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Patent US6057956 - Electrochromic mirror with two thin glass elements and a gelled ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn improved electrochromic rearview mirror for motor vehicles, the mirror incorporating thin front and rear spaced glass elements having a thickness ranging from about 0.5 to about 1.5. A layer of transparent conductive material is placed onto the mirror's second surface, and either another layer of...http://www.google.com/patents/US6057956?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6057956 - Electrochromic mirror with two thin glass elements and a gelled electrochromic mediumAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6057956 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/375,136Publication dateMay 2, 2000Filing dateAug 16, 1999Priority dateApr 2, 1997Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2284539A1, CA2284539C, DE69825053D1, DE69825053T2, EP0990194A1, EP0990194B1, EP1489456A1, US5940201, US6268950, US6934067, US20010055143, US20030112489, WO1998044386A1Publication number09375136, 375136, US 6057956 A, US 6057956A, US-A-6057956, US6057956 A, US6057956AInventorsKevin L. Ash, William L. Tonar, Frederick T. BauerOriginal AssigneeGentex CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Referenced by (25), Classifications (22), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetElectrochromic mirror with two thin glass elements and a gelled electrochromic medium
US 6057956 AAbstract
1. A color matched inside/outside mirror system, comprising:a first electrochromic mirror adapted to be installed on the outside of a motor vehicle, comprising front and rear spaced elements, each of said front and rear elements being bent; a color neutral layer of a transparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front element; a reflector disposed on one side of said rear element provided that, if said reflector is on said rear surface of said rear element, then said front surface of said rear element contains a layer of a transparent conductive material; a perimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spaced elements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chamber therebetween, where said chamber contains at least one electrochromic material; a second electrochromic mirror adapted to be installed on the inside of a motor vehicle comprising:front and rear spaced elements, each having front and rear surfaces; a layer of color neutral transparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front element; a reflector disposed on one side of said rear element provided that, if said reflector is on said rear surface of said rear element, then said front surface of said rear element contains a layer of a transparent conductive material; and a perimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spaced elements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chamber therebetween, where said chamber contains at least one electrochromic material; where said reflector material is effective to reflect light through said chamber and said front element when said light reaches said reflector after passing through said front element and said chamber. 2. The color matched mirror system according to claim 1, where said transparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front element of said second electrochromic mirror is applied at atmospheric pressure via chemical vapor deposition.
3. The color matched mirror system according to claim 2, where said layer of transparent conductive material disposed on said inside mirror is deposited on a glass manufacturing float-line.
4. The color matched mirror system according to claim 2, where said layer of transparent conductive material disposed on said inside mirror is fluorine-doped tin oxide.
5. The color matched mirror system according to claim 1, where said layer of transparent conductive material disposed on said first mirror is a multi-layer stack having a first layer with a high refractive index, a second layer with a low refractive index and a third layer with a high refractive index.
6. The color matched mirror system according to claim 5, where said first layer comprises ITO and has a thickness between about 200 angstroms and about 400 angstroms, said second layer comprises SiO2 and has a thickness of between about 200 angstroms and about 400 angstroms, and said third layer comprises ITO and has a thickness of about 1500 angstroms.
7. A color matched inside/outside mirror system, comprising:a first electrochromic mirror adapted to be installed on the outside of a motor vehicle, comprising:front and rear spaced elements, each having a thickness ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm and each having front and rear surfaces and each being bent; a layer of color-neutral transparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front element; a reflector disposed on one side of said rear element provided that, if said reflector is on said rear surface of said rear element, then said front surface of said rear element contains a layer of a transparent conductive material; and a perimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spaced elements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chamber therebetween, where said chamber contains at least one electrochromic material; where said reflector material is effective to reflect light through said chamber and said front element when said light reaches said reflector after passing through said front element and said chamber; and a second electrochromic mirror adapted to be installed on the inside of a motor vehicle, comprising:front and rear spaced elements, each having front and rear surfaces; a layer of color neutral transparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front element; a reflector disposed on one side of said rear element provided that, if said reflector is on said rear surface of said rear element, then said front surface of said rear element contains a layer of a transparent conductive material; and a perimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spaced elements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chamber therebetween, where said chamber contains at least one electrochromic material; where said reflector material is effective to reflect light through said chamber and said front element when said light reaches said reflector after passing through said front element and said chamber;where said first and said second electrochromic mirrors are color-matched. 8. The color matched mirror system according to claim 7, where said layer of transparent conductive material disposed on said outside mirror is a multi-layer stack having a first layer with a high refractive index, a second layer with a low refractive index and a third layer with a high refractive index.
9. The color matched mirror system according to claim 8, where said first layer comprises ITO and has a thickness between about 200 angstroms and about 400 angstroms, said second layer comprises SiO2 and has a thickness of between about 200 angstroms and about 400 angstroms, and said third layer comprises ITO and has a thickness of about 1500 angstroms.
10. The color matched mirror system according to claim 8, where said layer of transparent conductive material disposed on said inside mirror is deposited on a glass manufacturing float-line.
11. The color matched mirror system according to claim 10, where said layer of transparent conductive material disposed on said inside mirror is fluorine-doped tin oxide.
12. The color matched mirror system according to claim 7, where said front and rear spaced elements of said outside electrochromic mirror are bent.
13. An electrochromic variable reflectance mirror for motor vehicles, comprising:front and rear spaced elements, each having front and rear surfaces; a layer of transparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front element; a reflector disposed on one side of said rear element provided that, if said reflector is on said rear surface of said rear element, then said front surface of said rear element contains a layer of a transparent conductive material; and a perimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spaced elements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chamber therebetween, where said chamber comprises at least one electrochromic material;where said variable reflectance mirror has a first mode horizontal frequency of greater than about 45 Hertz. 14. The electrochromic mirror of claim 13, where said first mode of horizontal frequency is greater than about 55 Hertz.
15. The electrochromic mirror of claim 13, where said first mode of horizontal frequency is greater than about 60 Hertz.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/834,783 filed Apr. 2, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,940,201.
Front transparent element 112 may be any material which is thin and transparent and has sufficient strength to be able to operate in the conditions, e.g., varying temperatures and pressures, commonly found in the automotive environment.
Front element 112 may comprise any type of glass, borosilicate glass, soda lime glass, float glass or any other material, such as, for example, a polymer or plastic, that is transparent in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Front element 112 is preferably a sheet of glass with a thickness ranging from 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm.
