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Patent US20050256518 - Non-contact tissue ablation device and methods thereof - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA catheter for ablating body tissue of the interior regions of the heart includes a handle assembly, a shaft, and a distal tip section coupled to the distal end of the shaft. The distal tip section has a non-compliant and non-porous cap that has a tubular wall that defines a bore, and an ablation element...http://www.google.com/patents/US20050256518?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20050256518 - Non-contact tissue ablation device and methods thereofAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20050256518 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/845,798Publication dateNov 17, 2005Filing dateMay 15, 2004Priority dateMay 15, 2004Also published asCA2506921A1, CA2506921C, CN1720874A, CN100531679C, EP1595576A1, EP1595576B1, US7285116, US20080177205Publication number10845798, 845798, US 2005/0256518 A1, US 2005/256518 A1, US 20050256518 A1, US 20050256518A1, US 2005256518 A1, US 2005256518A1, US-A1-20050256518, US-A1-2005256518, US2005/0256518A1, US2005/256518A1, US20050256518 A1, US20050256518A1, US2005256518 A1, US2005256518A1InventorsAlan Rama, Tho Nguyen, Vivian Tran, Cary Hata, Peter ChenOriginal AssigneeRama Alan D L, Nguyen Tho H, Vivian Tran, Hata Cary K, Chen Peter CExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (13), Classifications (22), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetNon-contact tissue ablation device and methods thereof
US 20050256518 A1Abstract
A catheter for ablating body tissue of the interior regions of the heart includes a handle assembly, a shaft, and a distal tip section coupled to the distal end of the shaft. The distal tip section has a non-compliant and non-porous cap that has a tubular wall that defines a bore, and an ablation element that is housed inside the bore and spaced apart from the wall of the cap. Images(7) Claims(14)
1. A catheter for ablating body tissue of the interior regions of the heart, comprising: a handle assembly; a shaft having a main lumen, a proximal end coupled to the handle assembly, and a distal end; and a distal tip section coupled to the distal end of the shaft, the distal tip section having: a non-compliant and non-porous cap that has a tubular wall that defines a bore; and an ablation element that is housed inside the bore and spaced apart from the wall of the cap. 2. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the ablation element is a transducer. 3. The catheter of claim 1, further including irrigation fluid in the bore between the tubular wall and the ablation element. 4. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the cap has a closed distal tip that has an opening provided thereat. 5. The catheter of claim 1, further including an irrigation tube extending through the lumen and having a distal end that terminates in the bore. 6. The catheter of claim 1, further including a plurality of ring electrodes provided in spaced-apart manner about the outer surface of the shaft adjacent the distal tip section. 7. The catheter of claim 1, further including an inner sleeve secured in the main lumen at the distal end of the shaft. 8. The catheter of claim 1, further including an inner supporting member that extends through the main lumen of the shaft and the bore of the cap. 9. The catheter of claim 8, wherein the inner supporting member is provided in the form of a coil, a flat wire, or a rod composed of metal, alloy or a polymer. 10. The catheter of claim 8, further including an outer supporting member that extends through the inner sleeve and into the bore, with the inner supporting member housed in the outer supporting member. 11. The catheter of claim 1, further including a plurality of thermocouple wires that are connected to the cap. 12. The catheter of claim 1, further including a steering mechanism that extends in the main lumen of the shaft and which terminates at the distal end of the shaft before the location of the distal tip section. 13. A method of ablating tissue at a selected treatment site, comprising: a. providing a catheter comprising: a shaft having a distal end; and a distal tip section coupled to the distal end of the shaft, the distal tip section having a non-compliant and non-porous cap that has a tubular wall that defines a bore, and an ablation element that is housed inside the bore and spaced apart from the wall of the cap; b. positioning the distal tip section of the catheter at a desired treatment site; c. flowing irrigation fluid to the bore between the ablation element and the cap; d. delivering ultrasound energy to the ablation element; and e. radiating acoustic energy in a radial manner from the ablation element, and through the irrigation fluid and the cap towards the tissue at the treatment site. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein step (c) further includes: varying the flow rate of the irrigation fluid. Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to systems and methods for mapping and ablating body tissue of the interior regions of the heart. More particularly, this invention relates to catheters and methods for ablating cardiac tissues using a deflectable catheter having an irrigated ablation element for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, for example atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. 