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Hidden Flames (Audiobook) by Kennedy Layne | Audible.com
Series: Surviving Ashes, Book 2
USA Today best-selling author Kennedy Layne follows up with a second thrilling story in this addictive dystopian series that will leave you up at night wondering if the end is truly near....
There were a few things that got Owen Quade through his multiple combat tours. One was the dream of riding a custom motorcycle on a winding mountain road. The former Marine had finally managed to complete that goal, and along the way he'd gained his own bike shop and the mechanic to go with it. She was a rare beauty, and he wasn't talking about his bike either.
Prue Whitaker preferred working on engines over rubbing shoulders with people, and that included her boss. She'd learned the hard way that men weren't as reliable as the hogs she could repair and she kept her distance from those who didn't feel the same way. She'd been successful until she'd recently shared a scorching kiss with Owen.
One phone call had changed everything. A catastrophic event is on the verge of occurring, forcing them to pack up and leave everything behind. Prue is driven to trust Owen, who's given his word that he can get her to safety. Through the endless days of darkness, passion, and intrigue await them as they make their way through ashes and into the flames of tomorrow.
Surviving Ashes Rocks
This series by Kennedy Layne rocks! Her plots are exciting and imaginative and the characters are interesting. It's really hard to put the book down when you need to do other things! I can't wait for the next book in the Surviving Ashes series.

value: This website is an American online audiobook and podcast service that allows users to purchase and stream audiobooks and other forms of spoken word content. This content can be purchased individually or under a subscription model where the user receives "credits" that can be redeemed for content monthly and receive access to a curated on-demand library of content.


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Personalized Large Green Velour Beach Towel with Crab Beach
Personalized Large Green Velour Beach Towel with Crab, Beach Towel, Pool Towel, Wedding Gift, Wedding Shower Gift, Bridal Party Gift, Pool
These velour beach towels are over sized for the best coverage and for laying on with plenty of room. They are 34" x 70". They have one side that is the softest velour and the other side is terry cloth for great absorbency. Your name or any word you would like will be added onto the towel along with the crab! I can add the name to the top of the short end of the towel or anywhere you would like. For this towel, I added it to the middle of the short side of the towel. I can use any colorway you would like as well. Just let me know at checkout or through conversations. Your kids will love these wherever they go and will be able to find their towels easily.
Personalized Large Carribean Blue Velour Beach Towel with Crab, Kids Bath Towel, Bath Towel, Camp Towel, Bridal Party Gift, Pool Towel
Personalized Large Salsa Red Velour Beach Towel with Funny Robot, Kids Beach Towel, Kids Bath Towel, Camp Towel,Swimming Towel,Baby Towel

type: global

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


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Church Lane, Farington Moss, Leyland, Lancashire
A true executive residence with a touch of elegance and grandeur is the best way to describe this architecturally designed family home. (contd...)
Moss Farm Lodge Lane, Farington Moss, Leyland, PR26
Exceptional five bedroom detached farmhouse and barn conversion covering approx 4000 SQ FT. The two storey property is set in a large rural plot of approx 1 ACRE. There are four reception rooms, library, dining kitchen, utility, five bedrooms, four bathrooms and a ground floor WC. This property...
***EQUESTRIAN FACILITIES with circa 6 acres of land*** A four bedroom detached family home with up to FIVE reception rooms, two bathrooms and a breakfast kitchen. Externally there are 8 stables, a tack room, a barn, a double garage and a floodlit riding area. (contd...)
Farington Lodge Gardens, Off Stanifield Lane, Farington, Leyland, Lancashire
Individually designed new build detached residence set in private gated development. Comprising 5 bedrooms, 2 reception rooms, 3 bathrooms, Stunning kitchen/dining/family room at almost 34ft x 16ft Spacious plot at head of close. House provides over 2650 sq ft plus garage. (contd...)
15 Bow Lane,
A DETACHED PROPERTY BEAUTIFULLY PRESENTED OFFERING SPACIOUS ACCOMMODATION. SET OFF BOW LANE, THIS RESIDENCE HAS BEEN THOUGHTFULLY EXTENDED BY THE CURRENT OWNERS TO PROVIDE FOUR/FIVE BEDROOMS, KITCHEN/DINING ROOM AND FAMILY ROOM WITH MULTI FUEL BURNING STOVE OPENING ONTO THE PATIO AND DECKED AREA.
£499,999Fixed Price
Gillyflower Court, Leyland, Lancashire
-- NO CHAIN --- NO CHAIN --- Large family home providing five double bedrooms. One of only three houses set at the head of private cul-de-sac. Large living kitchen and three reception spaces. High quality fittings throughout and ample off road parking for four cars. (contd...)
Longmeanygate, Midge Hall, Leyland, PR26
IMPRESSIVE DETACHED RESIDENCE WITH PURPOSE BUILT, TWO BEDROOM SELF-CONTAINED ANNEXE. The family home is set on a large plot with mature gardens to all sides and DETACHED DOUBLE GARAGE. The main residence comprises of welcoming reception hallway, WC, lounge, fantastic kitchen with orangery extens...
searches for Leyland, Lancashire in November 2013.

value: This website is a UK-based company that runs rightmove.co.uk, the UK's largest online real estate portal and property website. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


text:
Patent US5893364 - Apparatus for light reflection measurements - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn apparatus for light transport measurements on a test object with a measuring head which includes a contact surface for placing against an interface of the test object, light irradiation device with a light transmitter for irradiating light through the contact surface and an interface into the test...http://www.google.com/patents/US5893364?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5893364 - Apparatus for light reflection measurementsAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5893364 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/752,629Publication dateApr 13, 1999Filing dateNov 19, 1996Priority dateNov 29, 1995Fee statusLapsedAlso published asDE19544501A1, EP0777119A2, EP0777119A3Publication number08752629, 752629, US 5893364 A, US 5893364A, US-A-5893364, US5893364 A, US5893364AInventorsHans-Peter Haar, Matthias Essenpreis, Rainer FritscheOriginal AssigneeBoehringer Mannheim GmbhExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (24), Referenced by (29), Classifications (15), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetApparatus for light reflection measurements
Three light-conducting elements 15 can be seen in FIG. 4 in a view which is highly magnified and not to scale. Two light beams are shown diagrammatically, wherein the light beam 29 symbolizes the path of photons which emerge at an angle α of virtually 90°, referred to the interface 5, and therefore impinge on the walls 30 of the light-conducting elements 15 at an acute angle β, while the light beam 31 leaves the interface 5 at a more acute angle α, so that the angle of incidence β of the photons on the wall 30 is greater in this case. In the invention the optical conditions of the light transmission in the light-conducting elements 15 should be such that the light is fully reflected at the walls of the light-conducting elements 15 down to very small angles of emergence α (i.e. up to the highest possible angles of incidence β of the light beams on the walls 30). This property is termed the numerical aperture NA: NA=n·sin β. In technical terms the optical aperture is determined--in the case of the rigid light-conducting elements used according to the invention--by the reflection properties at the elements' walls, which in turn depend on the ratio of the refractive indices at the wall and the possible existence of an additional reflective layer on the wall. Preferably the light-conducting elements have a numerical optical aperture of more than 0.5.