More preferably front element 112 has a thickness ranging from about 0.8 mm to about 1.2 mm, with the presently most preferred thickness about 1.0 mm. Rear element 114 must meet the operational conditions outlined above, except that it does not need to be transparent, and therefore may comprise polymers, metals, glass, ceramics, and preferably is a sheet of glass with a thickness in the same ranges as element 112.
When both glass elements are made thin the vibrational properties of an interior or exterior mirror improve - although the effects are more significant for exterior mirrors. These vibrations, that result from the engine running and/or the vehicle moving, affect the rearview mirror, such that the mirror essentially acts as a weight on the end of a vibrating cantilever beam. This vibrating mirror causes blurring of the reflected image that is a safety concern as well as a phenomenon that is displeasing to the driver. As the weight on the end of the cantilever beam (i.e., the mirror element attached to the carrier plate on the outside mirror or the mirror mount on the inside mirror) is decreased the frequency at which the mirror vibrates increases. If the frequency of the mirror vibration increases to around 60 Hertz the blurring of the reflected image is not visually displeasing to the vehicle occupants. Moreover, as the frequency at which the mirror vibrates increases the distance the mirror travels while vibrating decreases significantly. Thus, by decreasing the weight of the mirror element the complete mirror becomes more vibrationally stable and improves the ability of the driver to view what is behind the vehicle. For example, an interior mirror with two glass elements having a thickness of 1.1 mm has a first mode horizontal frequency of about 55 Hertz whereas a mirror with two glass elements of 2.3 mm has a first mode horizontal frequency of about 45 Hertz. This 10 Hertz differences produces a significant improvement in how a driver views a reflected image.
No electrochromic mirrors incorporating two thin glass elements and containing a solution-phase electrochromic material have been commercially available because thin glass suffers from being flexible and therefore is prone to warping, flexing and bowing, especially when exposed to extreme environments. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, chamber 116 contains a free-standing gel that cooperatively interacts with thin glass elements 112 and 114 to produce a mirror that acts as one thick unitary member rather than two thin glass elements held together only by a seal member. In free-standing gels, which contain a solution and a crosslinked polymer matrix, the solution is interspersed in a polymer matrix and continues to function as a solution. Also, at least one solution-phase electrochromic material is in solution in the solvent and therefore as part of the solution is interspersed in the polymer matrix (this generally being referred to as "gelled electrochromic medium" 124). This allows one to construct a rearview mirror with thinner glass in order to decrease the overall weight of the mirror while maintaining sufficient structural integrity so that the mirror will survive the extreme conditions common to the automobile environment. This also helps maintain uniform spacing between the thin glass elements which improves uniformity in the appearance (e.g., coloration) of the mirror. This structural integrity results because the free-standing gel, the first glass element 112, and the second glass element 114, which individually have insufficient strength characteristics to work effectively in an electrochromic mirror, couple in such a manner that they no longer move independently but act as one thick unitary member. This stability includes, but is not limited to, resistance to, flexing, warping, bowing and breaking, as well as improved image quality of the reflected image, e.g., less distortion, double image, color uniformity and independent vibration of each glass element. However, while it is important to couple the front and rear glass elements, it is equally important (if not more so) to ensure that the electrochromic mirror functions properly. The free-standing gel must bond to the electrode layers (including the reflector/electrode if the mirror has a third surface reflector) on the walls of such a device, but not interfere with the electron transfer between the electrode layers and the electrochromic material(s) disposed in the chamber 116. Further, the gel must not shrink, craze or weep over time such that the gel itself causes poor image quality. Ensuring that the free-standing gel bonds well enough to the electrode layers to couple the front and rear glass elements and does not deteriorate over time, while allowing the electrochromic reactions to take place as though they were in solution is an important aspect of the present invention.
It should be understood that more than one monomer may be pre-polymerized together. Equation [1] shows the general formula for the monomers of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Generally, any of the combinations of the monomers shown may be combined into one or more polymers (i.e., a polymer, a copolymer, terpolymer, etc.) in the pre-polymerization process. For example, one monomer may be polymerized to give a homogeneous polymer material such as poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly (2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate), and the like. However, it is generally preferred that a species with a crosslinking reactive component (e.g., hydroxyl, acetoacetyl, isocyanate, thiol etc.) be combined with another species either having the same crosslinking reactive component or no crosslinking reactive component (e.g., methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, etc.). If a copolymer is produced, the ratio of the monomers without and with the crosslinking components may range from about 200:1 to about 1:200. An example of these copolymers include hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) combined with methyl methacrylate (MMA) to form a copolymer. The ratio of HEMA to MMA may range form about 1:3 to about 1:50 with the preferred ratio being about 1:10. The preferred crosslinker for any of the pre-polymers having a hydroxyl (or any reactive group having an active hydrogen, such as thiol, hydroxyl, acetoacetyl, urea, melamine, urethane, etc.) is an isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and the like having a functionality greater than one. Also, 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEMA) may be combined with MMA in the ratio of about 1:3 to about 1:50 with the preferred ratio of about 1:10. Crosslinking of any of the polymer chains containing an isocyanate can occur with any di- or poly-functional compound containing a reactive hydrogen, such as hydroxyl, thiol, acetoacetyl, urea, melamine, urethanes, with hydroxyl being presently preferred. These must have a functionality greater than one and may be the same as those described hereinabove, aliphatic or aromatic compounds or, preferably, may be 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol, 4-4'(1-4 phenylenediisopropylidene) bisphenol, 4-4'(1-3 phenylenediisopropylidene), or bisphenol 1,3-dihydroxy benzene. Although the above description relates to copolymers, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that more complex structures (terpolymers, etc.) may be made using the same teachings.