2. Description of the Prior Art Abnormal heart rhythms are generally referred to as cardiac arrhythmias, with an abnormally rapid rhythm being referred to as a tachycardia. The present invention is concerned with the treatment of tachycardias which are frequently caused by the presence of an �arrhythmogenic site� or �accessory atrioventricular pathway� close to the endocardial surface of the chambers of the heart. The heart includes a number of normal pathways which are responsible for the propagation of electrical signals from the upper to the lower chambers necessary for performing normal systole and diastole function. The presence of an arrhythmogenic site or an accessory pathway can bypass or short circuit the normal pathway, potentially resulting in very rapid heart contractions or tachycardias. Treatment of tachycardias may be accomplished by a variety of approaches, including medications, implantable pacemakers/defibrillators, surgery and catheter ablation. While drugs may be the treatment of choice for many patients, they only mask the symptoms and do not cure the underlying causes. Implantable devices only correct the arrhythmia after it occurs. Surgical and catheter-based treatments, in contrast, will actually cure the problem, usually by blocking or ablating the abnormal arrhythmogenic tissue or accessory pathway responsible for the tachycardia. Of particular interest to the present invention is radiofrequency (RF) ablation technique which has been proven to be highly effective in tachycardia treatment while exposing a patient to minimal side effects and risks. RF catheter ablation is generally performed after conducting an initial mapping study where the locations of the arrhythmogenic site and/or accessory pathway are determined by diagnostic electrophysiology catheters which are connected to commercially available EP monitoring systems. After a mapping study, an ablation catheter is usually introduced to the target region inside the heart and is manipulated so that the ablation tip electrode lies exactly at the target tissue site. RF energy or other suitable energy is then applied through the tip electrode to the cardiac tissue in order to ablate the tissue of the arrhythmogenic site or the accessory pathway. By successfully destroying that tissue, the abnormal signal patterns responsible for the tachycardia may be eliminated. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one type of cardiac arrhythmia believed to be the result of the simultaneous occurrence of multiple wavelets of functional re-entry of electrical impulses within the atria, resulting in a condition in which the transmission of electrical activity becomes so disorganized that the atria contracts irregularly. AF is a common arrhythmia associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A number of clinical conditions may arise from irregular cardiac functions and the resulting hemodynamic abnormalities associated with AF, including stroke, heart failure and other thromboembolic events. AF is a significant cause of cerebral stroke, wherein the fibrillating motion in the left atrium induces the formation of thrombus. A thromboembolism is subsequently dislodged into the left ventricle and enters the cerebral circulation where stroke may occur. For many years, the only curative treatment for AF has been surgical, with extensive atrial incisions used to compartmentalize the atrial mass below that critical for perpetuating AF. The surgical �maze� procedure, as it is commonly known, includes, in the left atrium creating vertical incisions from the superior pulmonary veins, to the inferior pulmonary veins and ending in the mitral valve annulus, with an additional horizontal incision linking the upper ends of the vertical lines. It is believed that ectopic beats originating within or at the ostium of the pulmonary veins (PV) may be the source of paroxysmal and even persistent AF. As a result, a series of multiple point RF ablations to create linear patterns in the left atrium has been used to replicate surgical procedures in patients with paroxysmal or chronic AF. Although successful, there are instances in which this technique may leave gaps between lesions giving opportunities for reentrant circuits to reappear. Another challenge with using this approach is the high incidence of pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis. Different energy sources have been utilized for electrically isolating the pulmonary veins from the atrium. These include RF, laser, microwave, cryoablation, light, and ultrasound energy. Each energy source has its advantages and disadvantages and PV isolation has been achieved to different degrees of success. Moreover several researchers have recently suggested that catheter ablation using ultrasound energy may reduce the incidence of PV stenosis. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is another abnormal heart rhythm that can be treated by catheter-based mapping and ablation systems. VT is an arrhythmia that results from electrical impulses arising from the ventricles instead of the heart's natural pacemaker known as the sinoatrial (SA) node. Due to the fact that electrical impulses are not conducting from the SA node to the ventricles, the ventricles contract abnormally very rapidly. As a result, the four chambers of the heart are less able to fill completely with blood between beats, and hence less blood is pumped to the remaining circulatory pathways in the body. Over time, VT can lead to heart failure or degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, which can result in myocardial infarction. The most common treatment for VT is antiarrhythmic medication, however if drugs are not effective, cardioversion may be recommended. Patients who still suffer from episodes of VT may require an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Although RF catheter ablation as a treatment for VT has been performed, success has been limited particularly to those VT's due to ischemic heart disease. This may be due to the difficulty in achieving sufficient tissue penetration of RF energy to ablate arrhythmia circuit lying beneath the endocardial scar tissue. In addition, the ventricles are naturally much thicker than atrial tissues and creating transmural lesions