FIG. 8 shows a cout-out of a sample contact plate 4 which consists of an optical fiber plate 16 and a silicon semi-conductor layer 19 which is bonded to fiber plate 16 by means of a layer 18 of index-adapted adhesive. As in FIG. 2, detectors 21 are integrated into semi-conducting layer 19. A plurality of detectors 21 (in this case 6×6 detectors having a surface area of 0.25×0.25 mm each) are arranged on the underside 19a of layer 19 in a chessboard-type arrangement having a dimension of 10 mm.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS2706927 *Aug 4, 1949Apr 26, 1955Research CorpApparatus for determining percentage oxygen-saturation of bloodUS4671612 *Jul 2, 1986Jun 9, 1987Asahi Glass Company, Ltd.Optical fiber array plateUS4942481 *Jul 11, 1988Jul 17, 1990Sharp Kabushiki KaishaContact-type image sensorUS5030000 *Sep 8, 1989Jul 9, 1991Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.Fiber optic probe for measuring reflectance spectrumUS5052776 *Apr 23, 1990Oct 1, 1991Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Optical waveguide and an image sensor using the sameUS5077476 *Aug 10, 1990Dec 31, 1991Futrex, Inc.Instrument for non-invasive measurement of blood glucoseUS5213105 *Dec 4, 1990May 25, 1993Research Corporation Technologies, Inc.Frequency domain optical imaging using diffusion of intensity modulated radiationUS5259057 *Mar 18, 1992Nov 2, 1993Galileo Electro-Optics CorporationWaveguide array and method for contrast enhancementUS5284149 *Jan 23, 1992Feb 8, 1994Dhadwal Harbans SMethod and apparatus for determining the physical characteristics of ocular tissueUS5349954 *Jul 23, 1993Sep 27, 1994General Electric CompanyTumor tissue characterization apparatus and methodUS5551422 *Jul 6, 1994Sep 3, 1996Boehringer Mannheim GmbhMethod and apparatus for analytical determination of glucose in a biological matrixUS5598843 *Nov 28, 1994Feb 4, 1997L'orealColorimetric measurement head and method for determining the internal color of a non-opaque materialUS5638818 *Nov 1, 1994Jun 17, 1997Masimo CorporationLow noise optical probeDE631137C *Jun 1, 1934Jun 12, 1936Kali Forschungsanstalt GmbhVerfahren zum Korrosionsschutz metallischer WerkstoffeDE2823769A1 *May 31, 1978Dec 6, 1979Albert Prof Dr HuchMesskopf mit optischen messfuehlernDE2927814A1 *Jul 10, 1979Jan 22, 1981Hellige GmbhVerfahren und vorrichtung zur transkutanen photometrischen bestimmung der konzentration von bestandteilen im blutDE3113248A1 *Apr 2, 1981Oct 14, 1982Eppendorf Geraetebau NethelerMethod for transferring liquids from containers, and device for carrying out the methodDE3809084A1 *Mar 18, 1988Sep 28, 1989Nicolay GmbhSensor for measuring the pulse rate and/or the oxygen saturation of the blood, and method for producing itDE4314835A1 *May 5, 1993Nov 10, 1994Boehringer Mannheim GmbhMethod and device for analysing glucose in a biological matrixDE4337570A1 *Nov 4, 1993May 11, 1995Boehringer Mannheim GmbhVerfahren zur Analyse von Glucose in einer biologischen MatrixDE9103974U1 *Apr 2, 1991Jul 4, 1991Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., Saint Paul, Minn., UsTitle not availableEP0104772A2 *Aug 25, 1983Apr 4, 1984Nellcor IncorporatedCalibrated optical oximeter probeGB2253070A * Title not availableJPH01138507A * Title not available* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6305804Mar 24, 2000Oct 23, 2001Fovioptics, Inc.Non-invasive measurement of blood component using retinal imagingUS6324418 *Sep 29, 1997Nov 27, 2001Boston Scientific CorporationPortable tissue spectroscopy apparatus and methodUS6650915Oct 22, 2001Nov 18, 2003Fovioptics, Inc.Non-invasive measurement of blood analytes using photodynamicsUS6889069Aug 15, 2003May 3, 2005Fovioptics Inc.Non-invasive measurement of blood analytes using photodynamicsUS6895264Aug 15, 2003May 17, 2005Fovioptics Inc.Non-invasive psychophysical measurement of glucose using photodynamicsUS7167734Apr 13, 2001Jan 23, 2007Abbott LaboratoriesMethod for optical measurements of tissue to determine disease state or concentration of an analyteUS7315752Dec 7, 2002Jan 1, 2008Roche Diagnostics GmbhMethod and device for determining a light transport parameter in a biological matrixUS8269983Sep 23, 2008Sep 18, 2012Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Apparatus for observing the surface of a sampleUS8351041Nov 28, 2005Jan 8, 2013L'orealMethod of observing biological tissue, in particular human skinUS8352003 *Nov 1, 2005Jan 8, 2013Kyushu University, National University CorporationSensor unit and biosensorUS8462356Sep 22, 2008Jun 11, 2013Koninnklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Apparatus and method for observing the surface of a sampleUS9377351 *Apr 24, 2013Jun 28, 2016Senseonics, IncorporatedAngle of incidence selective band pass filter for implantable chemical sensorUS20040147820 *Aug 15, 2003Jul 29, 2004Fovioptics, Inc.Non-invasive measurement of blood analytes using photodynamicsUS20050002031 *Dec 7, 2002Jan 6, 2005Uwe KraemerMethod and device for determining a light transport parameter in a biological matrixUS20050010091 *Jun 8, 2004Jan 13, 2005Woods Joe W.Non-invasive measurement of blood glucose using retinal imagingUS20080097172 *Nov 1, 2005Apr 24, 2008Renshi SawadaSensor Unit and BiosensorUS20080186496 *Nov 28, 2005Aug 7, 2008L'orealMethod of Observing Biological Tissue, in Particular Human SkinUS20090216299 *Apr 5, 2006Aug 27, 2009Borad Of Trustees Of Michigan State UniversitySystem for Low-Level Laser RadiationUS20100056887 *Nov 26, 2006Mar 4, 2010Pioneer CorporationEmission sensor device and bioinformation detecting methodUS20100208050 *Sep 22, 2008Aug 19, 2010Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Apparatus and method for observing the surface of a sampleUS20100208273 *Sep 23, 2008Aug 19, 2010Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Apparatus for observing the surface of a sampleUS20120078116 *Sep 9, 2011Mar 29, 2012Seiko Epson CorporationBiological information detector and biological information measuring deviceUS20130324819 *Apr 24, 2013Dec 5, 2013Senseonics, IncorporatedAngle of incidence selective band pass filter for implantable chemical sensorUS20160218238 *Jan 22, 2016Jul 28, 2016Seiko Epson CorporationInformation acquisition apparatusEP2371285A1Jul 13, 2004Oct 5, 2011Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaLiving body information measurement deviceWO2003055382A2Dec 7, 2002Jul 10, 2003Roche Diagnostics GmbhMethod and device for determining a light transport parameter in a biological matrixWO2006056965A1Nov 28, 2005Jun 1, 2006L'orealA method of observing biological tissue, in particular human skinWO2006108093A2 *Apr 5, 2006Oct 12, 2006Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State UniversityA system for low-level laser radiationWO2006108093A3 *Apr 5, 2006Mar 22, 2007Dantus MarcosA system for low-level laser radiation* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification600/310, 356/338, 600/476International ClassificationG01N21/47, A61B5/00, G01N33/483, A61B5/1455, A61B5/145, G01N33/50Cooperative ClassificationA61B5/0059, A61B5/14552, G01N21/474European ClassificationA61B5/1455N2, G01N21/47F2, A61B5/00PLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionNov 19, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM GMBH, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HAAR, HANS-PETER;ESSENPREIS, MATTHIAS;FRITSCHE, RAINER;REEL/FRAME:008317/0610;SIGNING DATES FROM 19961106 TO 19961111May 27, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS GMBH, GERMANYFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM GMBH;REEL/FRAME:009971/0915Effective date: 19990104Owner name: ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS GMBH,GERMANYFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM GMBH;REEL/FRAME:009971/0915Effective date: 19990104Sep 19, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 1, 2006REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedApr 13, 2007LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJun 12, 2007FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20070413RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Kenmore Vacuum Bags 51195 | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop bycategoryEnter your search keywordAll Categories Advanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hi, #USER#!'.replace(/#USER#/,a))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hi, (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellCustomer SupportMy eBayExpand My eBayNotifications
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Finest Quality Quaker Lace Tablecloth 84x64 | Etsy
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quick delivery. Don’t think the item is genuine and came slightly damaged. But overall experience - good
Christian Dior Night Gown Size M
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805 Bellflower, CA Kitchen and Bath Fixtures and Accessories
(407) 745-1377	Lake Forest, CA, 92610, United States30 miles from Bellflower
After 100 years of making faucets, we've learned that getting the right faucet isn't just about the hardware. It's also about the home and life that come with it. Read More Modulo Cucine LA
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Modulo Cucine's business model is direct-to-trade, reducing cost to the customer by eliminating retail showroom and advertising expenses, and by working directly with builders,... Read More Epic Woodworks
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Design, build and install custom woodwork. Read More ShopRangeHoods
North Hollywood, CA, United States26 miles from Bellflower
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Residential remodelers, custom homes, additions, kitchens, bathrooms, cabinets, lighting, Read More Westlake Glass Inc
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I dont make nauything Read More Water Creation
(909) 773-1777	Ontario, CA, 91761, United States31 miles from Bellflower
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value: This website is an American website, online community and software for architecture; interior design and decorating; landscape design and home improvement. It was founded in 2009 and is based in Palo Alto, California.