One or more layers of a transparent electrically conductive material 118 are deposited on the second surface 112b to act as an electrode. Transparent conductive material 118 may be any material which: bonds well to front element 112 and maintains this bond when the epoxy seal 122 bonds thereto; is resistant to corrosion with any materials within the electrochromic device; is resistant to corrosion by the atmosphere; and has minimal diffuse or specular reflectance, high light transmission, neutral coloration and good electrical conductance. Transparent conductive material 118 may be fluorine doped tin oxide, tin doped indium oxide (ITO), ITO/metal/ITO (IMI) as disclosed in "Transparent Conductive Multilayer-Systems for FPD Applications", by J. Stollenwerk, B. Ocker, K. H. Kretschmer of LEYBOLD AG, Alzenau, Germany, and the materials described in above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 5,202,787, such as TEC 20 or TEC 15, available from Libbey Owens-Ford Co. (LOF) of Toledo, Ohio. Similar requirements are needed for whatever is deposited onto the third surface 114a, whether it is another layer of transparent conductive material 120 or a combined reflector/electrode.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a multilayer color-neutral transparent conductive coating 118 can be used on the second surface of an exterior mirror (111a and/or 111b of FIG. 1) having thin or bent glass, in combination with an interior mirror having TEC coatings on the second surface such that the mirror-system is color-neutral and color-matched. This color-neutral transparent conductive coating includes a thin (e.g., between about 150 angstroms and about 500 angstroms) first transparent layer 118a having a high refractive index, followed by thin (e.g., between about 150 angstroms and about 500 angstroms) second transparent layer 118b having a low refractive index, followed by a thick (e.g., between about 800 angstroms and about 3500 angstroms) third conductive transparent layer 118c having a high refractive index. Glass has a refractive index of about 1.5; the first two thin layers generally having refractive indices of about 2.0 and about 1.5, respectively, tend to act in concert to form one layer having a medium refractive index of about 1.75. The thick top coating has a refractive index of about 2.0. Thus a stack is produced having refractive indices of approximately 1.5/1.75/2.0. The presently preferred compositions and thicknesses for each layer of the multi-layer stack are: about 200-400 angstroms of ITO for the first layer 118a; about 200-400 angstroms of SiO2 for the second layer 118b and about 1500 angstroms of ITO for the third layer 118c. This gradation between low and high refractive indices produces a transparent conductive coating that is color-neutral, which matches the color-neutral TEC coatings on the second surface of the inside mirror--leaving an inside/outside color-matched mirror system.
The performance requirements for a perimeter seal member 122 used in an electrochromic device are similar to those for a perimeter seal used in a liquid crystal device (LCD) which are well known in the art. The seal must have good adhesion to glass, metals and metal oxides, must have low permeabilities for oxygen, moisture vapor and other detrimental vapors and gases, and must not interact with or poison the electrochromic or liquid crystal material it is meant to contain and protect. The perimeter seal can be applied by means commonly used in the LCD industry such as by silk-screening or dispensing. Totally hermetic seals such as those made with glass frit or solder glass can be used, but the high temperatures involved in processing (usually near 450-degrees Centigrade) this type of seal can cause numerous problems such as glass substrate warpage, changes in the properties of transparent conductive electrode and oxidation or degradation of the reflector. Because of their lower processing temperatures, thermoplastic, thermosetting or UV curing organic sealing resins are preferred. Such organic resin sealing systems for LCD's are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,297,401, 4,418,102, 4,695,490, 5,596,023 and 5,596,024. Because of their excellent adhesion to glass, low oxygen permeability and good solvent resistance, epoxy based organic sealing resins are preferred. These epoxy resin seals may be UV curing, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,297,401, or thermally curing, such as with mixtures of liquid epoxy resin with liquid polyamide resin or dicyandiamide, or they can be homopolymerized. The epoxy resin may contain fillers or thickeners to reduce flow and shrinkage such as fumed silica, silica, mica, clay, calcium carbonate, alumina, etc., and/or pigments to add color. Fillers pretreated with hydrophobic or silane surface treatments are preferred. Cured resin crosslink density can be controlled by use of mixtures of mono-functional, di-functional and multi-functional epoxy resins and curing agents. Additives such as silanes or titanates can be used to improve the seal's hydrolytic stability, and spacers such as glass beads or rods can be used to control final seal thickness and substrate spacing. Suitable epoxy resins for use in a perimeter seal member 122 include but are not limited to: "EPON RESIN" 813, 825, 826, 828, 830, 834, 862, 1001F, 1002F, 2012, DPS-155, 164, 1031, 1074, 58005, 58006, 58034, 58901, 871, 872 and DPL-862 available from Shell Chemical Co., Houston, Tex.; "ARALITE" GY 6010, GY 6020, CY 9579, GT 7071, XU 248, EPN 1139, EPN 1138, PY 307, ECN 1235, ECN 1273, ECN 1280, MT 0163, MY 720, MY 0500, MY 0510 and PT 810 available from Ciba Geigy, Hawthorne, N.Y.; "D.E.R." 331, 317, 361, 383, 661, 662, 667, 732, 736, "D.E.N." 431, 438, 439 and 444 available from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. Suitable epoxy curing agents include V-15, V-25 and V-40 polyamides from Shell Chemical Co.; "AJICURE" PN-23, PN-34 and VDH available from Ajinomoto Co., Tokyo, Japan; "CUREZOL" AMZ, 2MZ, 2E4MZ, C11Z, C17Z, 2PZ, 21Z and 2P4MZ available from Shikoku Fine Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan; "ERISYS" DDA or DDA accelerated with U-405, 24EMI, U-410 and U-415 available from CVC Specialty Chemicals, Maple Shade, N.J.; "AMICURE" PACM, 352, CG, CG-325 and CG-1200 available from Air Products, Allentown, Pa. Suitable fillers include fumed silica such as "CAB-O-SIL" L-90, LM-130, LM-5, PTG, M-5, MS-7, MS-55, TS-720, 30 HS-5, EH-5 available from Cabot Corporation, Tuscola, Ill.; "AEROSIL" R972, R974, R805, R812, R812 S, R202, US204 and US206 available from Degussa, Akron, Ohio. Suitable clay fillers include BUCA, CATALPO, ASP NC, SATINTONE 5, SATINTONE SP-33, TRANSLINK 37, TRANSLINK 77, TRANSLINK 445, 19 TRANSLINK 555 available from Engelhard Corporation, Edison, N.J. Suitable silica fillers are SILCRON G-130, G-300, G-100-T and G-100 available from SCM Chemicals, Baltimore, Md. Suitable silane coupling agents to improve the seal's hydrolytic stability are Z-6020, Z-6030, Z-6032, Z-6040, Z-6075 and Z-6076 available from Dow Coming Corporation, Midland, Mich. Suitable precision glass microbead spacers are available in an assortment of sizes from Duke Scientific, Palo Alto, Calif.
The polymeric beads 117 can be incorporated into an electrochromic mirror as follows: The perimeter sealing resin is charged with glass beads of the appropriate size desired for the final cell gap (typically around 135 microns in diameter for a solution-phase inside electrochromic mirror) at a level of about 1/2 weight percent. Dry polymeric beads 117 that are sized about 10% larger than the glass beads are loaded into a "salt shaker" type container with holes on one end. The rear glass element 114 is laid flat with the inside electrode surface (third surface) facing up.
Plastic beads are sprinkled onto the coating (120) disposed on the third surface 114a using the salt shaker to a concentration of about 5 to 10 beads per square centimeter.
