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Introduction to-poetic-terminology by ra74195 1003 views
Poetic terminology by mslenihan 2829 views
Glossary poetic terminology by Sofia Argyropoulou 512 views
Tp poetic terms by Teachkwd 334 views
1 poetic devices by Tami Porter Tomkins 219 views
Shel Silverstein by ehill2006 579 views
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Dalisha Carmichael , Investigator at NJ Victim of Crime Compensation Office at NJ Victim of Crime Compensation Office
Roopali Lal
1. Glossary of PoeticTechniques Higher and Intermediate 2
2. Poetic Devices Poetry is the kind of thing poets write. — Robert Frost Man, if you gotta ask, you’ll never know. — Louis ArmstrongA POET IS LIMITED in the materials he can use in creating his works: all he has arewords to express his ideas and feelings. These words need to be precisely right on severallevels at once:• they must sound right to the listener even as they delight his ear • they must havea meaning which might have been unanticipated, but seems to bethe perfectly right one• they must be arranged in a relationship and placed on the page in ways that are atonce easy to follow and assist the reader in understanding• they must probe the depths of human thought, emotion, and empathy, whileappearing simple, self-contained, and unpretentiousFortunately, the English language contains a wide range of words from which to choose foralmost every thought, and there are also numerous plans or methods of arrangement ofthese words, called poetic devices, which can assist the writer in developing cogentexpressions pleasing to his readers.Even though most poetry today is read silently, it must still carry with it the feeling of beingspoken aloud, and the reader should practice “hearing” it in order to catch all of theartfulness with which the poet has created his work.
3. the SOUNDS of wordsWords or portions of words can be clustered or juxtaposed to achieve specific kinds ofeffects when we hear them. The sounds that result can strike us as clever and pleasing, evensoothing. Others we dislike and strive to avoid. These various deliberate arrangements ofwords have been identified.Alliteration: Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words placed near eachother, usually on the same or adjacent lines. A somewhat looser definition is that it is the useof the same consonant in any part of adjacent words. Example: fast and furious Example: Peter and Andrew patted the pony at AscotIn the second definition, both P and T in the example are reckoned as alliteration. It isnoted that this is a very obvious device and needs to be handled with great restraint, exceptin specialty forms such as limerick, cinquain, and humorous verse.Assonance : Repeated vowel sounds in words placed near each other, usually on the sameor adjacent lines. These should be in sounds that are accented, or stressed, rather than invowel sounds that are unaccented. Example: He’s a bruisin’ loserIn the second example above, the short A sound in Andrew, patted, and Ascot would beassonant.Consonance : Repeated consonant sounds at the ending of words placed near each other,usually on the same or adjacent lines. These should be in sounds that are accented, orstressed, rather than in vowel sounds that are unaccented. This produces a pleasing kind ofnear-rhyme. Example: boats into the past Example: cool soulCacophony A discordant series of harsh, unpleasant sounds helps to convey disorder.This is often furthered by the combined effect of the meaning and the difficulty ofpronunciation. Example: My stick fingers click with a snicker And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys; Light-footed, my steel feelers flicker And pluck from these keys melodies. —“Player Piano,” John UpdikeEuphony: A series of musically pleasant sounds, conveying a sense of harmony and beautyto the language.
4. Example: Than Oars divide the Ocean, Too silver for a seam— Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon Leap, plashless as they swim. — “A Bird Came Down the Walk,” Emily Dickenson (last stanza)Onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meanings. In Hear the steady tick of the oldhall clock, the word tick sounds like the action of the clock, If assonance or alliteration canbe onomatopoeic, as the sound ‘ck’ is repeated in tick and clock, so much the better. Atleast sounds should suit the tone – heavy sounds for weightiness, light for the delicate. Tickis a light word, but transpose the light T to its heavier counterpart, D; and transpose the lightCK to its heavier counterpart G, and tick becomes the much more solid and down to earthdig. Example: boom, buzz, crackle, gurgle, hiss, pop, sizzle, snap, swoosh, whir, zipRepetition: The purposeful re-use of words and phrases for an effect. Sometimes,especially with longer phrases that contain a different key word each time, this is calledparallelism. It has been a central part of poetry in many cultures. Many of the Psalms usethis device as one of their unifying elements. Example: I was glad; so very, very glad. Example: Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward... ... Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley’d and thunder’d...Rhyme: This is the one device most commonly associated with poetry by the generalpublic. Words that have different beginning sounds but whose endings sound alike,including the final vowel sound and everything following it, are said to rhyme. Example: time, slime, mimeDouble rhymes include the final two syllables. Example: revival, arrival, survivalTriple rhymes include the final three syllables. Example: greenery, machinery, sceneryA variation which has been used effectively is called slant rhyme, or half rhyme. If only thefinal consonant sounds of the words are the same, but the initial consonants and the vowelsounds are different, then the rhyme is called a slant rhyme or half rhyme. When thisappears in the middle of lines rather than at the end, it is called consonance. Example: soul, oil, foul; taut, sat, knit
5. Another variation which is occasionally used is called near rhyme. If the final vowel soundsare the same, but the final consonant sounds are slightly different, then the rhyme is called anear rhyme. Example: fine, rhyme; poem, goin’Less effective but sometimes used are sight rhymes. Words which are spelled the same (as ifthey rhymed), but are pronounced differently are called sight rhymes or eye rhymes. Example: enough, cough, through, boughRhythm: Although the general public is seldom directly conscious of it, nearly everyoneresponds on some level to the organization of speech rhythms (verbal stresses) into a regularpattern of accented syllables separated by unaccented syllables. Rhythm helps to distinguishpoetry from prose.Example: i THOUGHT i SAW a PUSsyCAT. Such patterns are sometimes referred to asmeter. Meter is the organization of voice patterns, in terms of both the arrangement ofstresses and their frequency of repetition per line of verse.Poetry is organized by the division of each line into “feet,” metric units which each consist ofa particular arrangement of strong and weak stresses. The most common metric unit is theiambic, in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed one (as in the words reverseand compose).Scansion is the conscious measure of the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in aline of poetry. Stressed syllables are labeled with an accent mark: / Unstressed syllablesare labeled with a dash: – Metrical feet may be two or three syllables in length, and aredivided by slashes: | There are five basic rhythms:Pattern Name Example–/ Iamb/Iambic invite/– Trochee/Trochaic deadline––/ Anapest/Anapestic to the beach/–– Dactyl/Dactylic frequently// Spondee/Spondaic true blueMetre is measured by the number of feet in a line. Feet are named by Greek prefix numberwords attached to “meter.” A line with five feet is called pentameter; thus, a line of fiveiambs is known as “iambic pentameter” (the most common metrical form in English poetry,and the one favored by Shakespeare).The most common line lengths are:monometer: one foot tetrameter: four feet heptameter: seven feet dimeter:two feet pentameter: five feet octameter: eight feet trimeter:
6. three feet hexameter: six feetNaturally, there is a degree of variation from line to line, as a rigid adherence to the meterresults in unnatural or monotonous language. A skillful poet manipulates breaks in theprevailing rhythm of a poem for particular effects.