text:
BrowseUploadSign inJoinBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet MusicWelcome to Scribd! Start your free trial and access books, documents and more.Find out morePeddling UphillA report on the conditions of street vendors in New York City
A REPORT BY THE STREET VENDOR PROJECT OF THE URBAN JUSTIC CENTER, 2006
The Street Vendor Project of the Urban Justice Center is a membership-based, vendorled, grassroots organization of more than 500 New York City street vendors from all backgrounds. Our mission is to provide a unified voice for vendors across the city in a movement for economic justice and civil rights. We hold legal workshops to educate vendors about their rights and responsibilities under the law. We work with policy makers to help them understand the important role street vendors play in the life of our city. We also help vendors grow their businesses by facilitating access to small business loans and training. We believe that, in a city that increasingly resembles a suburban strip mall, there should still be a place for ambitious and hard-working individuals to come to New York and make a living selling things on the street.
This report was written by Sara Sluszka and Sean Basinski from the Street Vendor Project. The surveys were conducted by Judi Mukarhinda, SVP staff organizer, and the following interns and volunteers: Nathan Brustein, Hai-Ching Yang, Brien Van Wagner, Sarah Yahm, Matt Furshong, Binan Xu, and Ryan Devlin. Jessica Arabski, Molly Coe and Alexa Rosenberg helped edit and produce the report. Thank you to Daniel Rabinowitz, professor of statistics at Columbia University, and Suzanne Wasserman, associate director of the Gotham Center for New York City History at the CUNY Graduate Center, for reviewing our findings and providing their valuable input. Special thanks also to Jason Patch, assistant professor of sociology at Queens College CUNY, for offering his helpful comments and mapping assistance. The Street Vendor Project’s all-vendor Board of Advisors was instrumental in shaping the survey and making it relevant to our mission: Khaled Abouelkhair, Emad Ali, Mohammed Ali, Zenab Bangoura, Luther Bolden, Moustapha Cisse, Janis Collado, Josue Echavaria, Diba Gaye, Sophia Laskaris, Mohammed Miah, Mbaye Moussa, Angelo Vega, Jr., Michael Wells, and James Williams. Thanks also to Doug Lasdon, Executive Director of the Urban Justice Center, for his thoughtful advice and unwavering support for SVP. Funding was provided by the Rose & Sherle Wagner Foundation, the Whistler Trust, Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, and the many individual donors who support our work. The findings and conclusions in this report do not necessarily represent their positions. Cover photo courtesy of Rebecca Lepkoff. © Street Vendor Project of the Urban Justice Center, 2006. Street Vendor Project 666 Broadway, 10th Floor New York, NY 10012 Phone: 646-602-5679
www.streetvendor.org 2
Executive Summary.........................................................4 History of vending in New York City..............................5 Introduction......................................................................5 Findings Who are street vendors?...................................................6 What do they sell?.............................................................7 Why do they vend?............................................................7 Where are they from?........................................................9 Education and family........................................................10 Earnings and working conditions.....................................11
Challenges What problems do vendors face?....................................13 The laws...........................................................................13 The tickets........................................................................14 The courts and fines........................................................15 Police misconduct............................................................16 Businesses and BIDs.......................................................17
Conclusion Summary..........................................................................18 Recommendations...........................................................18 Appendix A: Methodology................................................20 Appendix B: Survey..........................................................21
For generations, New York City has offered individuals with modest means a chance to participate in the American Dream by selling food and merchandise on the street. With a dense, on-the-go population, a lively street life, and an inexhaustible supply of ambitious immigrants and entrepreneurs, New York offers ideal conditions for street-level small businesses to thrive. Today as ever, in every neighborhood throughout the city, thousands of hard-working people make their living in this manner. Yet for all their visibility, vendors are rarely noticed, and even more rarely studied. This report presents the findings of the first comprehensive survey of New York street vendors to be undertaken in more than 80 years. Over the last two years, the Street Vendor Project of the Urban Justice Center selected 100 vendors in Lower Manhattan and asked them a detailed series of questions about their life and work. The results of the survey dispel many myths about vendors that have developed over the years. They also show why the legendary success stories of the past are nearly unthinkable today; vendors are faced with so much regulation and harassment that they can barely subsist. Rather than being supported, they are targeted as “quality of life” criminals and hindered at every turn. This report demonstrates that today’s street vendors – whether Chinese, Senegalese, Bangladeshi, Egyptian, Afghani, Mexican, Russian or another ethnicity – are direct descendants of the primarily Jewish and Italian pushcart peddlers of yesteryear. Vendors are still an amazingly diverse group of entrepreneurs who provide an astounding variety of items inexpensively and conveniently on the street. They are honest and enterprising people who sell quality merchandise and delicious food. While many choose to vend because their other options are limited, they are motivated principally by ambition and selfreliance. The vast majority are educated, legal immigrants who support large families both here and abroad. Just as they always have, vendors still work long hours in unhealthy conditions for shockingly low wages. Yet this report makes clear that vendors today do not have the same opportunity for success as in the past. The free market system that once enabled vendors to grow their businesses has been replaced by so many government-created obstacles and layers of regulation that few vendors, if any, strike it rich. Our survey found that vendors can scarcely understand the bewildering rules they are subject to. Enforcement is so strict that vendors inevitably receive tickets for minor violations that have nothing to do with health or safety. Along with the tickets sometimes comes police harassment, including physical abuse and racial insults. With no interpreters or lawyers provided, vendors struggle to represent themselves at court. Moreover, with each ticket now carrying a maximum penalty of $1,000, few vendors prosper. In fact, they are barely scraping by. While the results of this survey are grim, we lay out a few simple steps that would help return economic opportunity to our streets. Vendors are not asking for any hand-outs; they just want a chance to work. The City should reduce the vending penalties so that our smallest of businesses are not crippled before they even have a chance to grow. It should raise the licensing cap so more people can vend legally; it should open up more public space to vending by re-opening streets and removing illegal street furniture; it should reform enforcement to ensure that vendors are treated fairly by the system, and it should provide language access to help vendors understand the law and navigate the system.
It is estimated that more than 12,000 vendors work on the streets of New York City today.1 They sell hot dogs, handbags and almost everything in between, in every neighborhood from the Battery to the Bronx. They are there, with their tables and pushcarts, on the most sweltering day of summer and the most bone-chilling, snowy day in winter. They are as emblematic of New York as the Statute of Liberty. Yet vendors are such a fixture that many people scarcely notice them. For all their lore, vendors are rarely studied. The city agency that licenses them keeps no statistics on who they are, where they come from, or why they vend. Few academic studies on them have been undertaken. In fact, no comprehensive survey on vendors has been conducted since 1925, when the U.S. Department of Agriculture put out the seminal study, “Push Cart Markets in New York City.” This report seeks to fill the holes in the data and dispel the myths that have been created over the last 81 years. In 2004 and 2005, the Street Vendor Project of the Urban Justice Center conducted an in-depth survey of 100 street vendors in Lower Manhattan. We located the subjects on the streets and in the garages where they store their pushcarts at night, and we conducted interviews in five languages. This report, which summarizes our findings, seeks to determine who vendors are and what issues affect their ability to earn a living. We also make commonsense recommendations in hope of inspiring policy makers to undertake some badly-needed reforms. Throughout this report we ask the fundamental question that anyone familiar with the proud history of vending in New York City cannot possibly ignore: does self-employment through street vending still provide the same opportunity to achieve upward economic and socio-cultural mobility as in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?2 In other words, is vending still a viable way of achieving the American Dream? We hope this report will serve as a starting point for a dialogue about vendors, how they contribute to New York, and what we must do to ensure they are forever part of our city.
