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Patent US6769976 - Stunning device for killing small animals or fish - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsStunning device (1) for small animals or fish of 2 kg to 7 kg weight comprises pneumatically powered piston assembly (2) which includes an extendible piston. Support (3) for piston assembly (2) includes base member (4) and multi-component trigger (22, 23, 24, 26). Piston assembly (2) is positioned to...http://www.google.com/patents/US6769976?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6769976 - Stunning device for killing small animals or fishAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6769976 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/297,940PCT numberPCT/AU2001/000745Publication dateAug 3, 2004Filing dateJun 22, 2001Priority dateJun 22, 2000Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20030171085, WO2001097621A1Publication number10297940, 297940, PCT/2001/745, PCT/AU/1/000745, PCT/AU/1/00745, PCT/AU/2001/000745, PCT/AU/2001/00745, PCT/AU1/000745, PCT/AU1/00745, PCT/AU1000745, PCT/AU100745, PCT/AU2001/000745, PCT/AU2001/00745, PCT/AU2001000745, PCT/AU200100745, US 6769976 B2, US 6769976B2, US-B2-6769976, US6769976 B2, US6769976B2InventorsRichard BassOriginal AssigneeRichard BassExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (19), Referenced by (15), Classifications (5), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetStunning device for killing small animals or fish
US 6769976 B2Abstract
Stunning device (1) for small animals or fish of 2 kg to 7 kg weight comprises pneumatically powered piston assembly (2) which includes an extendible piston. Support (3) for piston assembly (2) includes base member (4) and multi-component trigger (22, 23, 24, 26). Piston assembly (2) is positioned to define a space between base member (4) and head plate (21) for receiving the head (27) of the animal. When the piston is activated by head (27) contacting plate (22), it extends and strikes head (27) just behind and/or between the eyes with sufficient force to kill the animal with a shock to the brain, but without affecting the external appearance of the animal or fish. The piston extends only once and then retracts, and trigger (22, 23, 24, 26) is reset by removing head (27) from device (1).
What is claimed is: 1. An animal or fish stunning device comprising:
a pneumatically-powered piston assembly comprising a piston retractably extendable from an open ended cylinder included in said assembly, wherein said piston assembly comprises a pneumatic gun with a sleeve as said cylinder; a support for said piston assembly including a base member, wherein said piston assembly is positioned with respect to said base member to define a space between said base member and said cylinder open end for receiving a head of an animal or fish, and wherein said piston can extend partially into said space; and a trigger for activating extension of said piston when said trigger is contacted by the head of said animal or fish when positioned in said space, wherein said trigger comprises: a contact plate adjustably linked to a pivot frame having a first pushrod extending therefrom for contacting an activating button of said gun; and a second, pneumatically operated, pushrod that disengages said first pushrod from said button immediately after activation of said button; wherein said pivot frame is biased to a pre-firing position and said first pushrod is biased towards said button to prevent refiring of said piston while said head of said animal or fish is in contact with said trigger. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein said piston assembly is pivotally mounted to said support.
3. The device according to claim 2, wherein an adjustment mechanism is provided to limit pivoting of said piston assembly or to fix said piston assembly into a desired position relative to said base member.
4. The device according to claim 3, wherein said adjustment mechanism comprises screws that abut tabs projecting from said piston assembly mounting or said support therefor.
5. The device according to claim 3, wherein said adjustment mechanism comprises an adjusting screw on said piston assembly support that engages a threaded boss on said support.
6. The device according to claim 5, wherein said boss can be disconnected from said support to permit pivoting of said piston assembly out of said support.
7. The device according to claim 6, wherein said boss is connected to said support via a clasp that can be opened for pivoting of said piston assembly.
8. The device according to claim 7, wherein opening of said clasp is via a lever acted on by an over-centre spring that normally holds said clasp closed.
9. The device according to claim 1, wherein mounting of said piston assembly to said support is via a pair of parallel rails pivotally connected at an end of each rail to said support.
10. The device according to claim 9, wherein said pivotal connection is via an axle spanning said support.
11. The device according to claim 1, wherein said support comprises a planar base member and planar side members.
12. The device according to claim 1, wherein an upright guide plate is provided at each side of side support at said space defined by said base member and said cylinder open end.
13. The device according to claim 12, wherein each said guide plate is adjustably mounted to said support for varying the distance therebetween.
14. The device according to claim 13, wherein said adjustable mounting comprises a shaft extending from a guide plate that is received in a boss on said support and is locked into position by a threaded stud in said boss.
15. The device according to claim 13, wherein said adjustable mounting comprises an annularly grooved shaft extending from a guide plate that is received in a boss on said support and is held in position by a backing plate that docks in a groove.
16. The device according to claim 12, wherein a distal portion of at least one of said guide plates is hinged and biased away from said device.
17. The device according to claim 1, wherein said base member has a ramped member in said space, and wherein said ramped member acts as a chin plate.
18. The device according to claim 17, wherein the slope of said ramped member is adjustable.
19. The device according to claim 1, wherein a spacer sleeve is positioned between said cylinder and said gun body.
20. The device according to claim 1, wherein said device includes a multiple-outlet valve for controlling supply of air to device components.
21. The device according to claim 1, wherein an air line from a multiple-outlet valve is connected to said gun body to supply air to the underside of said gun piston to aid retraction of said cylinder piston after firing of said gun.
22. The device according to claim 1, wherein said piston includes an o-ring seal to prevent slippage of said piston after retraction thereof.
23. The device according to claim 1, wherein a cover is provided over said device with an opening therein that coincides with the space between said base member and said cylinder open end.
24. The device according to claim 23, which further includes a mechanism that prevents activation of said device when said cover is absent.
25. The device according to claim 1, wherein a plate is provided that extends outwardly of the periphery of the open end of said cylinder.