7. the MEANINGs of wordsMost words convey several meanings or shades of meaning at the same time. It is the poet’sjob to find words which, when used in relation to other words in the poem, will carry theprecise intention of thought. Often, some of the more significant words may carry severallayers or “depths” of meaning at once. The ways in which the meanings of words are usedcan be identified.Allegory: A representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning. Sometimes it can be a singleword or phrase, such as the name of a character or place. Often, it is a symbolic narrativethat has not only a literal meaning, but a larger one understood only after reading the entirestory or poemAllusion: A brief reference to some person, historical event, work of art, or Biblical ormythological situation or character.Ambiguity: A word or phrase that can mean more than one thing, even in its context.Poets often search out such words to add richness to their work. Often, one meaning seemsquite readily apparent, but other, deeper and darker meanings, await those who contemplatethe poem. Example: Robert Frost’s ‘The Subverted Flower’Analogy: A comparison, usually something unfamiliar with something familiar. Example: The plumbing took a maze of turns where even water got lost.Apostrophe: Speaking directly to a real or imagined listener or inanimate object;addressing that person or thing by name. Example: O Captain! My Captain! our fearful trip is done...Cliché: Any figure of speech that was once clever and original but through overuse hasbecome outdated. If you’ve heard more than two or three other people say it more than twoor three times, chances are the phrase is too timeworn to be useful in your writing. Example: busy as a beeConnotation: The emotional, psychological or social overtones of a word; its implicationsand associations apart from its literal meaning. Often, this is what distinguishes the preciselycorrect word from one that is merely acceptable.Contrast: Closely arranged things with strikingly different characteristics. Example: He was dark, sinister, and cruel; she was radiant, pleasant, and kind.Denotation: The dictionary definition of a word; its literal meaning apart from any
8. associations or connotations. Students must exercise caution when beginning to use athesaurus, since often the words that are clustered together may share a denotative meaning,but not a connotative one, and the substitution of a word can sometimes destroy the mood,and even the meaning, of a poem.Euphemism: An understatement, used to lessen the effect of a statement; substitutingsomething innocuous for something that might be offensive or hurtful. Example: She is at rest. (meaning, she’s dead)Hyperbole: An outrageous exaggeration used for effect. Example: He weighs a ton.Irony: A contradictory statement or situation to reveal a reality different from what appearsto be true. Example: Wow, thanks for expensive gift...let’s see: did it come with a Fun Meal or the Burger King equivalent?Metaphor: A direct comparison between two unlike things, stating that one is the other ordoes the action of the other. Example: He’s a zero. Example: Her fingers danced across the keyboard.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing is referred to bysomething closely associated with it. Example: The White House stated today that... Example: The Crown reported today that...Oxymoron: A combination of two words that appear to contradict each other. Example: apointless point of view; bittersweetParadox: A statement in which a seeming contradiction may reveal an unexpected truth. Example: The hurrier I go the behinder I get.Personification: Attributing human characteristics to an inanimate object, animal, orabstract idea. Example: The days crept by slowly, sorrowfully.Pun: Word play in which words with totally different meanings have similar or identicalsounds. Example: Like a firefly in the rain, I’m de-lighted.
9. Simile: A direct comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as.” Example: He’s as dumb as an ox. Example: Her eyes are like comets.Symbol: An ordinary object, event, animal, or person to which we have attachedextraordinary meaning and significance – a flag to represent a country, a lion to representcourage, a wall to symbolize separation.Example: A small cross by the dangerous curve on the road reminded all of Johnny’s death.Synecdoche: Indicating a person, object, etc. by letting only a certain part represent thewhole. Example: All hands on deck.
10. Arranging the wordsWords follow each other in a sequence determined by the poet. In order to discuss thearrangements that result, certain terms have been applied to various aspects of thatarrangement process. Although in some ways these sequences seem arbitrary andmechanical, in another sense they help to determine the nature of the poem. These variousways of organizing words have been identified.Point of View: The author’s point of view concentrates on the vantage point of thespeaker, or “teller” of the story or poem. This may be considered the poem’s “voice” — thepervasive presence behind the overall work. This is also sometimes referred to as thepersona.• 1st Person: the speaker is a character in the story or poem and tells it from his/herperspective (uses “I”).• 3rd Person limited: the speaker is not part of the story, but tells about the othercharac- ters through the limited perceptions of one other person.• 3rd Person omniscient: the speaker is not part of the story, but is able to “know” anddescribe what all characters are thinking.Line: The line is fundamental to the perception of poetry, marking an important visualdistinction from prose. Poetry is arranged into a series of units that do not necessarilycorrespond to sentences, but rather to a series of metrical feet. Generally, but not always,the line is printed as one single line on the page. If it occupies more than one line, itsremainder is usually indented to indicate that it is a continuation.There is a natural tendency when reading poetry to pause at the end of a line, but thecareful reader will follow the punctuation to find where natural pauses should occur.In traditional verse forms, the length of each line is determined by convention, but inmodern poetry the poet has more latitude for choice.Verse: One single line of a poem arranged in a metrical pattern. Also, a piece of poetry ora particular form of poetry such as free verse, blank verse, etc., or the art or work of a poet.The popular use of the word verse for a stanza or associated group of metrical lines is not inaccor- dance with the best usage. A stanza is a group of verses.Stanza: A division of a poem created by arranging the lines into a unit, often repeated inthe same pattern of meter and rhyme throughout the poem; a unit of poetic lines (a“paragraph” within the poem). The stanzas within a poem are separated by blank lines.Stanzas in modern poetry, such as free verse, often do not have lines that are all of the samelength and meter, nor even the same number of lines in each stanza. Stanzas created bysuch irregular line group- ings are often dictated by meaning, as in paragraphs of prose.Stanza Forms: The names given to describe the number of lines in a stanzaic unit, suchas: couplet (2), tercet (3), quatrain (4), quintet (5), sestet (6), septet (7), and octave (8). Some
11. stanzas follow a set rhyme scheme and meter in addition to the number of lines and aregiven specific names to describe them, such as, ballad meter, ottava rima, rhyme royal, terzarima, and Spenserian stanza.Stanza forms are also a factor in the categorization of whole poems described as following afixed form.Rhetorical Question: A question solely for effect, which does not require an answer. Bythe implication the answer is obvious, it is a means of achieving an emphasis stronger than adirect statement. Example: Could I but guess the reason for that look? Example: O, Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?Rhyme Scheme: The pattern established by the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza orpoem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence ofrhyming lines, such as the ababbcc of the Rhyme Royal stanza form.Capital letters in the alphabetic rhyme scheme are used for the repeating lines of a refrain;the letters x and y indicate unrhymed lines.In quatrains, the popular rhyme scheme of abab is called alternate rhyme or cross rhyme.The abba scheme is called envelope rhyme, and another one frequently used is xaxa (Thislast pattern, when working with students, is generally easier for them to understand whenpresented as abcb, as they associate matched letters with rhymed words).Enjambment: The continuation of the logical sense — and therefore the grammaticalconstruction — beyond the end of a line of poetry. This is sometimes done with the title,which in effect becomes the first line of the poem.Form: The arrangement or method used to convey the content, such as free verse, ballad,haiku, etc. In other words, the “way-it-is-said.” A variably interpreted term, however, itsometimes applies to details within the composition of a text, but is probably used mostoften in reference to the structural charac- teristics of a work as it compares to (or differsfrom) established modes of conventionalized arrange- ments.• Open: poetic form free from regularity and consistency in elements such as rhyme,line length, and metrical form• Closed: poetic form subject to a fixed structure and pattern• Blank Verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter (much of the plays of Shakespeare arewritten in this form)• Free Verse: lines with no prescribed pattern or structure — the poet determines allthe vari- ables as seems appropriate for each poem• Couplet: a pair of lines, usually rhymed; this is the shortest stanza• Heroic Couplet: a pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter (traditional heroicepic form)