History of vending in New York City
As early as 1691, when pushcart peddlers were first regulated here, vendors have been a hallmark of New York’s streets. New York is a city of immigrants, and in the bustling ethnic neighborhoods where those immigrants first settled, everything – from pickles, sweet potatoes, soda water, and chickpeas, to shoelaces, balloons, and soap – was available on the street. For people who came through Ellis Island with little more than what they could carry, vending was the ideal entry-level job because it required little capital (with seventyfive cents you could rent a pushcart) and rewarded hard work. Shopping on the street was a familiar activity that enabled millions of impoverished new immigrants to purchase inexpensive goods close to home. By the turn of the century, there were more than 25,000 vendors in Manhattan alone.3 Although New York vendors have always faced opposition and hardship, wave after wave of immigrants and entrepreneurs used vending as a stepping-stone to financial security.4 The ambitious peddlers of yesteryear often worked their way off the streets into storefronts. Many successful New York businesses, including D’Agostino’s supermarkets, Cohen Fashion Optical, and Odd Job Trading stores got their start as pushcarts on the
1. See chart, page 6.
2. See “Ever Higher Society, Ever Harder to Ascend,” The Economist, Vol. 374 (8407). 3.See Suzanne Wasserman, The Good Old Days of Poverty: The Battle Over the Fate of New York City’s Lower East Side During the Depression, May 1990. 4. See Karen Kreps, “The Road to Riches: Success Can Start in the Street,” New York Daily News, January 6, 1981.
Lower East Side. Even Bloomingdale’s and Macy’s, who now lead the charge against vending, were founded by door-to-door pack peddlers.5 There is no denying that the vending experience has served as a valuable incubator for the small businesses that drive the New York City economy, nor that over the last 100 years vendors have become a vital part of our city’s social, cultural and economic life as a whole.
“A band of flower peddlers infests my neighborhood. They are dirty, defiant, unlicensed peddlers, and the flowers they sell last about ten minutes … I don’t know what diseases these peddlers carry around with them.” – Deputy Mayor Henry H. Curran, in a letter to the chief city magistrate, 1938
New York City street vendors have traditionally been characterized as dirty, dishonest, and greedy – sentiments that frequently carry overtones of racism, classism and xenophobia. In 1893, the New York Times described the “putrid” fish and “half-decayed” fruit that vendors sold on Essex Street, where “filthy persons and clothing reeking with vermin are seen on every side.”7 These same perceptions exist today. In 2002, for example, vendors were denounced in the press as “money-grubbing hucksters” simply for responding to the demand for patriotic goods around the World Trade Center site.8 Similarly, while police acknowledge that most vendors buy their goods from legitimate wholesalers, the popular imagination still conjures up images of shady characters hawking “stolen gold” in dark alleyways.9 Vendors have even been accused by a leading member of Congress (with no evidence to support him) of financing terrorism!10 The results of our survey show a drastically different reality. Our interviews with vendors reveal that they are humble and resilient people who overwhelmingly sell legitimate goods and wholesome food. Moreover, our quantitative findings show that vendors are established, hard-working New Yorkers who earn modest incomes and are motivated primarily by a desire to make life better for themselves and their families.
5. See “Balancing Safety and Sales on City Streets,” New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, February 1991. 6. See Daniel Bluestone, “The Pushcart Evil: Peddlers, Merchants and New York City’s Streets, 1890-1940,” Journal of Urban History, November 1991.
7. See “East Side Street Vendors,” New York Times, July 30, 1893.
Street vendors by category
8. See Ikimulisa Sockwell-Mason, Larry Celona and Tracy Connor, “So This is How We Honor our Heroes: Counterfeit NYPD & FDNY Items Sold at Ground Zero,” New York Post, January 9, 2002. Ironically, many of these vendors were disabled military veterans who should have benefited from the patriotic fervor during that period. 9. See John Singleton, “A Bargain? It’s a Steal” New York Daily News, December 8, 1992 (“Every day, peddlers turn New York City’s streets into a sprawling department store where scamsters get rich and customers get gypped.”) 10. At a Capitol Hill hearing on July 16, 2003, U.S. Representative Henry Hyde, Chairman of the House International Relations Committee, warned, "everyone loves to make a deal, or get a bargain, but these days, the buyer really should beware...the counterfeit item you purchase from a street vendor or on the Internet may be helping to finance terrorism."
Food (full-year)
NUMBER ISSUED 3,000 853a
General (non-veteran) Military Veterans Unlicensed Total First Amendment
1,000c 6,000c
a. In 1979, the City capped the number of licenses for general merchandise vendors at 853. There are currently 3,133 non-veterans on the waiting list at the Department of Consumer Affairs, which has been closed to new applications since 1991. b. Rozhon, Tracie and Rachel Thorner, “On the Streets, Genuine Copies (And a Few Originals),” New York Times, May 26, 2005. c. Estimated.
The items available for sale on New York City’s streets today are as diverse as ever. In contrast to 1925,11 when food accounted for a large majority (72%) of street sales, the market is now host to relatively equal proportions of different items.12 In Lower Manhattan, 46% of vendors surveyed sold some type of food. To satisfy hungry residents and visitors alike, vendors stock everything from coffee and bagels in the morning, to fruit, roasted nuts, ice cream, candy, shish kebabs, and, of course, hot dogs and pretzels later on in the day. Street food reflected the diversity of the neighborhood: vendors in Chinatown sold breakfast rice noodles, for example, while coffee vendors catered to the early-rising Wall Street crowd. About one quarter (26%) of vendors surveyed sold merchandise, often catching wind of fashion trends weeks in advance of big retail stores. Their diverse wares included the wellknown handbags and sunglasses, but also shoes, skirts, jewelry, cell phone cases, DVDs, toy cars and even finger puppets. A noticeable number of merchandise vendors supply the throngs of downtown tourists with affordable “New York City” clothing and memorabilia. And, despite popular opinion, most items sold on the street were authentic; only 6% of vendors surveyed sold counterfeit goods. Twenty-eight percent of downtown vendors chose to exercise their First Amendment rights by selling books, magazines, or art on the street.13 While some of these vendors were motivated by political or artistic ideals, others chose to do so because of their inability to obtain a license to sell food or merchandise. Whatever the reason, their variety of materials was impressive. For example, one bookseller stocked bulky computer manuals while the woman next to him specialized in racy African-American romance novels.
Why do they vend?
The survey respondents expressed a wide range of motivations for vending. About half the people surveyed vend because they want to, while the other half do so out of necessity. While vendors were proud of their jobs, they expressed disappointment at being “stuck” in the same position after many years, contrary to dreams they may have had of rising as entrepreneurs in the fabled business world of New York City. Of the vendors who are drawn to the positive aspects of vending, the freedom of entrepreneurship was the greatest benefit. Eighty-three percent of vendors surveyed work for themselves, and most highlighted the flexibility that comes with being their own boss. Indeed, vending is an ideal job for the elderly, people with child care responsibilities, and others who seek non-traditional work schedules. Many vendors enjoy working outdoors, and they also like interacting with their daily customers. “Even when they are not hungry, my customers come by to see me,” said one hot dog vendor. “We are like a family.” While freedom was a motivating factor for many vendors, money was not. Only six percent of vendors reported vending because it was more lucrative than their other options. Similarly, very few vendors surveyed expected to ever grow rich from their sales. While many saw vending as the starting point on the economic ladder to success, few had moved past the first rung. Survey respondents were still vending after 6.2 years, on averwww.streetvendor.org
11. See “Push Cart Markets in New York City,” United States Department of Agriculture, 1925 (on file with Street Vendor Project).