is more challenging when utilizing conventional RF ablation techniques. Irrigated tip RF ablation catheters have recently been introduced to create deeper and larger lesions and have achieved the transmurality of the cardiac wall, however further improvements in performance is desirable. This may be due to the irregular endocardial surface of the ventricular trabeculum that may present a technical challenge for ablating electrodes of RF ablation catheters to make adequate tissue contact. Cardiac ablation with ultrasound energy however, does not require good contact with the underlying tissue. Ultrasound energy propagates as a mechanical wave within the surrounding medium, and in the tissue the vibrating motion is converted into heat. Therefore the tissue does not need to be in intimate contact with the ultrasound transducer unlike in the case of RF ablating electrodes. At a designated zone within the tissue, the tissue at the target area can be heated to a sufficiently high temperature for ablation, while tissue surrounding the target area is subject to a lower intensity ultrasound energy and not damaged. In order to produce thermal effect in the tissue, the ultrasound emitting member has a transducer. The piezoelectric nature of ultrasound transducers creates limitations for these materials. One major limitation is when the temperature of the transducer is elevated, the performance decreases steadily until no acoustic waves can be observed. One way to keep the operating temperature of this material cool is to irrigate the transducer. A cooling medium such as water is introduced or pumped through the catheter in order to dissipate heat in the housing and effect cooling of the transducer, including cooling of the external tissue surface to avoid unwanted tissue damage. Schaer et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,930 describes a tissue ablation device in which the ablation element is covered by a tubular porous membrane that allows pressurized fluid to pass therethrough for ablatively coupling the ablation element to a tissue site. McLaughlin et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,532 also describes an ablation catheter having a porous, non-conductive buffer layer over the tip electrode. In both the Schaer et al. and McLaughlin et al. catheters, the amount of irrigation fluid permeating out from the porous membrane or porous tip electrode to cool the tissue-ablation element interface may not be consistent due to its contact with the underlying tissue and therefore may produce a larger or smaller intended ablation area. This phenomenon can be more pronounced in irregular endocardial surfaces such as the ventricular trabeculae. Thus, there still remains a need for a catheter-based system and method that provides improved ablation performance at the treatment location, especially in irregular endocardial surfaces. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE It is an objective of the present invention to provide a system and method that accurately positions a catheter at the desired treatment location. It is another objective of the present invention to provide a system and method that provides improved ablation performance at the treatment location, especially in irregular endocardial surfaces. In order to accomplish the objects of the present invention, there is provided a catheter for ablating body tissue of the interior regions of the heart. The catheter includes a handle assembly, a shaft, and a distal tip section coupled to the distal end of the shaft. The distal tip section has a non-compliant and non-porous cap that has a tubular wall that defines a bore, and an ablation element that is housed inside the bore and spaced apart from the wall of the cap. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates a mapping and ablation system according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a side plan view of the catheter of the system of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the distal tip section of the catheter of FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 4 is an enlarged side plan view of the distal tip section of the catheter of FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the distal tip section of FIG. 4 taken along lines A-A thereof. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the distal tip section of FIG. 3 taken along lines B-B therof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following detailed description is of the best presently contemplated modes of carrying out the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating general principles of embodiments of the invention. The scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims. -In certain instances, detailed descriptions of well-known devices, compositions, components, mechanisms and methods are omitted so as to not obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail. The present invention provides a catheter for ablating body tissue of the interior regions of the heart. The catheter includes a handle assembly, a shaft, and a distal tip section coupled to the distal end of the shaft. The distal tip section has a non-compliant and non-porous cap that has a tubular wall that defines a bore, and an ablation element that is housed inside the bore and spaced apart from the wall of the cap. Even though the present invention will be described hereinafter in connection with treating AF or VT, it is understood that the principles of the present invention are not so limited, but can be used in other applications (e.g., treatment of accessory pathways, atrial flutter), and in other body pathways (e.g., right atrium, left atrium, superior vena cava, right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary veins). FIGS. 1-6 illustrate a catheter system 20 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The catheter