12. • Quatrain: a four-line stanza, or a grouping of four lines of verseFixed Form: A poem which follows a set pattern of meter, rhyme scheme, stanza form,and refrain (if there is one), is called a fixed form.Most poets feel a need for familiarity and practice with established forms as essential tolearning the craft, but having explored the techniques and constraints of each, they go on toexperiment and extend their imaginative creativity in new directions. A partial listingincludes:• Ballad: a narrative poem written as a series of quatrains in which lines of iambictetrameter alternate with iambic trimeter with an xaxa, xbxb rhyme scheme with frequentuse of repetition and often including a refrain. The “story” of a ballad can be a wide range ofsubjects but frequently deals with folklore or popular legends. They are written in a straight-forward manner, seldom with detail, but always with graphic simplicity and force. Mostballads are suitable for singing: “Barbara Allen” is an example.Many of the oldest ballads were first written and performed by minstrels as courtentertainment. Folk ballads are of unknown origin and are usually lacking in artistic finish.Because they are handed down by oral tradition, folk ballads are subject to variations andcontinual change. Other types of ballads include literary ballads, combining the natures ofepic and lyric poetry, which are written by known authors, often in the style and form of thefolk ballad, such as Keats’ ‘La Belle Dame sans Merci.”• Ballade: a French form, it consists of three seven or eight-line stanzas using no morethan three recurrent rhymes, with an identical refrain after each stanza and a closing envoirepeating the rhymes of the last four lines of the stanza• Concrete Poetry: also known as pattern poetry or shaped verse, these are poemsthat are printed on the page so that they form a recognizable outline related to the subject,thus convey- ing or extending the meaning of the words. Pattern poetry retains its meaningwhen read aloud, whereas the essence of concrete poetry lies in its appearance on the pagerather than in the words; it is intended to be perceived as a visual whole and often cannot beeffective when read aloud. This form has had brief popularity at several periods in history.• Epigram: a pithy, sometimes satiric, couplet or quatrain comprising a single thoughtor event and often aphoristic with a witty or humorous turn of thought• Epitaph: a brief poem or statement in memory of someone who is deceased, usedas, or suitable for, a tombstone inscription; now, often witty or humorous and writtenwithout intent of actual funerary use• Haiku: a Japanese form of poetry consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven,and five syllables. The elusive flavor of the form, however, lies more in its touch and tonethan in its syllabic structure. Deeply imbedded in Japanese culture and strongly influencedby Zen Buddhism, haiku are very brief descriptions of nature that convey some implicitinsight or essence of a moment. Traditionally, they contain either a direct or oblique
13. reference to a season• Limerick: a light or humorous form of five chiefly anapestic verses of which linesone, two and five are of three feet and lines three and four are of two feet, with a rhymescheme of aabba. Named for a town in Ireland of that name, the limerick was popularizedby Edward Lear in his Book of Nonsense published in 1846, and is generally consideredthe only fixed form of English origin.While the final line of Lear’s limericks usually was a repetition of the first line, modernlimericks generally use the final line for clever witticisms and word play. Their content alsofrequently tends toward the ribald and off-color.• Lyric: derived from the Greek word for lyre, lyric poetry was originally designed tobe sung. One of the three main groups of poetry (the others being narrative and dramatic),lyric verse is the most frequently used modern form, including all poems in which thespeaker’s ardent expression of a (usually single) emotional element predominates. Rangingfrom complex thoughts to the simplicity of playful wit, the melodic imagery of skillfullywritten lyric poetry evokes in the reader’s mind the recall of similar emotional experiences.• Ode: any of several stanzaic forms more complex than the lyric, with intricate rhymeschemes and irregular number of lines, generally of considerable length, always written in astyle marked by a rich, intense expression of an elevated thought praising a person or object.“Ode to a Nightingale” is an example.• Pantoum: derived from the Malayan pantun, it consists of a varying number of four-line stanzas with lines rhyming alternately; the second and fourth lines of each stanzarepeated to form the first and third lines of the succeeding stanza, with the first and thirdlines of the first stanza forming the second and fourth of the last stanza, but in reverse order,so that the opening and closing lines of the poem are identical.• Rondeau: a fixed form used mostly in light or witty verse, usually consisting of fifteenocto- or decasyllabic lines in three stanzas, with only two rhymes used throughout. A wordor words from the first part of the first line are used as a (usually unrhymed) refrain endingthe second and third stanzas, so the rhyme scheme is aabba aabR aabbaR.An example is “ In Flanders Fields,” by Lt. Col. John McCrae.• Sestina: a fixed form consisting of six 6-line (usually unrhymed) stanzas in which theend words of the first stanza recur as end words of the following five stanzas in a successivelyrotating order, and as the middle and end words of each of the lines of a concluding envoiin the form of a tercet. The usual ending word order for a sestina is as follows:First stanza, 1- 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6Second stanza, 6- 1- 5- 2- 4- 3Third stanza, 3- 6- 4- 1- 2- 5Fourth stanza, 5- 3- 2- 6- 1- 4Fifth stanza, 4- 5- 1- 3- 6- 2Sixth stanza, 2- 4- 6- 5- 3- 1
14. Concluding tercet: middle of first line - 2, end of first line - 5 middle of second line - 4, end of second line - 3 middle if third line - 6, end of third line – 1• Sonnet: a fourteen line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme;its subject was traditionally love. Three variations are found frequently in English, althoughothers are occasionally seen.• Shakespearean Sonnet: a style of sonnet used by Shakespeare with a rhymescheme of abab cdcd efef gg• Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet: a form of sonnet made popular by Petrarch with arhyme scheme of abbaabba cdecde or cdcdcd• Spenserian Sonnet: a variant of the Shakespearean form in which the quatrainsare linked with a chain or interlocked rhyme scheme, abab bcbc cdcd ee.• Sonnet Sequence: a series of sonnets in which there is a discernable unifyingtheme, while each retains its own structural independence. All of Shakespeare’s sonnets, forexample, were part of a sequence.• Triolet: a poem or stanza of eight lines in which the first line is repeated as the fourthand seventh lines, and the second line as the eighth, with a rhyme scheme of ABaAabAB, asin Adelaide Crapsey’s “Song” (the capital letters in the rhyme scheme indicate the repetitionof identical lines).• Villanelle: a poem consisting of five 3-line stanzas followed by a quatrain and havingonly two rhymes. In the stanzas following the first stanza, the first and third lines of the firststanza are repeated alternately as refrains. They are the final two lines of the concludingquatrain. The villanelle gives a pleasant impression of simple spontaneity, as in EdwinArlington Robinson’s “The House on the Hill.”
15. the IMAGES of wordsA poet uses words more consciously than any other writer. Although poetry often deals withdeep human emotions or philosophical thought, people generally don’t respond verystrongly to abstract words, even the words describing such emotions and thoughts. The poet,then, must embed within his work those words which do carry strong visual and sensoryimpact, words which are fresh and spontaneous but vividly de- scriptive. He must carefullypick and choose words that are just right. It is better to show the reader than to merely tellhim.Imagery: The use of vivid language to generate ideas and/or evoke mental images, not onlyof the visual sense, but of sensation and emotion as well. While most commonly used inreference to figurative language, imagery can apply to any component of a poem that evokesensory experience and emotional response, and also applies to the concrete things sobrought to mind.Poetry works it magic by the way it uses words to evoke “images” that carry depths ofmeaning. The poet’s carefully described impressions of sight, sound, smell, taste and touchcan be transferred to the thoughtful reader through imaginative use and combinations ofdiction. In addition to its more tangible initial impact, effective imagery has the potential totap the inner wisdom of the reader to arouse meditative and inspirational responses.Related images are often clustered or scattered throughout a work, thus serving to create aparticular mood or tone. Images of disease, corruption, and death, for example, arerecurrent patterns shaping our perceptions of Shakespeare’s Hamlet.Examples:• Sight: Smoke mysteriously puffed out from the clown’s ears.• Sound: Tom placed his ear tightly against the wall; he could hear a faint but distinctthump thump thump.• Touch: The burlap wall covering scraped against the little boy’s cheek.• Taste: A salty tear ran across onto her lips.• Smell: Cinnamon! That’s what wafted into his nostrils.Synesthesia: An attempt to fuse different senses by describing one kind of senseimpression in words normally used to describe another. Example: The sound of her voicewas sweet. Example: a loud aroma, a velvety smileTone, Mood: The means by which a poet reveals attitudes and feelings, in the style oflanguage or expression of thought used to develop the subject. Certain tones include notonly irony and satire, but may be loving, condescending, bitter, pitying, fanciful, solemn, anda host of other emotions and attitudes. Tone can also refer to the overall mood of the poemitself, in the sense of a pervading atmosphere intended to influence the readers’ emotionalresponse and foster expectations of the conclusion.Another use of tone is in reference to pitch or to the demeanor of a speaker as interpreted
16. through inflections of the voice; in poetry, this is conveyed through the use of connotation,diction, figures of speech, rhythm and other elements of poetic construction
Glossary poetic terminology
Tp poetic terms
Tami Porter Tomkins
ehill2006

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Patent US6554470 - M-level diode junction temperature measurement method cancelling series and ... - Google Patents
The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus to measure p-n junction device temperature by testing a device with M-Levels of applied collector current, sensing changes in output characteristics, and calculating the device current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic...http://www.google.com/patents/US6554470?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6554470 - M-level diode junction temperature measurement method cancelling series and parallel parasitic influences
Publication number US6554470 B2
Application number US 10/045,115
Also published as US20030031229
Publication number 045115, 10045115, US 6554470 B2, US 6554470B2, US-B2-6554470, US6554470 B2, US6554470B2
Inventors Hong Zhang, William Robert Rypka, Emy Tan, Mansour Izadinia
Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (23), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
US 6554470 B2
The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus to measure p-n junction device temperature by testing a device with M-Levels of applied collector current, sensing changes in output characteristics, and calculating the device current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance where the leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance may be treated and eliminated as current offset error. Application of M levels of excitation values, where M is greater than or equal to four, eliminates device series parasitic effects, comprised of voltage offset and a series parasitic resistance, and parallel parasitic effects, comprised of current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance, from temperature measurements. Since the operating characteristics of the device are temperature dependent, excitation levels applied and output values observed are used to determine junction temperature of the device free of series and parallel parasitic effects.