12. While our survey was limited to food and merchandise, Lower Manhattan is also home to a wide variety of individuals who sell services on the street, such as Chinatown fortune-tellers and lower Broadway shoe-shiners. See also Joseph Berger, “The Overhead? Just a Scaffold: For City’s Repairmen, Shop May Be the Sidewalk,” New York Times, September 10, 2003. 13. See Bery v. City of New York, 97 F.3d 689 (2d Cir. 1996) (granting artists the right to sell art on the streets without a license).
age, and a significant number have been doing it for more than 15 years. Vending was a last resort for many others. Thirty eight percent of people reported that vending was the only job they could find. Many of these respondents chose vending because they faced barriers to finding more traditional jobs. Among these were lack of language skills, lack of social capital, and the inability to obtain authorization to work in the U.S.14 As one coffee vendor said, “I didn’t even finish high school in my country. In New York, that won’t take you very far.” He, like many new arrivals, also lacked economic capital to start a more profitable small business. “I would like to open a store, but with no money, vending is my best option,” he stated. Additionally, some vendors (7%) reported disabilities that kept them from holding other jobs. Disabled veteran vendors often carry with them the burden of combat-related physical trauma that prevents them from doing more strenuous jobs. “I have hospital appointments every week,” said one disabled vet vendor. “I’m unemployable.” Some of these veterans also suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other mental illnesses that keep them from functioning in the regular workplace.
Reasons vendors choose to vend
Can’t find another job, 38% Loves the freedom, 27% Other, 11% Enjoys Has a vending, disability, 10% mult. Good 7% money, responses 11% 7%
14. Many vendors reported that their language difficulties played a role in their decision to start vending. In fact, 38% of vendors reported that they chose to vend because they could not find another job. See Heide Spruck Wrigley, et al., “The Language of Opportunity: Expanding Employment Prospects for Adults with Limited English Skills,” Center for Law and Social Policy, August 2003.
Since the earliest wooden carts were pushed down the cobbled streets of the Lower East Side, street vendors have been a reflection of the most recent waves of immigrants. At the turn of the century, 93% of all vendors were foreign-born; primarily Jewish and Italian, with a smaller number of Irish, German, Russian, and “Spanish” vendors.15 Today, New York City street vendors are still overwhelmingly immigrants. The survey revealed that 83% of Lower Manhattan’s vendors are immigrants hailing from more than 20 countries on four continents. The top represented nations are Bangladesh (18%), China (16%), and Afghanistan (12%). The average immigrant vendor surveyed had been in the United States for more than 11 years. Despite the myth that most vendors are “illegal” immigrants, our survey revealed that the majority of immigrant vendors were documented and authorized to work in the United States. Most were green card holders, not citizens; the number of immigrant vendors who are naturalized U.S. citizens has declined from 63% in 1925 to 36% today. This decline mirrors a national trend: in the year 2000, only 40% of the general population of foreignborn U.S. residents were naturalized citizens.16 This may be due to stricter immigration policy or to the transnational lifestyle of many immigrants today who plan on eventually returning to their home countries rather than settling here permanently. Native-born vendors were a minority; 17% of vendors surveyed were born in the United States, and all but two of those were military veterans. Ever since 1896, New York State has granted military veterans a licensing preference to vend merchandise on the street.17 “We fought for this country. The least they can do is let us come out here and make a couple bucks,” said one disabled veteran vendor.
1 17 4 3 16 5 12 18 16
15. See Push Cart Markets, supra note 10. 16. 2000 United States Census data.
Vendor regions of origin
17. Military veterans are exempt from the 853-license cap on merchandise vending licenses, for example, while disabled veterans are permitted to sell in certain areas of the city that are restricted to other vendors.
Primary languages spoken by vendors
French, 2% Wolof, 2% Urdu, 2% Tibetan, 2% Other, 5% Spanish, 6% Arabic, 7% Fulani, 8% Farsi, 10% Mandarin/Cantonese, 15% English, 20%
Bengali, 21%
Interestingly, what vendors sold is largely determined by their country of origin. For example, fruit and vegetable-sellers were either Bangladeshi (44%) or Chinese (56%). Eighty percent of coffee vendors hailed from Afghanistan, while 82% of U.S. born vendors sold either clothing or arts and crafts. The small number of unlicensed vendors surveyed were either from West Africa (78%) or China (22%). This phenomenon can be explained by social and ethnic ties whereby new immigrants are often introduced to vending by friends or relatives who teach them how to vend a particular good.18 Downtown vendors represent a veritable Tower of Babel. Only 20% of vendors reported English as their first language. Vendors surveyed spoke sixteen different primary languages, with no language representing more than 21% of the total. The survey showed that a significant number of vendors (40%) are uncomfortable speaking English. Language difficulties presented real problems for this group, who received more tickets due to their inability to understand the vending laws or communicate with the police.19 Predictably, these vendors were only half as likely to feel able to defend themselves in court or to navigate the city’s complex licensing bureaucracy.20
18. See, for example, Fred Ferretti, “A Culinary Little India on East 6th Street,” New York Times, March 4,1981 (discussing how family ties led many Bengali immigrants to open restaurants on one street in Manhattan). 19. Indeed, 70% of vendors who were not comfortable speaking English either did not understand the vending laws adequately, or did not understand them at all. Although the City has attempted to accommodate non-English speakers in other contexts (the City’s 311 call center provides immediate access to over 200 languages, for example), the vending rules are available only in English. 20. In one example, an Administrative Law Judge became irate when a vendor addressed her as “miss” instead of “judge,” showing how a lack of familiarity with the nuances of the English language can have adverse effects on vendors.
The survey results show that street vendors are generally well-educated individuals who are primary breadwinners for large families, both here and abroad. They are not being held back by a lack of education. Forty-three percent of vendors surveyed had a college education or higher, and among them were professionals in the fields of engineering, social work, and medicine.21 In their domestic lives, vendors were typically married with children. They
21. Comparatively, according to the 2004 U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, 27% of the surveyed U.S. population age 25 or older had a Bachelor’s degree or higher. See U.S. Census Bureau, 2004 American Community Survey: Educational Attainment, S1501.
repeatedly communicated dedication to their families, with many grateful that their children would have access to a U.S. education and the opportunities that come along with it. “Maybe if I make money now, my kids can go to college and get a degree,” said a coffee vendor. “Then they won’t have to take my job.” Vendors support an average of 4.2 people, with some managing to feed as many as thirteen mouths from their meager wages. Almost 50% of immigrant vendors reported regularly sending money to their home countries.
Portrait of typical New York City vendors
85% are men 78% are married
96% pay taxes
88% provide for a family
22. Cited in Bluestone, supra note 6. 23. Coffee and bagel vendors, for example, usually arrive at their garages around 3 a.m. to begin preparing their carts, start selling around 5 a.m., and do not get back to their garages until noon or later. By the lunch hour of many New Yorkers, they will have already worked a ten-hour day.
“It is a hard life. [The peddlers work] under broiling sun, in torrents of rain, in desperate cold, and in the midst of swirls of snow….For what? For the most beggarly pittance – not enough, scarcely, to live on.”22 – An observer, New York City, 1899 Not surprisingly, the survey results reveal that vendors still work long hours for low wages. The average workday for vendors surveyed was nearly nine (8.7) hours long, not counting the time each vendor spends at the garage or transporting goods to and fro. While most vendors theoretically set their own hours, many worked irregular shifts.23 While vendors stated that they work 4.2 days per week on average, this figure was affected by factors such as inclement weather, family obligations, street restrictions, and the desire to avoid police harassment. Similarly, vendors reported working between 200 and 250 days per year, even factoring in the winter months when many vendors stop working entirely due to cold weather, trips to their home countries, and the expiration of seasonal vending permits.24 During the summer, most vendors work six or seven days a week. Despite their hard work, few vendors rise above the poverty line. Those surveyed reported earning a median net income of only $7,500 per year, placing them in the bottom 9% of wage earners in the country.25 While it is likely many vendors under-reported their incomes to our survey-takers,26 many downtown vendors were still suffering during the survey period from the loss of business related to September 11, 2001.27 Whatever the reason, vendors clearly struggle financially. While a small proportion of vendors were able to climb into the lower-middle class (7% made more than $25,000, and one vendor made more than $35,000), nearly half of vendors surveyed reported earning less than $5,000,
24. The average American worker works 247 days per year (assuming an 8 hour work day). See Niall Ferguson, “Why America Outpaces Europe,” New York Times, June 8, 2003.
