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NCAA Football Preview - North Texas Mean Green | Fox News
Philadelphia, PA – 2012 SEASON IN REVIEW: Although it won four straight league titles upon entering, North Texas did not have a gracious exit from the Sun Belt Conference. The Mean Green played a very tough non-conference schedule and won one less game than in 2011. Coach Dan McCarney took the Cyclones to the bowl season in five of his final seven seasons at Iowa State. He has compiled a 9-15 record in two years with the Mean Green.
North Texas began its season with a lopsided, 41-14 loss at LSU. It downed Texas State, 34-7, the following week to climb back to the .500 mark. The Mean Green then lost two in a row, to Kansas State (35-21) and Troy (14-7). They beat Florida Atlantic, 20-14, on the road, but could not repeat that success the following week at Houston (44-21). North Texas went 2-4 the rest of the way, with victories over Louisiana (30-23) and South Alabama (24-14), and losses to Middle Tennessee (38-21), Arkansas State (37-19), ULM (42-16) and Western Kentucky (25-24).
North Texas's 4-8 record made it ineligible for a bowl bid. It has not played in a bowl game since 2004, which is also the last year it claimed a conference title.
OFFENSE: North Texas was an average team offensively last season, finishing 51st in rushing (173.1 yards per game), 72nd in passing (219.1), but produced just the 103rd most points, at 20.9 points per contest. Senior Derek Thompson is the leading candidate the start under center for the third straight opener. He passed for 2,629 yards with 14 touchdowns last season. Offensive coordinator Mike Canales may consider other options at quarterback if Thompson struggles. He has a pair of intriguing backups in Andrew McNulty and Brock Berglund to consider.
Whichever passer is dropping back will utilize senior wideout Brelan Chancellor, who racked up 450 yards and five touchdowns on 25 catches in 2012. Darnell Smith (379 yards, 28 catches) and Carlos Harris (253 yards, 19 catches) are a couple of additional options in the aerial attack. Senior tight end Drew Miller (131 yards, 18 catches) is an above average blocker for his position. He will be a help to the offensive line that returns Antonio Johnson (6-5, 311), Mason Y'Barbo (6-2, 309) and Cyril Lemon (6-3, 321), who all started last season as sophomores. The Mean Green led the nation in sacks allowed, giving up just a half-sack per game.
"As a quarterback I always want to make sure the offensive line has some experience," said Canales. "The consistency and the continuity that we have offensive line wise provides a lot of strength for the quarterback game. They feel confident in the guys up front."
The Mean Green also have three of their top four leading rushers back. Senior tailback Brandin Byrd was the sixth most productive ball carrier in the SBC last season with 860 yards and four scores on 205 attempts. Junior halfback Antoinne Jimmerson (544 yards, five TDs) regularly provided a spark and Chancellor (155 yards, 16 attempts) contributed in the ground attack on occasion also.
DEFENSE: North Texas allowed 27.8 points per game in 2012, which made it a middle of the road defense when compared to the rest of the FBS. It was a huge step in the right direction though, as it was the lowest points allowed average for the program since 2006. The defensive performance could get even better as the Mean Green return eight starters from last season's unit.
The entire secondary is back, with sophomore cornerback Zac Whitfield coming off of an impressive rookie season during which he recorded a team-high three interceptions. The defensive backfield was responsible for a healthy share of the takedowns last year. Senior cornerback Hilbert Jackson registered the third-most tackles (84) on the team while safeties Lairamie Lee (72) and Marcus Trice (63) were right behind him.
The top two tacklers are also back. Senior linebacker Zachary Orr made 108 total stops and intercepted a pair of passes as he consistently appeared to be the heart and soul of the defense. Junior Derek Akunne plays well alongside of Orr. He made a career-high 90 total tackles in 2012.
"We've got to be more disciplined in our coverages," said McCarney. "We were pretty darn good at interceptions last season. We were really poor on forcing fumbles. If you don't hit guys and hit them in the right way, with correct technique, you're not going to force fumbles. And we didn't. We have a lot of room to improve there."
The defensive line has one of the team's key players in senior defensive end Aaron Bellazin (6-2, 244), who tallied 32 total tackles, nine for loss and five sacks in 2012. The defensive tackle tandem of Alexander Lincoln (6-2, 286) and Richard Abbe (6-4, 315) is going to be helpful against the run.
SPECIAL TEAMS: Senior kicker Zach Olen was reliable from short distances last season, making 9-of-10 field goals from inside of 40 yards and 28 of his 29 extra point attempts. He went just 2-of-6 from 40 and beyond though, which means North Texas has to move the ball pretty deep into enemy territory to put him in position. The Mean Green will employ a new punter with redshirt freshman Blake Macek expected to be the fourth-down specialist.
North Texas could stand to bolster its special teams play after ranking 104th in kick return average (19.2 per attempt) and 117th in punt return average (2.1 per attempt). Chancellor was the number one returner on the depth chart, with 18 kick returns for 351 yards and five punt returns for 10 yards.
OUTLOOK: The Mean Green bring back a whole lot from a team that left plenty to be desired last season. They are also entering their first season in the Conference USA. North Texas plays its entire non-conference schedule to begin its 2013 campaign and then has its inaugural eight C-USA matchups.
North Texas begins its season at home at Apogee Stadium against Idaho, then it will visit Athens, Ohio to play the Bobcats. The Mean Green face another MAC school the following week when Ball State comes to Denton and will conclude their non-league run in Athens, Georgia against the Bulldogs. Their first tour of the new look C-USA includes games against Tulane, Middle Tennessee, Louisiana Tech, Southern Miss, Rice, Texas-El Paso, Texas-San Antonio and Tulsa.
North Texas's biggest strength is its depth on both sides of the ball. While it has plenty of experience, the current crop of players have failed to get the job done thus far. The move to the C-USA should help get better recruits to consider the Mean Green, but they will need to wait for that to occur before they will contend for a conference championship.