26. An animal or fish stunning device comprising:
an assembly comprising a pneumatic gun connected to a piston within an open-ended cylinder, the gun being mounted to a frame comprising parallel rails; a support into which said assembly is pivotally fitted via said rails, the support comprising a planar base member and planar side members, wherein said assembly is positioned with respect to said base member to define a space between said base member and said cylinder open end for receiving a head of an animal or fish, and wherein said piston can extend partially into said space; and a trigger for activating extension of said piston when said trigger is contacted by the head of said animal or fish when positioned in said space, said trigger comprising a contact plate that is adjustably linked to a pivot frame having a first pushrod extending therefrom for contacting an activating button of said gun; and a second, pneumatically operated, pushrod that disengages said first pushrod from said button immediately after activation of said button to prevent refiring of said piston while said head of said animal or fish is in contact with said trigger; wherein said pivot frame is biased to a pre-firing position and said first pushrod is biased towards said button.
This invention relates to apparatus which can be used to stun, or slaughter, small animals and fish. In particular, the invention relates to pneumatically operated apparatus.
Processing of animals for food usually involves the initial slaughter of the animal. In the processing of larger animals such as cattle, this is typically done by a blow to an animal's head using a pneumatically- or cartridge-powered gun with a captive bolt or piston in place of a projectile.
Processing of some fishes also requires slaughter as an initial step in the process. For example, salmon are typically “stunned” by a blow to the head before processing as food. In many instances, the blow is applied with a simple club, there being no readily available apparatus for the procedure. Smaller animals such as rabbits are similarly stunned by a blow to the head, there again being no readily available apparatus suitable for use with animals of this size.
Any apparatus must be capable of delivering a blow to the head of an animal or fish in such a way that stunning can be done humanely. For most processing needs, the apparatus must also be capable of delivering blows quickly and repetitively so that large numbers of animals or fish can be processed.
Pneumatically powered apparatus is used for larger animals because it meets the needs set out in the previous paragraph. However, such apparatus is not suitable for use with smaller animals or fish. Smaller hand-held pneumatic devices are known—for example, pneumatically powered nail guns—but these are not suitable for use as a fish or animal stunning device because of their configurations. Such devices are nevertheless capable of delivering an adequate force.
The object of the invention is to provide a stunning device that can be used for the rapid and repetitive stunning of small animals or fish and that utilizes pneumatic power.
In a broad format, the invention provides an animal or fish stunning device comprising:
a pneumatically-powered piston assembly comprising a piston retractably extendable from an open ended cylinder included in said assembly;
a support for said piston assembly including a base member, wherein said piston assembly is positioned with respect to said base member to define a space between said base member and said cylinder open end for receiving a head of an animal or fish, and wherein said piston can extend partially into said space; and
a trigger for activating extension of said piston when said trigger is contacted by the head of said animal or fish when positioned in said space.
The operating principle of the stunning device according to the invention is that that the animal or fish is killed by a blow to the head administered by the piston of the device. The action is initiated by insertion of the animal's or fish's head into the space between the base member of the support for the piston assembly and the open end of the cylinder whereby contact with a trigger activates the piston. The trigger and cylinder are configured such that when the piston is activated, it strikes the animal or fish just behind and/or between the eyes. This impact is sufficient to kill the animal or fish due to the shock to the brain.
A design feature of the device is that when activated, the piston extends only once and then retracts. Removal of the animal or fish resets the trigger so that the device can be immediately used to stun another animal or fish.
The piston assembly of devices according to the invention is advantageously pivotally mounted to the support so that the distance between the base member and the open end of the cylinder can be adjusted to allow use with differently sized animals and fishes. The piston assembly can be either fixed in a particular position or mounted such that some degree of movement is possible. This allows for automatic adjustment of the distance between the base member and the open end of the cylinder when differently sized individuals of the same species of animal or fish are to be slaughtered.
The mounting of the piston assembly to the support is typically such that the assembly can be demounted to allow cleaning of both components. Devices advantageously include guide plates to facilitate insertion of the head of the animal or fish into the space between the base member of the support and the open end of the cylinder. Preferably, the distance between guide plates at each side of the entrance to the device is adjustable. Advantageously, the entire device can be dismantled for cleaning of all components.
The support for the piston assembly advantageously comprises a planar base member and planar side members. Alternatively, the support can be a framework of elongate members.
The pneumatic operation of the piston is typically effected by incorporating apparatus commonly known as a “nail gun” in the piston assembly of devices according to the invention. As such guns are typically capable of repetitive firing on activation, devices include a mechanism which allows only a single extension of the piston. This will be explained in greater detail below. However, it will be appreciated by one of skill in the art of the manufacture of such devices that the pneumatically-operated piston can be any suitable assembly including a purpose-built assembly.
Devices according to the invention can be used with small animals and are particularly suited for use with animals having a weight of 2 to 7 kg. With regard to fishes, devices can be conveniently used with fish having a weight of up to about 7 kg such as salmon, trout and sea bass. Devices are most particularly suited for the stunning of salmon during the commercial processing thereof.
With devices according to the invention, animals or fish to be processed can be rapidly and efficiently stunned with minimal risk of injury to the operator. Furthermore, as triggering is effected by the head of the animal or fish, both hands of the operator can be used to guide the head of the animal or fish into the device. An additional advantage of devices according to the invention is that the external appearance of the animal or fish is not affected by the killing process. This is particularly important for sale of whole fish. The quality of fish is also enhanced through more rapid and humane killing at the point of harvest.
Having broadly described the invention, stunning devices will now be exemplified with reference to the drawings briefly described hereafter.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the device shown in FIG. 1 with portions of the support for the piston assembly omitted.
FIG. 3 is a side view of another device according to the invention with a side member of a support assembly omitted to expose features of the device.
FIG. 4 is a side view of the support assembly of the device shown in FIG. 3 with components omitted to expose adjustment and release mechanisms.
FIG. 5 is a detailed view of the adjustable mounting for a guide plate.
The same item number has been used for features appearing in more than one drawing.