The perimeter sealing member 122 is applied around the edges of the surface of the transparent conductive electrode on the rear surface of the front element 112 by dispensing or silk screening as is typical for the manufacture of LCD's, such that seal material covers the entire perimeter except for a gap of about 2 mm along one edge. This gap in the seal will be used as a fill port (not shown) to introduce the electrochromic medium after assembly of the glass plates and curing of the seal. After seal application, the glass plates are assembled together by laying the first glass plate on top of the second glass plate and the assembly is pressed until the gap between the glass plates is determined by the glass and plastic spacers. The sealing member 122 is then cured. The electrochromic cell is then placed fill port down in an empty container or trough in a vacuum vessel and evacuated. Electrochromic fluid media is introduced into the trough or container such that the fill port is submerged. The vacuum vessel is then backfilled which forces the fluid electrochromic material through the fill port and into the chamber 116. The fill port is then plugged with an adhesive, typically a UV light curing adhesive, and the plug material is cured. This vacuum filling and plugging process is commonly used in the LCD industry. If the proper polymeric bead material 117 is used, the beads will dissolve in the electrochromic medium without leaving a trace at room temperature or by applying moderate heat as the electrochromic medium gels thereby permanently fixing the cell gap.
Since the beads are used to maintain cell spacing for a short time during manufacture, they should preferably have a diameter equal to or slightly larger than the cell spacing of the device, which can be accomplished by sieving through successive screens to obtain the desired size. Sieves of the appropriate size can be purchased from ATM, Milwaukee, WI. If 135 micron glass beads will be loaded into the sealing resin, the preferred plastic bead size would be about 10% larger or 148 microns. To sieve plastic beads to the 148 micron range, a standard 145 micron and a standard 150 micron sieve would be required. If a tighter range is desired, custom-sized sieves could be ordered for an additional cost. The 150 micron sieve is placed on top of the 145 micron sieve and the top 150 micron sieve is charged with unsized plastic beads. The sieves are then vibrated such that beads smaller than 150 microns will fall through the holes in the 150 micron sieve. Beads smaller than 145 microns will fall through the bottom 145 micron sieve, and beads between 145 and 150 microns in size will be captured between the 145 micron and the 150 micron sieves. If the beads tend to clump or stick together, effective separation can be achieved by flushing a liquid such as water through the sieve stack while vibrating the sieves. Beads wet-sieved in this manner must be thoroughly dried before use such as by oven baking at 80° C. for 2 hours.
Several electrochromic mirrors containing a free-standing gel were prepared as follows. A solution of 1.5114 grams of bis(1,1'-3-phenylpropyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate) in 37.02 grams of a copolymer of 1:10 isocyanate ethyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate was mixed with a solution comprising 0.7396 grams of Bisphenol A, 0.4606 grams of 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, 0.5218 grams of Tinuvin P (Ciba Geigy, Tarrytown, N.Y.) in 57.36 grams of propylene carbonate. This mixture was vacuum backfilled into several individual mirrors having two 1.1 mm glass elements that were sealed together with an epoxy seal, with a 180 micron cell spacing, that contained polymeric spacer beads comprising poly(propylene carbonate), available from Sigma-Aldrich, "ELVACITE" 2008, 2010, 2013, and 2041, respectively. The gel formation was carried out at ambient temperatures (20-25 degrees Celsius). The mirrors were approximately 4"×6" and were subjected to a vibration test consisting of a five hundred G-applied shock load with a 6 point random axis of rotation, with temperatures cycling repetitively from -100 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius over a four minute ramp for a total of 25 cycles. These mirrors all showed excellent vibrational resistance. Additionally, all of the spacer beads dissolved within 24 hours from when the mirrors were filled with the gel mixture.
Several electrochromic mirrors were prepared in accordance with Example 1, except the size of the mirror elements were approximately 5"×9". All of the spacer beads dissolved within 24 hours from when the mirrors were filled with the gel mixture. These mirrors were subjected to a pressure point resistance test. These parts, having significant area, have inherent points at which they are more susceptible to breakage under externally applied pressure. One of these points (approximately 0.5 inches form the edge) was selected for testing. These parts showed no breakage even at 1235 pounds, which represents the maximum attainable pressure on the testing equipment used (a Chattilon Force Measurement Gauge ET-110, with a rounded hard plastic finger of 1" diameter). Upon releasing the 1235 pounds of pressure, it was noted that, due to the extreme pressure, the gel had been forced out from an area approximately 0.5 inches in diameter immediately under the plastic test finger. The glass elements appeared to have contacted one another as well. Within moments after removing the external pressure, the gel "self-healed" and resumed its original position at the test point. For comparison, parts containing no free-standing gel and having glass elements with thicknesses of about 1.1 mm and PMMA beads showed glass breakage at an average of 167 pounds.
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sameUS9440588Mar 11, 2014Sep 13, 2016Gentex CorporationElectro-optic mirror system and method thereofUS20020140884 *Mar 29, 2001Oct 3, 2002Richard David A.Variable transmittance birefringent deviceUS20030112489 *Apr 3, 2002Jun 19, 2003Ash Kevin L.Electrochromic mirror with two thin glass elements and a gelled electrochromic mediumUS20060072182 *Sep 20, 2005Apr 6, 2006Oh Jae SElectrolyte comprising eutectic mixture and electrochromic device using the sameUS20060139726 *Feb 16, 2006Jun 29, 2006Gentex CorporationElectrochromic medium having a self-healing, cross-linked polymer matrix and associated electrochromic deviceUS20160062001 *Apr 11, 2014Mar 3, 2016Aviation Glass & Technology B.V.Vehicle mirror, and method for manufacturing such a mirrorEP1433021A1 *Aug 5, 2002Jun 30, 2004Gentex CorporationElectrochromic medium having a self-healing cross-linked polymer gel and associated electrochromic deviceEP1433021A4 *Aug 5, 2002Apr 25, 2007Gentex CorpElectrochromic medium having a self-healing cross-linked polymer gel and associated electrochromic deviceEP1792229A1 *Sep 21, 2005Jun 6, 2007LG Chemical, Ltd.Electrolyte comprising eutectic mixture and electrochromic device using the sameEP1792229A4 *Sep 21, 2005Mar 11, 2009Lg Chemical LtdElectrolyte comprising eutectic mixture and electrochromic device using the sameEP2322984A1May 6, 2004May 18, 2011Gentex CorporationVehicular rearview mirror elements comprising a peripheral light blocking stripWO2003021345A1Aug 5, 2002Mar 13, 2003Gentex CorporationElectrochromic medium having a self-healing cross-linked polymer gel and associated electrochromic deviceWO2004034183A2Aug 20, 2003Apr 22, 2004Gentex CorporationImage acquisition and processing methods for automatic vehicular exterior lighting control* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification359/267, 359/270, 359/274, 359/513, 359/273International ClassificationC09K9/02, G02F1/161, B60R1/08, B60R1/06, B60R1/04, G02F1/15Cooperative ClassificationB60R1/088, G02F2001/1515, G02F1/1521, G02F1/161, G02F2001/1512, G02F2001/1502, C09K9/02European ClassificationG02F1/161, G02F1/15V, B60R1/08G5, C09K9/02Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 16, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: GENTEX CORPORATION, MICHIGANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ASH, K.;TONAR, W.;BAUER, F.;REEL/FRAME:010182/0815;SIGNING DATES FROM 19970912 TO 19970915Nov 3, 2003FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 2, 2007FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 23, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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1937 Gordon / Towers $2 Note *WB 6728978, BCS AU-50 | eBay
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www.rightmove.co.uk/property/72529085
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Property reference EGL080051_L. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Townends Regents Lettings, Egham - Lettings.