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Patent US7118986 - STI formation in semiconductor device including SOI and bulk silicon regions - Google Patents
Methods for forming or etching silicon trench isolation (STI) in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) region and a bulk silicon region, and a semiconductor device so formed, are disclosed. The STI can be etched simultaneously in the SOI and bulk silicon regions by etching to an uppermost silicon layer using...http://www.google.com/patents/US7118986?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7118986 - STI formation in semiconductor device including SOI and bulk silicon regions
Publication number US7118986 B2
Application number US 10/710,060
Also published as CN1954435A, CN100452409C, EP1782473A2, EP1782473A4, US7394131, US20050282392, US20060244093, WO2006009613A2, WO2006009613A3
Publication number 10710060, 710060, US 7118986 B2, US 7118986B2, US-B2-7118986, US7118986 B2, US7118986B2
Inventors Michael D. Steigerwalt, Mahender Kumar, Herbert L. Ho, David M. Dobuzinsky, Johnathan E. Faltermeier, Denise Pendleton
US 7118986 B2
US20030119228 Feb 15, 2002 Jun 26, 2003 Hisato Oyamatsu Semiconductor device having patterned SOI structure and method for fabricating the same
US20030201512 May 23, 2003 Oct 30, 2003 Takashi Yamada Semiconductor device having one of patterned SOI and SON structure
U.S. Classification 438/424, 257/E21.279, 257/350, 257/348, 438/151, 257/347, 257/349, 257/E21.232
International Classification H01L21/762, H01L21/311, H01L21/308, H01L21/316, H01L21/76
Cooperative Classification H01L21/3081, H01L21/31612, H01L21/76283
European Classification H01L21/308B, H01L21/762D20M

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Patent US6297753 - Eight-to-fifteen modulation using no merging bit and optical disc recording ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA p-to-q (p<q) code table, and a p-to-q modulation method and system that uses the table and provides a q-bit code stream satisfying a predetermined RLL constraints and the DSV constraint and including no merging bit are provided. The table comprises a plurality of subtables with respective ID's. Each...http://www.google.com/patents/US6297753?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6297753 - Eight-to-fifteen modulation using no merging bit and optical disc recording or reading systems based thereonAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6297753 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/489,609Publication dateOct 2, 2001Filing dateJan 21, 2000Priority dateJan 29, 1999Fee statusPaidAlso published asEP1024489A2, EP1024489A3Publication number09489609, 489609, US 6297753 B1, US 6297753B1, US-B1-6297753, US6297753 B1, US6297753B1InventorsAtsushi HayamiOriginal AssigneeVictor Company Of Japan, Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (21), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetEight-to-fifteen modulation using no merging bit and optical disc recording or reading systems based thereonUS 6297753 B1Abstract A p-to-q (p<q) code table, and a p-to-q modulation method and system that uses the table and provides a q-bit code stream satisfying a predetermined RLL constraints and the DSV constraint and including no merging bit are provided. The table comprises a plurality of subtables with respective ID's. Each q-bit code in the table is accompanied with a field containing a subtable ID for the modulation of the next code. Codes can be used repeatedly in each subtable such that combinations of appearances of each of the overlapping codes and respective fields are unique in the subtable. The table includes at least one group of a first subtable and at least one second subtable such that the first subtable can be used for the second subtable(s) for the codes of the 2p codes that are in a predetermined range and that, for each code in the predetermined range, the number of �1� symbols of two corresponding codes of the first subtable and each of the second subtable(s) is an odd number, which enables DSV control. In modulation, a q-bit code for the current p-bit code is retrieved from a subtable identified by the value of the above-mentioned field that accompanies the q-bit code used for the previous p-bit code. If two subtables are usable, one yielding a smaller DSV absolute value is used.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5696505 *Feb 8, 1995Dec 9, 1997U.S. Philips CorporationMethod of converting a series of m-bit information words to a modulated signal, method of producing a record carrier, coding device, decoding device, recording device, reading device, signal, as well as record carrierUS5731768 *Jan 31, 1996Mar 24, 1998Seagate Technology, Inc.Method and apparatus for implementing codes with maximum transition run lengthUS5742243 *Feb 14, 1996Apr 21, 1998Pioneer Electric CorporationMethod and apparatus for reducing DC component of RLL codesUS5870703 *Jun 13, 1995Feb 9, 1999Sony CorporationAdaptive bit allocation of tonal and noise componentsUS5969649 *Feb 17, 1998Oct 19, 1999International Business Machines CorporationRun length limited encoding/decoding with robust resyncUS6046691 *Apr 13, 1998Apr 4, 2000Lucent Technologies Inc.Rate 16/17 (0,5) modulation code apparatus and method for partial response magnetic recording channelsUS6104324 *Oct 29, 1997Aug 15, 2000Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Coding/decoding method for reproducing data in high density and reproducing data, and apparatus thereforJPH0831100A Title not availableJPH0877717A Title not availableJPH08149013A Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1"EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the Multimedia Compact Disc" by K.A.S. Immink; IEEE Trans. C.E. vol.41, No.3; Aug., 1995; pp., 491-497.2"Finite-State Modulation Codes for Data Storage" by B. H. Marcus et al.; U.S. IEEE J.on Selected Areas in Communications vol. 10, No. 1; Jan., 1992; pp., 5-27.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6445313 *Feb 6, 2001Sep 3, 2002Lg Electronics Inc.Data modulating/demodulating method and apparatus for optical recording mediumUS6486804 *May 10, 2001Nov 26, 2002Koninklijke Phillips Electronics N.V.Method of converting a stream of databits of a binary information signal into a stream of databits of a constrained binary channel signal, device for encoding, signal comprising a stream of databits of a constrained binary channel signal, record carrier, method for decoding, device for decodingUS6492920 *Oct 26, 2001Dec 10, 2002Victor Company Of Japan, LimitedModulation method, modulator, transmission apparatus and recording mediumUS6542452 *Jan 31, 2000Apr 1, 2003Mediatek Inc.Method and system for computing digital sum variation of a stream of channel-bit symbolsUS6670896Jan 31, 2003Dec 30, 2003Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd.Method and apparatus for modulating and demodulating digital dataUS6807137 *Dec 11, 2003Oct 19, 2004Sony CorporationEncoding method and apparatus therefor, and optical-disk recording method and apparatus thereforUS6853684 *Feb 19, 2003Feb 8, 2005Mediatek Inc.Digital sum variation computation method and systemUS6898166 *Jan 25, 2002May 24, 2005Victor Company Of Japan, LimitedSynchronous signal generating method, recording apparatus, transmitting apparatus, recording medium, and transmission mediumUS6963296 *Feb 12, 2002Nov 8, 2005Victor Company Of Japan, LimitedRecording method, recording apparatus, transmitting apparatus, reproducing method, reproducing apparatus, receiving apparatus, recording medium, and transmission mediumUS7009532 *Jul 30, 2004Mar 7, 2006Hitachi, Ltd.DVD recording method and rewritable DVD apparatusUS7016286 *Jun 25, 2002Mar 21, 2006Victor Company Of Japan, LimitedDigital signal modulation method, digital signal modulation apparatus, encoding method, encoding apparatus, storage medium, transmission apparatus and programUS7042951 *Dec 1, 2004May 9, 2006Mediatek, Inc.Digital sum variation computation method and systemUS7142135Sep 6, 2005Nov 28, 2006Media Tek Inc.Modulation methods and systemsUS7215261Oct 27, 2005May 8, 2007Hitachi, Ltd.DVD recording method and rewritable DVD apparatusUS7286065 *Jun 24, 2005Oct 23, 2007Marvell International Ltd.Method and apparatus for DC-level constrained codingUS7317408 *Mar 18, 2004Jan 8, 2008Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Digital modulation apparatus and digital modulation methodUS7379502 *Oct 19, 2001May 27, 2008Lg Electronics Inc.Method of converting digital dataUS7397396Oct 18, 2006Jul 8, 2008Mediatek Inc.Modulation methods and systemsUS7423561Jun 5, 2007Sep 9, 2008Mediateck Inc.Modulation methods and systemsUS20110276990 *Apr 29, 2011Nov 10, 2011Sony CorporationEncoding device, encoding method, recording device, recording method, optical recording medium, decoding device and decoding methodUSRE44013 *May 9, 2008Feb 19, 2013Mediatek Inc.Digital sum variation computation method and system* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification341/59, 341/68, G9B/20.041, 341/55International ClassificationG11B20/14, H03M13/31Cooperative ClassificationG11B2020/1461, G11B2020/1469, G11B20/1426, H03M13/31European ClassificationH03M13/31, G11B20/14A2BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 6, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Apr 6, 2012ASAssignmentFree format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:VICTOR COMPANY OF JAPAN, LTD.;REEL/FRAME:028001/0168Owner name: JVC KENWOOD CORPORATION, JAPANEffective date: 20111001Mar 4, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Mar 9, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jan 21, 2000ASAssignmentOwner name: VICTOR COMPANY OF JAPAN, LTD., JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HAYAMI, ATSUSHI;REEL/FRAME:010563/0266Effective date: 19991227Owner name: VICTOR COMPANY OF JAPAN, LTD. 3-12, MORIYA-CHO, KARotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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Brierley, C Ibs-2009 | Smelting | Mining
Brierley, C Ibs-2009
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copper_mining_processing_lecture_final.pptx
Blanco 1969
Advanced Materials Research Vols. 71-73 (2009) pp 3-10 online at http://www.scientific.