The devices depicted in the figures are designed for the stunning of adult salmon in the commercial processing thereof. However, it will be appreciated that with appropriate reconfiguration, the device can be adapted for use with other fishes or animals.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown device 1 comprising piston assembly 2 and support assembly 3. To first deal with the support assembly, this comprises a planar base member 4 and planar side members 5 and 6 linked by a cross-piece 7. In FIG. 2, side member 6 has been omitted so that other features of the device can be seen. Support assembly 3 further includes guide plates 8 and 9 that are adjustably fixed to side members 5 and 6, respectively. Taking guide plate 9 as an example, fixing is via a shaft 10 extending from an end of the guide plate, which shaft can be locked—typically via a threaded stud—into a collar 11 on side member 6. Base member 4 has fixed thereto a chin plate 12 which aids proper positioning of the head of the fish in the device as will be explained below.
Turning to piston assembly 2, this is pivotally mounted to an axle 13 extending between side members 5 and 6 to which rails at each side of the assembly are connected. One of these rails is item 14 of FIG. 2 which is the rail furthest the viewer. The rail at the other side of the piston assembly has been omitted to again allow features of the assembly to be seen. Pivoting of piston assembly 2 is limited in movement away from base member 4 by adjusting screw 15 in cross-piece 7 which contacts a tab 16 extending from the assembly. The minimum distance between open ended cylinder 17 from which the piston of the piston assembly extends and chin plate 12 is set by an adjusting screw 18 on the piston assembly which contacts a tab 19 projecting inwardly from side member 6. Adjusting screw 18 and tab 19 are shown in phantom in FIG. 2. It will be appreciated from FIG. 2 that with adjusting screws 15 and 18 set as shown, some pivoting of piston assembly 2 is still possible. That is, the piston assembly can pivot until tab 16 contacts the end of adjusting screw 15. This allows adjustment of the distance between cylinder 17 and chin plate 12 to compensate for differently sized fish.
Cylinder 17 is essentially a sleeve mounted to a standard pneumatic gun 20, the particular gun in the example being a Max Model No. NF510 manufactured by Max Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. The cylinder bore is indicated by the dashed lines in FIG. 2. The normal piston of the gun is replaced with a sealed hollow stainless steel cylinder of about 100 mm in length. The end of the piston that extends from the cylinder has a convex curvature to minimise damage to fish to be stunned which could occur with a piston having a flat extremity. The cylinder has mounted at its open end a head plate 21, with an appropriate aperture therein to allow passage of the piston, to further aid positioning of a fish in the device.
The trigger of device 1 comprises a contact plate 22 adjustably linked to a pivot frame 23 which has a pushrod 24 extending therefrom for contacting the activating button 25 of pneumatic gun 20. Pushrod 24 is also acted on by a pneumatic pushrod 26 that disengages pushrod 24 from button 25 during operation of the device. This will be explained below. The position of contact plate 22 relative to the head 27 of a fish positioned in the device can be set by adjusting the angle between the contact plate and pivot frame 23 via adjusting screw 28. Pivot frame 23 is biased to a pre-firing position as shown in FIG. 2 by spring 29 with the position adjustable via a stop screw 30. The movement of pushrod 24 is limited by a stop screw 31 and the pushrod is biased to the button 25 contact position shown in FIG. 2 via spring 32. The piston assembly also includes a five-way valve 33, the function of which will be described below.
Device components such as the support assembly 3 are typically fabricated from a corrosion resistant metals material. A preferred material is stainless steel. The support assembly of the exemplified device has a length of about 370 mm, a width of about 185 mm, and a height of about 205 mm. The pneumatic nail gun component 20 of the piston assembly utilizes a normal air supply of 3.0 to 5.0 bar and typically operates at 3.5 bar. The device is suitable for stunning fish such as salmon of 2 to 7 kg.
Operation of device 1 will now be described. To stun a fish, the head 27 thereof is positioned in the space between head plate 21 and chin plate 12 aided by guide plates 8 and 9. Movement of fish head 27 further into this space ultimately results in the nose 34 of the fish meeting contact plate 22 which causes pushrod 31 to depress button 25 of pneumatic gun 20. The piston then extends from cylinder 17 by up to about 30 mm thereby contacting the head of the fish. To prevent multiple firing of the gun (which would result in excessive damage to the fish), pushrod 24 is stopped by stop screw 31 so that depression of button 25 is only to an initial (single fire) position. To allow immediate retraction of the piston, pushrod 24 is disengaged from button 25 by pneumatic pushrod 26. The latter pushrod is activated by five-way valve 33 which senses a drop of pressure on firing of the gun to extend the piston with air being diverted to the pushrod. On removal of the stunned fish, contact plate 22 and pushrod 24 are returned to the positions shown in FIG. 2 under the action of springs 29, and 32, respectively.
The device is then ready for repetition of the foregoing procedure.
Device 1 is typically fixed to a horizontal surface, such as a bench top, for use. However, it will be appreciated that the device can be used in any orientation.
In a variant of the device exemplified above, the pneumatic pushrod 26 and five-way valve 33 can be replaced by a spring-extended double acting cylinder arrangement, thus avoiding the need for the five-way valve.
A variant of the device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4. With reference to FIG. 3, there is shown device 35 comprising piston assembly 36 and support assembly 37. The support assembly 37 is essentially the same as support assembly 3 of the device described above. Differences will be discussed below.
The piston assembly 36 includes a standard pneumatic gun 38 which in this case is a Max Model No. NF352-ST/16-50 obtainable from Max Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. As this gun has a shorter barrel than the gun used in the FIGS. 1 and 2 device, a sleeve 39 is mounted between gun 38 and cylinder 40, which cylinder 40 is similar to cylinder 17 of the FIGS. 1 and 2 device. In the present case, the piston within cylinder 40 is solid and is connected to the piston of gun 38 by a solid rod not shown in the figure. The piston is grooved at its upper end, which groove has an o-ring therein. The o-ring prevents slippage of the piston in between firings of the gun. These details are again not shown in the figure.
The trigger mechanism of device 35, and the operation thereof, is the same as the trigger mechanism of the FIG. 1 and 2 device. One difference in the operation of the gun, however, is that there is a supply of air to the body of gun 38 which air acts on the underside of the gun piston to aid retraction of the piston after firing. This supply of air is from a branch line 41 of the air line 42 from five-way valve 43 to the pushrod 44 that is the equivalent of pushrod 26 of the FIGS. 1 and 2 device. Consequently, after the gun is fired, there is a momentary supply of air through line 42 and hence then to the gun body via line 41 to aid cylinder retraction.