system 20 has a tubular shaft 22 having a distal end 26, a proximal end 28, and a main lumen 30 extending through the shaft 22. A distal tip section 24 is secured to the distal end 26 of the shaft 22. A handle assembly 32 is attached to the proximal end 28 of the shaft 22 using techniques that are well-known in the catheter art. The distal tip section 24 has an ablation element 60 that is housed inside a non-compliant and non-porous tubular cap 62. The ablation element 60 is spaced from, and does not contact, the walls of the cap 62. The cap 62 has a bore 64 extending therethrough. The distal end 26 of the shaft 22 is slide-fitted into the bore 64 at the proximal end 66 of the cap 62, and secured to the cap 62 by adhesive bonding. An inner sleeve 68 is secured by adhesive bonding in the main lumen 30 at the distal end 26 of the shaft 22. The inner sleeve 68 is made of a plastic material such as PEEK and has multiple channels 67 (see FIG. 6) separating the wires, an inner supporting member 102, and a fluid lumen so they do not interfere with each other inside the cap 62 when the catheter is subjected to mechanical forces during use, including deflection of the distal tip, torque, and advancement and withdrawal from the patient. The cap 62 can be made from a non-compliant material such as polyethylene, polyurethane, polyolefins, polymethylpentene, and the like, that is capable of allowing ultrasound energy to be transmitted therethrough. The cap 62 extends from its proximal end 66 and terminates at a closed distal tip 92 that has an opening 94 provided thereat. The ablation element 60 can be embodied in the form of a transducer or an electrode that includes a piezoelectric crystal which converts electrical energy into ultrasound energy. The transducer 60 is tubular, and O-rings 108 are positioned between the transducer 60 and a tubular outer supporting member 104 to create an air space between the supporting member 104 and the transducer 60 to minimize transmission of ultrasound waves inside the transducer 60. A silicone adhesive 110 seals the ends of the transducer 60. Irrigation fluid fills the space between the transducer 60 and the cap 62, so that the ultrasound energy can be transmitted through the fluid and the cap 62 into the body tissue. The fluid acts to cool the transducer 60, and functions as a medium to transmit the ultrasound energy. Since the transducer 60 has a diameter that is smaller than the inner diameter of the cap 62, the transducer 60 does not contact the body tissue. An irrigation tube 100 extends through the main lumen 30 of the shaft 22, and has a distal end that terminates inside the proximal end 66 of the cap 62, at a location proximal to the transducer 60. Irrigation fluid is introduced from a pump 120 via a standard infusion tube 35 and a luer fitting 34 through the irrigation tube 100 to be delivered inside the bore 64 of the cap 62 for cooling the transducer 60. The inner supporting member 102 extends through the main lumen 30 of the shaft 22 and the bore 64 of the cap 62, terminating adjacent the opening 94 in the distal tip 92. The inner supporting member 102 functions to provide support to the catheter shaft 22 and the distal tip section 24, and is received inside the outer supporting member 104 that extends through the inner sleeve 68 and into the bore 64. The inner supporting member 102 can be provided in the form of a coil, a flat wire, or a rod composed of metal, alloy or a polymer. A plurality of thermocouple wires 54 can have their distal tips secured to the inner surface of the cap 62, and are used to detect the temperature at the ablation site. A plurality of ring electrodes 58 are provided in spaced-apart manner about the outer surface of the shaft 22 adjacent the distal tip section 24. The ring electrodes 58 can be made of a solid, electrically conducting material, like platinum-iridium, stainless steel, or gold, that is attached about the shaft 22. Alternatively, the ring electrodes 58 can be formed by coating the exterior surface of the shaft 22 with an electrically conducting material, such as platinum-iridium or gold. The coating can be applied by sputtering, ion beam deposition or similar known techniques. The number of ring electrodes 58 can vary depending on the particular geometry of the region of use and the functionality desired. As will be explained in greater detail below, the ring electrodes 58 function to map the region of the heart that is to be treated. After the mapping has been completed, the transducer 60 is positioned at the location where ablation is to be performed, and the irrigation fluid through the lumen tube 100 is increased to the desired flow rate set on the pump 120. The flow of the irrigation fluid is software-controlled and its instructions are transmitted from the generator 52 to the pump 120 through the cable 45. The ablation is then carried out by energy that is emitted from the transducer 60 through the irrigation media (e.g., fluid, saline, contrast media or mixture) inside the cap 62. A standard luer fitting 34 is connected to the proximal end of the tubing 38 extending out from the proximal end 36 of the handle assembly 32 using techniques that are well-known in the catheter art. The luer fitting 34 provides a fluid line for irrigation media to be introduced to cool the transducer 60 at the distal tip section 24 of the shaft 22. The irrigation media is delivered via the infusion tube 35 and into the irrigation tube 100 that extends from the luer fitting 34, and terminates in the bore 64 of the cap 62. The irrigation media exits from the holes 98 located distally of the transducer 60 at the distal end of the cap 62. In another embodiment, the cap 62 is completely closed without the distally located holes 98, and the irrigation media entering the bore 64 is withdrawn back out through another lumen tube (not shown) towards