net (2009) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Online available since 2009/May/19
Biohydrometallurgy: what is its future? C. L. Brierley
Brierley Consultancy LLC, P.O. Box 630012, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80163-0012 U.S.A. clbrierley@msn.com Keywords: biohydrometallurgy, bioremediation, bioleaching, minerals biooxidation, heap leaching, models, complex ores, secondary copper sulfide, chalcopyrite
Abstract. Bioleaching/minerals biooxidation and bioremediation have been widely used commercially for heap/dump bioleaching of secondary copper sulfide ores, sulfidic-refractory gold concentrates and treatment of acid rock drainage. Technical and commercial challenges, identified in this paper, remain for bioleaching of primary sulfides and complex ores. New frontiers for the technology exist in processing massive sulfides, silicate-locked minerals and in the more distant future in-situ leaching. Decommissioning of cyanide heap leach operations and stabilizing mine wastes using biotechnology are opportunities requiring intensive and focused research, development and engineering efforts. Introduction The past decade has been particularly dramatic in view of increasing metal prices to unprecedented high levels followed by an unparalleled event of precipitously declining metal prices, rapid increase in production costs, and the global impacts that these factors have had on the mining sector. The mining industry, however, has always been a boom-and-bust business which exhibits cycles of high and low metal prices. These cycles have a substantial effect on the growth and contraction of the industry. When metal prices decline, costs increase, or both, high-cost mines are usually moth-balled, production is often curtailed, mine plans may be changed to target higher metal grades, expenditures including research and development are often severely cut-back, and lay-offs that include research and engineering personnel are implemented. But do boom-and-bust cycles have an effect on innovations relating to metal recovery and the practice of these innovations? Those of us who research, develop, engineer and apply biohydrometallurgical processes for mine production and metals remediation tend to believe that biotechnical processes have lower capital and operating costs than competitive technologies and therefore should perhaps be more economical to implement during mining down-cycles than other processes. Is this really the case? To test this theory, the prices of two metals gold and copper were plotted against time and superimposed on these graphs are biohydrometallurgical processes for mine production and remediation that have been demonstrated or put into practice. This paper discusses these findings, other motivating factors (drivers) for biohydrometallurgical innovation, technical and commercial challenges of implementing biohydrometallurgy in an industry that is prone to the ups and downs of market economics, and concludes with a discussion of the future of biohydrometallurgy which includes both production and metals remediation technologies. Motivating Factors for Biohydrometallurgical Technologies Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the prices of copper and gold [1, 2, 3, 4], respectively, since biotechnology was first implemented for metals extraction and treatment of metal-contaminated water. These two metals were selected, because they represent the focus of most biometallurgical research, development and application. Included on the graphic representations are significant developments in biometallurgy. It is important to highlight that many of these technologies may have been under development for a decade or more before actually being put into commercial practice.
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland, www.ttp.net. (ID: 67.176.15.236-02/06/09,19:28:53)
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 do suggest that most biohydrometallurgical innovations have been commercially implemented during times of low metal prices, which could be interpreted to mean that the mining industry is more inclined to innovate and apply biohydrometallurgical processes during leaner times. The BioCOP technology was, in fact, demonstrated as the copper price was rapidly increasing. While increasing copper price was unlikely to be the only reason why the technology was not fully commercialized [13], it may have been a contributing factor. Metal prices, of course, are not the only motivating factor for employing biohydrometallurgical processes. Other drivers include: Cost of production. As energy costs have escalated, mining, processing, and environmental costs have substantially increased [14]. Some biohydrometallurgical processes for processing and remediation are less energy intensive than alternative technologies and can potentially reduce costs for the industry. Also, biohydrometallurgical processing methods eliminate Net Smelter Royalties associated with smelting and refining and potential penalty charges associated with smelting feeds with impurities. Sulfuric acid costs can be volatile depending on demand and location [15]; bioleaching/minerals biooxidation can be used in some situations for on-site acid production to eliminate or reduce acid purchases. Exploitation of ore deposits not amenable to conventional processes or otherwise difficult to exploit. One such example is the development of secondary copper sulfide ore deposits, which may be too small or too remote to be economically amenable to making a flotation concentrate either for shipping or onsite smelting. Another example is processing of sulfidic-refractory gold ore properties, located in regions where biooxidation technologies may be more suitable for cost and workforce reasons. A third example is ores deposits with complex mineralogy; such deposits are difficult to treat and biohydrometallurgy may be a viable alternative. Maximizing use of existing capital investment. Many copper operations already have solvent extraction-electrowinning plants that represent a significant investment. Applying bioleaching processes for processing copper sulfides allows for use and expansion of these facilities. Environmental permitting for mining operations can be long and difficult. The use of biohydrometallurgical processes for both mineral processing and treatment of effluents may offer some environmental advantages over more conventional technologies. In some cases bioprocessing is seen as a green technology.
Advanced Materials Research Vols. 71-73
First stirred-tank BIOX plant, Fairview, South Africa [5]
GEOCOAT plant commissioned, Fairview, South Africa [8]
RBC for CN- & SCNdegradation & metal sorption, South Dakota, USA [6]
BIOPRO biooxidation heap, Carlin, Nevada [7]
Figure 1. Yearly average gold price (US$/oz) in actual dollars from 1968 through 2008 [1, 2] with significant biohydrometallurgical applications denoted
Constructed anaerobic wetlands used for remediation [10] Bacteriallyassisted dump leaching of Cu implemented [9] Secondary Cu heap bioleaching first applied [11]
THIOPAQ SO42- reduction / metal removal process first implemented [12] BioCOP demonstrated for Cu concentrate tank bioleaching [13]
Figure 2. Yearly average unit copper price (actual US cents/lb) from 1950 through 2008 [3, 4] with significant biohydrometallurgical applications denoted
Technical and Commercial Challenges of Implementing Biohydrometallurgy Commercial Challenges. Biohydrometallurgical technologies for mineral processing and metals remediation are developed by mining companies, biotechnology companies, government laboratories, university research scientists and engineers, and mining consultants. The path from laboratory research to commercial application of biohydrometallurgical technologies developed by these various entities has many obstacles and challenges: Time - The time required to research, develop, pilot and commercialize the technology can be 10 years to as long as two decades. This calls for long-term commitment of the scientists and engineers developing the technology, by management in the case of industry, and of finances. Site specificity - Bioprocessing and metals bioremediation technologies are usually site specific. Therefore, nearly every process that is developed requires on-site piloting and perhaps even large-scale demonstration. On-site pilot trials and demonstration-scale testing can be very costly and time-consuming. Long-term commitments of time, money, facilities, personnel and management are required not only by the mining company whose property and resources will be used, but also for the company or institution whose technology is being evaluated. Competitiveness - Biohydrometallurgical processes must compete technically and cost-wise with alternative technologies. In the case of bioleaching/minerals biooxidation, the technology must compete with making and selling a concentrate, pressure oxidation, roasting/smelting, and emerging chemical leaching processes. Metals bioremediation must compete with alkaline precipitation a process that has long been used by the industry and other technologies, such as ion exchange and reverse osmosis, which are used by the industry under certain circumstances. There are a number of factors that the mining industry must consider when selecting a processing or remediation technology. Bio-processes may not always meet all of the criteria. Risk - New technologies whether they are bioprocesses or physical/chemical processes have a modest chance of success. The risks