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java - Do I need to use volatile, if 2 different write and read thread will never alive at the same time - Stack Overflow
Do I need to use volatile, if 2 different write and read thread will never alive at the same time
1 By referring to http://www.javamex.com/tutorials/synchronization_volatile.shtml, I am not sure whether I need to use volatile keyword in the following case, due to additional rule 3.
A primitive static variable will be write by Thread A.
The same primitive static variable will be read by Thread B.
Thread B will only run, after Thread A is "dead". ("dead" means, the last statement of Thread A's void run is finished)
Will the new value written by Thread A, will always committed to main memory, after it "dead"? If yes, does it mean I need not volatile keyword if the above 3 conditions are meet?
I am doubt that volatile is being required in this case. As it is required, then ArrayList may broken. As one thread may perform insert and update size member variable. Later, another thread (not-concurrently) may read the ArrayList's size. If you look at ArrayList source code, size is not being declared as volatile.
In JavaDoc of ArrayList, then only mention that ArrayList is not safe to be used for multiple threads access an ArrayList instance concurrently, but not for multiple threads access an ArrayList instance at different timing.
Let me use the following code to issulate this problem
// Does it guarantee that list.size will always return 1, as this list
// is manipulated by different thread?
// Take note that, within implementation of ArrayList, member
// variable size is not marked as volatile.
assert(1 == list.size());
java multithreading share|improve this question edited Jan 24 '11 at 2:37
Jan 23 '11 at 15:56
8,141863207
Obvious question would be then why would someone use 2 threads? Just academic? – Bert F Jan 23 '11 at 16:00
Yes, you still need to use volatile (or some other form of synchronization).
The reason why is that the two threads could run on different processors and even if one thread has long finished before the other starts there is no guarantee that the second thread will get the freshest value when it makes the read. If the field is not marked as volatile and no other synchronization is used, then the second thread could get a value that was cached locally on the processor it is running on. That cached value could in theory be out-of-date for a long period of time, including after the first thread completed.
If you use volatile the value will always be written to and read from main memory, bypassing the processor's cached value.
share|improve this answer edited Jan 24 '11 at 0:51
Synchronized and volatile are not the only ways to pass data between threads, see my answer below. – jtahlborn Jan 23 '11 at 18:59
Yes, I know... but as I read the question, Yan Cheng CHEOK specifically wants to know about how volatile works. I've reworded my answer to make it more clear that I am specifically addressing volatile. – Mark Byers Jan 24 '11 at 0:54
I doubt the need of volatile, see my updated question. – Cheok Yan Cheng Jan 24 '11 at 1:07
@Yan Cheng CHEOK: Your code uses join so it is fine. You ony need to use volatile if you don't have some other form of thread synchronization. – Mark Byers Jan 24 '11 at 5:29
No, you may not need it. despite Mark Byers answer begin fairly accurate, it is limited. synchronized and volatile are not the only ways to correctly pass data between threads. there are other, less talked about "synchronization points". specifically, thread start and thread end are synchronization points. however, the thread which is starting Thread B must have recognized that Thread A is finished (e.g. by joining the thread or checking the thread's state). if this is the case, the the variable does not need to be volatile.
I doubt the need of volatile, see my updated question. – Cheok Yan Cheng Jan 24 '11 at 1:08
@Yan - it doesn't matter if the thread accesses are at the same time or not. access across threads without correct synchronization is broken. however, as i mentioned, you may have valid synchronization points with the thread end/thread start, if it meets the criteria i mentioned. – jtahlborn Jan 24 '11 at 2:25
@Yan - your example code meets the criteria i mentioned, so you do not need volatile. – jtahlborn Jan 24 '11 at 12:48
Possibly yes, unless you manually create a memory barrier. If A sets the variable, and B decides to take oit from some registry, you have a problem. So, you need a mmemory barrier, either implicit (lock, volatile) or explicit.
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/memory.html#17.4.4
has terminated. T2 may accomplish this
by calling T1.isAlive() or T1.join().
So it is possible to achieve your goal without using volatile.
In many cases, when there are apparent time dependencies, synchronization is being done by someone under the hood, and application doesn't need extra synchronization. Unfortunately this is not the rule, programmers must analyze each case carefully.
One example is Swing worker thread. People would do some calculation in a worker thread, save the result to a variable, then raise an event. The event thread will then read the result of the calculation from the variable. No explicit synchronization is needed from application code, because "raising an event" already did synchronization, so writes from worker thread is visible from event thread.
On one hand, this is a bliss. On the other hand, many people didn't understand this, they omit the synchronization simply because they never thought about the issue. Their programs happen to be correct... this time.
share|improve this answer edited Jan 23 '11 at 21:38
If Thread A definitely dies before Thread B starts reading then it would be possible to avoid using volatile
final int i = x;
final int k = j;
MyClass.x = k;
However, the problem is that whichever Thread starts Thread B will need to now that the value that Thread A is writing to has changed and to not use its own cached version. The easiest way to do this is to get Thread A to spawn Thread B. But if Thread A has nothing else to do when it spawns Thread B then this seems a little pointless (why not just use the same thread).
