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Patent US4572170 - Preventive knee brace - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA preventive single-sided knee brace for athletes includes independently pivotable and laterally rigid upper and lower leg bars interconnected at laterally rigid polycentric clevis joints of a shield plate assembly. Straps affixed to a knee plate of the shield plate assembly encircle the leg adjacent...http://www.google.com/patents/US4572170?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4572170 - Preventive knee braceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4572170 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/617,693Publication dateFeb 25, 1986Filing dateJun 6, 1984Priority dateJun 6, 1984Fee statusLapsedPublication number06617693, 617693, US 4572170 A, US 4572170A, US-A-4572170, US4572170 A, US4572170AInventorsRichard V. Cronk, Jean-Paul NielsenOriginal AssigneeCronk Richard V, Nielsen Jean PaulExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (1), Referenced by (41), Classifications (4), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPreventive knee brace
US 4572170 AAbstract
A preventive single-sided knee brace for athletes includes independently pivotable and laterally rigid upper and lower leg bars interconnected at laterally rigid polycentric clevis joints of a shield plate assembly. Straps affixed to a knee plate of the shield plate assembly encircle the leg adjacent the knee joint and buckle to the knee plate to hold the assembly adjacent the lateral side of the knee joint in any position of leg flexion. The upper leg bar extends from the shield plate assembly along the outside of the upper leg and is secured to the leg at the bar's upper end. Similarly, the lower leg bar extends from the polycentric joint along the outside of the lower leg and is secured to the leg at the bar's lower end. The upper and lower leg bars are shaped to follow the contour of the leg and bridge the knee joint to hold the shield plate assembly laterally spaced from the side of the knee joint.
1. A single-sided knee brace for athletic use comprising:a rigid upper leg bar for extending along only one side of and securement to an upper leg; a rigid lower leg bar for extending along only the same side of and securement to a lower leg; a laterally rigid shield plate assembly linking adjacent ends of the upper and lower leg bars for independent movement about separate pivot axes; securement means affixed to the shield plate assembly and encircling the knee joint for receiving the shield plate assembly laterally adjacent to a lateral side of the knee joint throughout the knee joint's range of motion, said upper and lower leg bars being shaped such that when they are secured to their associated leg portions they position said shield plate assembly in laterally spaced relation to the adjacent knee joint, whereby lateral impact forces against said shield plate assembly are transmitted away from said knee joint to said upper and lower leg members. 2. The knee brace of claim 1 in which the shield plate assembly defines a pair of laterally rigid polycentric clevis joints forming upper and lower pivot axes attached to a knee plate.
3. The knee brace of claim 1 in which said securement means for securing the shield plate assembly laterally adjacent to the lateral side of the knee joint includes associated adjustable strap means attached to the knee plate which wrap entirely around the knee joint and connect to the knee plate.
4. The knee brace of claim 2 in which the upper and lower pivot axes of the polycentric joints are spaced substantially the same distance apart as the lateral centers of the adjacent outer condyles of the tibia and femur.
5. The knee brace of claim 4 in which the length of each leg member is greater than the distance between the pivot axes.
6. The knee brace of claim 1 in which said shield plate assembly further comprises:a rigid outer plate; a low-friction middle plate; a rigid inner plate; said knee plate; and upper and lower pivot means extending through the outer plate, the middle plate, the lower end portion of the upper leg bar and the upper end portion of the lower leg bar, respectively, the knee plate and the inner plate to form a double clevis joint. 7. The knee brace of claim 6 in which the pivot means include:a bearing sleeve separating the outer and inner plates but extending through the middle plate, the end portions of the leg bar and the knee plate; and a fastening means extending through the sleeve and outer and inner plates for holding the joint together. 8. The knee brace of claim 1 including an upper side plate removably secured to an upper end of the upper leg bar for positioning the bar along the upper leg and a lower side plate removably secured to a lower end of the lower leg bar for positioning the bar along the lower leg.
9. A preventive knee brace comprising:a rigid upper leg bar extending along the outside of an upper leg from the outer condyle of the femur toward the upper end of the femur; a rigid lower leg bar extending along the outside of a lower leg from the outer condyle of the tibia toward the lower end of the tibia; a shield plate assembly means defining polycentric clevis joints linking adjacent ends of the upper and lower leg bars to allow the upper and lower leg bars to pivot independently on separate pivot axes spaced substantially the same distance apart as the adjacent outer condyles of the femur and tibia; said shield plate assembly including a knee plate having attached strap means for encircling the knee joint, the knee plate affixed to the double clevis joint for positioning the double clevis joint laterally adjacent to but not in contact with the lateral side of the knee joint so that an upper pivot means remains opposite the outer condyle of the femur and a lower pivot means remains opposite the outer condyle of the tibia throughout the knee joint's range of motion, the upper and lower bars when secured to their associated leg portions positioning the polycentric pivot means in laterally spaced relation to the adjacent knee joint, whereby lateral impact forces against the polycentric pivot means are transmitted to the upper and lower leg bars away from the knee joint. 10. The knee brace of claim 9 in which the upper leg bar extends at least halfway up the length of the femur and the lower leg bar extends at least halfway down the length of the tibia.
11. A single-sided preventive knee brace for athletic use comprising:a rigid upper leg bar for extension along the outside of a thigh from the knee of a user, a rigid lower leg bar for extension along the outside of the lower leg from the knee of a user, a rigid clevis plate means for overlying the outside of the knee joint of a user and interconnecting adjacent ends of said upper and lower leg bars for independent movement about polycentric parallel pivot axes extending through said plate means, securing means for adjustably positioning said clevis plate means at the outside of the knee joint by encircling the joint above and below the knee cap. 12. A knee brace according to claim 11 wherein said clevis plate means comprises an outer rigid clevis plate overlying the outside of said adjacent ends, an inner rigid clevis plate overlying the inside of said adjacent ends, a semirigid low-friction knee plate extending between said inner clevis plate and the inside of said adjacent ends and extending forwardly and rearwardly beyond said clevis plates, a pair of sleeve bearings pivotally connecting said adjacent ends to said clevis plates, and fastening means extending through said clevis plates and knee plate and said sleeve bearings to interconnect said clevis plates with said adjacent ends and knee plate therebetween.
13. A knee brace according to claim 12 wherein said fastening means comprise a pair of threaded fasteners.
14. A knee brace according to claim 12 including a low-friction plastic liner interposed between said outer plate and said adjacent ends.
15. A knee brace according to claim 12 wherein said securing means includes a pair of hook means attached to a forward extension of said knee plate in longitudinally spaced-apart relationship to one another and a pair of straps attached at one set of ends thereof to a rearward extension of said knee plate at a common position thereon and having slide friction buckle means at the other set of ends thereof for attachment to said pair of hook means.
16. A knee brace according to claim 12 including a semirigid thigh plate at the upper free end of said upper leg bar and a semirigid calf plate at the lower free end of said lower leg bar, each of said thigh and calf plates including a sleeve on the rear surface thereof for slidably receiving its respective leg bar, and threaded fastener means for detachably securing said leg bar within said sleeve.
This invention relates to an improved preventive knee brace. More particularly, this invention relates to an improved single-sided preventive brace for use by athletes to protect the knee joint against damage from lateral impact.
The knee joint is composed of three separate bones and associated ligaments binding them together. At the joint, the lower end of the femur meets the upper end of the tibia. The kneecap, or patella, lies across the front of the joint. On the lateral and medial sides of the adjacent ends of the femur and tibia are a pair of knuckle-shaped protrusions, or condyles. The condyles of the femur rest upon the adjacent condyles of the tibia, which provide a wide base of support for the joint. The condyles also serve as points of attachment for the associated ligaments and muscles which bind the bones together to form the joint.
These bones and ligaments form a complex, hinge-type joint which restricts movement of the lower leg to a single plane. In operation, the joint involves gliding, rolling, and rotational movements which cause it to shift forward during extension of the lower leg and backward during flexion. This shifting results from the interaction of the uneven adjacent condyle surfaces.
Because of its limited planar movement, the knee joint is peculiarly susceptible to damage. Injury to the joint is caused in many cases by sudden movement to the side, such as a quick change of direction in running, or by a lateral blow to the joint. With the foot planted, the tibia is relatively fixed. A sideways blow to the femur may cause it to move laterally relative to the tibia, tearing the associated ligaments and upper leg muscles from the joint. A blow to the tibia when the foot is raised may cause similar damage to the lower leg.
Knee braces fall into two general functional categories, rehabilitative and preventive. Both typically comprise a pair of elongated support bars extending along one or both sides of the leg and hinged at the knee joint.