involved in commercially exploiting new technologies have been detailed by others [16, 17]. Technology failures are not only financially costly, but can harm the reputations of individuals, institutions which developed the technology, engineering companies involved in final design and commissioning and the mining company itself. Capital investment - New technologies often require a substantial capital investment, since new unit processes may be required on the front-end and the back-end of the actual biohydrometallurgical process. For example, the 20,000 tonne per annum BioCOP demonstration plant at the Chuquicamata Mine in Chile was estimated at US$60 million [18]. A full-scale plant would, of course, have cost substantially more. Intellectual property Patents are usually used to protect intellectual property associated with new technologies. Mining companies often patent bioprocesses to protect their own use of technology they have developed. Entrepreneurial companies patent technologies in order to raise financing and to protect business interests. Some universities and government or quasi-government agencies also patent biohydrometallurgical processes to potentially exploit developments through licensing arrangements. Mining companies, however, often balk at paying licensing fees or royalties for technology. There are several reasons for this: changes in ore type may preclude future need for the technology; newer processes could
negate the value of the technology; licensing fees may stifle business deals the mining company may undertake; mining companies may be reluctant to open production logs a move that may be necessary to assess licensing fees; quite often new technology is a singular unit process whose success is largely dependent on upfront unit processes that are part of conventional processing; and there may be a certain amount of not invented here mentality at play. Licensing fees or royalties for biometallurgical processes can be difficult to negotiate particularly for metal production, because there are many factors affecting production that are beyond the control of the technology owner. Process guarantees The mine owner may request process guarantees for mine production and environmental biotechnologies. Guarantees can be very complicated to devise particularly for processes such as heap bioleaching or environmental cleanup, because there are many variables that cant be adequately monitored or controlled. There is also a certain futility in technology guarantees, because the mine owner, in fact, owns the risk. The mining company has invested heavily in the process, controls the quality of the feed to the plant whether it is a mineral processing or environmental technology, and is in command of how the process is operated. Availability of skilled engineers and scientists Dramatic declines in metal prices nearly always result in the mining industry cutting-back on research and development, which means lay-offs of experienced scientists and engineers who may have worked decades on biohydrometallurgical processes. Industry is not the only sector subject to the loss of talent. Declining metal prices and a sluggish economy usually result in less money for R&D at universities and government laboratories. Mining schools may even cut-back curriculum and professors, who have long been involved in biohydrometallurgical research. Such cut-backs in talent and R&D can have a serious impact when the economy recovers and decisions are made to consider biohydrometallurgy as a processing option. Talent is no longer available and corporate memory is lost. It may take years before less experienced scientists and engineers can become acquainted with techniques and historical developments and constructively contribute to the state-of-the-art of the technology.
Technical Challenges. The commercial challenges of implementing biohydrometallurgy should not discourage research and development. Despite the boom-and-bust cycles of mining and metal industries, companies do rely on innovation to remain competitive, decrease production and environmental costs, confidently process complex ores, surmount environmental permitting issues and maximize investment. Some of the technical challenges and opportunities to be addressed by research and development are discussed: Heap leaching of primary sulfide minerals. Progress has been made recently in the heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite [19], but more research and development are necessary to fully understand the conditions under which primary sulfides are leached, how to achieve the conditions necessary for the bioleaching to occur and how to successfully engineer the heaps to maintain the necessary conditions. A more fundamental understanding of the slightly reducing conditions that can occur with the use of thermophiles is needed and particularly in relation to how these conditions correlate with the dissolution of chalcopyrite and other primary copper sulfide minerals. Heap bioleach model development, integration, and validation. There have been mathematical models developed for various heap leaching aspects such as hydrology and heat balance, however, more robust modeling is needed for the microbial aspects of heap leaching. To fully exploit the value of heap modeling, the models must be integrated and validated using data from existing commercial-scale operations. This effort not only
requires a team effort by researchers and engineers, but also the commitment by industry to support the effort by providing information on heaps. Some of the information necessary to validate models will require heap leach data that are currently not collected. Better understanding of secondary copper sulfide heap leaching. Although crushed ore heap leaching of secondary copper sulfides has been widely used for over a decade, there are still some production issues. Some specific technical questions follow: o How long does it take for the microbial population to develop in the heap when the source of the organisms is the raffinate and natural development in the stacked ore? o Would inoculation of the ore be of any benefit? o Is aeration necessary during the entire leach period and what aeration rate is really needed? o Why does the temperature in most secondary copper heap leach operations remain quite cool? Is this a result of slow oxidation of sulfides, the absence of pyrite oxidation, or are there other reasons? o What is occurring at the microbe/mineral interface in terms of ORP, pH, and dissolved metals and how does this relate to what is observed in the bulk solution? Designing heap leaching for complex polymetallic ores, massive sulfide-type ores, and silicate-bound minerals. Heap bioleaching of complex ores can result in conditions considerably different than those observed in secondary copper heap leaching [19, 20]. For example, pyrrhotite, which may be present in complex ores, releases substantial amounts of heat rather quickly and consumes acid, creating operating conditions that must be carefully managed in order to effectively utilize microbial leaching. There has been very limited experience in the bioleaching of massive sulfide deposits. Yet both complex ores and massive sulfide deposits will be exploited in the future and these represent opportunities for bioleaching studies to better prepare us for future use of the technology. Silicate locking of minerals is a significant challenge in many existing mining operations and there are limited options for dealing with the problem. Microorganisms may provide a processing option, but R&D must be closely coupled with economic realities to address this opportunity. In-situ leaching. As the world becomes more urbanized, it is inevitable that more people will live closer to mining operations. Therefore, it is increasingly important that we lessen the footprint of mining. In-situ mining is an approach that could substantially diminish the surface impacts of mining. How to effectively accomplish in-situ mining for many minerals is a huge challenge. Can biological methods somehow be exploited? Can we use microbial technology to contain leach solutions in subsurface deposits? Can we use microbes to increase the permeability of subsurface deposits? Can we use bioleaching? Are there alternative electron acceptors that can be used in the bioleach process? Are there new microbe-based mineral dissolution processes that we should be considering? While in-situ technology for some minerals is far in the future, it is not too soon to begin to develop the fundamentals around such a processing option. Technology for decommissioning cyanide-leached heaps. Rotating biological contactors were developed and used to treat cyanide-, thiocyanate-, and metal-contaminated waters resulting from gold treatment. However, the technology has not been fully developed and evaluated for degrading cyanide and thiocyanate in decommissioned gold heap leaching operations. Biotechnical methods to hasten the decommissioning process could result in substantial cost savings for the industry. Such technology may also be applied
to decontaminate tailings that contain residual gold values locked in sulfide minerals enabling the biooxidation pretreatment of the tailings for re-processing. Technology for stabilizing sulfide-bearing wastes. Insufficient research has been undertaken on using biotechnology for stabilizing sulfidic waste rock and tailings. New thinking is needed to look at microbial products and processes that will prevent acid rock drainage from ever forming.