the proximal end of the catheter. A connector assembly 40 is also connected to the proximal end 36 of the handle assembly 32 using techniques that are well-known in the catheter art. The connector assembly 40 has a proximal connector 42 that couples the handle assembly 32 to the connector 44 of a cable 46 that leads to an ultrasound generator 52. An EP monitoring system 50 is coupled to the ultrasound generator 52 via another cable 48. The EP monitoring system 50 can be a conventional EP monitor which receives (via the ultrasound generator 52) electrical signals detected by the electrodes 58, and processes and displays these intracardiac signals to assist the physician in locating the arrhythmogenic sites or pathways. The ultrasound generator 52 can be a conventional ultrasound generator that creates and transmits ablating energy to the transducer 60, which emits the acoustic energy to ablate the tissue that extends radially from the position of the cap 62. Conductor wires 51 extend from the ultrasound generator 52 along the cables 46 and 48 (through the connector assembly 40, the handle assembly 32 and the lumen 30 of the shaft 22) to the distal tip section 24, where the conductor wires 51 couple the ring electrodes 58. The thermocouple wires 54 couple the cap 62, and the ultrasound wires 55 couple the transducer 60. The thermocouple wires 54 and ultrasound wires 55 can extend from the cap 62 and transducer 60 through the channels 67 of the inner sleeve 68 and through the lumen 30 of the shaft 22 and the handle assembly 32 to the proximal connector 42, where they can be electrically coupled by the internal thermocouple wires in the cable 46 to the ultrasound generator 52 where the temperature can be displayed. The handle assembly 32 also includes a steering mechanism 70 that functions to deflect the distal tip section 24 of the shaft 22 for maneuvering and positioning the distal tip section 24 at the desired location in the heart. Referring to FIG. 3, the steering mechanism 70 includes a steering wire 72 that extends in the main lumen 30 of the shaft 22 from its proximal end at the handle assembly 32 to its distal end which terminates at the distal end 26 of the shaft 22 before the location of the distal tip section 24. The distal end of the steering wire 72 is secured to a flat wire 75 that is fixedly positioned inside the handle assembly 32. The flat wire 75 extends in the lumen 30 from the anchor to its distal end at a location slightly proximal to the inner sleeve 68. The flat wire 75 is attached to the steering wire 72 at the distal ends of the flat wire 75 and the steering wire 72 so as to be controlled by the steering wire 72. Specifically, by pushing the steering mechanism 70 forward in a distal direction, the steering mechanism 70 will pull the steering wire 72 in a proximal direction, causing the distal tip section 24 to deflect to one direction. By pulling back the steering mechanism 70 in a proximal direction, the steering wire 72 is deactivated and the distal tip section 24 returns to its neutral position or deflects to the opposite direction for bi-directionality. The operation and use of the catheter system 20 will now be described. To introduce and deploy the distal tip section 24 within the heart, the physician uses a conventional introducer sheath to establish access to a selected artery or vein. The physician introduces the shaft 22 through a conventional hemostasis valve on the introducer and progressively advances the catheter through the access vein or artery into the desired location within the heart. The physician observes the progress of the catheter using fluoroscopic or ultrasound imaging. The catheter can include a radio-opaque compound, such as barium sulfate, for this purpose. Alternatively, radio-opaque markers can be placed at the distal end of the introducer sheath. The shaft 22 and the introducer sheath can be maneuvered to the right atrium by the steering mechanism 70. Once located in the right atrium or ventricle, good contact is established when the ring electrodes 58 contact the target endocardial tissue, and the intracardiac signals of the selected region are recorded through the ring electrodes 58. The results of the mapping operation are processed and displayed at the EP monitoring system 50. A differential input amplifier (not shown) in the EP monitoring system 50 processes the electrical signals received from the ring electrodes 58 via the wires 51, and converts them to graphic images that can be displayed. The thermocouple wires 54 can also function to monitor the temperature of the surrounding tissue, and provide temperature information to the ultrasound generator 52. Once the desired position of the transducer 60 has been confirmed by mapping through the ring electrodes 58, and visually through fluoroscopy, the physician can then increase the irrigation fluid flow rate by turning the power of the ultrasound generator 52 on which controls the fluid flow rate prior to the start of ablation. The ultrasound generator 52 delivers high frequency energy that is propagated through the wires 55 to the ultrasound transducer 60 that is positioned inside the cap 62. The acoustic energy radiates in a radial manner from the transducer 60, propagates through the irrigation media (which acts as an energy transmitting medium), exits the cap 62 and then reaches the selected tissue (typically in a pressure waveform) to ablate the tissue. While the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7942871 *May 11, 2007May 17, 2011Vytronus, Inc.Device for ablating body tissueUS7950397 *May 11, 2007May 31, 2011Vytronus, Inc.Method for ablating body tissueUS8146603 *Apr 22, 2011Apr 3, 2012Vytronus, Inc.Method for ablating body tissueUS8511317 *Feb 27, 2012Aug 20, 2013Vytronus, Inc.Method for ablating body tissueUS8607800 *Sep 28, 2012Dec 17, 2013Vytronus, Inc.Method