25. See U.S. Census Bureau, 2004 American Community Survey: Income in the Past 12 Months (In 2004 InflationAdjusted Dollars), S1901.
26. This $7,500 self-reported figure was significantly lower than the $14,309 calculated by multiplying vendors’ average daily earnings by the average number of days worked. This discrepancy could be due to vendors’ desire for privacy regarding their income, lack of accurate record keeping, or sampling error. While much higher, $14,309 still puts the average vending family well below the 2004 poverty level of $18,850 for a family of four.
27. See, for example, Joseph Fried, “Lower Manhattan Retailers Still Suffer Without Foot Traffic,” New York Times, May 18, 2002. In fact, some vendors were surveyed shortly after they had been evicted from their spots along Broadway, the most heavily trafficked downtown street, and the 16-block area around Ground Zero. See Mark Santora, “Albany Ready to Reinstate Vendor Laws,” New York Times, February 27, 2004.
leaving them at a level nearly below subsistence. In fact, some vendors reported that they were incurring debt just to make ends meet. Most vendors surveyed lived in outer-borough, immigrant neighborhoods where the cost of living is lower. In addition to low income, vendors reported a variety of hazardous working conditions. Food vendors reported frequently sustaining minor injuries, such as cuts and burns, while cooking. Many vendors also suffer back problems from prolonged standing, as well as urinary health problems resulting from limited access to restrooms.28 “At the end of the day, I can hardly walk,” said one shish kebab vendor. Even while faced with such frequent injuries, 60% of vendors surveyed lacked health insurance. Vendors face many hazards simply by working on the streets of New York City. Since vendors deal in cash, they are frequently targets for robbery29 and are sometimes struck by runaway vehicles.30 Air pollution is also a problem. For example, vendors along Canal Street (where street-level air quality frequently violates federal standards) run a serious risk from prolonged exposure to diesel emissions, which are linked to asthma and other respiratory illnesses.31 Some downtown vendors also reported health problems from exposure to the toxic pollutants that were released into the air on September 11th.32 “For a few months, the air smelled every day,” said a hot dog vendor. “I don’t even know what was in there.”
Vendor residences by city zipcode
28. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the failure to use restrooms as needed throughout the day can have serious health consequences. See “Understanding Urinary Tract Infections,” NIH Publication No. 88-207, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive and Kidney Diseases, April 1988. 29. In 2002, for example, a vendor in the Bronx was shot and killed while returning his cart to his garage. See Hannah Adely, “Murder of Popular Hot Dog Vendor Stuns Community,” Norwood News, March 13, 2002.
30. As recently as May 18, 2006, a fruit vendor near Canal Street was struck and killed by a runaway vehicle. See also Todd Maisel, “Struck in the Street,” New York Daily News, May 16, 2001. 31. See Bernard Stamler, “The Traffic Downtown Seems Worse Than Ever. Is the Verrazano the Villan?,” New York Times, December 13, 1998; Kelly Crow “Idling Buses Leave a Stain of Pollution on a Jewel of a Park,” New York Times, October 8, 2000.
32. See Julie Scelfo and Suzanne Smalley, “The Air Down There,” Newsweek, September 6, 2002.
What problems do vendors face?
The survey results paint a picture of vendors faced with challenges that make it difficult for them to earn a living. When they first receive their license (if they are lucky enough to get one), they are given nothing but an imposing book of regulations. When they go out on the street, the police order them to move. Wherever they go, security guards tell them they cannot vend there. If they work for years to establish a good spot, they may arrive one day to find it obstructed by concrete planters or other “street furniture.” If they stand their ground, or even if they do not, they will likely receive a flurry of tickets. When they go to court, they are expected to make legal arguments on their own, in English. No matter what their defense, when the decisions arrive in the mail, they may owe thousands of dollars. If they cannot pay, their license will be revoked.
Vendors are perhaps the most highly regulated small business owners in New York. Rather than being governed by a single department, they are under the control of as many as seven different city agencies who administer city regulations, state law, constitutional law, and ever-changing city policy toward vendors.33 This multi-agency approach has created a “complex net of restrictions” that are nearly impossible to abide by.34 Nearly half of vendors (46%) surveyed reported that being trapped in this net was their greatest problem. These disparate regulations are a source of confusion for both vendors and city agents. Only 26% of vendors surveyed felt that they adequately understood the vending laws, and 12% admitted they could not grasp them at all. Their confusion is understandable. For example, there are more than 20 separate rules about where vendors can place their tables or pushcarts, and they vary according to what is being sold. Additionally, different types of vendors are restricted from different streets on different days of the week and times of day. “These laws are too confusing,” said one book vendor. “With the police, the right hand doesn’t know what the left hand is doing.” “I live in New Jersey. I wake up at 4:30 every morning. My husband drives me in to the city. At 5 a.m., we go to the flower market on 28th Street, when they open up. We need to go early to get the good flowers. My husband has a flower store on Orchard Street. I sell flowers on Elizabeth Street. I’ve been doing it for 13 or 14 years.” We start to pack up at 3 p.m. At about 4 or 4:30 p.m. we go back to New Jersey. But now the traffic is crazy, so we wait until 7 p.m. when there is no traffic jam. It’s a very long day. We work very hard. Like the sun shine today? We work. Raining? We still work.” – Mei Wah Lo, Elizabeth Street near Canal Street
33. Vendors are under the enforcement power of the Departments of Health & Mental Hygiene, Consumer Affairs, Sanitation, Environmental Protection, Finance, Parks & Recreation, and the NYPD. In addition, vendors confront the state Penal Law, Tax Law, and General Business Law governing disabled veteran vendors. 34. New York City Council, Legislative Declaration: Int. No. 621, 2005.
Some of the laws are arbitrary, others are confusing, and some are simply unreasonable. Vendors may not vend “within any bus stop,” for example, but with no clear definition given, vendors reported receiving tickets while set up more than 200 feet from a bus stop sign. Similarly, vending licenses are required to be “conspicuously displayed while vending,” a regulation the police seem to enforce most strictly during the coldest months, when licenses are sometimes hidden under bulky winter clothes. “They always tell me, ‘I’m sorry, my captain told me to do it,” said one jewelry vendor. “I wish the captain would pay my tickets.”
Tickets were the number one challenge vendors reported facing. Vendors reported receiving an average of 6.7 tickets in the prior year, but six vendors received more than 20 tickets each, and two received over 40 tickets each. With more than 59,000 vending-related cases in New York City every year, it is not surprising that vendors reported such high numbers.35
Vendor tickets issued by violation
Too close to storefront, 15%
Health violations, 10% Street too narrow, 8% Unlicensed, 8%
License not visible, No 5% prices posted 4%
35. See Testimony of Robert Hettleman, Legislative Counsel to the New York City Criminal Justice Coordinator, to the New York City Council Committee on Consumer Affairs, April 7, 2003 (on file with the Street Vendor Project).
