on it. Benzie allowed me to custom order the color of the felt balls, which was fantastic my son is going to love this!! Love the personalized order tag and free design you included, very professional and nice quality item I got today.
Slingshot Kit // Felt Ball Ammo // Rainbow Pom-Poms, Custom Pom-Poms, Wood Slingshot, Felt Balls, Felted Balls, Felt Beads, Felted Beads
7 of 13369 reviews
Scrap bags for sale! These are full of our bolt ends -and priced 50% off!
Cleaning out our floss drawer today! We have 90 colors of floss that coordinate to our felt (you can also purchase them per the skein too!)
Finishing up things at our brand new brick and mortar! We open soon -but no worries of you don't live close, everything is available online too!!

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


text:
What is Paqui’s hot pepper One Chip Challenge? | Daily Mail Online
What is Paqui’s hot pepper One Chip Challenge?
Paqui's One Chip Challenge involves eating ‘the World’s Hottest Chip’
The chip is made using the Carolina Reaper, the hottest chili pepper in the world
Celebrities such as Shaquille O’Neal and Kristen Bell have taken on the challenge
Published: 13:13 EDT, 14 November 2017 | Updated: 12:21 EDT, 11 January 2018
The premise of the One Chip Challenge is deliciously (if that’s your kind of thing) simple. An American company called Paqui has created The Carolina Reaper Chip, billed as ‘The World’s Hottest Chip’ - all you have to do is eat it and post video or photographic ‘proof of your pain’ to Instagram or Twitter using the hashtag #OneChipChallenge.
The reason it might be painful is because in 2013, the Carolina Reaper was dubbed the hottest chili pepper in the world by Guinness World Records, so you know, it’s hot.
The One Chip Challenge involves eating the world's hottest chili, the Carolina Reaper (Paqui)
Who's doing the One Chip Challenge?
Former NBA player Shaquille O’Neal bet $20 he wouldn’t pull a face whilst doing it (he lost). Kristen Bell and Michael Pena did it on Ellen DeGeneres’ show. WWE’s Daniel Bryan didn’t bat an eyelid while ESPN’s Mike & Mike team had mixed results. Oh and the aforementioned news anchor in Denver, Natalie Tysdal, who actually vomited on live TV.
Kansas City Chiefs player Travis Kelce took on the One Chip Challenge and says he ‘hasn’t been the same since’. The NFL star then challenged Carolina Panthers' Greg Olsen to eat the world’s hottest chili chip.
I took the @paquichips #OneChipChallenge & haven't been the same since. Good luck @gregolsen88, don't say I didn't warn you #RIPgreg #ad
A post shared by Travis Kelce (@killatrav) on Oct 11, 2017 at 8:20am PDT
Olsen obliged and seems he hasn’t fared any better than Kelce, as the Panthers star says '@killatrav dared me & I still haven't recovered #ActiveLava'.
If you need some major street cred take the @paquichips #OneChipChallenge. @killatrav dared me & I still haven't recovered #ActiveLava #ad
A post shared by Greg Olsen (@gregolsen88) on Oct 11, 2017 at 6:54am PDT
How much does One Chip Challenge cost?
The Carolina Reaper chip currently retails at $4.99 but Paqui also offers something ominously called the ‘Chest of Horrors’, which includes 10 Carolina Reaper chips, 10 VIP Coupons and 10 #OneChipChallenge packs that each includes a headband, a temporary tattoo, eye black and stickers.
Where to buy the One Chip Challenge?
This is where it gets tricky. You can buy all of Paqui’s products from their shop and that includes the One Chip Challenge packet, but due to the challenge’s virality, they are all currently sold out. However, not all hope is lost. Inside Paqui’s Haunted Ghost Pepper and Spicy Queso bags are special codes that you can enter on their website and have a 1-in-10 chance to win the Carolina Reaper chip.
Alternatively, if you’re desperate to try the Carolina Reaper Chip, you can buy the One Chip Challenge on Amazon. However, it will set you back a lot more than the $4.99 it costs on Paqui’s website.

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text:
php - Less.js take a second to load styles - Stack Overflow
Less.js take a second to load styles
My question is when you go to this page http://www.executivetravelholdings.com the page styles loads in like a second. I want it to load like if I used regular css. I have the less stylesheet in the head and the less.js in bottom of the body. I am using less.js 1.3.3 and PHP instead of html. Any help with this would be greatly appreciated. php less share|improve this question asked Jun 19 '13 at 12:17
1,2541413
Question no longer useful, since the website referred to is gone, and it is not stated what less files needs to be compiled.
Mar 20 '15 at 8:09
Voted to close (though it's not hard to guess that the answer would be "just don't use client-side script and precompile your ls files to css").
Mar 21 '15 at 10:33
I tried to delete this question a while ago but's it not letting me. @seven-phases-max. I figured the answer out to this question quite a while ago. But when I tried to delete it it say this question has answers and cannot be deleted.
– dowomenfart
Mar 21 '15 at 17:32
You're only supposed to use the client-side LESS renderer during development:
Client-side is the easiest way to get started and good for developing
your LESS. For production and especially if performance is important,
we recommend pre-compiling using node or one of the many third party
In practice, you can either:
Install Node.JS and render the file, then put the (static) compiled version and put it online.
Use a GUI app to compile the LESS file, like SimppLESS. Be sure that it's a recent version and that they've kept their internal LESS version up-to-date. (Easier)
If you're using something like PHP, there are PHP ports of the LESS compiler. That way, it's rendered server side and cached. (More convenient)
share|improve this answer answered Jun 19 '13 at 12:25
3,44121113
Thanks for the help. THis really helped me out!
You will never be as fast as native css, since the script has to parse the css first. However, this strong form of FOUC comes from the fact, that you provide the less script in the body and so the complete document gets rendered before the styles are transformed and applied. The solution is to put the less.js script in the head. Yes this slows down the page loading process, but I think this is the better trade-off.
Personally, I would never (at least for production environment) use the js version but always process the styles serverside. Imagine a user has blocked javascript or no javascript available at all.
share|improve this answer edited Jun 19 '13 at 12:26
answered Jun 19 '13 at 12:20
Thanks I have now put the less.js in the head and it stopped lazy loading. Thanks for the help!
Jun 19 '13 at 12:49
That's not lazy loading - the browsers requests a resource as it finds the according script tag. Since you request the less file at the bottom of the body, the rest of the document is already rendered (without styles). Lazy loading on the other hand means loading a resource whenever it is needed (potentially never). If your problem is solved, accept the answers that you find best suited to indicate that your issue is resolved.
Jun 19 '13 at 12:59
Have a backup stylesheet which at least places all objects in their right places and has simple formatting.
That way when the less kicks in, the changes aren't so noticable.
Also have your less.js output cached by the users browser and by your server(if possible). That way you also improve navigation.
6,02332154
duplicating code is always a bad solution...
Not really. What if the browser has javascript disabled? Still plenty of people who disable javascript.
Exactly my thinking (this is what I state in my answer). Nonetheless duplicate code is a no-go. You will run into many problems rather sooner than later. One should use one of Rikkus Solutions to fix this.
Not the answer you're looking for?	Browse other questions tagged php less or ask your own question.	asked
Less.js rules are not applied immediately
How to change CSS values with live preview. Less.js?
Deamn less.js client side

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