The other alternative is that if no other thread is dependent on this variable then maybe Thread A could initial a local variable with the volatile variable, do what it needs to do, and then finally write the contents of its local variable back to the volatile variable. Then when Thread B starts it initialises its local variable from the volatile variable and reads only from its local variable thereafter. This should massively reduce the amount of time spent keeping the volatile variable in sync. If this solution seems unacceptable (because of other threads writing to the volatile variable or whatever) then you definitely need to declare the variable volatile.
java × 422498
multithreading × 37371
File writing and reading objects using Threads

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Two families share affection for Scouts, differ sharply on whether no-gays policy should stay | Fox News
In this Monday, Feb. 4, 2013 photo, Pascal Tessier, 16, center left, a Boy Scout, and his brother Lucien Tessier, 20, who had earned the rank of Eagle Scout, pose for a portrait with their parents, Oliver Tessier, left, and Tracie Felker, at their home in Kensington, Md. The two Tessier boys enjoyed Cub Scouts, progressed to Boy Scouts, and continued to thrive there even as many in their troop became aware that each boy was gay. The family is grateful for that, but fervently hopes the BSA's top leaders officially scrap the ban so that open acceptance becomes the norm for Scout units nationwide. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin) (The Associated Press)
In this Monday, Feb. 4, 2013 photo provided by the family, Wes Comer holds the Boy Scout uniform of his son, Isaiah, outside their home in Knoxville, Tenn. Comer, his wife and children belong to an Apostolic Pentecostal church that considers homosexuality sinful. Comer says he will pull his eldest son out of the Scouts, despite a positive experience with them, if the BSA modifies the policy to allow some troops to accept gays. (AP Photo/Brooke Comer) (The Associated Press)
In this June 17, 2010 photo provided by the family, Lucien Tessier and Scoutmaster Craig Iscoe pose for a photo at Lucien's Eagle Scout ceremony in Potomac, Md. "I never had a single bad experience in Scouting," said Lucien, who came out as gay to family and friends while a sophomore in high school. "I never advertised it but never felt uncomfortable discussing it," he said. "It was never an issue as a Scout. ... It's always been a very welcoming troop." (AP Photo/Oliver Tessier) (The Associated Press)
The Tessiers, who live in the Washington, D.C., suburb of Kensington, have two sons who enjoyed Cub Scouts, progressed to Boy Scouts, and continued to thrive there even as many in their troop became aware that each boy was gay. The family is grateful for that, but fervently hopes the BSA's top leaders officially scrap the ban so that open acceptance becomes the norm for Scout units nationwide.
Each family's sentiments are shared by many others, and the BSA — whose governing board is deliberating behind closed doors this week at a Texas hotel — now finds itself in a situation where any decision it makes is likely to rouse anger and disappointment.
On the agenda is a proposal to ease the ban on gays by allowing local troop sponsors to decide the matter for themselves. Critics from the right say that step would trigger mass defections and want the ban to stay; critics on the left say the BSA shouldn't tolerate exclusion of gays by any unit.
Here's a closer look at the Comers and Tessiers, and their heartfelt views:
"He's taken to it like a fish to water," Comer said. "Exactly the skills I wanted him to learn are the things he's come back with. It's been fantastic."
"If that's the action they take, I'll lift my son from the Boy Scouts," Comer, 34, said in a telephone interview. "I feel that strongly about it, and a number of other families around here feel that way, too."
Comer's 9-year-old daughter belongs to the American Heritage Girls, formed in 1995 as a conservative, Christian-oriented alternative to the Girl Scouts. Comer isn't sure what comparable options there might be for boys in his area, but predicted he and other like-minded families would come up with a plan.
"The idea that the Scouts are compromising their moral position in exchange for funds kind of sickens me," he said. "We'd rather have a morally rich organization than a financially rich one... Who, at this point, is defining what it means to be 'morally straight'?"
"The divide will only get worse," he said. "I can't see any scenario where that works to the benefit of the Boy Scouts."
"I never advertised it but never felt uncomfortable discussing it," he said. "It was never an issue as a Scout. ... It's always been a very welcoming troop."
"I can't be a prouder mom," she said.
Recently, she's been a self-described ringleader of efforts among like-minded parents to intensify opposition to the national no-gays policy.
"It's bothered me a lot — it's bothered a lot of other people I know," she said. "If you look at the Scout Oath and Scout Promise, espousing respect for others, it's just hypocritical to say, 'You should be that way to everybody in the world except your gay friends.'"
"When I say we're involved in Scouting, people wrinkle their nose," Felker said. "When we go door to door for the annual Scout food drive, we've had families in our neighborhood say they won't contribute until the Scouts change their policies."
Lucien doesn't feel any Scout-related stigma himself, but says it's time for change.
"I'm not ashamed of being a Boy Scout," he said. "But I want to see them reverse this policy. I want to see them join the 21st century."

value: This website is an American multinational conservative cable news television channel based in New York City. It is owned by Fox News Media, which itself is owned by the Fox Corporation.


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Electrode, Comp-357073437, DC-prod-dfw5, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-19.1.1, SHA-dcc2d1bc13aca0beb170d003517affe741b47a8c, CID-1c031a6c-a4b-16ae0cacf173b4, Generated: Wed, 22 May 2019 18:25:48 GMT
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Electrode, Comp-283796730, DC-prod-dfw5, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-29.0.16-rc-3, SHA-be3b5cd33cf2201002aafe92047174b804e8a87a, CID-5d2ed95a-338-16ae0cacee93dc, Generated: Wed, 22 May 2019 18:25:49 GMT


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United States›Nevada (NV)›Las Vegas›Things to Do in Las Vegas› Casino at the Hard Rock Hotel
345 Reviews #109 of 445 things to do in Las Vegas Casinos & Gambling, Fun & Games Overview Tours & Tickets Reviews (345)
Delete Casino at the Hard Rock Hotel from My Saves You added Casino at the Hard Rock Hotel to your Saves list Book Now Do you recommend this attraction for trendsetters?
Is the correct contact email info@hrhvegas.com?
Is this the correct address 4455 Paradise Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89169-6574?
Is the correct ZIP code 89169-6574?
Also show MapSatellite Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom Updating Map... Sponsored by: Return to Map Get directions Address: 4455 Paradise Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89169-6574 Phone Number: 702-693-5000 or 800-693-7625 Website Improve this listing Description: A traditional Hard Rock Cafe combined with a hotel and casino.
Not the most popular casino but worth a visit seemed a lot less crowded than the other casinos but really struggled to get a drink as not many waiters around during our visit
Reviewed July 27, 2015 swift314, Sheffield, United Kingdom
1,455 helpful votes “HARD ROCK HOTEL”
Thank swift314 Report Joannita03
12 helpful votes “Casino ”
The casino is quiet, not like casinos on strip. Which is good in a way, unless you like loudness. Very calm, the waiters for drinks were never seen! We were gambling and no one ever attended us. There was some construction going on. Overall it's nice & small. Hopefully when they finish expanding their casino it will be bigger.