Rehabilitative braces use the support bars and connecting hinge, often in conjunction with a cast, to relieve stress on a weakened joint. A rehabilitative brace also deliberately limits the normal flexion and extension of the leg and prevents sideways movement of the joint. With the joint's movement limited, the muscles and ligaments can reattach to the bones and heal internal tears. Many rehabilitative braces permit the leg's range of motion to be gradually increased so that the user can strengthen the ligaments and muscles by moving and working them. Rehabilitative braces are usually heavy and cumbersome and restrict mobility. Therefore, they are unsuitable for use by athletes who need maximum freedom of leg motion.
In contrast, preventive knee braces are worn by athletes solely to prevent an injury. They are designed to protect the knee by preventing sideways movement of the femur relative to the tibia without hindering the normal flexion or extension of the leg. This sideways movement can occur either from internal stress on the joint caused by a rapid change in direction during fast movement or from external stress caused by a lateral blow to the knee joint from a block or tackle. Ideally, to provide the necessary protection without interfering with the user's mobility, preventive braces should be strong, laterally rigid, lightweight, and not cumbersome. They should also shield the knee from lateral blows in all positions of leg flexion. Heretofore, preventive braces have not fulfilled all of these objectives.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,764 to Lerman discloses the principal drawbacks of a rehabilitative brace. The brace has a pair of bars extending along one side of the leg and pivotally connected outside the knee joint at a plate assembly defining a polycentric clevis joint. The bars are embedded in a plaster cast to rigidify the bars and provide support at the knee joint for limited movement of the leg while in the cast. The adjacent ends of the bars meeting at the joint have intermeshing teeth to force both bars to pivot interdependently, allowing the user to use the muscles of his upper leg, for example, to extend or flex the lower leg or vice versa. Adjustable stops on the plate assembly further limit the maximum angular movement of the leg in flexion or extension. Such limitations on joint motion may aid in healing torn ligaments but render the brace unacceptable for active wear. The interdependent and limited movement of the bars in conjunction with the heavy, cumbersome plaster casts would obviously and severely inhibit mobility.
Other rehabilitative braces suffer from similar limitations on mobility. U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,298 to Lerman discloses a cumbersome, double-sided brace with U-shaped upper and lower yoke-like support members fitting around the back of the leg. Upper and lower bars interconnecting the support members at opposite sides of the leg pivot interdependently at a pair of polycentric clevis joints within massive knee plate assemblies to limit free movement of the knee joint. Flexion of the leg in particular is curtailed by the close fitting and firmly attached support members. U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,142 to Lewis et al. and Canadian Patent No. 1,011,204 to Patel also feature supportive but cumbersome, motion-inhibiting double-sided bracing similar to that of the brace of Lerman --298, and have many of the same limitations. U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,041 to Frank discloses a knee splint with long, thin upper and lower leg bars embedded in plaster casts and joined to each other at a single-pivoting joint connection. The connection is adjustably set to hold the leg member at a selected angle to promote proper healing of the knee joint. However, the set splint prevents any flexion of the leg.
Several of the rehabilitative braces, such as those of Patel and Lerman '298, are also suggested for use as preventive braces. Their double-sided bracing and laterally rigid clevis joints provide limited protection against sideways joint displacement from a severe lateral blow to the knee, but their massive structure and necessarily heavy weight limit free movement of the leg and would induce fatigue. Moreover, their complexity makes them difficult to mount properly to the leg.
Braces designed solely for prevention of athletic injury, on the other hand, typically have single-sided bracing to reduce bulk and weight, and to permit greater freedom of leg movement. The single-sided bracing extends along one side of the leg to prevent sideways movement of the joint caused by sudden changes in running direction. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,249,524 to Anderson discloses a single-sided preventive brace having a long and narrow support bar positioned alongside the knee joint. Short, padded plates extending along the upper and lower leg are pivoted at lap joints to each end of the bar. The support bar provides a double-hinged connection between the upper and lower leg which tends to keep them laterally aligned. However, the Anderson brace does not adequately shield the knee joint from a lateral blow in all leg positions. When the leg is flexed, the narrow bar bridges the upper and lower leg behind the knee, exposing it to lateral impact. Moreover, its lap joints provide a poor shield even when the bar covers the knee joint because they are inherently weak, introducing undesirable lateral flexibility to the brace which can result in the transfer of force from a severe lateral blow through the bar directly to the knee.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,528,412 to McDavid discloses another single-sided preventive brace. Its long, thin upper and lower leg members are pivotally interconnected at a single lap joint in the general area of the knee. Its single pivot cannot accurately mimic the complex motion of the knee, thereby leaving the knee unprotected and thus vulnerable to lateral impacts when the leg is flexed. Because of its laterally weak lap joint and thin leg members, the McDavid brace is quite flexible laterally and therefore does not protect the knee from the force of severe lateral blows even when its joint coincides with the knee joint.
A further drawback of existing preventive knee braces is that they are difficult to repair and must usually be returned to the manufacturer for this purpose. This is not only time-consuming but also requires each user to keep a spare one of these custom-fitted braces on hand, effectively doubling their cost.
Accordingly, a need remains for a one-sided preventive knee brace that is lightweight, strong and laterally rigid, and yet effectively shields the knee joint throughout its full range of motion without hindering normal leg movement. There is also a need for such a brace that is quickly and easily repairable by the user or his athletic staff. These are the primary objectives of the present invention.
The foregoing objectives are carried out by the present invention which comprises a single-sided preventive knee brace having independently pivotable and laterally rigid upper and lower leg bars interconnected at laterally rigid polycentric clevis joints that shield the knee joint against lateral impact in all positions of leg flexion.
Securement means affixed to a shield plate assembly which includes the clevis joints encircles the leg closely adjacent the knee joint for holding the shield plate assembly in position adjacent the lateral side of the knee in all positions of leg flexion. Adjacent ends of the upper and lower bars pivot independently within the assembly to allow maximum freedom of leg motion. The upper leg bar extends from the assembly along the outside of the upper leg and is secured to the leg at the bar's upper end. Similarly, the lower leg bar extends along the lower leg and is secured to the leg at the bar's lower end. The upper and lower leg bars each include a dog-leg portion to follow the contours of the leg and bridge the knee joint to hold the shield assembly laterally spaced from the side of the knee joint. In this position, the shield assembly absorbs lateral impact forces directed at the knee joint and transmits them through the upper and lower leg bars away from the joint. The laterally rigid bracing also prevents sideways movement of the knee joint caused by sudden changes in running direction.
The shield plate assembly includes, in addition to the clevis joints, a thin, somewhat flexible knee plate formed to extend about the outside of the knee. The securement means may comprise a strapping system attached to the knee plate. The strapping system may include an adjustable Y-shaped elastic strap which straddles the knee cap as it encircles the knee joint and buckles to the knee plate. The strap holds the shield assembly in its shielding position.
For the shield plate assembly to accurately follow the motion of the knee joint, preferably the upper and lower pivot axes of the clevis joints are spaced substantially the same distance apart as the lateral centers of the adjacent outer condyles of the tibia and femur. This spacing assures that the shield plate assembly always shields the outside of the knee joint regardless of the joint's position.
To aid in dispersing impact forces on the shield plate assembly, the length of each leg bar may be greater than the distance between pivot axes. Such forces are thus transmitted through the leg bars and dissipated over large areas of the upper and lower leg to avoid injury to any portion of the leg.
To facilitate positioning of the bars along the outside of the leg, broad thin, somewhat flexible plates are attached to the free ends of the leg bars. These plates may either be taped or strapped to the leg to hold the leg bars in position. These plates as well as other portions of the brace are easily replaceable by the user because threaded fasteners are used to secure them to their connected parts.
The brace of the present invention is a significant improvement over the prior preventive knee braces. It is strong, laterally rigid and yet of lightweight construction and minimum bulk. It prevents sideways knee joint movement from internal stress and effectively shields the knee joint from lateral impact in all positions of leg flexion without limiting normal leg movements. Its parts can be readily replaced by the user when required.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a side view showing the knee brace in position on a flexed leg, shown in phantom lines;
FIG. 2 is a second side view similar to FIG. 1 but showing the position of the knee brace on an extended leg;
FIG. 3 is an edge view of the knee brace shown in position on an extended leg;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing the construction of the shield plate assembly with its polycentric pivot joints.
Referring to FIG. 1, the knee brace of the present invention includes a shield plate assembly 10 which interconnects an elongated rigid upper leg bar 14 and an elongated rigid lower leg bar 18 at polycentric clevis-type pivot joints 12, 16 for movement independently of one another. Securement means comprising a system of straps 20 hold the shield plate assembly in place alongside the outside of the knee in all positions of leg flexion.