1. A device junction temperature sensing method free of series and parallel parasitic effects comprising the steps of:
a. modeling an electrical device having input and output electrodes, to have series and, parallel parasitic effects, said series parasitic effects comprised of a voltage offset and a parasitic series resistance, and said parallel parasitic effects comprised of current offset error, and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance;
b. calculating values for M levels of input excitation currents such that current offset error cancelling conditions are satisfied;
c. exciting said device with said calculated M levels of input excitation currents to produce M levels of temperature dependent output values, said M levels of temperature dependent output values comprised of M base-emitter voltage (Vbe) values, where said M is greater than or equal to four;
d. calculating a first and second ΔVbe using said calculated M levels of input excitation currents;
e. calculating a third ΔVbe from said first and second ΔVbe, said third ΔVbe calculation no longer including said voltage offset, parasitic series resistance, current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance, wherein;
said calculation of said third ΔVbe eliminating said voltage offset and said parasitic series resistance;
said use of said calculated values for M levels of input excitation currents in said calculation of said third ΔVbe eliminating said current offset error; and
said elimination of said current offset error eliminating a large part of said leakage current error effects due to parasitic parallel resistance; and
f. determining junction temperature of said device from said third ΔVbe calculation free of said series and parallel parasitic effects.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said voltage offset elimination results from said calculation of third ΔVbe, said elimination improving said junction temperature determination.
I 3 −I 1−(A/B)(I 4 −I 2)=I 3 +I 2(A/B)−I 1 −I 4(A/B)=0
wherein M=4; A=[(1/I3)−(1/I1)]; B=[(1/I4)−(1/I2)]; and I1, I2, I3 and I4 are said 4 levels of input excitation current I.
a. a diode having a non-linear input-output characteristic that varies with temperature and is subject to series and parallel parasitic effects, said diode comprised of an anode and cathode, said anode electrically coupled to said cathode via a junction, said series parasitic effects comprised of a voltage offset and a parasitic series resistance, and said parallel parasitic effects comprised of current offset error, and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance;
b. an M-Level source electrically coupled to said anode for applying M sequential electrical input signals of different values to said anode such that said diode produces M electrical output signals, said M greater than or equal to four, said different values of said M sequential electrical input signals calculated to satisfy current offset error cancelling conditions; and
c. a test device for measuring said M electrical output signals and calculating temperature of said junction, said test device electrically coupled to said diode and said M-Level source, said test device eliminating said voltage offset, parasitic series resistance and current offset error from said M electrical output signal values, said elimination of said current offset error further reducing said leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance, said elimination resulting in said test device determining temperature of said junction of said diode from said M electrical output signals and said M electrical input signals free of said series and parallel parasitic effects.
10. The apparatus as recited in claim 9 wherein said diode is a diode-connected bipolar transistor with base and collector electrodes connected.
b. an M-Level source electrically coupled to said anode for applying M sequential electrical input signals of different values to said anode such that said diode produces M electrical output signals, said M greater than or equal to four, said different values of said M sequential electrical input signals calculated to satisfy current offset error cancelling conditions;
c. a means for measuring said M electrical output signals;
d. a means for eliminating said voltage offset and current offset error from said M electrical output signal values;
e. a means for eliminating said parasitic series resistance and said leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance from said M electrical output signal values; and
f. a means for determining temperature of said junction of said diode from said M electrical output signals and said M electrical input signals free of said series and parallel parasitic effects.
16. The apparatus as recited in claim 15 wherein said diode is a diode-connected bipolar transistor with base and collector electrodes connected.
wherein M=4; A=[(1/I3)−(1/I1)]; B=[(1/I4)−(1/I2)]; and I 1, I2, I3 and I4 are said 4 levels of input excitation current I.
This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/246,311, filed Nov. 7, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
I=[I 1 ,I 2 ,I 3 ,I 4]
The temperature dependent output signal base-emitter voltage ΔVBE is then measured as,
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(I 3 ×I 2)/(I 1 ×I 4)]+R S(I 3 +I 2 −I 1 −I 4)
where RS represents series parasitic resistance and ΔVBE represents the change in base-emitter voltage used to determine temperature. If collector currents I1-I4 are chosen such that,
(I 3 +I 2 −I 1 −I 4)=0
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(I 3 ×I 2)/(I 1 ×I 4)]
As seen in the prior art resulting equation, the change in base-emitter voltage value ΔVBE may be calculated free of series parasitic RS effects, however, current offset and parasitic parallel resistance are not taken into consideration and result in inaccuracies in ΔVBE calculations. Any temperature calculation based upon ΔVBE would also include these inaccuracies.
It is the object of the present invention to create a method and apparatus which may be used to determine diode junction temperatures with greater accuracy than previously known. The present invention achieves this goal by testing a device with four or more levels of applied collector current, sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage VBE, cancelling or calculating the device leakage current value and cancelling the parallel leakage effects. The cancelled or calculated leakage current consists of both a constant leakage current, current offset, and an additional leakage current due to a parasitic parallel resistance. The p-n junction device temperature may then be measured by exciting four levels of applied collector current and sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage in which both parasitic series resistance and parallel leakage current errors are cancelled. Since the operating characteristics of a p-n junction device are temperature dependent, the excitation levels applied and output values observed may be used to determine the junction temperature of the device free of series and parallel parasitic effects.
The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus to measure p-n junction device temperature by testing a device with four or more levels of applied collector current IC, sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage VBE, calculating the device leakage current value and cancelling the parallel leakage effects. The calculated leakage current consists of both a constant leakage current, current offset, and an additional leakage current due to a parasitic parallel resistance. The p-n junction device temperature may then be measured by exciting four levels of applied collector current and sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage in which both parasitic series resistance and parallel leakage current errors are cancelled. Since the operating characteristics of a p-n junction device are temperature dependent, the excitation levels applied and output values observed may be used to determine the junction temperature of the device free of series and parallel parasitic effects.
Δ   V BE = mV T × ln   ( I 2 / I 1 ) + R s   ( I 2 - I 1 ) + mV T × ios   ( 1 / I 2 - 1 / I 1 )
In this equation ΔVBE represents the change in base-emitter voltage, I1 and I2 represent levels of applied excitation current, RS represents series parasitic resistance and ios represents current offset. The current offset value ios has been added in the equation, representing ios error in ΔVBE measurement. The parallel resistance RP value, representing the RP error in ΔVBE measurement, is to be considered later. A four level excitation method results in the following base-emitter voltage ΔVBE calculation,
Δ   V BE 1 = mV T × ln   ( I 3 / I 1 ) + R s   ( I 3 - I 1 ) + mV T × ios × A where , A = [ ( 1 / I 3 ) - ( 1 / I 1 ) ]   Δ   V BE 2 = mV T × ln   ( I 4  / I 2 ) + R s   ( I 4 - I 2 ) + mV T × ios × B where , B = [ ( 1 / I 4 ) - ( 1 / I 2 ) ] Δ   V BE = Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2   ( A / B )
If currents are selected such that,
ΔV BE =mV T×ln(I 3 /I 1)−mV T(A/B)×ln(I 4 /I 2)
The series parasitic resistance (RS) and current offset ios values are cancelled. For example,
I=[2, 10 100, 20]μA
Δ   V BE 1 =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) + R S  ( 100 - 2 ) + m   V T ×  ios  [ ( 1 / 100 ) - ( 1 / 2 ) ] =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) + R S  ( 98 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.490 ) Δ   V BE 2 =  m   V T × ln  ( 20 / 10 ) + R S  ( 20 - 10 ) + m   VT ×  ios  [ ( 1 / 20 ) - ( 1 / 10 ) ] =  m   V T × ln  ( 20 / 10 ) + R S  ( 10 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.05 ) Δ   V BE =  Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2  ( 0.490 / 0.05 ) =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) - m   V T × 9.8  [ ln  ( 20 / 10 ) ] +  R S  ( 98 - 9.8 × 10 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.490 + 0.05 × 9.8 ) =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) - m   V T × 9.8   ln  ( 20 / 10 )
The influences of series resistance RS and current offset ios have been cancelled. However, a comparison with the prior art four level excitation method base-emitter voltage ΔVBE calculation not considering current offset shows there is no common solution for both the new method and the prior art method unless the ΔVBE of the measurement is zero.