Restricted street, 16%
Too far from curb, 22%
Many vendors expressed frustration that the tickets they received were for such minor violations. Indeed, the majority of summonses vendors reported receiving were not for endangering the health of others, but instead for violating the strict laws on where their carts are positioned on the sidewalk. Only 10% of the tickets involved food safety, while almost as many were issued for failure to properly display one’s license. In fact, 38% of tickets vendors reported receiving were either for being within 20 feet of a building entrance or for failing to vend “on that part of the sidewalk which abuts the curb.”36
The courts and fines
“I work in the industry 30 years. I have never had another job. I never asked for help from the city or the government. I just want to tell you that there is no way somebody working in the street can pay a $1,000 fine. That’s it. That’s all I’m going to say.” – Mor Gueye, a vendor, testifying at ECB public hearing, November 18, 2004 Once they receive tickets, vendors have difficulty fighting them in court. While some vendor summonses are adjudicated in criminal court, the vast majority are handled at the Environmental Control Board (ECB), an administrative agency that hears violations for a wide range of civil infractions, including building and sanitation code cases. The hearings are informal, the rules of evidence are relaxed, and lawyers are neither required nor provided. Unfortunately, this relaxed system does not provide the due process protections that are granted in criminal court by the U.S. Constitution. Without court-appointed lawyers, vendors must present evidence and make legal arguments on their own. Moreover, without interpreters provided, many immigrant vendors find it impossible to even fill out the intake forms, let alone explain their case. “If somebody doesn’t speak English, they can’t explain everything, so the judge just thinks they’re wrong,” said a coffee vendor. Nearly 60% of vendors surveyed said they did not feel able to defend themselves at ECB.37 In fact, the ECB process is so daunting that 41% of vendors surveyed did not even appear for court. Some vendors, unable to leave their spots, chose not to go in order to avoid the long wait periods and repeat trips that are often required. Others hired for-profit expeditors who process paperwork and appear on tickets for a fee. “I can’t close down,” said one shish kabob vendor. “If my customers come and I’m not here, maybe they won’t come back.” Even though it is not criminal court, the stakes at ECB are high. Penalties increase rapidly for vendors within two years, with fines at the time the survey was conducted ranging from $25 for the first violation up to $250 for fourth and subsequent violations.38 With vendors receiving so many tickets, these fines can be crippling. Vendors surveyed paid an average of $433 in fines each year, which was 5% of their median income. Some vendors in the survey reported paying as much as $3,500 in penalties. Whatever it was before, the impact these fines have on vendors will soon increase. In September 2005, after two successful court challenges from the vending community, the ECB increased vendor penalties for non-health related offenses to a maximum of $1,000 per violation.39 Legislation is currently pending in City Council that would undo the effect of this increase.40
36. See NYC Administrative Code §20-465(a). To add to the confusion, police insist that vendors must be flush with the curb, but the ECB has interpreted the law to allow vendors to legally set up within 18 inches of the curb. This ECB policy only became known to the Street Vendor Project after a FOIL request; neither the police nor most vendors are aware of it. 37. Even among those who felt comfortable speaking English, 48% did not feel able to defend themselves in court. 38. The ECB imposes a graduated penalty structure, known as a “multiple offense schedule,” for each vending violation of any kind within two years.
39. In August 2004, the Street Vendor Project filed a lawsuit claiming that ECB’s fine increase violated the City Administrative Procedure Act. State Supreme Court Justice Carol Edmead agreed, calling the City’s actions “unreasonable, unfair, and clearly undemocratic,” and ordered the city to stop imposing the $1,000 fines. The Street Vendor Project launched a second successful challenge in August 2005 that the City has appealed. In September 2005, the ECB put in place the current fine structure: for the first violation of any vending regulation within two years, the penalty is $50. For the second violation: $100; third violation: $250; fourth violation: $500; fifth violation: $750; sixth and subsequent violations: $1,000. 40. New York City Council, Intro. 64 of 2006.
“When the police officer come to you one thing they ask is give me your license. The next thing you know they bring you a bunch of tickets. You cannot talk to them. They don’t allow you to talk to them. We are treated like an animal.” – Kalidou Gadio, a vendor, testifying at ECB public hearing, November 18, 2004 Nearly a quarter (23%) of vendors insisted that police harassment is the biggest problem they face.41 With New York’s “quality of life” crackdown leading to so many vendor and police encounters every day, it is no surprise that some result in police harassment. While rare, the most serious form of harassment reported was physical abuse. Unlike licensed vendors, who generally receive tickets, unlicensed vendors are arrested and detained by the police. These encounters sometimes result in the use of excessive force causing serious injuries.42 More common than physical abuse are discourtesy and racial discrimination. Some vendors reported receiving rude treatment almost every day. One vendor, for example, said that an officer always called him “hot dog guy,” despite his repeated requests to the contrary. More troubling still was racial harassment. Fifty-seven percent of survey respondents were Muslim, and some of them reported experiencing anti-Muslim harassment by the police after September 11th. For example, one officer asked a Muslim hot dog vendor, “you guys blew up the building; what else are you gonna do?” While racism toward vendors occurs across the city, it was likely more acute for downtown vendors, who often work only blocks away from Ground Zero. Vendors also felt police harassment in the widespread confiscation of goods. Almost 40% of vendors surveyed had had merchandise confiscated, even though in many cases the police had no right to do so. While police procedures require that seized property be promptly returned, the process was so onerous for vendors that they usually failed to follow through. Only 21% of vendors surveyed ever had merchandise returned to them.
“With what I make, it just doesn’t add up. My garage is $500 per month. My rent at home is $800. I have to pay my electricity. I have to buy the food. I only make $300 a week, so I add things to my credit card bill, which is now almost $15,000. How much did I make today? Forty-five dollars, and it’s already 4 o’clock. I came to this country to support my family. I have a wife, three boys and one baby daughter. I don’t need food stamps. I don’t need anything from the city. I just need them to open up the streets so I can work.” – Mohammed Ali, Liberty Street and Broadway
41. “Police harassment,” for the purposes of the survey, includes the following four categories as defined by the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB): discourtesy, abuse of authority, bad language, and discrimination.
42. As recently as March 2006, an unlicensed vendor had his leg broken after being tackled by police officers on Canal Street. These encounters are not only dangerous for vendors. On January 31, 2004, NYPD Sergeant Keith Ferguson collapsed and died while chasing after an unlicensed vendor near Canal Street.
Despite these problems, vendors have not been effective in combating police harassment. For example, while the Civilian Complaint Review Board exists to investigate police misconduct, few vendors surveyed even knew the agency existed. Some vendors could not conceive of filing a complaint. “He is a police officer,” said one vendor. “Whatever he says, we have to respect it.” Others feared retaliation or expressed skepticism that the CCRB disciplinary process would achieve real reform. One food vendor remarked that after filing a complaint, the offending officer simply “sent his friend instead.”
Businesses and BIDs
Finally, seven percent of Lower Manhattan vendors reported problems with nearby businesses or Business Improvement Districts (BIDs). Security guards at downtown office buildings frequently harass and intimidate vendors to get away from their premises. “The standard is 20 feet [from a store entrance], but the managers don’t care,” said one vendor. “They tell me to leave. I had to move so many times.” Some vendors also experienced being displaced from their spots by businesses that block the already-narrow downtown sidewalks with concrete planters.43 “The planters don’t serve any purpose,” remarked one clothing vendor. “They put them here to get rid of the vendors.” Thus, in addition being the driving force behind laws that limit licenses and restrict streets to vending, the survey shows that businesses create problems for vendors in a direct way every day.
“Life on the street changed after 9-11. Some people left me because of who I am. They walk up to me and tell me they are scared. When I ask them why, they say it is because of how I look. What happened there, it hurt me. It affected my life. But why should I have to pay for someone else’s crime? Yeah, my cart is moveable, but it’s like a store. If something happens here, I have no job. So I care about the area very much. If you take me out of here, I am dead. I am like a fish out of water. This is our livelihood.” – Khaled Abouelkhair, Wall Street and Pearl Street
43. See David Dunlap, “Adding Barricades, and Trying to Avoid the Feel of a Fortress,” New York Times, September 23, 2004. Many vendors have also been displaced by street construction as Lower Manhattan is rebuilt. See Amy Zimmer, “Where’s the Falafel Guy?: Liberty Plaza Park say Renovations Vendors Displaced them from Regular Customers,” Metro, August 23, 2005.
Since the late 19th century, street vendors have represented New York City’s cultural diversity in a highly public way. The city’s dense, bustling crowds continue to provide immigrants and native-born entrepreneurs the opportunity to own their own small businesses through vending. Clearly, the hope of attaining the American Dream – freedom and economic success – is still very much alive. Today’s vendors inevitably discover, however, that prosperity is elusive. This survey showed that vendors tend to work long hours in hazardous conditions for poverty-level wages. The majority are well-educated, married men who support large families both here and abroad. The vast majority are immigrants – but, contrary to existing stereotypes, most are lawful permanent residents who possess vending licenses, pay taxes, and sell legitimate merchandise or wholesome food. They are primarily motivated, as vendors have always been, by a desire to own their own businesses and reap the fruits of their labor. So many government-created barriers have been put in place over the past 80 years, however, that it is difficult to imagine any of today’s vendors becoming the Bloomingdale’s or Macy’s of tomorrow. The vending regulations, enforced by seven separate city agencies, are so confusing that few vendors adequately understand them. This confusion has a real impact: vendors receive many summonses for violations which, while relatively minor, currently carry a maximum penalty of $1,000 per ticket. Vendors are not effective in dealing with police harassment that occurs on the street. Moreover, the court where most vending cases are now heard does not provide lawyers or interpreters, leaving vendors little chance of presenting an effective defense. In conclusion, while vendors are just as industrious as their counterparts a century ago, they lack the same opportunities for success due to the city’s complex and punitive bureaucracy. If New York City wants to make it possible again for vendors to succeed, it will need to have an understanding of who they are and what problems they face. It will also need the courage to undertake reform on behalf of a population with little political influence. We hope this survey will serve as a starting point.