Upper leg bar 14 is preferably of rectangular cross section and composed of stainless steel or a similar lightweight yet strong material. It is typically about one foot in length. A rounded lower portion 24 of the upper bar has an aperture for use in forming part of the upper pivot joint 12. An upper portion 26 of the bar retains a generally triangular shaped upper side or thigh plate 28 of thin, somewhat flexible plastic shaped to fit the curve of the side of the upper leg. The back or outside of plate 28 includes a sleeve 30 extending from an opening at the apex to the midpoint of the base of the plate. The sleeve is sized to slidingly receive bar 14. The plate is removably secured to the bar by a machine screw 32 extending through a midportion of the sleeve into the bar. Leg plate 28 may be secured to the upper leg by attached straps (not shown) or alternatively with tape to hold the leg bar in its desired position along the outside of the upper leg.
As shown in FIG. 3, upper bar 14 is not straight as viewed edgewise. Upper portion 26 is offset laterally outwardly from lower portion 24 by a dog-leg intermediate bar portion 25, for a purpose to be described below.
The lower leg bar 18 is of similar design and composition as upper bar 14. A rounded upper portion 34 of the lower bar has an aperture forming part of the upper pivot joint 16. A lower portion 36 of bar 18 retains a generally triangular shaped lower side or calf plate 38 of flexible plastic shaped to fit the curve of the lower leg. The outside of plate 38 includes a sleeve 40 extending from an opening at the apex to the midpoint of the base of the plate. The plate and bar are removably secured together by a machine screw 42 extending through a midportion of the sleeve into the bar. Plate 38 may be secured to the lower leg by attached straps (not shown) or with tape to hold the leg bar 18 in its desired position along the outside of the leg.
As with the upper bar, the lower portion 36 of the lower bar is offset laterally from the upper portion 34 by a dog-leg intermediate portion 35, for a purpose to be described below.
The construction of the shield plate assembly 10 is shown best in FIG. 4. The assembly links the lower end 24 of upper leg bar 14 to the upper end 34 of lower bar 18 at their respective polycentric pivot joints 12, 16. The assembly includes adjacent ends 24, 34 of the upper and lower leg bars sandwiched between a pair of rigid rectangular clevis plates, including an outer clevis plate 46 and an inner clevis plate 48. Each plate, although relatively thin, is made of a strong, rigid lightweight material such as stainless steel. The two clevis plates are joined together by a pair of machine screws 50 extending through the outer clevis plate and apertures of the leg bar ends 24, 34, and threaded into threaded openings of the inner clevis plate 48. Screws 50 also pass through sleeve bushings 52 within the apertures of the leg bar ends. The bushings extend between the outer and inner clevis plates to serve as plate spacers and thereby enable free pivoting movement of the upper and lower leg bars about their respective sleeve bushings without binding between the clevis plates.
A thin, low friction plastic liner plate 54 similar in size and shape to the clevis plates lies between outer clevis plate 46 and the bar ends to minimize friction therebetween while still enabling the joints to be "tight," i.e., laterally rigid. Between the bar ends and inner clevis plate 48, a low-friction plastic knee plate 56 serves a similar function. However, referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the knee plate is larger in area than the clevis plates, extending forwardly and rearwardly therefrom to form a rounded rear extension 58 and a pair of rounded forward ear portions 59. These portions are somewhat flexible.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the adjacent ends of the upper and lower leg bars in the resulting polycentric clevis joints are spaced slightly from one another and therefore fully pivotable independently of one another. Yet the adjacent ends are closely spaced apart, and thus the shield plate assembly can remain in a protective position at the knee in all positions of leg flexion. As best seen in FIG. 3, the axes of the upper and lower pivots 12, 16 are spaced substantially the same distance apart as the lateral centers of the lower outer condyle 60 of the femur and upper outer condyle 61 of the tibia, which maintain this separation throughout the knee joint's range of motion. Axis 62a of the upper leg bar is thus in substantial alignment with the corresponding axis 62b of the femur when the shield assembly 10 is positioned opposite the knee joint. Similarly, axis 63a of the bar is substantially aligned with the corresponding axis 63b of the tibia. The laterally rigid clevis joints 12, 16 thus always overlie the condyles of the femur and tibia as the leg flexes and extends.
Referring to FIG. 2, The knee plate 56 is shaped to receive the knee cap 64 between the ears 59 to position the shield plate assembly 10 over the knee joint. The assembly is held there throughout the knee joint's full range of motion by the strapping system 20 comprising a pair of elastic straps 65, 66 secured at a common position on the rear extension 58 of the knee plate by a section of nonelastic webbing 67 and a rivet 68. Buckle hooks 70 are attached one to each ear 56 by webbing 71 and rivets 72. Slide friction buckles 74 carried by straps 65, 66 attach the straps to buckle hooks 70. Thereafter, the free ends of the straps are pulled to adjust the straps for length. To hold the plate and assembly in position over the outside of the knee joint, the straps are stretched to encircle the back of the knee joint and straddle the knee cap 64 as shown in FIGS. 1--3.
In mounting the brace, the upper and lower leg bars are positioned along the outside of the leg as indicated in FIGS. 2 and 3. Optional latex straps or tape (not shown) may be wrapped across the plate 28, 38 and around the leg to assist in securing the brace to the leg, as indicated by phantom lines 76. The dog-leg portions 25, 35 of the leg bars 14, 18 allow the bars to follow the contour of the upper and lower leg inwardly toward the knee joint but bridge the knee joint with portions 24, 34 to hold the shield plate assembly away from the knee. This separation between the shield plate assembly and knee joint prevents the impact of a lateral blow to the assembly from being transmitted to the knee joint and transmitted instead away from the knee to a long length of the upper and lower leg. The strapping system 20 attached to the shield plate assembly is stretched to encircle the knee joint to retain the shield plate assembly in position throughout the full range of leg flexion.
In use, the brace does not restrict the mobility of the user. The double clevis joints accurately mimic the motion of the knee joint without hindering the pace, direction, or speed of the user. The single-side bracing prevents sideways movement of the knee joint otherwise caused by a sudden unnatural movement of the leg. The rigid shield assembly, more importantly, shields the joint from lateral blows as the leg flexes and extends. Because the shield assembly is separated from the knee joint, the force of the lateral blow is transmitted from the assembly through the rigid leg members and dissipated throughout a long length of the upper and lower leg.
Having illustrated and described the principles of our invention by reference to a preferred embodiment, it should be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that the preferred embodiment can be modified without departing from such principles. We claim as our invention all such modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the following claims.
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Anita Brazell Obituary - Bennington, VT | Bennington Banner
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Anita F. Brazell
HOOSICK FALLS, N.Y. -- Anita F. Brazell, 80, of 10 Nixon St., died Thursday, Nov. 22, at the Hoosick Falls Health Center, after a brief illness. She had resided at the Health Center since March.
Anita was born on June 17, 1927, in Hoosick Falls, daughter of the late John and Bridget (Ladden) Brazell. She graduated from St. Mary’s Academy in 1946. Anita worked for the Circuit Material Division, part of Allied Signal, at the River Road plant as a secretary for 20 years. She retired in the late 1980s.
After her retirement she went to work for the commissioner of economics in Troy as a secretary for two years. Anita then transferred to the Hoosick Falls area, working for the Rensselaer County Department of Aging for a number of years, until her retirement in January 2005.
Anita was a communicant of the Immaculate Conception Church, where she devoted over 25 years of service. She managed funds for S.M.A., their fall harvest drive and the church’s bishop’s drive.
Survivors are her sister Bernice Brazell of Hoosick Falls and several cousins. She is predeceased by a sister, Ann Brazell, and a brother, John Brazell.
Memorial contributions may be made to either St. Mary’s Academy or the Community Hospice of Rensselaer County through the funeral home.