for ablating body tissueUS8639310Feb 27, 2013Jan 28, 2014St. Jude Medical, Atrial Fibrillation Division, Inc.System and methods for locating and ablating arrhythomogenic tissuesUS20100016762 *Jul 17, 2009Jan 21, 2010Vytronus, Inc.System and method for delivering energy to tissueUS20100049099 *Jul 17, 2009Feb 25, 2010Vytronus, Inc.Method and system for positioning an energy sourceUS20100057072 *Sep 2, 2009Mar 4, 2010Medtronic, Inc.Irrigated Ablation Catheter System and MethodsUS20100113985 *Oct 30, 2009May 6, 2010Vytronus, Inc.System and method for energy delivery to tissue while monitoring position, lesion depth, and wall motionUS20110137284 *Dec 3, 2010Jun 9, 2011Northwestern UniversityDevices for material delivery, electroporation, and monitoring electrophysiological activityUS20120157984 *Feb 27, 2012Jun 21, 2012Vytronus, Inc.Method for ablating body tissueUS20130261647 *Sep 28, 2012Oct 3, 2013Vytronus, Inc.System and method for delivering energy to tissue* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification606/27, 600/374International ClassificationA61B5/042, A61B5/00, A61B5/0245, A61B17/22, A61B18/00, A61N7/02, A61B18/14, A61B17/32, A61B17/00Cooperative ClassificationA61B2017/00247, A61N7/022, A61B2017/00243, A61B2018/00392, A61B5/0245, A61B2017/320084, A61B5/04001, A61B5/01, A61B17/2202European ClassificationA61B17/22B2D, A61N7/02CLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 24, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 15, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: IRVINE BIOMEDICAL, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DE LA RAMA, ALAN;NGUYEN, THO HOANG;TRAN, VIVIAN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015336/0897;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040504 TO 20040510RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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(Redirected from Korean with mixed script of Hangul and Hanja)
Find sources: "Korean mixed script" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Alternative – utilizes both logographic (Hanja) and alphabetic (Hangul) characters
Kore, 287
한자혼용 / 국한문혼용
Hanja-honyong / Gukhanmun-honyong
Hancha-honyong / Kukhanmun-honyong
Korean mixed script, known in Korean as hanja honyong (Hangul: 한자혼용; Hanja: 漢字混用), Hanja-seokkeosseugi (漢字섞어쓰기, 한자섞어쓰기), 'Chinese character mixed usage,' or gukhanmun honyong (국한문혼용; 國漢文混用), 'national Sino-Korean mixed usage,' is a form of writing the Korean language that uses a mixture of the Korean alphabet or hangul (한글) and hanja (漢字, 한자), the Korean name for Chinese characters. The distribution on how to write words usually follows that all native Korean words, including grammatical endings, particles and honorific markers are generally written in hangul and never in hanja. Sino-Korean vocabulary or hanja-eo (한자어; 漢字語), either words borrowed from Chinese or created from Sino-Korean roots, were generally always written in hanja although very rare or complex characters were often substituted with hangul. Although the Korean alphabet was introduced and taught to people beginning in 1446, most literature until the early twentieth century was written in literary Chinese known as hanmun (한문; 漢文).
Although examples of mixed-script writing are as old as hangul itself, the mixing of hangul and hanja together in sentences became the official writing system of the Korean language at the end of the nineteenth century, when reforms ended the primacy of literary Chinese in literature, science and government. This style of writing, in competition with hangul-only writing, continued as the formal written version of Korean for most of the twentieth century. The script slowly gave way to hangul-only usage in North Korea by 1948, but it continues in South Korea to a limited extent, but with the decrease in hanja education, the number of hanja in use has slowly dwindled that in the twenty-first century, very few hanja are used at all.[1]
1.1 Adoption of Hanja
1.2 Promulgation of Hunminjeong-eum
1.3 Mixed script
2 Visual processing
3 Hanja disambiguation
Adoption of Hanja[edit]
See also: Hanja
The calligraphy of Korean scholar, poet and painter Gim Jeonghui (金正喜, 김정희) of the early nineteenth century. Like most Koreans of the time, Gim Jeonghui wrote most of his materials in literary Chinese.
The adoption of hanja in Korea began gradually. The earliest users were likely Han Chinese immigrants that settled the commanderies established during the Chinese Han Dynasty between 108 BC-313 AD, but most of the Chinese were absorbed and assimilated into the Korean population. The earliest evidence of hanja are the engravings on a sword uncovered in Pyeongyang from 222 BC, but the earliest extensive example of its usage is carved stone inscription from 85 AD in what is now South Pyeong-an Province, North Korea. The scholars of the Kingdom of Baekje were so well-versed in reading and writing literary Chinese, many found employment as teachers in what is now Japan, thus spreading Chinese culture and writing in Chinese characters there as well. Religion helped play a major role in the adoption of literary Chinese. Chinese missionaries spread Buddhism into Korea, and as Korea slowly became a Buddhist country, Korean monks were often sent to China to study, some solely to copy Chinese works. Buddhism was suppressed under most of the Joseon Dynasty, which resurrected State Confucianism and the promotion of the Analects, as well as the commentary of Neo-Confucian scholars, as required literature.[2]
The Korean Baegun Hwasang Chorok Buljo Jikji Simche Yojeol (白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節, 백운화상초록불조직지심체요절) or roughly 'Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests' Zen Teachings' from is the oldest example of a book printed with moveable type and was printed in Korea in 1377, but is written in literary Chinese.