Helpful? Thank Joannita03 Report JustDan91
80 helpful votes “A quieter Casino, but a really great one to play in”
I stayed at the hotel for a few nights when in Vegas so naturally, I played in the casino. It is one of the better laid out casinos in my opinion. It's not huge but it's easy to navigate as it's set all in one row, with table games in the center.
I did find that it is a lot...
Thank JustDan91 Report Frank M
43 helpful votes “save the smoke for the concerts”
I love this place i have fun here every time, this place does sleep in the daytime and does need some fun guest to wake it up in the early hours. they have expanded in areas that seem to be there just to make money and the smoke in the area is heavy because the expanded areas were not meant...
More Helpful? Thank Frank M Report TravelinGal16
65 helpful votes “Memories, Small town atmosphere, Good burger joint”
Stroll through the casino and see costumes you saw on TV or album covers. Old memories are tickled by the trivia and memorabilia. The casino is casual and laid back with a variety of gaming. It is not huge but sometimes that is actually nice. It is walking distance from my Wyndham Grand Desert resort which is also nice.
Helpful? Thank TravelinGal16 Report Jennifer A
28 helpful votes “Another casino”
ok place ... same as the others. Bummed about the hassle to get card to play. Never bothered if you are just passing by
Helpful? Thank Jennifer A Report Liztraveler22
2 helpful votes “LV Hard Rock”
A bit of the Las Vegas strip, but quite nice. It is the original. Hot Fudge brownie was yummy. The service was good and friendly.
Helpful? Thank Liztraveler22 Report DPTazzz
81 helpful votes “Trying hard to be a 4 star Casino Resort”
Its trying hard to be a 4 Start Hotel/Casino, but it just falls a bit short. The casino is small compared to pretty much every resort on the strip. The only one as small or smaller is The Cromwell. I have not stayed here, friends have, they like it, rooms are nice, comparable to Flamingo, Ballys, etc, but for me,...
More Helpful? Thank DPTazzz Report Chris3537680
30 helpful votes “AMAZING day.”
This is actually a review of Rehab the pool party at HRH. I found it to be excellent value for money compared to a lot of the other pool parties in Vegas. We got a daybed for a min spend of around $500 between 4 of us on drinks and food this was well spent. What i also liked about...
More Helpful? Thank Chris3537680 Report David T
This casino stood out from the others, it was rocking with atmosphere, sounds were coming from everywhere, new machines, dark environment but it worked brilliantly. Horrible location away from strip so a taxi is a must......but this casino was so cool
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Mas Salvi (Pals, ESP) | Expedia
1-800-238-0767 Expedia.com • Hotels • Europe • Spain • Costa Brava Hotels • Mas Salvi, Costa Brava
Mas Salvi, Costa Brava, current page
Photo 17 of 87, Living Area
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Carmany s/n, Pals, Girona, 17256, Spain Points of Interest
Golf Platja De Pals - 0.6 miles
Torre de les Hores - 1 miles
Carmany s/n, Pals, Girona, 17256, Spain Get an overview of this hotel4-star hotel with 2 restaurants and free breakfast Location
Situated in Pals, this hotel is within 1 mi (2 km) of Golf Platja De Pals and Torre de les Hores. Pula Golf and Mas Oller are also within 3 mi (5 km). Hotel Features
This hotel features 2 restaurants, an indoor pool, and an outdoor pool. Free buffet breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a 24-hour fitness center, a poolside bar, and an outdoor tennis court are onsite. Room Amenities
All 30 rooms offer free WiFi, balconies, and flat-screen TVs. Minibars, room service, and free newspapers are among the other amenities available to guests. Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window Select to view moreAbout the Hotel Tab 1 of 2 selectedSelect to viewGuest Reviews Tab 2 of 2 Mas Salvi
In addition to an indoor pool and an outdoor pool, Mas Salvi provides an outdoor tennis court and a sauna. Dining is available at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants. A poolside bar is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. This business-friendly hotel also offers a 24-hour fitness center, spa services, and a terrace. Complimentary self parking is available on site. Mas Salvi has designated areas for smoking. 24-hour front desk Total number of rooms - 30 Barbecue grill(s) Free newspapers in lobby Free breakfast Concierge services Dry cleaning/laundry service 24-hour fitness facilities Free WiFi Designated smoking areas Tours/ticket assistance Laundry facilities Meeting rooms 2 Garden Terrace Picnic area Poolside bar Luggage storage Safe-deposit box at front desk Free self parking Outdoor tennis court Number of restaurants - 2 Sauna Spa services on site Indoor pool Outdoor pool Show all hotel amenities
Balcony Free newspaper Air conditioning Minibar Daily housekeeping Private bathroom Free toiletries Bathtub only Hair dryer (on request) Desk Flat-panel TV Free WiFi In-room safe (laptop compatible) Blackout drapes/curtains Room service (limited hours) Free cribs/infant beds Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge) Show all room amenities
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served each morning between 8:30 AM and 10:30 AM. Onsite venue - This restaurant serves dinner only. Reservations are required. Onsite venue #2 - This restaurant serves lunch only. Room service (during limited hours) is available. Show dining options
An outdoor tennis court and complimentary bicycles are featured at the hotel. An indoor pool and an outdoor pool are on site. Other recreational amenities include a sauna and a 24-hour fitness center. Free bicycles on site Spa Services
Hotel Registry Number - HG-002399-82
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out. Pet fee: EUR 20 per pet, per day Rollaway bed fee: EUR 60 per night The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.

value: This website is an online travel agency owned by Expedia Group, an American online travel shopping company based in Seattle.


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00315-0817 | Judgment (Law) | Brief (Law)
Abraham Mendova v Crisanto Afable AM No MTJ-02-1402.pdf
RULE 38-71
United States v. Santiago, 1 F.3d 1231, 1st Cir. (1993)
W3i MOBILE, LLC v. WESTCHESTER FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY Docket
Richard Feliciano v. Donald Selsky, Director of S.H.U., and Catherine Wronski, Hearing Officer, 205 F.3d 568, 2d Cir. (2000)
10000016032
Comsat Corporation v. IDB Mobile Commun, 4th Cir. (2000)
Gutierrez v. Deming Public Sch, 89 F.3d 850, 10th Cir. (1996)
Kent Brown (KB-5429) U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division 555 4th Street, N.W. Suite 9901 Washington, D.C.