PRIOR ART _ Δ   V BE = m   V T × ln  [ ( I 3 × I 2 ) / ( I 1 × I 4 ) ]   M-LEVEL CONSIDERING CURRENT OFFSET _ Δ   V BE = m   V T × ln  ( I 3 / I 1 ) - m   V T × 9.8   ln  ( I 4 / I 2 )
Adding an additional current level increases degrees of freedom by 1 allowing measurements to be optimized. If five levels of excitation are used, such that collector currents I1-I5 are applied,
I=[I 1 , I 5 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4]
The temperature dependent output values ΔVBE may then be calculated as,
Δ   V BE 1 = mV T × ln  [ ( I 3 × I 2 ) / ( I 1 × I 4 ) ] + R s   ( I 3 + I 2 - I 1 - I 4 ) + mV T × ios × A   where , A = ( 1 / I 3 + 1 / I 2 - 1 / I 1 - 1 / I 4 ) Δ   V BE 2 = mV T × ln  [ ( I 5 × I 5 ) / ( I 1 × I 2 ) ] + R s   ( I 5 + I 5 - I 1 - I 2 ) + mV T × ios × B   where , B = ( 2 / I 5 - 1 / I 1 - 1 / I 2 )
Δ   V BE =  Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2  ( A / B ) =  m   V T × ln  [ ( I 3 × I 2 ) / ( I 1 × I 4 ) ] + R S [ I 3 + I 2 - I 1 -  I 4 - ( A / B )  ( ( 2 × I 5 ) - I 1 - I 2 ) ] + m   V T × ios [ A - ( B × ( A / B ) ] 
I 3 +I 2 −I 1 −I 4 −A/B((2×I 5)−I 1 −I 2)=0
I 5 ={square root over (I1 ×I 2)}
If the following five excitation levels are applied as collector currents,
I=[I 1 , I 5 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4]=[1, 5, 25, 50, 97.76]μA
The temperature dependent output values ΔVBE are determined as, Δ   V BE 1 =  m   V T × ln  [ ( 50 × 25 ) / ( 1 × 97.76 ) ] + R S ( 50 + 25 - 1 -  97.76 ) + m   V T × ios  ( 1 / 50 + 1 / 25 - 1 / 1 - 1 / 97.76 ) =  m   V T × ln  ( 12.787 ) + R S  ( - 23.70 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.9502 ) Δ   V BE 2 =  m   V T × ln  [ 5 × 5 / ( 1 × 25 ) ] + R S  ( - 16 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.6400 ) Δ   V BE = Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2  ( 1.485 ) = m   V T × ln  ( 12.787 )
FIG. 1 introduces the modeled parasitic effects eliminated through the use of the M-Level temperature measurement technique. In FIG. 1, an illustrative circuit 100 is shown which includes series parasitic resistance 106, series voltage offset 108, parallel parasitic resistance 110, parallel current offset 112 and the affected device, diode 114. The diode 114, including a cathode 118 and an anode 116, acts as a traditional bipolar transistor with the base and collector connected. The anode 116 of diode 114 is electrically coupled to the resistance 106 via the voltage offset 108 completing the series effects, and the current offset 112 and the parallel resistance 110 are each electrically coupled in parallel to the diode 114 completing the parallel effects.
I=[I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4]=[2, 10, 92, 100]μA
The temperature dependent output values ΔVBE (voltage across anode 208 and cathode 210) for each excitation level are,
V BE =[V BE 1 , V BE 2 , V BE 3 , V BE 4]
ΔV BE 3,1 =V BE 3 −V BE 1
ΔV BE 3,1 =mV T×ln[(92+ios)/(2+ios)] equation 1
ΔV BE 4,2 =V BE 4 −V BE 2
ΔV BE 4,2 =mV T×ln[(100+ios)/(10+ios)] equation 2
ΔV BE =ΔV BE 3,1 −ΔV BE 4,2
ΔV BE =mV T[ln((92+ios)/(2+ios))−ln((100+ios)/(10+ios))]
ΔV BE =mV T[ln(92/2)×((1+ios/92)/(1+ios/2))−ln(100(1+ios/100)/10(1+ios/10))]
For current offset 204 (ios) in the range of tens of nA,
1>>ios/2>ios/10>ios/92>ios/100
The temperature dependent output value ΔVBE (voltage across anode 208 and cathode 210) may then be measured as,
ΔV BE =mV T[ln(92/2)−ln(100/10)]+mV T [ios/92−ios/2−ios/100+ios/10]
V BE =mV Tln[(92×10)/(2×100)]+mV T [−ios/2+ios/10+ios/92−ios/100]
ΔV BE =ΔV BE 0 +dΔV BE equation 3
ΔV BE 0 =mV T×ln[(92×10)/(2×100)] equation 3a
dΔV BE =−mV T(ios/2−ios/10−ios/92+ios/100) equation 3b
The calculated base-emitter voltage ΔVBE 0 is the pure measurement without the current offset ios effects. The measurement error due to current offset 204 (ios) is dΔVBE. The current offset 204 (ios) only influences the ΔVBE measurement significantly at low currents, e.g. 2 and 10 μA. For higher currents, the influence can be ignored, e.g. ios/92 or ios/100. This is a very important concept to the extent that this method cancels out parallel resistance RP effects as well. As will be seen in the following equations, the parallel resistance RP acts like a constant current offset 204 when four levels of excitation are used.
ΔV BE =ΔV BE 0 +dΔV BE
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(92×10)/(2×100)]−mV T(ios/2−ios/10)
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(92×10)/(2×100)]−mV T[(4×ios)/10] equation 4
If for example, there is a leakage current offset ios=15 nA, using the prior art method, Δ   V BE =  m   V T × ln  [ ( 92 × 10 ) / ( 2 × 100 ) ] -  m   V T  [ ( 4 × - 0.015   µA ) / 10   µA ] =  m   V T × 1.526 - m   V T × 0.006
ΔT=303(K)×(0.006/1.526)=1.2° C.
A temperature of 1.2° C. higher is read. If we add two more levels of excitation to the device, I5,I6=(4, 8) μA, then,
dV BE 1 =mV T×ln(4/2)+mV T[(ios/4)−(ios/2)]
dV BE 1 =mV T×ln(4/2)+mV T(−ios/4) equation 5
dV BE 2 =mV T×ln(8/4)+mV T[(ios/8)−(ios/4)] equation 6
dV BE 2 =mV T×ln(8/4)+mV T(−ios/8)
ΔdV BE =dV BE 1 −dV BE 2
ΔdV BE =mV T(−ios/4)+mV T(ios/8)
ΔdV BE =mV T(−ios/8) equation 7
Recall that equation 4 produced,
dΔV BE =−mV T[(4×ios)/10]
dΔV BE =−mV T[(ios/8)×((8×4)/10)]
dΔV BE=3.2ΔdV BE equation 8
Therefore, if collector currents I1,I5,I6=(2, 4, 8) μA are used to measure ΔdVBE and equation 8 is used to cancel out the measurement error dΔVBE in equation 4, we obtain the true ΔVBE measurement without the influence of current offset 204 (ios). A simplified flowchart in FIG. 6 illustrates the steps taken.in the new method of current offset effect elimination.