Most reading and writing was conducted in literary Chinese, with its grammatical features such as SVO, analytic structure and generally terse structure as opposed to spoken Korean, with generally SOV, highly synthetic verb structure and various suffixes and infixes used to mark levels of politeness and other grammatical features unknown in Chinese.[2] By the Goryeo period of early tenth century AD, Korean literati created several methods to either make Chinese readable to Koreans or to render Korean fully using the available hanja. In the gugyeol (口訣, 구결) system, Chinese texts were separated into meaningful blocks, with a special subset of characters used to represent the sounds of Korean grammatical endings or to indicate the 'Korean' ordering of how to read the characters to approximate Korean grammar.[3]
In the idu (이두; 吏讀) system, hanja were used to write Korean by using their associated native Korean gloss (or pronunciation), its Sino-Korean pronunciation or was used for its meaning. A small subset of characters were used to write the Korean grammatical suffixes and particles. Poetry was often composed in a simpler system known as hyangchal (鄕札, 향찰) where characters were only used for their pronunciation, but knowledge of hyangchal required thorough knowledge of literary Chinese and Sino-Korean readings of characters. In Japan, kanbun corresponds roughly to Korean gugyeol whereas Japanese man'yogana corresponds to Korean hyangchal and idu systems.[3]
Even with the adoption of hangul in 1446 and its subsequent spread, the majority of Korean literature was written in literary Chinese. The yangban (兩班, 양반), upper classes were trained in reading and writing from an early age to pass the 'gwageo (科擧, 과거) or 'Imperial examination,' which like its Chinese original, required extensive knowledge of the works of Confucius, other Chinese scholars, calligraphy and ability to read, write and interpret literary Chinese. Literary Chinese continued to serve as the language of royal records, governance, literature and historic annals, allowing for easy correspondence with China, Japan and Vietnam, which all used the same writing system, until the early years of the twentieth century.[3]
Promulgation of Hunminjeong-eum[edit]
See also: Hangul
Example of hangul written in the traditional vertical manner. On the left are the hunminjeong-eum and on the right are modern hangul.
In 1446, King Sejong the Great (朝鮮 世宗大王, 조선 세종대왕) introduced hunminjeong-eum (訓民正音, 훈민정음), 'correct pronunciation for teaching the people' in a proclamation, published with extensive description of the new alphabet. Sejong begins the document (in literary Chinese), 'Because our language is different from the Chinese language, our poor people cannot express themselves in Chinese writing. In my pity for them I create twenty-eight letters, which all can learn easily and use in their daily lives.' This script is now known as hangul in South Korea and choseongul in North Korea, with the proclamation celebrated as national holidays on the 9th of October in the south and the 15th of January in the north, respectively.[4][5]
A South Korean which indicates 'no thoroughfare' or 'do not enter' in hangul. This can also be written '通行禁止' as it is a Sino-Korean phrase.
The new script spread rapidly among the segments of society that were traditionally denied access to education, such as women (except those in the higher classes), farmers, fishermen, rural merchants and children. Despite later attempts to ban the Korean alphabet, as commoners wrote disparaging this about rulers they disliked, and the fear that the upper classes would lose the privileges of being literate in Chinese led to attempts to ban the alphabet, but hangul survived. The twenty-eight letters, arranged into syllable blocks, actually facilitated the study of hanja as they were used in teaching guides to indicate the native word and the Sino-Korean pronunciation, and the upper class, despite their disdain, would often have to study the gugyeol system of knowing a Chinese character's meaning, Sino-Korean pronunciation and its native Korean equivalent, and hangul thus became an important tool in teaching hanja. Nevertheless, its use as an exclusive writing system was mocked by the upper classess as jinseo (真書, 진서) or 'real script.'[5]
The Korean alphabet spread despite attempts to reverse its use. The popularity of the new script really took off with the growth of vernacular poetry in the late eighteenth century. The popular sijo poetry style, a Korean format influenced by the poetry of Tang Dynasty China, was traditionally composed in literary Chinese, but many composers in this period began to adapt the style to Korean written exclusively in hangul and thus, reachable to the masses. Similarly, the popular gasa essays, popular with yangban women that often turned them into songs, were also generally composed exclusively in Korean and written in hangul. Christian missionaries used hangul exclusively in their missions, with Christians now in the majority in South Korea. The spread of Christian publications and vernacular poetry and songs truly ushered a rebirth in poetry and common forms of expression. Nevertheless, the spread of hangul was by no means the end of hanja, which enjoyed its privileged use as the language of international relations, literature, history, royal annals, governance and law written in literary Chinese.[5]
The letters were devised by Sejong and a number of scholars, with the shapes somewhat based on the shape of the mouth needed to pronounce them as well as traditional aesthetic principles of balance, vowel harmony and sacred geometry. The letters were easy to learn and were written in syllable blocks. Although many of the older hangul novels and works contained passages and notes in literary Chinese and mixed script, by the eighteenth century, the use of hangul to write vernacular Korean versions of gasa (歌詞, 가사) and sijo (時調, 시조) poetry was adopted by commoners and really pushed hangul as a more commonplace writing system.[6]
Mixed script[edit]
The lyrics to the National anthem of the Korean Empire in Korean mixed script. The smaller hangul after each hanja group would normally be unwritten, but are presented to indicate the pronunciation of the Sino-Korean elements.