Reduce Vending Fines. Vendors work long hours and earn low incomes while supporting large families. They frequently receive tickets for breaking laws they don’t understand. With the recent increase to as much as $1,000 per violation, the penalties vendors incur will make it nearly impossible for many of them to continue to earn a living. Other businesses pay less for more serious violations while having a greater ability to pay. Vending penalties should be commensurate with what vendors earn. The fines should be reduced to take into consideration that vendors are entry-level small business owners for whom such large fines can be devastating to both their businesses and their families.
Raise the License and Permit Caps. Every day, street-level entrepreneurs play a crucial role in our city’s economy. Yet many people are still denied the chance to even put their ambition to use. Long waiting lists of up to 30 years have created a large contingent of unlicensed vendors whose precarious position makes them more vulnerable to abuse and economic insecurity. The license and permit caps also create a black market, forcing many food vendors to work for vending bosses when they are unable to obtain their own permits. For these reasons, the current limits on licenses and permits should be raised. By doing so, the city would bring many practically unregulated vendors into the system, giving them an incentive to follow the laws and a chance to legitimate their businesses. Increase Access to Public Space. Even licensed vendors have few legal locations where they can vend. Many streets have been closed to them entirely. Even on open streets, dozens of complicated rules make it illegal to set up. Vendors are also barred from otherwise open sidewalks by illegal obstructions such as planters. The city should take steps to open up more space by reviewing which streets are closed to vending and, where appropriate, re-opening them. While ensuring pedestrians clear access, city planners should seek ways to maximize the public space available to vending by widening sidewalks and removing illegal obstructions. The city should also examine whether some streets can be closed to vehicular traffic to create pedestrian areas where vendors are allowed to work.44 Reform Enforcement. Vendors are confused by the Byzantine regulations and the scattered city agencies that have power over them. They are forced to gather the complex rules from disparate sources. When the police approach them on the street, they are often mistreated because the police are ill-equipped and ill-informed. If their goods are seized, vendors must go to great lengths to retrieve them. Worse, when these things happen, they do not know whom to notify for help. To remedy these problems, police should undergo a mandatory vendor training to help them better enforce the laws and treat vendors with more respect. The city should streamline the procedure for retrieving seized property. Additionally, vendors should be made aware of their right to file a police complaint and assisted in doing so. All of these resources should be compiled, along with the laws, into one easy-to-use manual for wide distribution to vendors and police. Provide Appropriate Language Access. With so many vendors unable to read or comprehend English, they have trouble negotiating their daily routine. The city does nothing to assist them. None of the vending regulations have been printed in any language other than English. The police officers that issue tickets rarely speak the vendor’s language. Even when a vendor shows up for his court hearing, he must proceed without the benefit of an interpreter. Basic fairness and due process demand that the city provide translation services to ensure that justice is done at ECB hearings. In addition, vending laws should be translated into the most common languages vendors speak. These changes would not only benefit vendors, but would also help increase compliance.
44. See “Building on Progress,” New York City Streets R e n a i s s a n c e , http://www.nycsr.org /nyc/building.php (discussing how Stone Street in Lower Manhattan was closed to cars, creating a “highly desirable retail space.”) However, vendors are excluded from Stone Street any many other similar areas.
This survey of 100 vendors was conducted by staff and interns of the Street Vendor Project during the period from September 30, 2003 to January 15, 2005. Lower Manhattan (defined as the area below Canal Street) was chosen because it presented the broadest known cross-section of vendors due to its mix of commercial areas, residential areas, and tourist districts. The vast majority of interviews were conducted on the street; a few took place at vending garages, at the offices of the Street Vendor Project, or at the Environmental Control Board. To ensure the most accurate sample possible, we mapped the entire area, divided it into plots, and approached vendors from each plot at various times of the day and days of the week. The map below represents the vending locations for each of the 100 vendors interviewed. Interviews were conducted in English, Cantonese, Mandarin, Spanish and French. The small number of vendors who declined to be surveyed were not recorded. Our research has several limitations. First, while Lower Manhattan was seen as an ideal study area, vendors there are not necessarily representative of vendors throughout the entire city. Similarly, the relatively small sample size limits our ability to draw precise conclusions about the greater city-wide vending population. Finally, because our data is derived from interviews, our findings depend on the truthfulness of our subjects and the accuracy of their assessments. We hope that our research will encourage government agencies and the academic community to fund and undertake more comprehensive studies of New York City street vendors in the future.
Vendor locations used in survey
www.streetvendor.org 20
DATE_______________________________ SURVEY
This survey is voluntary, anonymous, and confidential. Only survey project members will have access to the specific information provided in your answers. Your answers will be used only for the purposes of this survey. Your name and personal information will not be connected to your survey answers. Are you married? What do you sell? o Food (specify) _______ o CDs/DVDs o Handbags o Yes o No
Urban Justice Center – Street Vendor Project Street Vendor Survey
Do you make your own merchandise? Do you sell counterfeit merchandise?
o Drawings/paintings o Jewelry o Phone clips o Other art/crafts o Yes o Yes o No o No
o Clothing o Books o Other _______
Where do you vend? (list cross streets) ______________________ How long have you been vending? o Less that 1 year o 2-4 yrs o 5-7 yrs Do you have a vendor’s license? o Yes o No If not, would you like a license? o Yes o No o 8-12 yrs o 13+ yrs
How much money did you make vending last year (profit before taxes)? o $0-5000 o $5,000-10,000 o $10,000-15,000 o $15,000-25,000 o $25,000-35,000 o 35,000+ Is vending your only source of income? o Yes o No _______________
How many people does your income support (including yourself)? Are you the only income earner in your family? Do you have health insurance? Are you in debt? Do you pay taxes? o Yes o Yes o Yes o Yes o No
How many of those are children? _________________________ Do you send money to relatives in your home country? o No How much? o No o Yes
How many hours did you work yesterday (or the last day that you worked)? How much money did you make yesterday (profit)? How many days did you work last week? $_____________
Approximately how many days have you worked in the last twelve months? o Less that 60 o 61-100 o 101-150 o 151-200 o 201-250 o 251-300 365 Do you work for yourself?
o 301-
In which country were you educated?
What level of education do you have? o Less than high school o High school
Why do you choose to vend (as opposed to other jobs)? Check all that apply. o Can’t find another job o Money is better than other jobs o Freedom o I enjoy vending o Chance to produce merchandise o Disability o Other ___________________ How many tickets were you issued last year? How much did you pay in fines last year? $______________
o Professional or graduate
On tickets from last year, how much do you still owe?
What have you received tickets for? Check all that apply o Don’t know o Too far from curb o Too close to storefront o License not visible o Unlicensed o Health violations o Not posting prices o Restricted street o Sidewalk too narrow o Other _______ Have you had merchandise confiscated? Did you get it back? o Yes o No o Yes o No
How many times did you go to ECB court last year?
Do you feel capable of defending yourself in ECB court?
How many tickets did you have dismissed in ECB court last year? How well do you understand the laws associated with vending? o Not at all o Not adequately o Adequately o Completely
What would you consider to be your biggest problems associated with vending? o Tickets o License/bureaucratic issues o Police harassment o Restricted streets o Weather o Problems w/suppliers o Problems with businesses o Sidewalk obstructions (planters, etc.) o Specific vending laws o Other _______________ Which vending laws would you most like to see changed? o Distance from curb o Distance from storefront o Number of licenses o Health code o Required posting of prices o Number of open streets o Other How would you suggest changing these laws? Was your business hurt by the events of September 11, 2001? Are you still affected by the events of September 11?
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