Biometallurgys Future Biohydrometallurgy for both mine and production and remediation will continue to play an important role in mining and metal industries. Bioleaching lends itself economically and technically to the processing of small deposits that cant support high capital costs, remote deposits where making and shipping concentrates may not be a viable option, low-grade ores that cant be cost-effectively treated by existing technologies, and complex ores. Bioleaching also offers opportunities as an adjunct process for on-site generation of acid for adjunct operations, such as base metal oxide heap leaching. Bioleaching, in some cases, may be more environmentally acceptable than other technologies resulting in faster permitting of operations. Despite its commercial successes there are technical challenges that need to be addressed even for existing applications. While emphasis has been placed largely on the bioleaching of sulfidic-refractory gold concentrates in stirred-tank reactors and on the dump and heap bioleaching of secondary copper sulfide ores, development is underway on heap leaching of lowgrade chalcopyrite ores [21]. Nevertheless there are new opportunities for bioleaching that have yet to be fully realized. Complex polymetallic deposits, massive sulfide deposits and silicate-bound minerals are new frontiers for bioleaching. Even farther in the future is in-situ leaching using microbial processes. While in-situ leaching is used today for the extraction of certain metals for example, uranium the potential of using microorganisms exists. Substantial research, development and engineering efforts must be mounted to develop viable microbial technologies for these opportunities. The commercial challenges described earlier must also be addressed. Metals bioremediation has been extensively exploited for acid rock drainage treatment using passive methods such as constructive anaerobic wetlands and employing more engineered processes [22, 23]. The degradation of cyanide and thiocyanate complexes and the sorption of metals have seemingly not been commercially exploited to such an extent, despite having been successfully engineered and commercially employed in the early 1990s [6]. There are important opportunities for bioremediation in decommissioning cyanide heap leach operations and for the stabilization and isolation of mine wastes. These opportunities require focused research coupled with aggressive development and engineering. References [1] Information on http://www.kitco.com/charts/livegold.html [2] B. Amey: Gold Metal Prices in the United States through 1998, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, Information on http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gold/300798.pdf [3] Information on http://www.kitcometals.com/charts/copper_historical_large.html#5years [4] D. Edelstein: Copper - Metal Prices in the United States through 1998, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, Information on http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/240798.pdf [5] P.C. van Aswegen, J. van Niekerk and W. Olivier, in: Biomining, edited by D.E. Rawlings and B.D. Johnson, pp. 1-33, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2007) [6] J.L. Whitlock and G.R. Smith, in: Biohydrometallurgy 1989, edited by J. Salley, R.G.L. McCready and P.L. Wichlacz, pp. 613-625, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa (1989)
[7] T.C. Logan, T. Seal and J.A. Brierley, in: Biomining, edited by D.E. Rawlings and B.D. Johnson, pp. 113-138, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2007) [8] T.J. Harvey and M. Bath, in: Biomining, edited by D.E. Rawlings and B.D. Johnson, pp. 97-112, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2007) [9] S.R. Zimmerley, D.G. Wilson and J.D. Prater, U.S. Patent 2,829,964 (1958) [10] R.L.P. Kleinmann, in: Control of Acid Mine Drainage, pp. 48-52, Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9027, United States Department of the Interior (1985) [11] R. Montealegre and S. Bustos, in: Bioleaching from Molecular Biology to Industrial Applications, edited by R. Badilla-Ohlbaum, T. Vargas and L. Herrera, pp. 95-106, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (1990) [12] C. Buisman, R. Post, P. Yspeert, G. Geraats and G. Lettinga: Acta Biotechnol. Vol. 9 (1989), pp. 255 [13] J.D. Batty and G.V. Rorke, in: Proceedings of the 16th International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium, edited by S.T.L. Harrison, D.E. Rawlings and J. Petersen, pp. 153-161, 16th International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium (2005) [14] Information on http://www.zealllc.com/2008/goldmine2.htm [15] P. Moore: Mining Magazine, Vol. 194 (2008), p. 54 [16] T.P. McNulty, in: Managing Innovation in the Minerals Industry, edited by M.C. Kuhn, pp. 114, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado (1998) [17] J. Canterford, in: Hydrometallurgy 2008, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, edited by C.A. Young, P.R. Taylor, C.G. Anderson and Y. Choi, pp. 14-22, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado (2008) [18] Information on http://www.min-eng.com/commodities/metallic/copper/news/3.html [19] H.R. Watling: Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 91 (2008), p. 70 [20] P.J. van Staden, M. Gericke and P.M. Craven, in: Hydrometallurgy 2008, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, edited by C.A. Young, P.R. Taylor, C.G. Anderson and Y. Choi, pp. 6-13, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado (2008) [21] H.R. Watling: Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 84 (2006), p. 81 [22] Information on http://www.bioteq.ca [23] Information on http://www.paques.nl/en/for_water
Biohydrometallurgy 2009 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.71-73 Biohydrometallurgy: What is its Future? doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.71-73.3 References [1] Information on http://www.kitco.com/charts/livegold.html [2] B. Amey: Gold Metal Prices in the United States through 1998, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, Information on http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gold/300798.pdf [3] Information on http://www.kitcometals.com/charts/copper_historical_large.html#5years [4] D. Edelstein: Copper - Metal Prices in the United States through 1998, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, Information on http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/240798.pdf [5] P.C. van Aswegen, J. van Niekerk and W. Olivier, in: Biomining, edited by D.E. Rawlings and B.D. Johnson, pp. 1-33, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2007) doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34911-2_1 [6] J.L. Whitlock and G.R. Smith, in: Biohydrometallurgy 1989, edited by J. Salley, R.G.L. McCready and P.L. Wichlacz, pp. 613-625, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa (1989) [7] T.C. Logan, T. Seal and J.A. Brierley, in: Biomining, edited by D.E. Rawlings and B.D. Johnson, pp. 113-138, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2007) doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34911-2_6 [8] T.J. Harvey and M. Bath, in: Biomining, edited by D.E. Rawlings and B.D. Johnson, pp. 97-112, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2007) doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34911-2_5 PMid:17165141 [9] S.R. Zimmerley, D.G. Wilson and J.D. Prater, U.S. Patent 2,829,964 (1958) [10] R.L.P. Kleinmann, in: Control of Acid Mine Drainage, pp. 48-52, Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9027, United States Department of the Interior (1985) [11] R. Montealegre and S. Bustos, in: Bioleaching from Molecular Biology to Industrial Applications, edited by R. Badilla-Ohlbaum, T. Vargas and L. Herrera, pp. 95-106, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (1990) [12] C. Buisman, R. Post, P. Yspeert, G. Geraats and G. Lettinga: Acta Biotechnol. Vol. 9
(1989), pp. 255 doi:10.1002/abio.370090313 [13] J.D. Batty and G.V. Rorke, in: Proceedings of the 16th International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium, edited by S.T.L. Harrison, D.E. Rawlings and J. Petersen, pp. 153-161, 16th International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium (2005) [14] Information on http://www.zealllc.com/2008/goldmine2.htm [15] P. Moore: Mining Magazine, Vol. 194 (2008), p. 54 [16] T.P. McNulty, in: Managing Innovation in the Minerals Industry, edited by M.C. Kuhn, pp. 1- 14, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado (1998) [17] J. Canterford, in: Hydrometallurgy 2008, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, edited by C.A. Young, P.R. Taylor, C.G. Anderson and Y. Choi, pp. 14-22, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado (2008) [18] Information on http://www.min-eng.com/commodities/metallic/copper/news/3.html [19] H.R. Watling: Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 91 (2008), p. 70 [20] P.J. van Staden, M. Gericke and P.M. Craven, in: Hydrometallurgy 2008, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, edited by C.A. Young, P.R. Taylor, C.G. Anderson and Y. Choi, pp. 6-13, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado (2008) [21] H.R. Watling: Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 84 (2006), p. 81 doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.05.001 [22] Information on http://www.bioteq.ca [23] Information on http://www.paques.nl/en/for_water
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Sentinel : Marveljump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfivefoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionspopular-all-random | AskReddit-funny-pics-worldnews-movies-gaming-gifs-todayilearned-news-videos-aww-mildlyinteresting-Showerthoughts-Jokes-television-Music-Documentaries-nottheonion-OldSchoolCool-IAmA-LifeProTips-tifu-TwoXChromosomes-personalfinance-science-food-space-UpliftingNews-Futurology-Art-dataisbeautiful-EarthPorn-WritingPrompts-photoshopbattles-explainlikeimfive-sports-DIY-nosleep-GetMotivated-books-creepy-history-askscience-InternetIsBeautiful-gadgets-announcements-philosophy-listentothis-blogmore » MarvelcommentsWant to join? Log in or sign up in seconds.|Englishlimit my search to r/Marveluse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 14 Apr 20140 points (40% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postMarvelsubscribeunsubscribe237,190 readers370 users here nowWelcome to /r/Marvel
created by [deleted]a community for 7 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSsir_joe_coolDorksidestealingyourpixelsAloeRPsethbenwmmmasianiliekpixelsBlogSpammrtehawesomedragonPtylerdactylabout moderation team »discussions in r/Marvel<>X1297 · 54 comments Another Spider-Man: Homecoming poster157 · 4 comments Three Armored Stooges347 · 17 comments Second Spider-Man: Homecoming poster (without text)42 · 10 comments This is probably the prettiest cap i've seen in a comic [X-23: Target X #2]73 · 4 comments My wife said I could make one small change to our kitchen. I chose this Keurig.125 · 16 comments Moon Knight tells Steve and Tony to get a room.(Moon Knight(2006) #8)14.5k · 769 comments Spider-Man: Homecoming official poster16 · 9 comments Avengers: Infinity War concept poster by Eren Gurocak81 · 24 comments [Article] The Secret Reason Sony Is Announcing A Bunch of Terrible Spider-Man Spinoffs23 · 1 comment My Tattoo Artist Belongs To HydraThis is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.