Device 35 further includes a pressure relieve valve 43 a which receives air from a compressor. The device typically operates at 5.0 bar.
Device 35 also has a cover, shown in phantom as 45 in FIG. 3, secured to support assembly 37 by a spring clip on each side of the device, one of which spring clips is shown at 46. The device has two guide plates like those of the FIGS. 1 and 2 device but of the same length. One of the guide plates, 47 of FIG. 3, is hinged at its mid-point 48 with the distal half 49 biased away from the centre of the device. When the device is mounted close to a wall with guide plate 47 on the side of the device closest the wall, the distal half 49 will contact the wall thereby closing any gap between the device and the wall. This prevents a fish entering the gap between the device and the wall. The distance between the guide plates can be adjusted by the independent setting of each plate by a mechanism to be explained in detail below.
The angle of chin plate 50 of device 35 can be adjusted. The chin plate is pivotally mounted to the base 51 of support assembly 37 at 52. A spring-loaded pin at the distal end of the chin plate is received in one of the notches in a notched plate 53 on a side wall of the support assembly.
Greater detail of adjustment mechanisms is presented in FIGS. 4 and 5. In FIG. 4, there is shown the base member 51 and a side member 54 of support assembly 37. A support rail 55 for gun 38 is pivotally mounted at 56 to side member 54. The position of the gun is adjustable by virtue of adjusting screw 57.
To aid cleaning of the device, piston assembly 36 can be pivoted out of support assembly 37 once cover 45 has been removed. To allow this, a boss 58 at the end of adjusting screw 57 can be released from a clasp 59 therefor by virtue of a lever 60 acted on by an over-centre spring which normally retains the clasp about boss 58.
Adjusting screw 57 is adjacent side wall 54. The upper end of the screw has a tee-piece 61. This tee-piece cannot rotate when the adjusting screw is locked in position and cover 45 is in situ. Consequently, movement generated by operation of gun 38 does not alter the setting of rail 55 and hence the position of cylinder 40 relative to base member 51 (see FIG. 3).
When lever 60 is in the released position—which can only occur when cover 45 is removed—the lever lies across spring clip 62, the complement of spring clip 46 of FIG. 3. Consequently, the cover cannot be refitted. This prevents use of the device when adjusting screw 57 is not properly latched. Spring clips 46 and 62 can be interlinked so that blocking of only one clip prevents operation of both clips.
A mechanism for the adjustable mounting of a guide plate to side member 54 is shown at 63 of FIG. 4 and in more detail in FIG. 5, the latter being an exploded view. FIG. 5 shows a shaft 64 which projects from the end of the guide plate within the support assembly (see FIG. 3). This shaft is received in a boss 65 on a side wall of the support assembly. Shaft 64 includes a plurality of grooves 66 into one of which a spring loaded plate 67 can drop when the shaft is in boss 65. This locks shaft 64 in a particular position and thus sets the position of the attached guide plate relative to the side walls of the support assembly. Lifting plate 67 via tab 68 allows repositioning of the shaft and hence the guide plate.
The device illustrated in FIG. 3 is operated in the same manner as the FIGS. 1 and 2 device.
It will be appreciated that many changes can be made to the stunning devices and use thereof as exemplified above without departing from the broad ambit and scope of the invention.
The term “comprise”, or variants thereof such as “comprising” or “comprised”, is used herein to denote the inclusion of a stated integer or integers, unless is the context of usage an exclusive interpretation of the term is required.
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Kevin Robinson Videos - ESPN
Kevin RobinsonWide ReceiverBornDec 19, 1984 in Fresno, CADrafted 2008: 6th Rnd, 182nd by KCCollegeUtah StateCareerRECYDSTD000Complete Stats »StatsSplitsGame LogVideosPhotosShop Kevin Robinson VideosNo videos available.

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Who will buy? lol!!! kits's gear list:kits's gear list
Thank you for the pointless bump.kits
wrote:Who will buy? lol!!!-- hide signature --
You got to admit it's funny reading through this thread now, versus what the posters were thinking 8 months ago. El Matadurr's gear list:El Matadurr's gear list

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Cleo M Barnes (Unknown-1930) - Find A Grave Memorial
Cleo M Barnes
Memorial ID 112866192
Find A Grave Memorial 112866192
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Cleo M Barnes (unknown–1930), Find A Grave Memorial no. 112866192, citing Saint Mary's Grove Original FWB Church Cemetery, Benson, Johnston County, North Carolina, USA ; Maintained by Gloria Starling Johnson (contributor 47561627) .
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The subject gateway : experiences and issues based on the emergence of the Resource Discovery Network (E-Book, 2000) [WorldCat.org]
Titel: The subject gateway : experiences and issues based on the emergence of the Resource Discovery Network
Verlag: Bath : L. Dempsey, 2000.
Tags hinzufügen Für "The subject gateway : experiences and issues based on the emergence of the Resource Discovery Network".
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cancelled.jspx for JSF Study Notes
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Sequel to The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. First published in 1895, it features five stories about Mowgli and three unrelated stories.
By TreasureHunter on 02-01-19
"White Fang" (1906) is a novel by Jack London and the name of the book's eponymous character, a wild wolfdog. The story takes place in Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, Canada, during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush and details White Fang's journey to domestication. Much of "White Fang" is written from the viewpoint of the titular canine character, enabling London to explore how animals view their world and how they view humans. "White Fang" examines the violent world of wild animals and the equally violent world of humans. The book also explores complex themes including morality and redemption.
Artist Bio Author: Jack London (1876-1916) was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist, one of the first fiction writers obtaining celebrity and a fortune. His most famous novel is "The Call of the Wild".