I lk =V BE /R p
Recalling equation 3b, the leakage current influences the ΔVBE by dΔVBE and thus influences the temperature measurement.
dΔV BE =m×V T×Σ(i lk /I)
dΔV BE =m×(V T /R P)×Σ(V BE /I)
As the excitation current I increases, VBE increases logarithmically. The contribution of dΔVBE sharply drops at large levels of excitation current. The largest contribution of dΔVBE is at low excitation current levels. Because the VBE differences are small compared to the individual VBE measurements, ilk can be treated as a constant leakage current offset without significantly impacting accuracy. Take a real measurement as an example. In FIG. 3, if a M-Level excitation method is used such that collector currents I1-I6 are applied to the forward biased diode 304,
I=[I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 , I 5 , I 6]=[2, 4, 8, 10, 92, 100]uA
The temperature dependent output values VBE (voltage across anode 306 and cathode 308) for each excitation level are,
V BE/557.707=[1, 1.0337, 1.0673, 1.0781, 1.1872, 1.1914]
This data shows that an increase in excitation current by a factor of 50 causes VBE to increase by a factor of only 1.1914.
I=[2, 10, 92, 100]μA
V BE=[557.71, 601.27, 662.13, 664.46]mV
dΔV BE 1 =m×V T×[(i lk1 /I 1)−(i lk2 /I 2)−(i lk3 /I 3)+(i lk4 /I 4)]
dΔV BE 1 =m×V T /R P×[(V BE 1 /I 1)−(V BE 2 /I 2)−(V BE 3 /I 3)+(V BE 4 /I 4)]
dΔV BE 1 =m×V T /R P×218.17 kΩ
The contribution of dΔVBE if the parallel leakage current offset is assumed to be constant is:
Assume, i lk =V BE 1 /R P for all levels of excitation.
dΔV BE 2 =m×V T ×i lk×[(1/I 1)−(1/I 2)−(1/I 3)+(1/I 4)]
dΔV BE 2 =m×V T /R P ×V BE 1×[(1/I 1)−(1/I 2)−(1/I 3)+(1/I 4)]
dΔV BE 2 =m×V T /R P×222.60 kΩ
This result shows that dΔVBE 2 is only 2% different from dΔVBE 1. Therefore, treating the parallel leakage current as a constant current offset cancels on the order of 98% of the ilk error. In an earlier discussion we found that a 15 nA current offset would contribute 1.2° C. of error to a temperature measurement. Thus, using the M-Level method to compensate for parasitic parallel resistance leaves a residual error of only about 0.03° C.
US3812717 * Apr 3, 1972 May 28, 1974 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Semiconductor diode thermometry
US3996451 Oct 28, 1975 Dec 7, 1976 Control Data Corporation Semiconductor diode temperature sensing device
US4228684 * Jun 4, 1979 Oct 21, 1980 General Motors Corporation Remote temperature measuring system with semiconductor junction sensor
US5154514 Aug 29, 1991 Oct 13, 1992 International Business Machines Corporation On-chip temperature sensor utilizing a Schottky barrier diode structure
US6144246 * Jun 26, 1998 Nov 7, 2000 Infineon Technologies Ag Circuit configuration for sensing when a critical temperature of a component has been exceeded
U.S. Classification 374/178, 374/172, 374/E07.035, 374/170, 374/175
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That's funny, in my eyes [Bindable(false)] should work and Browsable (according to the help) only defines if a property is shown in the PropertyGrid. But Bindable(false) is ignored by the DataGridView.
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overview for Cuzz15jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | explainlikeimfive-WritingPrompts-OldSchoolCool-IAmA-movies-funny-space-gaming-television-DIY-Music-news-EarthPorn-photoshopbattles-food-Documentaries-AskReddit-Fitness-gadgets-books-worldnews-todayilearned-Showerthoughts-nottheonion-pics-Art-mildlyinteresting-nosleep-aww-dataisbeautiful-science-history-sports-videos-creepy-tifu-Futurology-gifs-askscience-TwoXChromosomes-Jokes-personalfinance-LifeProTips-InternetIsBeautiful-listentothis-GetMotivated-UpliftingNews-philosophymore »reddit.com Cuzz15overviewcommentssubmittedgildedwant to join? login or register in seconds|EnglishCuzz15+ friends- friends1 link karma1 comment karma send messageredditor for 1 yearwhat's this?TROPHY CASENew Userremember mereset passwordlogindaily reddit gold goal47%help support redditreddit gold gives you extra features and helps keep our servers running. We believe the more reddit can be user-supported, the freer we will be to make reddit the best it can be.Buy gold for yourself to gain access to extra features and special benefits. A month of gold pays for 231.26 minutes of reddit server time!Give gold to thank exemplary people and encourage them to post more.This daily goal updates every 10 minutes and is reset at midnight Pacific Time (14 hours, 13 minutes from now).Yesterday's reddit gold goal125%reddit is a platform for internet communitieswhere your votes shape what the world is talking about.learn more ›sorted by: newhotnewtopcontroversialWhat is going on here? Cell Biology by Cuzz15in askscience[+]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)[–]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year agosorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onI was thinking about apoptosis. MAYBE because SYBR doesnt bind well to ssDNA.. thats a bit of a stretch though. Thanks for the help!
permalinkcontextfull comments (9)What is going on here? Cell Biology by Cuzz15in askscience[+]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)[–]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year agosorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onThanks for the help! Any suggestions help :D
They were treated with Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) common food additive.
permalinkcontextfull comments (9)Cell Biology - Need help by Cuzz15in labrats[+]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)[–]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year agosorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onTo make it somewhat clearer im talking about the 3 circular things in the top most cell underneath the big green mass which arent stained. The green is SYBR btw.
permalinkcontextfull comments (5)What is going on here? Cell Biology by Cuzz15in askscience[+]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)[–]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year agosorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onSorry I was unclear at which circles I was confused about. In the top most cell underneath the green mass there are 3 circular things which arent stained. Any ideas? Thanks for the input btw
permalinkcontextfull comments (9)Cell Biology - Need help by Cuzz15in labrats[+]Cuzz15[S] 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago (0 children)[–]Cuzz15[S] 1 point2 points3 points 1 year agosorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onSorry! I added it in the description. I thought I added it to the title. I also forgot to mention it was stained with SYBR green.
permalinkcontextfull comments (5)What is going on here? Cell Biology by Cuzz15in askscience[+]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)[–]Cuzz15[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year agosorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onThanks for the suggestion!
permalinkcontextfull comments (9)012Cell Biology - Need help (self.labrats)submitted 1 year ago * by Cuzz15 to /r/labrats5 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...123What is going on here? Cell Biology (self.askscience)submitted 1 year ago by Cuzz15 to /r/askscience9 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...aboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisetrabalhoshelpwikiFAQreddiquetterulescontact ustoolsmobilefirefox extensionchrome extensionbuttonswidget<3reddit goldstoreredditgiftsreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement {Genitive} and Privacy Policy {Genitive}. © 2014 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.close this windowyou'll need to login or register to do thatcreate a new accountall it takes is a username and passwordprivacy philosophy
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MOSS MANOR | Sarah James MossInterior Designers & Decorators	Email	Save to Ideabook16Ask a QuestionPrint	GRAND POINTE RESIDENCE - LAFAYETTE LA
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Difference between revisions of "Washington, King County Probate Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)" Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki
Difference between revisions of "Washington, King County Probate Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)"
Revision as of 17:13, 19 April 2012 (view source)
Revision as of 21:57, 15 April 2013 (view source)
|CID=CID1878788
|title=Washington, King County Probate Records, 1854-1889
|title=Washington, King County Probate Records, 1854-1927}}

The collection covers the years 1854 to 1889.
Each county began keeping probate records from the time the county was created.
The collection covers the years 1854 to 1927.
For a list of records by localities and dates currently published in this collection, select the [https://familysearch.org/search/image/index#uri=https%3A//api.familysearch.org/records/collection/1878788/waypoints Browse]link from the collection landing page.
{{Collection citation | text= "Washington, King County Probate Records, 1854-1927" Images. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2013. Citing State Archives, Bellevue.}}

 [[Washington, King County Probate Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)#Citation_Example_for_a_Record_Found_in_This_Collection|Suggested citation format for a record in this collection.]]