20001 (202) 307-6146 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, Defendant.
Civil Action No. 72-344(AGS)
UNITED STATES' SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF PARTIAL JUDGMENT TERMINATION I. INTRODUCTION
This memorandum supplements the United States' Memorandum in Support of Partial Judgment Termination ("U.S. Sup. Mem.")(dated September 11, 1995), in which we explained why, subject to having an opportunity to consider public comments, we intended to consent in certain respects to the motion of International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM") to terminate the final judgment. The parties fully complied with the Court's order to
solicit comments on the partial judgment termination, and the period for public comment expired on December 14, 1995.
No comments were filed in accordance with the instructions in the notice soliciting public comments. The Government
received one anonymous letter complaining about IBM during the public comment period. However, this letter may not have been
intended as a comment because it was not properly filed and, as we explain below, it does not appear to address the portions of the judgment that have been designated for termination in any markets in which IBM may continue to exercise market power. Accordingly, the Government believes that it is now appropriate for the Court to enter the Order Terminating the Judgment in Certain Respects, which the parties submitted as Exhibit C with their Stipulation of September 7, 1995 (the "Exhibit C order"). II. SOLICITATION OF PUBLIC COMMENTS
On September 11, 1995, the Court entered an Order Directing Publication of Notice. The order approved the notice of partial
judgment termination and request for public comments thereon which the parties submitted as Exhibit A with their September 7, 1995 Stipulation (the "Exhibit A notice"). The order required
IBM to publish the Exhibit A notice in two consecutive issues of the national edition of The Wall Street Journal, two consecutive issues of Computerworld, and one issue of Datamation; it also required the Government to publish the Exhibit A notice in the Federal Register. The order provided a 60-day public comment
period after publication of the final Exhibit A notice, and it provided 30 days after termination of the public comment period
for the parties to file responses to any public comments.1 The Government published the Exhibit A notice in the September 25, 1995 issue of the Federal Register (attachment 1). IBM published the Exhibit A notice in the October 10 and 11, 1995 issues of the national edition of The Wall Street Journal (attachment 2); in the October 2 and 9, 1995 issues of Computerworld (attachment 3); and in the October 15, 1995 issue of Datamation (attachment 4). The 60-day public comment period
terminated on December 14, 1995, and the 30-day period for the parties to file responses to public comments expires January 16, 1996. The Court may enter the Exhibit C order at any time after
January 16, 1996. III. NO COMMENTS WERE FILED IN RESPONSE TO THE PUBLISHED SOLICITATIONS FOR PUBLIC COMMENTS
No comments were filed in response to the published solicitations for public comments on partial judgment termination. The Government received one anonymous complaint
about IBM during the public comment period (attachment 5). However, this complaint may not have been intended as a comment on this portion of the proceedings because it was not filed in accordance with the Exhibit A notice, and it does not address the portions of the judgment that have been designated for termination in markets where IBM may possess market power.
The Exhibit A notice was developed from the form of notice generally used by the Government to solicit public comment in antitrust judgment termination/modification cases. The required publications and designated public comment period also conformed to the practice generally followed in such cases. 3
The anonymous complaint contends that IBM engages in certain conduct that is not covered by the judgment. Thus, IBM is
alleged to have purchased non-IBM equipment; it is alleged to have engaged in below-cost pricing; and it is alleged to have injured competition by "seeding" the "industry" with ex-employees who ostensibly continue to have financial incentives to see IBM do well. The complaint does not distinguish between IBM's market We
position for different types of products and services.
explained earlier that termination is appropriate for products and services other than System/360 ... 390 and AS/400 products and services because IBM is not the dominant supplier of such products and services. The judgment therefore does not constrain
IBM from exercising market power in markets for products and services other than System/360 ... 390 and AS/400 products and services. (U.S. Sup. Mem. at 1-2.)
The complaint also appears to contend that IBM engages in certain conduct that may be regulated to some extent by those judgment provisions that have not been designated for termination in the markets in which IBM may continue to enjoy market power. For example, IBM is alleged to have engaged in discriminatory software licensing practices. Under these circumstances, the
anonymous complaint provides no indication that partial termination of the judgment through entry of the Exhibit C order would be contrary to the public interest. Before the Government tentatively consented to partial judgment termination, the Court received at least two submissions
from entities that opposed termination of Section VIII, one of the sections that has been designated for termination. (Letter
of July 28, 1994 from Hayward D. Fisk, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Computer Sciences Corporation, to The Honorable David N. Edelstein (attachment 6); Memorandum of Law in Support of Sungard Data Systems Inc.'s and Affiliated Computer Services, Inc.'s Motion to Intervene (dated December 22, 1994).) The Government addressed those submissions in our initial memorandum in which we explained why we consented to termination of Section VIII. (U.S. Sup. Mem. at 3-9.)
Because the period for public comments has now expired and because the Government received no information causing us to reconsider our tentative consent to partial judgment termination, the Government now consents to such termination and recommends that the Court enter the Exhibit C order submitted by the parties. For the Court's convenience, we have enclosed a clean
copy of the Exhibit C order for the Court's signature (attachment 7). Respectfully submitted, _______________________ Kent Brown (KB-5429) U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division 555 4th Street, N.W. Suite 9901 Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 307-6200 January 16, 1996
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE This is to certify that the United States' Supplemental Memorandum in Support of Partial Judgment Termination was sent by fax and U.S. Mail, postage prepaid, to the following counsel of record on January 16, 1995: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION Peter T. Barbur, Esq. Cravath, Swaine & Moore Worldwide Plaza 825 Eighth Avenue New York, New York 10019-7475 Fax: (212) 765-0675
_____________________ Kent Brown (KB-5429)
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National Training Center in Orlando, Florida | Expedia
https://www.expedia.com/National-Training-Center-Orlando.d6129706.Vacation-Attraction
Expedia.com • Packages • North America • United States of America • Florida • Orlando Vacations • National Training Center
National Training Center, current page
Closest Hotels to National Training Center	National Training Center Guide
If you are looking for National Training Center travel information, Expedia has you covered. When visiting Orlando, Expedia can provide you with extensive National Training Center information, as well as great savings on nearby hotels and flights! Let Expedia help inspire your next travel plans!
If you are looking to discover Orlando, United States of America, leave plenty of time for sightseeing tours - you wouldn't want to miss out on top attractions like National Training Center! And before you go, make sure to read Expedia's National Training Center sightseeing & tourist guide, filled with all you need to know for the best National Training Center experience possible.
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