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Growth on a mini-cake after 7 hours : shroomersjump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | pics-Documentaries-aww-WritingPrompts-history-UpliftingNews-AskReddit-movies-books-Fitness-Art-dataisbeautiful-food-gaming-philosophy-sports-videos-Futurology-worldnews-science-personalfinance-gadgets-Jokes-nosleep-listentothis-tifu-nottheonion-television-funny-space-Music-TwoXChromosomes-Showerthoughts-photoshopbattles-InternetIsBeautiful-news-todayilearned-gifs-LifeProTips-DIY-explainlikeimfive-GetMotivated-creepy-askscience-OldSchoolCool-IAmA-EarthPorn-mildlyinterestingmore » shroomerscommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/shroomersuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 13 Feb 20149 points (92% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postshroomerssubscribeunsubscribe8,968 readers~3 users here nowFor the hunting, growing, and consuming of mushrooms.
created by ilcocodriloa community for 4 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSilcocodriloAQMessiahBoraxAutoModerator8910Growth on a mini-cake after 7 hours (imgur.com)submitted 8 months ago by Niemobile9 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...all 9 commentssorted by: newbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandom[–]Ooowst -1 points0 points1 point 8 months ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onOh my god! This is exactly what i want to do! I only wanna grow 2 g or an 1/8th at most! Can i get a step by step..?
permalink[–]Ohbeejuan 0 points1 point2 points 8 months ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onUpdate now?
permalink[–]Niemobile[S] 0 points1 point2 points 8 months ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onUpdate.
permalinkparent[–]zsnesfreak 0 points1 point2 points 8 months ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onHas been 13 hours since post, update us please.
permalinkparent[–]RipRoaringRay 0 points1 point2 points 8 months ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onWow nice! permalink[–]Iaskshroomquestions 1 point2 points3 points 8 months ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onThat is adorable. permalink[–]Niemobile[S] 4 points5 points6 points 8 months ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onMade this mini-cake out of a shot glass with a LC! Worked pretty good and is producing some pins!
permalink[–]MycoObsession 0 points1 point2 points 8 months ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onThat's really cool! Congrats on your mini-cake!
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BrowseBrowseInterestsBiography & MemoirBusiness & LeadershipFiction & LiteraturePolitics & EconomyHealth & WellnessSociety & CultureHappiness & Self-HelpMystery, Thriller & CrimeHistoryYoung AdultBrowse byBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet MusicBrowse allUploadSign inJoinBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet MusicWelcome to Scribd! Start your free trial and access books, documents and more.Find out moreIntroduction Author(s): Bruce T. Moran Source: Isis, Vol. 102, No. 2 (June 2011), pp.300-304 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/660138 . Accessed: 04/07/2011 06:40
By Bruce T. Moran*
Alchemy is part of the cultural experience of early modern Europe and yet has had to overcome problems of demarcation to be considered relevant to the history of science. This essay considers historiographical and methodological issues that have affected the gradual demarginalization of alchemy among attempts to explain, and ﬁnd things out about, nature. As an area of historical study, alchemy relates to the history of science as part of an ensemble of practices that explored the natural world through natural philosophy and speculative traditions and by functioning as a nexus of social and intellectual life.
ISTORIANS OF SCIENCE HAVE WORKED HARD to restore the indigenous status of subjects sometimes cut off from the conditions that created them. Moving away from “big picture” narratives that vaulted from one individual mountaintop to another, we are now alert in framing the history of science to what John Dewey observed in connection to art—namely, that “mountain peaks do not ﬂoat unsupported; they do not even just rest on the earth. They are the earth in one of its manifest operations.”1 The cultural earth of the period later labeled “early modern” linked ideas, practices, passions, and vocations in a variety of attempts to know the world. In so doing, alchemy made up part of the era’s cultural clay. As both a textual and a practical domain, it combined representation with performance, spiritual experience with material agency, speculative philosophy with the examination of “empirical particulars.” Alchemy supplied a nexus for intersecting ﬁelds of knowledge and techniques of inquiry and brought together as well broad elements of social and intellectual life that connected the
* Department of History, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557; moran@unr.edu. This Focus section was organized by Bruce T. Moran. 1 John Dewey, Art as Experience (1934; New York: Perigee, 2005), p. 2. Isis, 2011, 102:300 –304 ©2011 by The History of Science Society. All rights reserved. 0021-1753/2011/10202-0004$10.00 300
FOCUS—ISIS, 102 : 2 (2011)
dynamics of gender, art, patronage, and commerce to the processes of knowledge making.2 Nevertheless, even while allowing for a more pluralistic view of what should count as relevant to the construction of natural knowledge in a period of enormous change, alchemy has had to struggle against its own historiography in ﬁnding a secure place within the history of science. Part of the problem has been its very earthiness. Things, Samuel Johnson observed, were “the sons of heaven,” but words, he declared, were “the daughters of earth.” Beyond the universal problem of representation versus reality, the words of alchemists, many believed, posed special, earthbound difﬁculties, if not obstructions, to “scientiﬁc” inquiry. Alchemy’s terminology seemed to reﬂect an epistemology that was secretive, subjective, and fundamentally noncommunicable. The eighteenth century condemned the entire subject as irrational and esoteric, and early writers in the history of science followed suit. In the 1950s and 1960s the subject was generally denounced as an obstacle to correct thinking, part of the “mystical jungle” of a premodern garden grown to seed. George Sarton described the difference between practical alchemists and practical chemists as one of purpose. Alchemists were after the philosophers’ stone and became interested in other things only when they failed to produce gold. Allen Debus fought for alchemy’s relevance outside its own milieu, arguing for its signiﬁcance to the “Scientiﬁc Revolution” via the tradition of Neoplatonic cosmology and an association with the discipline of chemical medicine.3 Nevertheless, the knowledge tree of history of science remained resistant to adding an extra branch. Until 2002 the annual Isis bibliography compartmentalized alchemy as “Pseudo-science,” a demarcation with which no historical actor self-identiﬁed and one as problematic for historians of astrology and natural magic as for historians of later knowledge constructs like mesmerism and phrenology. Even the apparent alchemical interests of one of the most signiﬁcant ﬁgures in the history of science seemed at ﬁrst to make little difference, partly because, when deﬁned as mystical philosophy, alchemy appeared at odds with informed views of matter. Charles Gillispie, one of the founders of the history of science as a professional ﬁeld, told his students at Princeton that those who thought Isaac Newton had been interested in alchemy were mistaken. How could Newton have been interested in such a subject, since he was interested in corpuscles?4 But it was precisely here, as historians brought to light the extent
2 A few recent examples, limited to sources in English, include Tara E. Nummedal, “Practical Alchemy and Commercial Exchange in the Holy Roman Empire,” in Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe, ed. Pamela H. Smith and Paula Findlen (New York/London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 201–222; Nummedal, Alchemy and Authority in the Holy Roman Empire (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2007); Smith, The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994); Smith, The Body of the Artisan: Art and Experience in the Scientiﬁc Revolution (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2004); Ku-ming (Kevin) Chang, “Georg Ernst Stahl’s Alchemical Publications: Anachronism, Reading Market, and a Scientiﬁc Lineage Redeﬁned,” in New Narratives in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry, ed. Lawrence M. Principe (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007), pp. 23– 43; Deborah E. Harkness, The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientiﬁc Revolution (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 2007); Jessica Rankin “Becoming as Expert” Tractitioner-Court Experimentalism and the Medical Skills of Anna of Saxony (1532–1585), Isis, 2007, 98:23–53; and Simon Werrett, Fireworks: Pyrotechnic Arts and Sciences in European History (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2010). 3 Charles Coulston Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientiﬁc Ideas (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1960), p. 205 (“mystical jungle”); George Sarton, “Ancient Alchemy and Abstract Art,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 1954, 11:157–173, on p. 161; and Allen G. Debus, “Alchemy and the Historian of Science,” History of Science, 1967, 6:128 –137. See also Debus, The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 2 vols. (New York: Science History Publications, 1977); and Debus, The Chemical Promise: Experiment and Mysticism in the Chemical Philosophy, 1550 –1800: Selected Essays (Sagamore Beach, Mass.: Science History Publications, 2006). 4 Gillispie, Edge of Objectivity, p. 122.