000Sentinel (self.Marvel)submitted 2 years ago by I_AM_BROCK_SAMSONAm I the only one who is more excited to see the sentinels than the movie?
7 commentsshareall 7 commentssorted by: besttopnewcontroversialoldrandomq&alive (beta)[–]youngasgardian 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (2 children)Why?
I was almost excited when they showed us just the head, but why did they feel the need to put in a giant air vent?
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]blackstar339 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)Rapid cool down ? Maybe to blow away fire ? Flying?
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]__Viper__ 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)The sentinels in the picture you linked are the 70s sentinels, but the present sentinels look SO BADASS! permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]SignifiedWings 2 points3 points4 points 2 years ago (3 children)I would be more excited if they looked more like the TV Show version but it's still good to finally see them on screen
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]Jimmirehman 2 points3 points4 points 2 years ago (0 children)Amen! And with that menacing "halt mutant" voice. permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]sre01 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (1 child)The ones from the animated series looked nearly identical to Sentinals from the 1980s comics. So I'd be very happy to see that design used.
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]SignifiedWings 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (0 children)I have been thinking and maybe Bryan Singer put in design plans for failed Sentinels and that version could be one of them. If they can't physically be in the movie, then I hope they are a Easter Egg.
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Unmanaged Enterprise Network Switches 2 Layer | eBay
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Cisco SR2024C 24-Port Compact Gigabit Ethernet Switch
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Ruckus Gas Tank Cover | eBay
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Ruckus Gas Tank Covers
Honda Ruckus Scooter NPS 50 Scooter FULL Stainless Steel Gas Tank Cover Fuel Zoo (Fits: Ruckus 50)
User ID megactore (Feedback score 17602)
HONDA RUCKUS ZOOMER FRAME COVER SPLITTER Gas Tank Flare Filler
Custom Honda Ruckus Gas Tank Cover (WHITE).
NCY Gas Tank Cover (COMPOSITE BLACK) Honda Ruckus / Zoomer
Custom Honda Ruckus Gas Tank Cover (COMPOSITE BLACK).
Password JDM Ruckus Zoomer Dry Carbon Gas Tank Cover
Password:JDM dry carbon fiber gas tank cover! Lets face it your original plastic cover is not cutting it. The Ruckus is latest and greatest craze to make its way over from Japan. So we had to trick ou...
NCY GAS TANK COVER (CHROME) HONDA RUCKUS
Give your Honda Ruckus a custom look with this NCY gas tank cover. Fits: Honda Ruckus.
This cover gives the gas tank a finished look and added protection when the factory floor board is removed. The plastic has a black textured finish. No paint required, just bolt it on and you are read...
Honda Gas Tank Cover Ruckus Zoomer Black OEM 2003 2016
Honda Ruckus OEM black fiberglass fuel tank cover. The two top mounting holes are broken, see photos.
Honda Ruckus Full Frame Extended Gas Tank Cover / Textured
This cover gives the gas tank a finished look and added protection when the factory floor board is removed. The plastic has a paint grade smooth black finish. Mild prep work and you are ready to paint...
Honda Ruckus Smooth Black Gas Tank Cover Forward Extended Stage 6 / KOSO gauge
This cover gives the gas tank a finished look and added protection when the factory floor board is removed. The plastic has a smooth paint grade finish.
This cover gives the gas tank a finished look and added protection when the factory floor board is removed. The plastic has a textured finish and is ready to install, no paint required.
Fits: Honda Ruckus. Important Notes. Sat: 10 am to 3 pm EDT. MIAMI, FL 33177.
Honda Ruckus Black Plastic Gas Tank Cover / Fuel Tank Cover
Password JDM Ruckus Zoomer Dry Kevla r Gas Tank Cover
The Ruckus is latest and greatest craze to make its way over from Japan. So we had to trick our Ruckus out and take it a step or two further. Small imperfections such as wavy weaves, small bubbles and...
Honda Ruckus Smooth Black Plastic Gas Tank Cover / Fuel Tank Cover
This cover gives the gas tank a finished look and added protection when the factory floor board is removed. The plastic has a smooth finish ready for paint. Minor prep work and spray it!
Honda Ruckus Fiberglass Gas Tank Cover
Honda Ruckus Smooth Black METAL Gas Tank Cover Fuel Tank Cover
Custom Honda Ruckus Gas Tank Cover (Black). Sunn Battery Co. This item is available for local pick up. A local pick up fee may apply.
NCY Gas Tank Cover (Composite, Primered); Honda Ruckus / Scooter Part
Fits: Honda Ruckus.
Gas Tank Cover - (Fiberglass, White) Honda Ruckus, (NCY Brand) / Scooter Part
Blade Moto Honda Ruckus Daichimaru Gas/Fuel Tank Cover (Fits: Ruckus 50)
Blade Moto Daichimaru - Gas/Fuel Tank Cover for Honda Ruckus. Model/Chassis: Ruckus 50. Manufacturer: Blade Moto. Includes a free Blade Moto decal! Gives the gas tank a finished look and added protect...
Model/Chassis: Ruckus 50. Manufacturer: Blade Moto. Includes a free Blade Moto decal! Gives the gas tank a finished look and added protection when the factory floor board is removed! Make: Honda. SO F...
POLISHED BILLET ALUMINUM ENGINE GAS CAP TANK COVER FOR HONDA RUCKUS (Fits: Ruckus 50)
No more fumbling for a key to unlock gas cap! Hard anodized for long lasting finish.
RED BILLET ALUMINUM ENGINE GAS CAP TANK COVER FOR HONDA RUCKUS (Fits: Ruckus 50)
Gas Tank Cover - (Composite, Black); Honda Ruckus, (NCY Brand) / Scooter Part
Custom Honda Ruckus Gas Tank Cover (Black).
Gas Tank Cover - (Chrome); Honda Ruckus, (NCY Brand) / Scooter Part
Nice addition to any customized Ruckus!
Nice addition to any customized Ruckus! Important Notes. Sat: 10 am to 3 pm EDT.
Custom Honda Ruckus Gas Tank Cover (White). Important Notes. Sat: 10 am to 3 pm EDT.