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The Stonebuilder's Primer: A Step-By-Step Guide for Owner-Builders by Charles Long, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®
Writer Charles Long has a well-earned reputation as one of North America's self-sufficiency experts. More than 20 years ago, he and his wife, Elizabeth, fled city life and conventional employment for the country, and have flourished there ever since. Now back by popular demand Long's The Stonebuilder's Primer is a highly readable account of the couple's
Writer Charles Long has a well-earned reputation as one of North America's self-sufficiency experts. More than 20 years ago, he and his wife, Elizabeth, fled city life and conventional employment for the country, and have flourished there ever since. Now back by popular demand Long's The Stonebuilder's Primer is a highly readable account of the couple's successful effort to build "a house that will outlast anything made of wood." Developing a compromise method of stone construction that is both simpler and truer to the stonemason's art than the popular slipform method, the Longs built an aesthetically satisfying home of stone on a limited budget and no previous construction experience. In this classic how-to book, the author describes the complete building process in clear, easy-to-follow steps and, in so doing, dispels the myth of difficulty that surrounds stone construction. Advertising
This volume is a fine, if concise, introduction to the joys and problems of constructing living spaces with stone. In 11 chapters and an epilog, Long details the basics of building with field stone, taking each step in the rough chronology of the building process. His prose is open and friendly, and the illustrations, both line drawings and photographs, deepen the text. Long's "compromise method" of construction provides a simpler method of construction than has otherwise been traditionally embraced with stone. A delight and an important work for the aspiring nonprofessional stonemason. Highly recommended.--Alexander Hartmann, Bloomsburg Univ., PA
Chapter I The Myth of Stone Architecture is inhabited sculpture Constantin Brancusi Fieldstone is an ideal medium for amateur builders. The massive strength in solid walls of stone comes more from the material than from skill. And if the lines are not exactly straight, no critic's eye can tell which wiggles are the builder's and which of them came with the stone. Little mistakes can disappear in the rough-hewn texture of the rock. Despite the forgiving nature of the material and its undeniable beauty, surprisingly few amateur builders are willing to tackle a homemade house of stone. Such reluctance is unfortunate because it is too often based on unfounded fears. As our own stone walls began to grow visible from the road, we attracted a steady stream of passing admirers and critics. The first was a real estate agent, teethed-no doubt-on stockbroker Tudor and relocatable anything. He watched for a while, then shook his head and muttered, "Gonna make a hell of a noise when it comes down." Others have been more polite but no more confident in the capacity of two green exurbanites to raise a stone house from scratch. The doubts are usually voiced in one of three ways: "What if it falls?" "It must be more complicated than that!" "That stuff must weigh a ton!" Only the last of those doubts has any basis in reality. A house-worth of stone weighs more than a ton  it can weigh hundreds of tons. Taken one stone at a time, though, it is no more than any other middle-aged, out-of-shape weekend putterer could handle or, indeed, could benefit from. "What if it falls?" is a fear that makes much less sense. Gravity ensures that every stone presses directly down on the ones beneath. Of course it wants to fall, but it wants to fall straight down through the other stones. It can't go anywhere unless some force pushes it sideways out of the wall, and such a force would have to be extremely potent to push out a stone that is held in place by tons of rock above. In reality, there might be a danger that a whole wall section would begin to tip in unison. Good foundations and a few simple design rules make such a catastrophe very unlikely. "It must be more complicated than that!" is the usual comment of those who watch us work for a while or even try a hand themselves. The answer is, "It doesn't have to be." With the greatest respect for the professional masons and engineers who design and build the truly complex jobs, I must distinguish such work from the very plain and simple skills that suffice to build an ordinary wall in an ordinary house. Real stonemasons are a rare and talented breed. Their skills take years to learn and develop. They have the ability to build airy spires, flying buttresses and fanciful designs that reach the limits of the material. A simple wall in a simple house, however, is the sort of thing that untrained yeomen and illiterate peasants have built for themselves for millennia past. It is only in this recent era of the specialist that we have begun to doubt our ability to do such simple things for ourselves. Weekend builders don't hesitate to go after wood with hammer and saw, though few are master carpenters. Amateur painters abound, though professionals could do better. Why, then, should building with stone be any different? There is a myth about stone that makes newcomers disbelieve the ease with which they can create beauty and strength. "It must be more complicated than that." Of course it is, but even the most amateurish efforts are still capable of producing a house that will outlast anything made of wood. A few years ago, we found ourselves living in a too-small house surrounded by fencerows and and fields full of stone. Heartbreak and frustration for farmers but a bonanza for the builder. With the basic material so freely at hand, building in stone was an easy choice. The hard part was in deciding how. Full of all the doubts that our roadside critics later voiced, we set about looking for an easy way. Blessed with an abundance of old stone buildings in the area, we found no shortage of examples of different styles from which to choose. Sandstone, limestone and granite abound. Fine houses and official buildings, the heritage of craftsmen who emigrated from Scotland 150 years ago, set a benchmark for skill and polish that we knew was beyond us. Cruder buildings, barns and cellars, obviously built by the settlers themselves, were clearly within the limited range of amateur talents we could muster but didn't seem up to the building code or up to our expectations of what a house should be. Building with forms, the method first described by Edward Flagg, expanded by Helen and Scott Nearing and adopted by Karl and Sue Schwenke (Build Your Own Stone House Using the Easy Slipform Method) seemed, at first, to meet our needs. In the end it proved to be more complex and expensive than were simpler, more basic techniques. TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES To the casual observer, a wall of traditional stone construction may appear more neat and orderly than it really is. The closely fitted stones in the visible face are just that  a façade. Chances are, only a few of them extend through the full thickness of the wall. If you could walk inside and look at the back of the wall, you would not see the expected mirror image of the front but a whole different face. The two faces are tied together with a few large stones that reach from one side to the other, and the rest of the core is of rougher construction, rubble or even air space. The two-faced approach is one of the reasons that older stone buildings have such massively thick walls. Accommodating the rough back sides of two faces meant that a wall could rarely be less than 2 feet thick. Some masons deliberately left air spaces in the core as the only concession to insulation. It worked  to a degree-but required an even thicker wall. Even with air spaces in the core, lath and plaster, paneling, paper or anything else the shivering inhabitants were wont to add, early stone houses were cold and often damp as well. Modern renovators add new stud walls on the inside with a full thickness of insulation or resign themselves to leaving an oil truck backed up to the furnace all winter. With an inner lining of fiberglass and studs, the walls get thicker. And the inevitable result of thicker walls is smaller rooms  or having to start with a bigger house. The bigger-house alternative brings us to the other disadvantage of the traditional technique: its extravagant use of material. The massive walls require more stone, and building two faces requires more of the better stones, the flat-sided ones or the carefully cut ones. When masons worked with teams of horses and underpaid apprentices to haul and cut the stone, such extravagance might have been warranted. We, however, were set on going it alone. The two of us together weighed only 250 pounds, and we hardly had a callus between us. An 18-inch wall would weigh 80,000 pounds less than a 24-inch wall. A mere 6 inches would save us 40 tons of digging, hauling, dragging and lifting. And then, to keep us warm, the extra inside face would have to be covered anyway. It was hardly worth the effort. THE SLIPFORM METHOD Slipform building is virtually a poured concrete wall with stones set in the outer face. The builder begins with a large number of portable wooden forms that are bolted and wired together to contain the pour. After the forms are aligned and braced, stone is set in the front and concrete is worked between and behind them. When a section has set, the lower forms are unbolted, removed and replaced on top of the higher forms, leapfrogging up the wall. This was at first appealing because it required only a single face of decent stones, backed with concrete and rubble. Ergo: thinner walls and 40 tons less we