to which alchemy affected the views of Newton, Boyle, and other ﬁgures already caught up in the metaphor of “Scientiﬁc Revolution,” that alchemy began to be taken more seriously as a potent cultural force inﬂuencing attempts to understand the operations of nature.5 More precise readings of alchemical texts uncovered communicable and replicable procedures and brought to light theoretical structures linked to medieval traditions of alchemy that were consistent with later assumptions about the particulate nature of matter.6 Of major consequence in the reevaluation of alchemy’s relevance to the history of science have been the historiographical studies of Lawrence Principe and William Newman. Their analyses pointed to the eighteenth century as the source of an epistemological space that distanced the subject from chemistry and aligned it with deceptive and secretive arts like witchcraft and magic. Alchemy, in these terms, presumed disorder, and part of the rehabilitation of alchemy in the history of science has been not only to recognize the origin of this distinction but to confront it as an a priori depiction. A more precise reading of early modern alchemical authors tied alchemy and chemistry more closely together, and in recent writings the two have been joined by means of the rhetorical binding agent of “chymistry.”7 Moreover, studying the indigenous uses of terms like “alchemia” and “chemia” also revealed that in some settings it was alchemy that possessed the status of an art, while chemistry (i.e., chemia) did not.8 In contrast to what Enlightenment writers later perceived, prominent authors of an earlier period insisted that the processes of
5 Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs, The Foundations of Newton’s Alchemy; or, “The Hunting of the Greene Lyon” (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1975); Dobbs, The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton’s Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991); Richard S. Westfall, “The Role of Alchemy in Newton’s Career,” in Reason, Experiment, and Mysticism in the Scientiﬁc Revolution, ed. M. L. Righini Bonelli and William Shea (New York: Science History Publications, 1975), pp. 189 –232; Karin Figala, “Newton as Alchemist,” Hist. Sci., 1977, 15:102–137; Figala, “Die exakte Alchemie von Isaac Newton,” Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 1984, 94:155–228; Michael Hunter, “Alchemy, Magic, and Moralism in the Thought of Robert Boyle,” British Journal for the History of Science, 1990, 23:387– 410; Lawrence M. Principe, The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, ´ 1998); Frank Greiner, ed., Aspects de la tradition alchimique au XVIIe siecle (Paris: S.E.H.A., 1998); Michel ` Bougard, ed., Alchemy, Chemistry, and Pharmacy (Turnhout: Brepols, 2002); and William R. Newman and Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2002). 6 William R. Newman, “The Alchemical Sources of Robert Boyle’s Corpuscular Philosophy,” Annals of Science, 1996, 53:567–585; Newman, “Experimental Corpuscular Theory in Aristotelian Alchemy: From Geber to Sennert,” in Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theory, ed. Christoph Luthy, John ¨ Murdoch, and Newman (Leiden: Brill, 2001), pp. 291–329; Newman, Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientiﬁc Revolution (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2006); Antonio Clericuzio, Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles: A Study of Atomism and Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000); Jole Shackelford, A Philosophical Path for Paracelsian Medicine: The Ideas, Intellectual Context, and Inﬂuence of Petrus Severinus, 1540 –1602 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 2004); Margaret Garber, “Chymical Wonders of Light: J. Marci’s Seventeenth-Century Bohemian Optics,” Early Science and Medicine, 2005, 10:478 –509; and Lawrence M. Principe, “Apparatus and Reproducibility in Alchemy,” in Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry, ed. Frederic L. Holmes and Trevor Levere (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 55–74. 7 Lawrence M. Principe and William R. Newman, “Some Problems with the Historiography of Alchemy,” in Secrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe, ed. Newman and Anthony Grafton (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001), pp. 385– 431; Newman and Principe, “Alchemy vs. Chemistry: The Etymological Origins of a Historiographic Mistake,” Early Sci. Med., 1998, 3:32– 65; Newman, “From Alchemy to ‘Chymistry,’” in The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. 3: Early Modern Science, ed. Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006), pp. 497–517; and Principe, ed., Chymists and Chymistry: Studies in the History of Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry (Sagamore Beach, Mass.: Science History Publications, 2007). 8 Bruce T. Moran, Andreas Libavius and the Transformation of Alchemy: Separating Chemical Cultures with Polemical Fire (Sagamore Beach, Mass.: Science History Publications, 2007).