text:
National Museum of Archaeology (Bolivia)
National Museum of Archaeology may refer to:
National Museum of Archaeology, Korçë
Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, national museum of archaeology and ethnology in Guatemala
Museo Nacional de Arqueología Antropología e Historia del Perú, national museum of archaeology, anthropology and history, Peru
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/National_Museum_of_Archaeology
Archbishop José Manuel Indaburo, considered to be the father figure of archaeology in Bolivia, was instrumental in establishing the museum with collections of archaeological, ethnographic and natural science antiquaries. In June 1846, in the presence of General José Ballivián, a small collection was started in a room in the Municipal Theatre. The theatre was located on Calle Genaro Sanjinés in La Paz and named the "Public Museum"; Dr. Manuel Cordova was its first Director.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/National_Museum_of_Archaeology_(Bolivia)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/National_Museum_of_Archaeology_(Poland)
Latest News for: national museum of archaeology
Heritage Malta brings National Museum of Archaeology collections online at Google Arts & Culture
Over 150 artefacts from the National Museum of Archaeology can now be viewed online on Google Arts & ......

value: This website is a news aggregator founded in March 1995 and launched online in 1998. In 2003, Search Engine Watch praised the service for its "Special Reports", and called it "an interesting alternative" to other news aggregation services.


text:
Rheinbach Vacations 2018: Package & Save up to $603 | Expedia
Rheinbach Vacation Deals
Want to set up camp in Rheinbach?
Packages in Rheinbach
Save when you purchase flight and accommodation deals via Expedia. We're here to help smart tourists locate their preferred flight and hotel package deals. With the extra cash, you can do a little extra shopping in Rheinbach.
Your Bonn travels will be much sweeter with Expedia's prices.
It's in Bonn, a significant city that 310,000 people call home. If you're traveling to Rheinbach from the city's heart, it's 10 miles to the southwest. Alternatively, it's 20 miles south of Cologne - Bonn Airport.
Are you ready to see some sights? Golf Club Schloss Miel and Rheinbach Glass Museum are excellent if you'd rather not stray far away. Fellow travelers usually recommend Monte Mare Indoor Dive Center and Monte Mare Rheinbach. Don't miss the opportunity to explore the neighboring areas too, including Meckenheim and Swisttal.
Accommodation in Rheinbach
As there aren't any Rheinbach hotels that are listed with Expedia, some people find it convenient to stay in Meckenheim, which lies around 3 miles away. The Hotel ZweiLinden and City Hotel Meckenheim are the most popular places to stay in Meckenheim.
See all 375 Hotels in Rheinbach
This family-friendly Cologne hotel is located on a river, within a 15-minute walk of Historische Senfmuehle, Great St. Martin Church, and Wallraf-Richartz-Museum. City Hall and Alter Markt are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Vacation Rentals in Rheinbach
Destinations in Rheinbach
HTS to MAF
MAO to VIT
LIM to WRO
MOZ to HTS
MLX to JLN
LED to ADA
LEX to MKY
LIT to KUA

value: This website is an online travel agency owned by Expedia Group, an American online travel shopping company based in Seattle.


text:
Three strikes and you are off benefits: Coalition gets tough on welfare cheats - but will they make it stick? | Daily Mail Online
21:15 EST, 16 October 2010
Under scrutiny: The benefits system is set for an overhaul with claimants who make false claims to learn the hard way (Posed by model)
Welfare cheats who repeatedly make false claims will lose their benefits altogether under tough new Government rules.Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith plans to impose a ‘three strikes and you’re out’ rule that will bar serial cheats from receiving handouts for three years.He says he wants to send a ‘very strong message’ to false claimants who currently cost the taxpayer more than £5 billion a year. ‘We need to target benefits at those people who need it the most,’ an aide said. ‘This makes our intentions crystal-clear.’ However, there was confusion last night over whether bogus claimants would really lose all their benefits if caught out three times. Asked whether the rules would mean that jobless fraudsters would be left with no income, some DWP officials initially insisted that their benefits would be axed ‘completely’. But a spokeswoman backtracked later, saying any penalty would depend on how much money the claimant had, whether they had a family to support and the seriousness of their welfare abuse.‘It will be a flexible measure, depending on whether the fraudster has any dependants and the type of the fraud,’ she said. ‘In some cases, fake claimants can be successfully prosecuted but then still carry on receiving some benefits. ‘This measure is designed to hit the professional organised fraudsters the hardest.’
Taxpayers would save £10bn in crackdown on 'duvet day' cheats, claims top Tory
'Who the hell has ever heard of an aircraft carrier with no jets?': Defence chief's reaction as the iconic...
The move is part of a raft of measures from Welfare Reform Minister Lord Freud designed to catch benefit and tax cheats and slash the £192 billion-a-year social security bill. They include:A new National Welfare Investigation Service of 200 sleuths. A mobile task force of investigators who can swoop on ‘hot spots’ of benefits abuse at a moment’s notice.Sharing data from public and private agencies to track professional fraudsters.Extra powers to seize the assets of benefit cheats.‘We are reforming the system and stepping up our efforts to catch the benefit and tax cheats who are stealing money meant for the most vulnerable people in our society,’ Lord Freud said last night. ‘When people are convicted we will get back the money we are owed, introduce tough punishments and strip the assets of criminal gangs. Time for action: Work and pensions secretary Iain Duncan Smith wants to send a very strong message out to false claimants
My message to them is that benefit fraud is a crime that just doesn’t pay.’ The ‘three strikes’ idea was developed in America, where some states introduced a compulsory life sentence without parole for criminals convicted of serious offences on three separate occasions.California extended the idea to lesser crimes, leading to people being jailed for life for crimes as minor as stealing a slice of pizza.As part of his welfare overhaul, Mr Duncan Smith has pledged to introduce a new Universal Credit, giving claimants a single payment instead of the current array of benefits. The amount received will taper off gradually once people return to work and their salaries increase. He hopes that the streamlined system will also make it harder for benefit cheats to prosper.The clampdown is revealed just three days before the Coalition Government announces the extent of cuts in its Comprehensive Spending Review. As the deadline approaches, several Ministers are fighting a rearguard action to protect their budgets. David Cameron will host a ‘cuts summit’ today at Chequers amid reports that Nick Clegg’s announcement of billions of pounds of extra help to poor school pupils has sparked a row. It has been claimed that the Deputy Prime Minister announced the £7 billion ‘Pupil Premium’ even though fellow Liberal Democrat Danny Alexander, the Treasury Chief Secretary who is masterminding the cuts, had not agreed on its funding.Mr Clegg is said to have pressured Mr Cameron and Chancellor George Osborne into agreeing to the pledge, leading to frantic requests to other departments for additional last-minute cuts to pay for it – angering Ministers who had already seen their budgets slashed.The disarray deepened when plans to spare schools from other cuts were leaked to the BBC on Friday night. Mr Cameron had wanted to announce the move on Wednesday to soften the blow of savage cutbacks. It was claimed the leak came from ‘rogue elements’ in the Coalition.A Whitehall source said: ‘Clegg was badly stung by Lib Dem hostility over the rise in university tuition fees and wanted to claim ownership of something positive to satisfyhis Party. Pupil Premium was ideal. Cameron and Osborne approved it while the Treasury was still wrangling over who would pay for it.’Treasury officials denied there had been any fallout and said the Pupil Premium had been fully costed. But that was disputed by other Ministers. ‘We knew nothing about it until very late on,’ said one. The Prime Minister hopes to put the final touches to the £80 billion package of cuts over lunch today with Mr Clegg, Mr Osborne and Mr Alexander.The cuts are the biggest since the Twenties and are £32 billion more than planned by Labour.Dozens of road projects face the axe, frontline policing will be cut back and some prisons could be closed. Universities also face a £3 billion cut in Government aid for teaching.Several Ministers have taken the talks to the wire. Sources close to Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt, who was originally asked to find cuts of up to 40 per cent, said he had yet to do a deal with Mr Osborne.‘We are negotiating over the final details,’ said one MP. Share or comment on this article

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jjm214 comments on What's the worst tasting thing you've ever eaten?jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | movies-GetMotivated-books-Documentaries-askscience-creepy-EarthPorn-science-Music-Jokes-AskReddit-listentothis-personalfinance-OldSchoolCool-WritingPrompts-UpliftingNews-InternetIsBeautiful-gaming-nottheonion-Showerthoughts-philosophy-news-TwoXChromosomes-gifs-funny-aww-videos-television-food-pics-Art-Futurology-Fitness-DIY-worldnews-space-explainlikeimfive-photoshopbattles-nosleep-gadgets-history-tifu-mildlyinteresting-sports-IAmA-dataisbeautiful-LifeProTips-todayilearnedmore » AskRedditcommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/AskReddituse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 01 May 20131,974 points (91% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new text postAskRedditunsubscribesubscribe6,544,307 readers35,967 users here now
a community for 6 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSkrispykrackersBritishEnglishPolicejedbergjamt9000flyryanll_shadesDEADB33FkarmanautOoerImNotJesus...and 23 more »197319741975What's the worst tasting thing you've ever eaten? (self.AskReddit)submitted 1 year ago by emospartan91110239 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]FrceFeedbackCodpiec 360 points361 points362 points 1 year ago (5 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onFor future reference, don't try and dissolve stuff like this in fluids. Mix it with a bit of cold butter (Roll it out into a thin strip, add powder and roll), shape it into a pill and swallow it quickly. The powder sticks to the butter, and the salt masks most of the bitter taste.