<gallery heights="120px" widths="160px" perrow="3">
Image:Washington Probate Records-1.jpg
Image:Washington Probate Records-2.jpg
*Court date of probate
|text = "Washington State County Probate Records, 1851-1950." ''FamilySearch'' ([https://www.familysearch.org https://www.familysearch.org]). Washington State Archives, Olympia, Washington. FHL digital images, 91 digital folders. Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.}}
*[http://www.washington-wills.com/ Washington (State) Probate]
"Washington, King County Probate Records, 1854-1927" images, ''FamilySearch'' (https: //www.familysearch.org: accessed 11 January 2012). entry for James Green (deceased) filed November 24, 1879; citing County Records, King, Estate Files, 1879, box 014, no. 150-153, images 42-45; Washington State Archives, Olympic, Washington, United States.
Revision as of 21:57, 15 April 2013
Retrieved from "https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Washington,_King_County_Probate_Records_(FamilySearch_Historical_Records)&oldid=1304915"

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New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox - Recap - August 06, 2011 - ESPN
Jacoby Ellsbury, Red Sox rough up CC Sabathia to pull even with Yanks atop EastRecommend0
Associated PressBOSTON -- The Boston Red Sox don't understand why they've been able to dominate CC Sabathia.They just want it to continue.
ESPNBoston.comA new piece of Yankees-Red Sox lore: Game delayed on account of a beer spill, writes Gordon Edes. Story
ESPNBoston.comAll it took for Red Sox LF Carl Crawford to find his groove was a matchup against tough lefty CC Sabathia, writes Joe McDonald. Story
• Hartwell: Lackey grinds out big win
ESPNNewYork.comCC Sabathia's clunker Saturday wasn't an isolated incident. It's just the latest example of a recurring pattern, writes Wallace Matthews. Story
• Marchand: Garcia must step up
Jacoby Ellsbury had a three-run homer with a career-high six RBIs, and Carl Crawford had four hits to lead Boston to a 10-4 victory over the Yankees ace on Saturday, snapping New York's eight-game winning streak and leaving the teams tied for first -- again -- in the AL East."To get wins against guys like that, you try not to think about it too much," said Crawford, who has hit safely in six consecutive plate appearances. "You try to just take it."One day after losing the series opener to fall into second place for the first time in almost a month, the Red Sox improved to 69-42 -- the same as the Yankees. Boston is 9-2 against New York this season, clinching at least a tie for the season series, and nowhere has the dominance been more complete than when Sabathia (16-6) pitches.The big left-hander, who leads the majors in wins, fell to 0-4 with a 7.20 ERA against Boston this year. He is 16-2 with a 2.11 ERA against everyone else.
"Believe me, it's not like we go, 'We're going to lunch up on him,'" Red Sox manager Terry Francona said. "He's really good. He's had his way with a lot of teams, and we give him a good battle. I'm sure we'll see him a bunch more times."Sabathia allowed seven runs in six innings Saturday, giving up nine hits and a walk and striking out six. It's the first time in 11 starts that he didn't last at least seven innings."It's a good ballclub. They have a good lineup. Like today, they wear on you," Sabathia said. "I've faced all of those guys a lot. When I'm right, I can beat anybody."CC firing blanks vs. Red SoxEntering 2011, CC Sabathia had won his past 4 decisions against the rival Red Sox. But THIS season is another story for CC against Boston. He's now winless in 4 starts with an ERA north of 7. The Sox have been his nemesis, as Sabathia is 16-2 against all other opponents this season.CC vs. Red Sox since joining Yankees
*16-2 vs all other opponents this season
powered by John Lackey (10-8) scattered six hits over six innings for the Red Sox, allowing three runs -- he also walked two and hit two batters -- while striking out five to win his fifth consecutive decision.It was 2-2 when Kevin Youkilis doubled to lead off the fourth and, after David Ortiz struck out, Mike Aviles singled home one run. Crawford singled and, one out later, Marco Scutaro singled in another run before Ellsbury hit a high fly that landed in the first row of the right-field seats next to the 380-foot marker.The Yankees cut it to 7-4 on Mark Teixeira's solo homer off Daniel Bard in the eighth.But Boston loaded the bases against Hector Noesi in the bottom half before Ellsbury hit a two-run single and Dustin Pedroia added a sacrifice fly to make it 10-4. Noesi finally got out of the inning when he took Adrian Gonzalez's line drive off his right shoulder; the ball ricocheted toward first base, and Teixeira picked it up and tagged the base for the out.Francisco Cervelli had three hits for the Yankees, including a leadoff double against Dan Wheeler in the ninth. With two on, Teixeira lined the ball down the right-field line, just foul of the Pesky Pole.He flied out to center to end the game.Play was delayed briefly when a beer vendor's tray fell over the wall near the Yankees dugout, scattering cans on the dirt. The spill was featured on the national television broadcast, and a FOX TV producer told Red Sox officials the network would pay for the load so the vendor wouldn't be out the money; Red Sox spokeswoman Pam Ganley said the vendor would not have to pay for the spilled beer.Francona got a chuckle out of it."I'm just glad Bogie (third base coach Tim Bogar) didn't grab one and start drinking it," he said.Game notes Yankees SS Alex Rodriguez took batting practice in Florida, continuing his recovery from right knee surgery. The Yankees expect him to rejoin the team in mid-August. ... Aviles, who came to the Red Sox from Kansas City at the trade deadline, made his first pro appearance in the outfield. ... Curtis Granderson scored his major league-leading 100th run in the fourth. ... For the series finale on Sunday, Freddy Garcia will face Josh Beckett. Garcia has won three straight starts, but on the year he is 0-2 with a 10.13 ERA in two starts against Boston. "They've hit him pretty good," manager Joe Girardi said. "Freddy's been pretty consistent. Those are his starts that weren't." Beckett is 3-0 with a 0.86 ERA against the Yankees this year.
Source: Big Papi upset over lack of contract talk
A-Rod adds BP to rehab regimen in Tampa
Regular Season SeriesBoston leads 12-6 (as of Sat 8/6)
Complete Schedule: Yankees | Red SoxScoring SummaryNYYBOS3rdJ Ellsbury hit sacrifice fly to right, C Crawford scored, J Saltalamacchia to third.013rdD Pedroia doubled to deep left, J Saltalamacchia scored.024thN Swisher grounded into double play, second to shortstop to first, C Granderson scored, R Cano out at second, M Teixeira to third.124thE Chavez singled to deep left, M Teixeira scored.224thC Crawford singled to left, K Youkilis scored, M Aviles to second.234thM Scutaro singled to center, M Aviles scored, C Crawford to second.244thJ Ellsbury homered to right (380 feet), C Crawford and M Scutaro scored.275thD Jeter singled to center, F Cervelli scored, B Gardner to second.378thM Teixeira homered to right (379 feet).478thJ Ellsbury singled to center, J Reddick and C Crawford scored, J Saltalamacchia to third.498thD Pedroia hit sacrifice fly to center, J Saltalamacchia scored.410View complete Play-By-PlayGame InformationStadiumFenway Park, Boston, MAAttendance37,416 (100.9% full) - % is based on regular season capacityGame Time3:25Weather85 degrees, cloudyWind7 mphUmpiresHome Plate - Mark Carlson, First Base - Tim Timmons, Second Base - Jeff Kellogg, Third Base - Eric CooperResearch Notes
Jacoby Ellsbury is the first Red Sox leadoff batter with 6 RBI since Ellis Burks had 7 RBI on June 10, 1987 vs Orioles.Do the Red Sox have a good scouting report on CC Sabathia? They are keying in on his fastball, well above the effectiveness that other teams are having against his heater.