alchemia were clear and communicable (once one understood their language and references), while the counsels of chemia (linked to Paracelsian traditions of chemical medicine) were obscure. The professor of medicine at Jena, Zacharias Brendel (the younger) (1592–1638), dramatically underscored the situation when he decided in a text later edited by Werner Rolﬁnek, that chemia needed to be restored to the form of an art. He looked for help in what the alchemical author known as Theobald von Hoghelande had written about transmutation in a book aimed at students of alchemy. Chemia, Brendel knew, suffered from a bad reputation. That is why some physicians felt like vomiting at the very mention of the name. Making chemia an art required that it take up the methods of alchemy and attain professional status within medicine. Brendel was not kind to reluctant physicians. Those who refused chemia’s deserved place among the medical arts, he urged—referring to a suggestion made earlier by Thomas Moffett (1553–1604)—should be hung up, smoked, and salted like herring.9 Even as an art, chemia, Brendel observed, was not the scientia scientiarum that some had claimed. Rather, it was, as he called it, a habitus; and the habitus chimicus was made up of practices.10 Indeed, historical alchemy has offered an extremely fertile area for inquiry into various sorts of practice in the history of science, mediating between people, the social world, objects, and texts. As one of many “sites of encounter,” it affected varieties of personal agency while bringing together the tacit dimensions of knowing how and knowing that. In regard to practice, some experiences are shared, and paying attention to the various practices of alchemy offers help in making the scientiﬁc cultures of the early modern and modern worlds a little less remote.11 When practices pass through “the alembic of personal experience,” familiarity ensues.12 For this reason, Primo Levi suggested that chemists (or ex-chemists) of his generation could recognize one another simply by looking at the palms of each others’ hands. “The majority,” he recounted, “have a small professional, highly speciﬁc scar,” obtained when students inevitably broke glass tubes while forcing them through cork or rubber plugs. “Here, in the palm of the working hand, was our mark: the mark of chemists still to some extent alchemists.” Levi recalled that, “despite the drawbacks,” practices like these “nurtured an intense camaraderie linked to the common work,” so that each evening one left the lab “with a sensation of having ‘learned how to do something,’ which,” he added, “life teaches, is different from having ‘learned something.’”13 This particular Isis Focus section is made up of separate historical foci that take up different aspects of alchemy’s relevance in reconﬁguring the dynamics of natural inquiry in the early modern era. In these essays, alchemy blends categories later made distinct, like
9 Theobald de Hoghelande, De Alchemiae Difﬁcultatibus Liber (Coloniae, 1594), Prooemium, in Jo. Jacobi Mangeti . . . Bibliotheca chemica curiosa (Geneva, 1702), Vol. 1, pp. 336 –368; and Zachariae Brendelii . . . Chimia in artis formam redacta . . . (1630; Jena: Typis Blasii Lobensteins, sumtibus Johannis Reiffenbergeri, 1641), p. 5. 10 On the habitus chimicus see Zachariae Brendelii . . . Chimia in artis formam redacta, pp. 9 –10. 11 On practice theory see Stephen Turner, The Social Theory of Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge, and Presuppositions (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1994); Andrew Pickering, The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1995); and Pickering, “Practice and Posthumanism: Social Theory and History of Agency,” in The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, ed. Theodore Schatzki, Karin Knorr Cetina, and Eike von Savigny (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 163–174. 12 Dewey, Art as Experience (cit. n. 1), p. 86 (“alembic of personal experience”). 13 Primo Levi, “The Mark of the Chemist,” in Other People’s Trades, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Summit, 1989), pp. 97–101. Regarding attention to the various practices of alchemy see, e.g., Bruce T. Moran, Distilling Knowledge: Alchemy, Chemistry, and the Scientiﬁc Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2005).
the science of matter and the science of life. The section raises questions about the instability of terms, especially the meaning of “natural philosophy”; and it gives prominent place to the practices, both procedural and cultural, that underscore the relevance of experience of various sorts in processes linking accommodation and innovation. These essays do not seek a uniﬁed vision of the relation between alchemy and the history of science. Rather, each presents us with an individual perspective of associations and meanings that ﬁt what to most will be a foreign genre into a broadened acquaintance with the natural world. In this regard, Lawrence Principe directs our attention to terminological issues that have wrenched alchemy out of its own environment. He emphasizes the complications that rhetorical and professional posturing and the reliance on a priori deﬁnitions of science, often grounded in positivism, have created for the integration of alchemy and chemistry. William Newman highlights speciﬁc features of the recent historiography of alchemy that challenge persistent stereotypes in the history of science and offers ways of integrating scholastic and nonscholastic interpretations of matter through analytical insights gained by means of separate, yet allied, laboratory procedures. Historical alchemy becomes a means to gain greater insight into the role of experiment and the possibilities of understanding physical matter in the premodern world. Kevin Chang turns our attention to the fraught relationship between alchemy and vitalism; he also emphasizes alchemy’s role in bridging, as well as establishing, intellectual divisions in science. Some alchemists, he shows, studied matter at the same time they studied life. However, the claims of Georg Ernst Stahl (1660 –1734) not only drew a distinction between “lifeless matter and the living being” but deﬁned a more distant relationship between chemistry and medicine. Since alchemy was never bound by a single deﬁnition, Tara Nummedal underscores the varieties of meaning attached to alchemical practice within distinct social spaces as vernacular alchemists competed for advantage within the alchemical marketplace. She thus identiﬁes alchemical trajectories that maneuvered between intellectual and technical domains and were guided as well by commercial motives related to trade and the production of goods. These are, then, considerations in miniature that approach the relation between historical alchemy and the history of science from different angles. In so doing they offer a multifaceted depiction of ways in which alchemy, in theory and practice, merged with social, cultural, and intellectual processes of explaining and making use of the world in the European early modern era.