Charles Long is also the author of How to Survive Without a Salary and Life After the City. Customer Reviews

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text: Sunday's Bucky NewsstandBadger Nation Staff03/02/2008News about Wisconsin athletics and the Big Ten from around the country on Sunday, March 2nd.Wisconsin State Journal UW men's hockey: Badgers lose to put home ice in jeopardy UW women's basketball: Banks a special Badger Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Flowers delivers on promises he made to Wisconsin Waiting game begins for UW Devin Harris Three questions with Nick Hayden The Capital Times UW men's hockey: Huskies turn on power, end skid vs. Badgers Minneapolis Star Tribune Home-ice dreams melt, but Gophers get a win U seniors hit a season peak In second half, it's McKenzie and more St. Paul Pioneer Press Gophers make lead hold up this time Gophers get their Signature Win over Buckeyes Chicago Sun Times Illini find just enough offense Wildcats fall apart in 2nd half Chicago Tribune Illinois gets rare road win Detroit News Nittany Lions torch Wolverines from long range Lansing State Journal Senior's Class Spartan Tipoff Detroit Free Press Harris scores career-high 29, but PSU's 12 threes punish defense Neitzel's Spartan legacy on the line; senior's post-MSU future in doubt Iowa City Press Citizen Illini ruin Hawkeye Senior Day Anderson, Wisconsin provide big final obstacle for Iowa Arizona forward, Texas guard visit with Hawkeyes Saturday Journal & Courier Boilers hit winning trifecta Indianapolis Star Boilers' Formula Leads to Easy Win Calasan has seen battles that dwarf Big Ten games Take a pick: '93 Hoosiers or current IU squad Columbus Dispatch Offense sputters, Buckeyes fall flat Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutAF Reaper Gets Universal Weapons InterfaceNotes: Biegel's Return a Boost for WisconsinZimmer on Vikings loss: ‘Embarrassing’AP Top 25 Poll: Week 9Game Balls: Wisconsin at IowaShare & EmbedGrabbing the Bull by the Horns Full StoryBadger Nation Top StoriesRed/White ObservationsThoughts and observations from No.10 Wisconsin's Red/White Scrimmage at the Kohl Center Sunday by Benjamin WorgullBadger NationYesterday at 1:23 PMBadgers Drop Out of Top 10Although its road win gave them an important tiebreaker in the Big Ten West, Wisconsin didn't impress enough pollsters to stay in the top 10 before its weekend matchup against No.7…by StaffScoutYesterday at 11:10 AMGame Balls: Wisconsin at IowaBadgerNation awards the game balls for No. 10 Wisconsin’s 17-9 victory over the Iowa Hawkeyes.by Roderick BurgosBadger NationYesterday at 7:52 AMNotes: Biegel's Return a Boost for WisconsinRead out Vince Biegel's return to the lineup, Wisconsin's two-quarterback system, its multiple offensive line system and more in our insider postgame notebook.by Benjamin WorgullBadger NationYesterday at 1:18 AMFresh Faces Make the DifferenceIn one of Wisconsin's most competitive rivalries, the Badgers' freshmen - namely Quintez Cephus, Kyle Penniston and A.J. Taylor - made a big difference.by Jake KocorowskiBadger NationSaturday at 3:17 PMGrabbing the Bull by the HornsSeeing starters not make the trip or get injured as the game wore on, No.10 Wisconsin saw its defense stand tall once again in a 17-9 victory over Iowa.by Benjamin WorgullBadger NationSaturday at 2:51 PMBreaking NewsWisconsin Delivers in the HeartlandOn an off day for Wisconsin's offense, the Badgers' defense delivers another dominating performance to reclaim the Heartland Trophy with a 17-9 road victory over Iowa.by Benjamin WorgullBadger NationSaturday at 7:48 AMFive Keys to Victory - IowaBefore Wisconsin takes on Iowa at Kinnick Stadium Saturday, BadgerNation looks at its five keys to victory.by Brian BeckerBadger NationFriday at 9:10 PMHow The West Can Still Be WonAlthough dropping two of its first three Big Ten games, No.10 Wisconsin still has all its goals in front of it as it begins the second half of its season.by Benjamin WorgullBadger NationFriday at 11:37 AMSports Illustrated Included w/ BadgerNation!Becoming a BadgerNation member just got better.by Badger Nation StaffBadger NationThursday at 12:49 PMWisconsin vs. Iowa: Need To KnowHow to watch or listen to No.10 Wisconsin's Big Ten contest against Iowa at Kinnick Stadium Saturday and what you need to know.by Benjamin WorgullBadger NationFriday at 6:31 AMOpponent Breakdown: IowaLooking to snap a two game losing streak and regain the Heartland Trophy, No.10 Wisconsin heads back on the road to face Iowa Saturday morning. BadgerNation provides a breakdown of…by Roderick BurgosBadger NationThursday at 3:39 PMLoad More

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project design - Should I use UML when designing new code and algorithms? - Stack Overflow
I'm designing a new system and finding that I am struggling with the structure of what I want to do. A symptom is that every time I re-approach the problem I have to try to draw the relationships of the components on paper. (It is not yet clear in my mind as to what these components are precisely or what the relationship is - for example I managed to delete one that wasn't doing anything).
Is UML a useful way forward? I used to be very sceptical and tried early versions where the production version cost way too much money. Now I see there is a plugin in Netbeans which inter alia has a good selection of Patterns (this alone might make it worth the while).
I've read most of the top-level posts on SO and there doesn't seem to be a very clear consensus. My context is that this is related to research rather than coding for a client so the main purpose is not to document a final product but to help clear my mind (and possibly write some simple structures).
If any answers support UML it would be useful to suggest how long it will take to get productive and how often it will be used. (As a reference I use tests, loggers, and debuggers every day).
SUPPLEMENTARY Is there anything in UML software that enforces consistency (at any level) between the code and the diagram. I assume that when, say, a StrategyPattern, is created then it can generate stub code. But can that code be included in such a way that if the Pattern is broken the UML tool detects this?
uml project-design share|improve this question edited Sep 12 '09 at 11:55
143k21183241
asked Sep 12 '09 at 10:36
Martin Fowler is IMHO right when he says there are three ways to use UML:
as a sketch of what you are going to do
as a blueprint for what you are going to do
as the thing you are going to do in itself
It sounds like you are mostly leaning towards the first, with a side order of the second. It definitely helps to pick one and set your expectations correspondingly - you can't expect to execute a sketch, or produce an executable blueprint in 3 minutes.
Whether it works for you depends on a bunch of things like:
how visual you are as a thi

value: This website is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.


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text: Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5564037 *Mar 29, 1995Oct 8, 1996Cheyenne Software International Sales Corp.Real time data migration system and method employing sparse filesUS5644766 *Aug 23, 1996Jul 1, 1997International Business Machines CorporationSystem and method for managing a hierarchical storage system through improved data migrationUS5784646 *Apr 25, 1995Jul 21, 1998Sony CorporationHierarchical data storage processing apparatus for partitioning resource across the storage hierarchyUS5802599 *Jul 30, 1996Sep 1, 1998International Business Machines CorporationSystem and method for allocating storage in a fragmented storage spaceUS5832522 *May 22, 1996Nov 3, 1998Kodak LimitedData storage management for network interconnected processorsUS5864683 *Oct 12, 1994Jan 26, 1999Secure Computing CorporartionSystem for providing secure internetwork by connecting type enforcing secure computers to external network for limiting access to data based on user and process access rightsUS5881311 *Jun 5, 1996Mar 9, 1999Fastor Technologies, Inc.Data storage subsystem with block based data managementUS5897661 *Feb 25, 1997Apr 27, 1999International Business Machines CorporationLogical volume manager and method having enhanced update capability with dynamic allocation of storage and minimal storage of metadata informationUS5918229 *Mar 28, 1997Jun 29, 1999Mangosoft CorporationStructured data storage using globally addressable memoryUS5953729 *Dec 23, 1997Sep 14, 1999Microsoft CorporationUsing sparse file technology to stage data that will then be stored in remote storageUS5987506 *May 2, 1997Nov 16, 1999Mangosoft CorporationRemote access and geographically distributed computers in a globally addressable storage environmentUS6233600 *Jul 15, 1997May 15, 2001Eroom Technology, Inc.Method and system for providing a networked collaborative work environmentUS6269382 *Aug 31, 1998Jul 31, 2001Microsoft CorporationSystems and methods for migration and recall of data from local and remote storageUS6311252 *Jun 30, 1997Oct 30, 2001Emc CorporationMethod and apparatus for moving data between storage levels of a hierarchically arranged data storage systemUS6343265 *Jul 28, 1998Jan 29, 2002International Business Machines CorporationSystem and method for mapping a design model to a common repository with context preservationUS6377996 *Feb 18, 1999Apr 23, 2002International Business Machines CorporationSystem for seamless streaming of data stored on a network of distributed primary and target servers using segmentation information exchanged among all servers during streamingUS6385706 *Dec 31, 1998May 7, 2002Emx CorporationApparatus and methods for copying a logical object to a primary storage device using a map of storage locationsUS6499039 *Sep 23, 1999Dec 24, 2002Emc CorporationReorganization of striped data during file system expansion in a data storage system* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Melanie Chams, Thomas Lee, Stuart Madnick, Robert Nado, Michael Siegel. "Information Integration with Attribution Support for Corporate Profiles". Nov. 1999. ACM. pp. 423-429.2 *Rakesh D. Barve and Jeffrey Scott Vitter. "A Simple and Efficient Parallel Disk Mergesort". Jun. 1999, ACM 1999. pp. 232-241.3 *Tommie Usdin and Tony Graham, "XML: Not a Silver Bullet, but a Great Pipe Wrench", StandardView Sep. 1998, vol. 6 No. 3 pp. 125-132.