CC Sabathia Fastball Effectiveness
vs Red Sox and All Other Teams This Season
vs BOS vs All others
BA .389 .245 Slug pct .611 .338 K rate 3.0 13.2
>>6 hits in 12 at-bats vs fastball on SaturdayEntering 2011, CC Sabathia had won his past 4 decisions against the rival Red Sox. But THIS season is another story for CC against Boston. He's now winless in 4 starts with an ERA north of 7. The Sox have been his nemesis, as Sabathia is 16-2 against all other opponents this season. [+]CC vs. Red Sox since joining Yankees
Close [X]John Lackey must have been inspired by the fireworks show in Boston last month because he has turned his season around since July 4th. He's now a perfect 5-0 in 6 starts and has cut his ERA in half. Control has been a big part of the improvement as Lackey has 31 strikeouts and just 5 walks in his last 6 starts. [+]John Lackey - 2011 Season
*9th consecutive season with 10 wins

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text:
html - Bootstrap print CSS removes background color - Stack Overflow
When I use bootstrap, it removes the background color from everthing when I try to print my page. Almost everything on my website is using bootstrap classes so I want to avoid a lot of manual CSS outside bootstrap. I've found out that bootstrap uses @media print to remove the background color. I'm using a bootstrap theme as well (theme united) which is removing the background color as well.
theme-united.css
color: rgb(0, 0, 0)!important;
Is there a way to make sure that the background color is not removed when printing without editing these 2 CSS files?
For example: When I use .alert-danger, I want that alert danger printed as it is displayed on screen, so would be printed as a red box.
See JSFiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/7mtk7wrh/
TheatreOfSoulsTheatreOfSouls
2,36644 gold badges2626 silver badges6060 bronze badges
Refer the stack overflow question stackoverflow.com/questions/14987496/… – Mntl_ Oct 29 '15 at 9:52
Which color you want to set as background right now it will show black right? – Mitul Oct 29 '15 at 9:52
@AkashK.: ofcourse I thought of that, but none of it is working so far. I don't want to add every bootstrap color to my own CSS to override bootstrap printing styles. – TheatreOfSouls Oct 29 '15 at 10:19
@Mithun: I tried that solution already, but the colors are still overwritten by bootstrap. – TheatreOfSouls Oct 29 '15 at 10:19
@Mitul: I want to use the colors of the original bootstrap class (for example; when I use .alert-danger, I want to see a red box) – TheatreOfSouls Oct 29 '15 at 10:19
Unfortunately there is not a good answer to your question - but maybe if you understand the why's then you can choose a way forward.
It's true that Bootstrap uses the @media print { * { color: $fff; background: transparent; }} -- but there is a very solid reason. This bit of code is actually derived from the normalizer.css project (by a then college of @mdo 's, @necolas) - it's intent is to make all browsers behave the same. These guys chose to "normalise" the css for a very good reason:
With most browsers one can choose to include or exclude background color, so the behaviour is not standard across even the same browser. Imagine for a sec a website with very dark background with white text - when printing with backgrounds off, it will look like you're printing nothing - when actually you're printing white text on no (white) background.
There was no way to account for all the different uses of color, so they choose to go black (font) and white (background, actually 'transparent'). Even the choice of black was well thought of -- its a better print solution, as most color printers have more black "ink/toner" (more economical) and they don't need to mix color to make black (so faster).
Remember that Bootstrap is also a "framework" - so a starting point if you will - and kudos to @mdo and @necolas for having the foresight to think of this in terms of establishing a predictable baseline. (No, I don't know them.)
So the thinking here is: "what if we could 'go back' and unset this. Unfortunately CSS does not work like that - yes browsers load the CSS declarations in a "queue" where the last declaration wins (LIFO, or last-in-first-out), but I'm not aware of a way to remove this stack. So CSS developers just add more to the end...
So one would assume that we can go back that way --- add a * { background-color: inherit }. Problem is that inherit reverts to the parent property, but * is the root, so it has nothing to revert to. Same goes for initial!
So we're left with 4 options, none of them is what you where hoping for, but it is what it is. In order of difficulty:
Download the BS (less or sass) source, edit the offending code, and then compile it. (You need to use a local copy, CDN's will not work.)
Download the CSS variant of your choice, search and delete the offending code. (No CDN's again.)
Use getbootstrap.com/customize to create a new variant - exclude "Print media styles" under "Common CSS". (Again, no CDN's)
Override the specific items who's color you want to print: e.g.
CDN's copies of BS will now work, but then you have the problem of the user possibly not printing backgrounds and having the output white (yellow in the e.g.) on white!
Well I hope learning the why's was at the very least a way of you thinking of a workaround. General rule of thumb I follow is that when printing, the background is (should be) always white. When constrained that way you start thinking of novel ideas, like exclamation icons around the text that only "print" (@media only screen { .hidden-screen { display: none; }})
edited Apr 22 '16 at 23:22
answered Apr 20 '16 at 11:13
2,10411 gold badge1919 silver badges2525 bronze badges
I want to keep the background image not color, so this solution doesn't work. – Alex Borsody Oct 3 '17 at 14:11
Despite !important usage being generally frowned upon, this is the offending code in bootstrap.css
Let's assume you are trying to style the following HTML:
To override this CSS, place the following (more specific) rule in your stylesheet:
table tr.highlighted > th {
This works because the rule is more specific than the bootstrap default.
answered Apr 28 '18 at 16:08
6,69211 gold badge3434 silver badges3838 bronze badges
You can get this working by removing those lines from bootstrap.css file, there might be a jquery solution to this but it is much more complicated than erasing a few lines. :/
Or you could use a plugin called html2canvas as presented in this jsfiddle
edited Oct 29 '15 at 11:04
answered Oct 29 '15 at 10:10
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Tried this one, but this is resetting the color to the original value. Thing is, I use, for example, .alert-danger to create a box with a red background, I want that red box printed as a red box as well. So I need the bootstrap CSS to add the background color, I just don't need the printing part. – TheatreOfSouls Oct 29 '15 at 10:24
try to change it to initial then. the CSS initial will go to bootstrap.css settings for that box and disregard the rules that were set before. If it doesn't work, do you mind sending a link or recreating the problem in jsfiddle? :) – odedta Oct 29 '15 at 10:26
Not working either. This is setting the color to the default value: w3schools.com/cssref/css_initial.asp. Inherit is not working because there is !important the the transparent back-ground color in the css so the real color is ignored. – TheatreOfSouls Oct 29 '15 at 10:29
The just remove those rules from bootstrap.css, it's not like you're updating bootstrap every day... I still think this can be fixed without fiddling with bootstrap.css, could you recreate the problem in jsfiddle please? – odedta Oct 29 '15 at 10:32
I've added the JSFiddle in m question with your example already in it. I'm not going to update bootstrap everyday, very true. But I know I'm going to forget to remove those lines an I think it's stupid that bootstrap removes the background color so I can't stand it that I should edit the bootstrap CSS and that there would be no work around. – TheatreOfSouls Oct 29 '15 at 10:40
I ended up here with the same problem but found the Chrome comes with a show background graphics option on the print dialog under more settings that did exactly that! No modification of Bootstrap (4) required.
answered Nov 29 '17 at 17:35
i had also face the same problem.. i just remove the bootstrap.min.css from my code then it work for me.
Once you have sufficient reputation you will be able to comment on any post; instead, provide answers that don't require clarification from the asker. – mrun Mar 21 '18 at 12:23
@Vino explained really well. I was also facing problem because bootstrap.css makes background transparent forcefully. Thus I have customized the specific element in my custom CSS file. Remember to change <.element> with element where you want the colorful background instead of transparent.
box-shadow:  inset 0 0 0 1000px #fff !important; /* workaround for IE 11*/
answered Nov 19 '18 at 6:04
J SinghJ Singh
just make the specificity-value more specific and you should be ok. something like:
tbody>tr:nth-child(even)>td {
background-color: rgb(230, 216, 216) !important;
Wesly BackersWesly Backers
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Panda 3D Printing by Azule3DPrinting on Etsy
Azule3DPrinting
Panda 3D Printing
Liverpool, United Kingdom 0 Sales On Etsy since 2014
Announcement Hello and thankyou for taking the time to look at my page, please feel free to ask any questions about, my service, products, and designs. Feedback is always appreciated and I am always willing to help out people with new concepts and designs, weather it is for fun and games or Business printing.
Hello and thankyou for taking the time to look at my page, please feel free to ask any questions about, my service, products, and designs. Feedback is always appreciated and I am always willing to help out people with new concepts and designs, weather it is for fun and games or Business printing.

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


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pheonix12589 (806 )
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