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FOCUS: ALCHEMY AND THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE by Markoff Chaney125 viewsEmbedDownloadDescriptionAlchemy is part of the cultural experience of early modern Europe and yet has had to overcome problems of demarcation to be considered relevant to the history of science. This essay considers hist...Alchemy is part of the cultural experience of early modern Europe and yet has had toovercome problems of demarcation to be considered relevant to the history of science. This essay considers historiographical and methodological issues that have affected the gradualdemarginalization of alchemy among attempts to explain, and find things out about, nature. As an area of historical study, alchemy relates to the history of science as part of an ensemble ofpractices that explored the natural world through natural philosophy and speculative traditions and by functioning as a nexus of social and intellectual life.Interests: Types, Research, ScienceRead on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentShow moreShow less
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Statistical Modeling for Biomedical Researchers : A Simple Introduction to the Analysis of Complex Data - Walmart.com
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11Trade in this item for an Amazon.com Gift CardFREE Shipping on eligible ordersStarring:Berlin Philharmonic, Sir Simon Rattle, et al.Directed by:Elisabeth MalzerRuntime:1 hr 31 minsCDs & Vinyl:See all 937 itemsModest MussorgskyCurrently unavailableDigital Music:See all 1,513 itemsMussorgsky: St. John's Night on Bare Mountain; WorksSep 9, 1997by Claudio AbbadoMP3 Music$8.99Available for download now.Audio CD$6.91PrimeOnly 1 left in stock - order soon.More Buying Choices$2.80used & new(44 offers)
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2CDs & Vinyl:See all 937 itemsPictures at an Exhibition: orchestrated by Maurice Ravel Eulenburg Audio+ScoreMar 1, 2010by Maurice Ravel and Arbie OrensteinPaperback$14.94$17.95PrimeOnly 10 left in stock - order soon.More Buying Choices$9.78used & new(46 offers)
4Trade in yours for an Amazon Gift Card up to $2.00FREE Shipping on eligible ordersBooks:See all 1,585 itemsPictures At an Exhibition: I. PromenadeSep 24, 2010by Michael Silverman and Modest Mussorgsky Join Amazon Prime and get unlimited access to over a million songs, curated playlists, and ad-free stations.Available to Stream NowMP3 Music$0.89to buy the MP3 albumAvailable for download now.Digital Music:See all 1,513 itemsMussorgsky: Pictures At An Exhibition; Ravel: Bol‚ro [LP]Apr 29, 2016by Herbert von Karajan and Modest MussorgskyVinyl$19.99PrimeOnly 4 left in stock - order soon.More Buying Choices$15.49used & new(32 offers)
1FREE Shipping on eligible ordersCDs & Vinyl:See all 937 itemsMussorgsky: Khovanshchina: Prelude: "Dawn on the Moscow River" (Act One)May 16, 2000by Modest MussorgskyMP3 Music$0.99Available for download now.Digital Music:See all 1,513 itemsMussorgsky: KhovanshchinaJan 14, 1991by Modest Mussorgsky and Emil TchakarovAudio CD$39.04PrimeOnly 1 left in stock - order soon.More Buying Choices$34.34used & new(7 offers)
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Garden in Winter: Plant for Beauty and Interest in the Quiet Season by Suzy Bales | Hardcover | Barnes & Noble
Garden in Winter: Plant for Beauty and Interest in the Quiet Season by
Overview Most of us think of winter as the time when the garden sleeps and our attention turns to indoor activities. Yet Better Homes & Gardens contributing editor Suzy Bales lures us to the windows, the garden paths, and outdoor areas to witness the beauty and vitality of the winter garden. The possibilities for creating interest in the winter landscape are considerable. Through Suzy’s eyes, you’ll discover the intriguing patterns of tree bark; the sculptural shapes created by ...
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2007-10-30 Hardcover New Brand new, from a bookstore closeout, this is an excellent copy. Eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping! Fast Amazon shipping plus a hassle free return ...
Down-to-Earth Gardener: Let...Suzy Bales
Down to Earth With Helen DillonHelen Dillon
The possibilities for creating interest in the winter landscape are considerable. Through Suzy’s eyes, you’ll discover the intriguing patterns of tree bark; the sculptural shapes created by trees, arching vines, shrubs, and seedheads of perennials and grasses; the outline of outdoor structures, containers, and ornaments; and the unexpected but welcome dashes of color added by conifers, berries, early bulbs, and yes, even flowers. Suzy provides details on the best plants and cultivars to choose and explains how to group them for the most arresting vignettes.
ISBN-13: 9781594863639
Edition description: First EditionPages: 224Product dimensions: 8.53 (w) x 8.85 (h) x 1.01 (d)
A great book for both novices and seasoned gardeners
Time is another dimension in landscape design. Every good designer and gardener should consider seasonal effects when selecting plants and laying out gardens. Winter is a challenging season, but with careful planning and design, it can be a season full of opportunities. Suzy Bales presents a lot of useful ideas and opportunities in ¿The Garden in Winter: Plant for Beauty and Interest in the Quiet Season,¿ such as the beauty of lines formed by the branches of deciduous trees, the pattern of tree barks, the views through windows, the ornaments, containers, garden structures, ice sculptures, broadleaf evergreens and colorful conifers, perennials and grasses, etc. This book is also a very reader friendly and practical guide for winter gardening, the information is presented in plain and simple English. ¿The Garden in Winter: Plant for Beauty and Interest in the Quiet Season¿ has 224 pages and many beautiful color interior photos. It is a great book for both novices and seasoned gardeners.

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Nathan Olthoff Obituary - Reno, NV | the Reno Journal-Gazette and Mason Valley News
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Nathan Olthoff
Nathan Carlisle Olthoff
Nate, 82, died peacefully at the Reno Veterans Hospital from complications of Alzheimer's disease. Born and raised in Emery, South Dakota. He moved to Reno and accepted work with Silas Ross at Ross, Burke and Knobel as a practicing mortician.
Nate is survived by his wife Lucella "Lue" Olthoff and her children, Greg and Rollie Hess of Virginia City and Cathlie McFarland and Laurie Inglerock of Reno. Eight grand children and thirteen great-grandchildren.
Services will be held on June 19, 2014, at Reno Christian Fellowship, 1700 Zolezzi Lane, Reno, at 3:00 P.M. In lieu of flowers please donate to Reno Christian Fellowship.
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"What a sweet, gentle man. I have fond memories of your home and all of your family, Lou. With all the..."