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7136883 *Sep 9, 2002Nov 14, 2006Siemens Medial Solutions Health Services CorporationSystem for managing object storage and retrieval in partitioned storage mediaUS7165059 *Dec 23, 2003Jan 16, 2007Veritas Operating CorporationPartial file migration mechanismUS7240122 *Jan 30, 2004Jul 3, 2007Hitachi, Ltd.File sharing device and inter-file sharing device data migration methodUS7340491 *Apr 26, 2004Mar 4, 2008Secureinfo CorporationMethods and apparatus for data preservation and software distribution within an enterprise systemUS7673324 *Apr 9, 2007Mar 2, 2010Mcafee, Inc.Method and system for tracking an operating performed on an information asset with metadata associated therewithUS7711916 *May 11, 2005May 4, 2010Oracle International CorporationStoring information on storage devices having different performance capabilities with a storage systemUS7765551 *Feb 10, 2003Jul 27, 2010Novell, Inc.System for dynamically loading application resources from the first server to the second server based on the modified application resources from the first serverUS8010558 *Jul 17, 2003Aug 30, 2011Silicon Graphics InternationalRelocation of metadata server with outstanding DMAPI requestsUS8055622 *Nov 30, 2004Nov 8, 2011Symantec Operating CorporationImmutable data containers in tiered storage hierarchiesUS8108579 *Mar 31, 2005Jan 31, 2012Qualcomm IncorporatedMechanism and method for managing data storageUS8209307Mar 11, 2010Jun 26, 2012Commvault Systems, Inc.Systems and methods for data migration in a clustered file systemUS8280853 *Mar 31, 2009Oct 2, 2012Symantec Operating CorporationDynamic storage mechanismUS8396908Nov 10, 2009Mar 12, 2013Silicon Graphics International Corp.Multi-class heterogeneous clients in a clustered filesystemUS8484172 *Sep 26, 2002Jul 9, 2013Emc CorporationEfficient search for migration and purge candidatesUS8521741 *Feb 12, 2008Aug 27, 2013Emc CorporationSystems and methods for performing integrated searches with actionsUS8527463Apr 9, 2012Sep 3, 2013Silicon Graphics International Corp.Clustered filesystem with data volume snapshot maintenanceUS8578478Apr 3, 2012Nov 5, 2013Silicon Graphics International Corp.Clustered file systems for mix of trusted and untrusted nodesUS8615534 *Jun 19, 2012Dec 24, 2013International Business Machines CorporationMigration of metadata and storage management of data in a first storage environment to a second storage environmentUS8639665Apr 4, 2012Jan 28, 2014International Business Machines CorporationHybrid backup and restore of very large file system using metadata image backup and traditional backupUS8683021Aug 16, 2011Mar 25, 2014Silicon Graphics International, Corp.Clustered filesystem with membership version supportUS8805789Sep 12, 2012Aug 12, 2014International Business Machines CorporationUsing a metadata image of a file system and archive instance to backup data objects in the file systemUS8806480 *Jun 29, 2007Aug 12, 2014Microsoft CorporationVirtual machine smart migrationUS8825591 *Dec 31, 2003Sep 2, 2014Symantec Operating CorporationDynamic storage mechanismUS8838658Mar 11, 2013Sep 16, 2014Silicon Graphics International Corp.Multi-class heterogeneous clients in a clustered filesystemUS20090257539 *Mar 9, 2009Oct 15, 2009Sony CorporationTransmission apparatus and method, reception apparatus and method, program, and transmission and reception system and methodUS20120284369 *Aug 4, 2011Nov 8, 2012Nubisio Inc.System, method and computer program product for managing a remote storageUS20120311282 *Jun 19, 2012Dec 6, 2012International Business Machines CorporationMigration of metadata and storage management of data in a first storage environment to a second storage environmentUS20130246570 *May 2, 2013Sep 19, 2013Limelight Networks, Inc.Partial Object Distribution in Content Delivery NetworkWO2006105335A2 *Mar 31, 2006Oct 5, 2006John PurliaMechanism and method for managing data storage* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification1/1, 714/E11.118, 707/E17.01, 707/999.203, 707/999.001International ClassificationG06F11/14, G06F12/00, G06F13/16, G06F17/30Cooperative ClassificationY10S707/966, Y10S707/99954, Y10S707/99931, G06F17/30067, G06F11/1402European ClassificationG06F11/14A, G06F17/30FLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 18, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 29, 2009CCCertificate of correctionMay 27, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Aug 24, 2000ASAssignmentOwner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTONFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CABRERA, LUIS FELIPE;JONES, DEBORAH C.;PUDIPEDDI, RAVISANKAR;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011127/0567Effective date: 20000822RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - 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IMAGINEXT SUPER HERO ADVENTURES PLAYSKOOL FIGURES BATMAN SELECT MARVEL | eBay
2Pcs Nick Fury & VISION PlaySkool Heroes Marvel Super Hero Adventure Figure toy
superheroesworld (3839 )
Details about IMAGINEXT SUPER HERO ADVENTURES PLAYSKOOL FIGURES BATMAN SELECT MARVEL
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231221600159
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value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


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America Has a Foreign Tourism Problem - Bloomberg
January 17, 2018, 5:00 AM EST
January 17, 2018, 5:12 PM EST
(Updates with Trump administration comment in eighth paragraph.)

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text:
Just Bear It Michael Jackson | eBay
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text:
Patent US4254662 - Multiple acoustic beamformer step scanner - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsIn an ultrasonic imaging system including an array of ultrasonic oscillators, ultrasonic beams are electronically scanned by sequentially selecting a plurality of oscillator sets for beam transmission and reception. For one transmission of ultrasonic waves, at least two receiver oscillator sets having...http://www.google.com/patents/US4254662?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4254662 - Multiple acoustic beamformer step scannerAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS4254662 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/936,523Publication dateMar 10, 1981Filing dateAug 24, 1978Priority dateSep 2, 1977Publication number05936523, 936523, US 4254662 A, US 4254662A, US-A-4254662, US4254662 A, US4254662AInventorsMasao Kuroda, Sekijyuro Ono, Kageyoshi Katakura, Toshio KondoOriginal AssigneeHitachi Medical CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (56), Classifications (16) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMultiple acoustic beamformer step scanner
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3919683 *May 13, 1974Nov 11, 1975Tokyo Shibaura Electric CoUltrasonic wave transmitting and receiving apparatusUS3950723 *Feb 21, 1974Apr 13, 1976Westinghouse Electric CorporationSonar apparatusUS4064741 *Nov 22, 1976Dec 27, 1977Smithkline Instruments, Inc.Real-time ultrasonic imaging systemUS4070642 *Jun 24, 1976Jan 24, 1978Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd.Ultrasonic wave transmitting and receiving apparatusUS4135140 *Jun 8, 1977Jan 16, 1979Siemens AktiengesellschaftUltrasonic imaging apparatus operating according to the impulse-echo methodUS4136325 *Jun 23, 1976Jan 23, 1979Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd.Ultrasonic wave transmitting and receiving apparatusUS4159462 *Aug 18, 1977Jun 26, 1979General Electric CompanyUltrasonic multi-sector scannerUS4161121 *Jul 20, 1977Jul 17, 1979Varian Associates, Inc.Ultrasonic imaging system* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Ueda, M. et al., "Dynamic Focussing UTS Transducers Using Analog Switch Phase Shifters", Elec. & Comm. in Japan, vol. 58-A, No. 12, (1976, Dec.).* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4332171 *Jul 3, 1980Jun 1, 1982Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki KaishaUltrasonic diagnosis apparatusUS4368643 *Nov 14, 1980Jan 18, 1983Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, LimitedUltrasonic imaging by radial scan beams emanating from a hypothetical point located behind linear transducer arrayUS4448076 *Sep 22, 1982May 15, 1984U.S. Philips CorporationMethod and device for examination by means of ultrasonic beamsUS4458533 *May 21, 1981Jul 10, 1984Siemens AktiengesellschaftApparatus for ultrasonic scanningUS4505156 *Jun 21, 1983Mar 19, 1985Sound Products Company L.P.Method and apparatus for switching multi-element transducer arraysUS4561308 *Mar 14, 1984Dec 31, 1985Cgr UltrasonicImage display process by ultrasounds from an alignment of transducer elementsUS4586512 *Mar 27, 1985May 6, 1986Thomson-CsfDevice for localized heating of biological tissuesUS4631965 *Apr 20, 1984Dec 30, 1986Commissariat A L'energie AtomiqueAcoustic holography process and apparatus using a space-limited ultrasonic beamUS4733562 *Jul 11, 1986Mar 29, 1988Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod and apparatus for ultrasonic scanning of an objectUS4742830 *Feb 6, 1986May 10, 1988Hitachi Medical Corp.Ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus for displaying the distribution of speed of movement of an internal part of a living bodyUS4752896 *Sep 26, 1984Jun 21, 1988Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaUltrasonic imaging deviceUS4790320 *Mar 15, 1984Dec 13, 1988Johnson & Johnson Ultrasound Inc.Parallel ultrasonic information processingUS4817617 *Mar 7, 1988Apr 4, 1989Yokogawa Medical Systems, LimitedDiagnostic imaging apparatusUS4830016 *Feb 6, 1986May 16, 1989Hitachi Medical Corp.Ultrasonic diagnosis apparatusUS4886069 *Dec 21, 1987Dec 12, 1989General Electric CompanyMethod of, and apparatus for, obtaining a plurality of different return energy imaging beams responsive to a single excitation eventUS4918605 *Dec 2, 1987Apr 17, 1990Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaMethod and system for detecting and processing ultrasonic doppler signalsUS4974558 *Aug 27, 1985Dec 4, 1990Hitachi Medical CorporationUltrasonodiagnostic tomography apparatusUS5203335 *Mar 2, 1992Apr 20, 1993General Electric CompanyPhased array ultrasonic beam forming using oversampled A/D convertersUS5355888 *Nov 12, 1992Oct 18, 1994Massachusetts Institute Of TechnologyHigh resolution phased array echo imagerUS5623928 *Apr 7, 1995Apr 29, 1997Acuson CorporationMethod and apparatus for coherent image formationUS5678552 *Dec 5, 1995Oct 21, 1997Hewlett-Packard CompanyMethod and apparatus for increasing the frame rate and resolution of a phased-array imaging systemUS5793701 *Feb 26, 1997Aug 11, 1998Acuson CorporationMethod and apparatus for coherent image formationUS5908390 *Dec 23, 1997Jun 1, 1999Fujitsu LimitedUltrasonic diagnostic apparatusUS5921932 *Jan 10, 1997Jul 13, 1999Acuson CorporationMethod and apparatus for a baseband processor of a receive beamformer systemUS5928152 *May 2, 1995Jul 27, 1999Acuson CorporationMethod and apparatus for a baseband processor of a receive beamformer systemUS5935072 *Dec 27, 1996Aug 10, 1999Intravascular Research LimitedUltrasonic visualisation method and apparatusUS5993393 *Jun 16, 1993Nov 30, 1999Intravascular Research LimitedMethods and apparatus for the examination and treatment of internal organsUS6016285 *Jul 29, 1998Jan 18, 2000Acuson CorporationMethod and apparatus for coherent image formationUS6020782 *Jul 11, 1997Feb 1, 2000The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The NavyNoise assisted signal processor with nonlinearly coupled arrays of nonlinear dynamic elementsUS6029116 *Aug 20, 1998Feb 22, 2000Acuson CorporationMethod and apparatus for a baseband processor of a receive beamformer systemUS6111816 *Nov 6, 1997Aug 29, 2000Teratech CorporationMulti-dimensional beamforming deviceUS6254542Jul 15, 1999Jul 3, 2001Intravascular Research LimitedUltrasonic visualization method and apparatusUS6292433Jul 30, 1999Sep 18, 2001Teratech CorporationMulti-dimensional beamforming deviceUS6552964Apr 6, 2001Apr 22, 2003Teratech CorporationSteerable beamforming systemUS6671227Aug 2, 2001Dec 30, 2003Teratech CorporationMultidimensional beamforming deviceUS6721235Apr 25, 2001Apr 13, 2004Teratech CorporationSteerable beamforming systemUS6780152 *Jun 26, 2002Aug 24, 2004Acuson CorporationMethod and apparatus for ultrasound imaging of the heartUS6842401Jul 19, 2001Jan 11, 2005Teratech CorporationSonar beamforming systemUS20040006266 *Jun 26, 2002Jan 8, 2004Acuson, A Siemens Company.Method and apparatus for ultrasound imaging of the heartUS20050018540 *Dec 30, 2003Jan 27, 2005Teratech CorporationIntegrated portable ultrasound imaging systemUS20060241425 *Mar 29, 2004Oct 26, 2006Qinetiq LimitedUltrasound detectionUS20060253028 *Apr 20, 2005Nov 9, 2006Scimed Life Systems, Inc.Multiple transducer configurations for medical ultrasound imagingUS20120073374 *Sep 22, 2011Mar 29, 2012Ryuichi ShinomuraUltrasonic imaging apparatusDE3605163A1 *Feb 18, 1986Aug 21, 1986Hitachi Medical CorpUltraschalldiagnosegeraetDE3605164A1 *Feb 18, 1986Aug 21, 1986Hitachi Medical CorpUltraschalldiagnosegeraetDE3842582A1 *Dec 17, 1988Jul 6, 1989Gen ElectricVerfahren und einrichtung zum erhalten von mehreren unterschiedlichen energierueckleitstrahlen als antwort auf ein einzelnes erregungsereignisDE4304275A1 *Feb 12, 1993Jan 13, 1994Hewlett Packard CoVerfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erhöhen der Bildwechselfrequenz und der Auflösung eines Phased-Array-BildsystemesEP0068052A1 *Jun 29, 1981Jan 5, 1983International Business Machines CorporationUltrasonic imaging apparatus and methodEP0068961A2 *Jun 11, 1982Jan 5, 1983Thomson-CsfApparatus for the local heating of biological tissueEP0068961A3 *Jun 11, 1982Feb 2, 1983Thomson-CsfApparatus for the local heating of biological tissueEP0119911A1 *Mar 9, 1984Sep 26, 1984Cgr UltrasonicMethod of ultrasonic imaging using a linear array of transducer elementsEP0208995A1 *Jul 2, 1986Jan 21, 1987Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod and apparatus for the ultrasonic scanning of an objectEP0210624A2 *Jul 28, 1986Feb 4, 1987Advanced Technology Laboratories, Inc.High resolution multiline ultrasonic beamformerEP0223080A1 *Oct 17, 1986May 27, 1987General Electric CompanyMethod and means for steering phased array scanner in ultrasound imaging systemEP0702349A3 *Sep 15, 1995Jan 7, 1998Advanced Technology Laboratories, Inc.Ultrasonic multiline beamforming with interleaved samplingWO2006003621A1 *Jun 28, 2005Jan 12, 2006Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Multi-line beamforming extention using sub-arrays* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification73/626International ClassificationG01N29/04, A61B8/00, G10K11/34, G01S15/89, G01N29/26Cooperative ClassificationG01S15/8918, G01S15/8927, G01N29/262, G10K11/345, G01S7/52095European ClassificationG01S7/52S14F, G01S15/89D1C5, G01S15/89D1C, G10K11/34C3, G01N29/26ERotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


text:
THE MOST OUTSTANDING BUDGET HOTEL IN SINGAPORE - Review of Champion Hotel, Singapore, Singapore - TripAdvisor
THE MOST OUTSTANDING BUDGET HOTEL IN... - Champion Hotel
I would recommend this hotel for budget to high end travelers and I would definitely come back to this hotel again when in SG.More
66 - 71 of 448 reviews
We arrived about 10 a.m.
We were told, that there is an early-check-in fee. This was very bad, because after more than 18 hours of travel: a shower and a change in clothes would have been pretty fine.
So we skipped the shower and go on sightseeing; but we were able to store the luggage for free.
When we came back in the evening they let us check in without any additional fees.
Besides this stupid early-check-in fee the staff was very friendly and helpful!
Our room was very nice and clean (see pictures). It did have a safe, which could be used free of charge.
But unfotunately they do have an open lobby and EVERY sound which is louder than a normal talk will go up thru the air and up to all rooms facing the lobby.
We did have that problem :-(
So I recommend, you'd better take a room on the end of the hallway = far away from the open lobby!
They offer breakfast 2 doors down in a restaurant.
Unfortunately they only have got asian style breakfast. So for somebody like me, who wants to have a continental breakfast, they offer just nothing!!
So we skipped breakfast the next 2 days :-/
Room Tip: Away form the open lobby (e.g. on the end of the hallway)
Ask Bob x about Champion Hotel
Used the Champion Hotel as a overnight stay on the way to Thailand. Easy taxi ride to area costing just over $10. Was also esy to flag down a taxi to return to the airport. The staff extremely friendly and welcoming and quite efficient. The hotel itself looks well maintained with a pleasant foyer and public spaces. Our room was very comfortable and quite large for Singapore . The area itself has plenty of dining options with both local restaurants and hawker centre's close by. Overall would not hesitate to stay here again even for a longer stay.
Ask mooksian about Champion Hotel
3 Thank mooksian

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text:
Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip, sealhulgas fotod – Booking.com
3695 West 76 Country Boulevard, Branson Theatre District, Branson, MO 65616 , Ameerika Ühendriigid
See naabruskond on suurepärane valik külastajatele, kes on huvitatud toit, meelelahutus ja elav muusika – Vaata asukohta
Suurepärane asukoht – saanud hindeks 10-st 9,1! (keskmine hinne 39 arvustuse põhjal)
Hinnanud külastajad pärast oma peatumist majutusasutuses Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip.
Kindlustage parim hind peatumiseks majutusasutuses Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip, mis on hiljuti külastanutelt saanud hindeks 8,8.
White Water water park is a short walk from the Branson Hampton Inn. Several restaurants are also within a short walk of the hotel. Branson Theatre District on suurepärane valik külastajatele, kelle huviks on toit, meelelahutus ja elav muusika.
Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip on Booking.com'i külastajaid vastu võtnud alates 2. märts 2011.