permalinkparent[–]Xaraphim 97 points98 points99 points 1 year ago (4 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onHOLYSHIT. That is complete and utter brilliance. I had tried what I thought was everything. Including trying to bury the powder in a spoon full of chocolate pudding. (Tolerable)... but in the end, I figured if I can take a shot of Tequila (I hate the stuff) then I can handle a shot of erythromycin.
permalinkparent[–]I_Am_You_ 53 points54 points55 points 1 year ago (3 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onOr you could break open a vitamin capsule and put it in there. Also, parachute it in a bit of tissue. permalinkparent[–]jjm214 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago (2 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onwouldn't recommend the latter. Your body can't digest cellulose
permalinkparent[–]Appleman5000 4 points5 points6 points 1 year ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onThat's called fiber son.
permalinkparent[–]abnmfr 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onGoddamn right. Ain't got no time for weakness.
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1604270160 - Geotechnical Engineering: a Practical Problem Solving Approach Eureka by Nagaratnam Sivakugan; Braja Das - AbeBooks
1604270160 - Geotechnical Engineering: a Practical Problem Solving Approach Eureka by Nagaratnam Sivakugan; Braja Das
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Sivakugan, Nagaratnam; Das, Braja M.
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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING: A PRACTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH WDVD 1ST EDITION 1ST EDITION
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Geotechnical Engineering: A Practical Problem Solving Approach With Cd (Pb 2014)
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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING- A Practical Problem Solving Approach With DVD
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About this Item: Condition: Brand New. New. SoftCover International edition. Different ISBN and Cover image but contents are same as US edition. Customer Satisfaction guaranteed!!. Seller Inventory # SHUB134512
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About this Item: Condition: Brand New. New, SoftCover International edition. Different ISBN and Cover image but contents are same as US edition. Excellent Customer Service. Seller Inventory # ABEUSA-134512
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Published by J Ross Publishing (2009)
About this Item: J Ross Publishing, 2009. PAP. Condition: New. New Book. Shipped from UK in 4 to 14 days. Established seller since 2000. Seller Inventory # CD-9781604270167
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Geotechnical Engineering with DVD Rom (Mixed media product)
Published by J Ross Publishing, United States (2009)
About this Item: J Ross Publishing, United States, 2009. Mixed media product. Condition: New. New.. Language: English . Brand New Book. This is the ultimate resource for anyone looking for a practical approach to solving geotechnical engineering problems. Geotechnical Engineering provides readers with comprehensive coverage all of the major geotechnical topics in the simplest possible way adopting a hands-on approach with a very strong practical bias. You will learn the material through worked examples that are representative of realistic field situations whereby geotechnical engineering principles are applied to solve real-life problems. There are a few carefully selected review exercises at the end of each chapter with answers given whenever possible. This volume also includes a number of quizzes to help you practice what you ve learnt and identify areas to work on, as well as a free DVD featuring a copy of the Student edition of GeoStudio, a software program used for solving a wide range of geotechnical problems. Seller Inventory # AAJ9781604270167
About this Item: J Ross Publishing, United States, 2009. Paperback. Condition: New. New.. Language: English . Brand New Book. This is the ultimate resource for anyone looking for a practical approach to solving geotechnical engineering problems. Geotechnical Engineering provides readers with comprehensive coverage all of the major geotechnical topics in the simplest possible way adopting a hands-on approach with a very strong practical bias. You will learn the material through worked examples that are representative of realistic field situations whereby geotechnical engineering principles are applied to solve real-life problems. There are a few carefully selected review exercises at the end of each chapter with answers given whenever possible. This volume also includes a number of quizzes to help you practice what you ve learnt and identify areas to work on, as well as a free DVD featuring a copy of the Student edition of GeoStudio, a software program used for solving a wide range of geotechnical problems. Seller Inventory # AAJ9781604270167
About this Item: J Ross Publishing. Mixed media product. Condition: New. New copy - Usually dispatched within 2 working days. Seller Inventory # B9781604270167
About this Item: J. Ross Publishing, 2009. Condition: New. book. Seller Inventory # M1604270160
About this Item: 2009. Paperback. Condition: New. Paperback. Geotechnical Engineering: A Practical Problem SolvingApproach covers all of the major geotechnical topics inthe simplest possible way adopting a hands-on approachwith a very strong practic.Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability. 420 pages. 0.907. Seller Inventory # 9781604270167
About this Item: J. Ross Publishing, 2009. Condition: Good. A+ Customer service! Satisfaction Guaranteed! Book is in Used-Good condition. Pages and cover are clean and intact. Used items may not include supplementary materials such as CDs or access codes. May show signs of minor shelf wear and contain limited notes and highlighting. Seller Inventory # 1604270160-2-4
About this Item: J. Ross Publishing, 2009. Paperback. Condition: Very Good. Great condition with minimal wear, aging, or shelf wear. Seller Inventory # P021604270160
Sivakugan, Nagaratnam/ Das, Braja M.
About this Item: J Ross Pub, 2009. Paperback. Condition: Brand New. paperback/dvdr edition. 505 pages. 9.00x7.25x1.00 inches. In Stock. Seller Inventory # __1604270160
About this Item: J. Ross Publishing, 2009. Paperback. Condition: Like New. Almost new condition. Seller Inventory # P011604270160

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Member Profile: Deb Armstrong - Find A Grave
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I spend a few hours each week working on genealogy and have been assisted by the information that I find with Find A Grave. I hope to one day be able to contribute more to this wonderful site.
Find A Grave has allow me the opportunity to learn more about my family history and also bringing other family members up to date with my findings, much to their surprise and elation. For many years my father was unsure of his family history due to a loss of memory when he was young. Now we are putting the missing pieces together.
I will transfer memorials according to Find A Grave standards and related family, just send an email or use the edit function to request a transfer. I have had the unfortunate Find A Grave standard family transfer request rejected by a member, so just send a request.
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Armstrong / McCall and McColl
Bennefiled / Benefield
Duvall / Maciag Family
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value: This website is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry.com.


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