Asudes ühes parimaks hinnatud piirkondadest sihtkohas Branson, on see majutusasutus saanud suurepärase asukoha hinde: 9,1
Millal soovid peatuda majutusasutuses Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip?
Viimane broneering sellesse hotelli tehti 23. veebr, kell 09.08, Ameerika Ühendriikidest.
Just broneeriti 14 hotelli nagu Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip
4 põhjust, et valida Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip
Majutusasutuses Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip pakutavad mugavused
Vaata 30 parimat hotelli sihtkohas Branson, vastavalt 21 249 ehtsale hotellidele jäetud arvustusele Booking.com'is.
„The stay was great and the staff was so helpful, friendly and I am definitely coming back again.”
„I liked that breakfast was changed up every other day...so that those of us who stay more than a couple of days. The eggs on muffins was interesting and good. The staff was very friendly and the rooms were very clean...housekeeping gal was very friendly ( Val)”
„Like I had read in a previous review, breakfast menu changed daily, which was great! Facilities were very clean, all equipment in the gym worked, and was in great condition,and there was even a laundry area with washers and dryers. To anyone that has traveled and has had to find a laundry mat, you can appreciate having one in the hotel.
„The complimentary breakfast was excellent and didn't change from Sunday morning to Monday morning, as is the case with many other motels. The staff was friendly, polite and in general, a pleasure to run into. I especially would like to compliment Chris, one of the front desk staff. After checking out and driving about 15 miles or so, my wife realized that she had left her insulin and syringes in the room refrigerator. I called, talked to Chris and he retrieved the items for us, kept it refrigerated until we returned to the site for them. Thank You Chris!!”
„Had a overall excellent stay would recommend it to everyone”
Külalised, kes vaatasid hotelli Hampton Inn Branson on the Strip, vaatasid ka:
Located off Highway 65, within a 5-minute drive of Historic Downtown Hollister, MO, La Quinta Inn & Suites Branson - Hollister features an indoor heated pool and free breakfast. Viimane broneering selles hotellis tehti täna kell 02:59
Viimane broneering selles hotellis tehti eile kell 00:18
Less than 5 minutes’ drive from the Branson Theatre District, this hotel offers room with free Wi-Fi and cable TV. An indoor pool and hot tub are available on the property. Viimane broneering selles hotellis tehti eile kell 17:31
Nestled in the Ozark Mountains, this Branson hotel is 0.2 miles from Thousand Hills Golf Course. It features an outdoor pool and spacious rooms with free Wi-Fi and a cable TV. Viimane broneering selles hotellis tehti täna kell 07:34
204809,207976,209825,205969,203700,207480,204913,206364|2,204742,193924,195650,203454|1,207092,205232,209923,207609,204545,199682,204316,207723,205697,205610,207977,207740,209631,184105|2,208823,209169,208334,202643,208048,203056,203220,203206,203396,200404,205054,194153,201523,207041,206364,202060,209640,203225,185503,208228,204807,190946,209215|1,204909,204562,204587,208782,208414,209966,208689,205066,209618,206291,207217,190781,207205,196924,209865,204311,209922,208943,207045,207513,207884,205164,201682,198582,207035,204265,202145,198584,198381,204536,200497,205106,184105|6,209104,208507,204534,203359,209029,205512,203218,207473,209175,205677,208160,206562,205443,206882,202398,209853,209049,201964,206793,208333,208579,205682,205736,206364|3,209435,209631|1,202717,197382,208493,201691,200950,206930,197367,209477,203454,200322,209215,204386,207411,197779,207077,184105,206104,204377,204284,207483,204124

value: This website is a Dutch online travel agency for lodging reservations & other travel products, and a subsidiary of Booking Holdings. It is headquartered in Amsterdam.The website has over 28 million listings.


text:
Luxury Hotels in Jabiru- Book Luxury Hotels with Hotels.com
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Looking for Jabiru finest luxurious hotels? Choose the most sumptuous hotels in Jabiru located near the Jabiru main attractions. Find your vacation paradise, book a hotel in Jabiru, Australia with atranquil, peaceful and beautiful atmosphere and sumptuous 4 or 5 star accommodations. with an extraordinary amenities and views Compare all hotels based up on amenities, location, star rating and price range and get the the high class hotel or restort in Jabiru that is right for you. Consider also hotels outside of Jabiru and make the most out of your vacation or business trip.
If you're a VIP type of tourist that enjoys exploring new world's finest luxury hotels& resorts, you might want to see check our detailed maps of the Jabiru area and each landmark to help you to find historical hotels. Hotels.com provide with a range of choices for the perfect experience for your next luxury hotel spa & resort vacation in Jabiru,Australia.
The top luxurious Jabiru accommodation are here! Get the most for your money with our luxury hotels with spa and golf resorts. Filter by amenity, star rating and theme, so you can find an ideal hotel with all the amenities you need. Our vast range of hotels in Jabiru will provide you with a luxurious variety of amenities and services.
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Amazon.co.uk: golf - Over £50 / In Stock Only / Home & Garden: Books
Books Advanced Search Best Sellers Top New Releases Deals in Books Best Books of the Month School Books Textbooks Books Outlet Children's Books Calendars & Diaries 1-16 of 100 results for Books : Home & Garden : Over £50 : In Stock Only : "golf" "golf" Cancel
Turf Management for Golf Courses (Architecture)1 Oct 2001by James B BeardHardcover£92.00PrimeOnly 3 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£68.48used & new(12 offers)Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryPractical Golf Course Maintenance: The Magic of Greenkeeping14 Dec 2012by Gordon Witteveen and Michael BavierHardcover£57.50PrimeOnly 2 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£33.36used & new(39 offers)Kindle Edition£49.39Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryRouting the Golf Course: The Art and Science That Forms the Golf Journey (Forrest Richardson Golf Group)14 Aug 2002by Forrest L. RichardsonHardcover£80.00PrimeOnly 1 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£62.52used & new(15 offers)Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryVolkswagen Golf GTI (Classics in Colour)1 Aug 1992by Ian WagstaffPaperback£3.94used & new(15 offers)Golf Course Architecture: Evolutions in Design, Construction, and Restoration Technology16 Sep 2005by Michael J. HurdzanHardcover£64.00PrimeOnly 1 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£44.64used & new(26 offers)Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryGolf Greens: History, Design, and Construction (Architecture)13 Jul 2004by Michael J. HurdzanHardcover£80.00PrimeOnly 1 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£58.98used & new(25 offers)Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryGolf Architecture: v. 5: A Worldwide Perspective30 Sep 2009by Paul DaleyHardcover£51.45used & new(9 offers)Nicklaus by Design: Golf Course Strategy and Architecture11 Nov 2002by Jack Nicklaus and Chris MillardHardcover£19.30used & new(15 offers)
1The Golf Courses of Javier Arana28 Feb 2014by Alfonso Erhardt YbarraHardcover£50.00used & new(1 offer)The Best Golf Course Management Practices9 Jun 2000by L. B. McCartyHardcover£33.40used & new(12 offers)Paperback£108.99PrimeNot in stock; order now and we'll deliver when availableMore buying choices£108.99used & new(3 offers)
1Creating Classics: The Golf Courses of Harry Colt6 Nov 2008by Peter Pugh and Henry LordHardcover£40.00used & new(11 offers)
11Golf Architecture: A Worldwide Perspective: v. 331 May 2005by Paul DaleyHardcover£89.95used & new(7 offers)Turf Managers' Handbook for Golf Course Construction, Renovation & Grow-in1 Jan 2000by Charles B. WhiteHardcover£80.00PrimeOnly 3 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£43.44used & new(30 offers)Kindle Edition£76.00
1Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryA Guide to Golf Course System Design and Drainage (Turfgrass Science and Practice)1 Jan 1997by Edward PiraHardcover£64.00PrimeOnly 1 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£17.55used & new(22 offers)Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryPractical Drainage for Golf (Architecture)1 Jul 2000by McIntyreHardcover£70.00PrimeOnly 1 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£52.39used & new(38 offers)Eligible for FREE UK Delivery
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Format Hardcover (72) Paperback (28) Kindle Books (8) Author James B. Beard (4) Geoffrey S. Cornish (3) Arnold Palmer (1) Corey Sandler (1) Donald Steel (1) Ian Wagstaff (1) Jack Nicklaus (1) + See more Language English (99) German (1) Delivery Option (What's this?) Free UK Delivery by Amazon Avg. Customer Review 4 Stars & Up & Up (17) 3 Stars & Up & Up (18) 2 Stars & Up & Up (18) 1 Star & Up & Up (19) Price Any Price £ to £ International Shipping (What's this?) AmazonGlobal Eligible Availability Include Out of Stock Unlimited One-Day Delivery and more Prime members also enjoy exclusive access to movies and TV shows, a million songs and much more. >