The Korean kingdoms had traditionally become client states of China under nominal tributary status. As western colonial and trade expansion into Asia occurred, it exposed the weakness of China due to centuries of isolation, and led Japan to modernize and nurture its own colonial designs, but many of the skirmishes occurred in Korea, and ultimately, was a battle over political and cultural control of Korea. The clear waning of Chinese protection and the looming threat of Japanese occupation led to numerous uprisings such as the Donghak Peasant Rebellion (東學農民革命, 동학 농민 혁명). In response, King Gojong instituted a series of proclamations, the Gap-o Reforms (甲午, 갑오) of 1894-1896. This led to the termination of the client relationship with China when King Gojong proclaimed himself Emperor Gwangmu (高宗光武帝, 고종 광무제). Emperor Gwangmu also ended the gwageo examination system and the use of literary Chinese as the language of the royal court, courts, government records and sanctioned literature. Korean written in the 'national letters' (國文, 국문)—now understood as an alternate name for hangul—but actually referred to the mixed script was made the official language of governance.[7]
Yu Giljun (1856–1914), Korean author of Seoyu Gyeonmun (西遊見聞, 서유견문) or 'Observations on Travels in the West' published in 1893, was written in mixed script and was a very popular novel at the time.
Initially, the mixed-script publications used hangul very sparingly, and were written in a stiff, prosaic format with an over-abundance of Sino-Korean vocabulary. Within a few years, the script began to change to reflect its formal spoken form, allowing for more common use of native terms and complete writing of the grammatical markers, interjections, exclamations and onomatopoeia in hangul. Despite the promotion of the mixed script at the end of the Joseon Dynasty, examples of Korean mixed-script writing date back to the time King Sejong's proclamation of hangul, which was written completely in literary Chinese, with a few idu passages and mixed-script passages that help 'ease' the reader into the new alphabet. The first novel in hangul, Yongbieocheonga (龍飛御天歌, 용비어천가) or Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven, commissioned by Sejong shortly after the proclamation of the Korean alphabet. Yi Yulgok (李栗谷, 이율곡), a Korean scholar and mathematician translated the Analects of Confucius (論語, 논어) in 1590 into Korea, recording the Korean translation in mixed script. Although hailed as a major literary masterpiece of hangul, the translation and works of other Neo-Confucian scholars written in this way were actually in mixed script.[8]
The Hanseong Jugan (漢城週刊, 한성주간), a weekly newspaper in Seoul, began printing in 1886, several years before the reforms, but was in a fairly modern system of mixed script usage. The newspaper was a legacy of a hanja-only newspaper started three years earlier but only lasted three weeks. Other publications began to imitate the Hanseong Jugan. Just around the time of the reforms, one of the first novels printed in Korean mixed script was the travel diary of Yi Giljun (兪吉濬, 유길준) known as Seoyu Gyeonmun (西遊見聞, 서유견문) or 'Observations on Travels in the West.' As educational reforms gave more people access to education and the popularity of Seoyu Gyeonmun and the growth of newspapers such as Hanseong Jugan, use of the mixed script expanded knowledge of hanja to the middle and lower classes. As the literati switched from literary Chinese, more works became available in mixed-script Korean.[9]
A Confucian Quote translated into Korean
1590 translation by Yi Yulgok
朋이 遠方으로브터 오리이시면 樂흡디 아니랴
Hangul-only transcription of 1590 translation
붕이 원방으로브터 오리이시면 낙흡디 아니랴
Modern Korean gloss
벗(동문-혹은 뜻을 같이 하는 이)이 있어
멀리서부터 사방에서 오니 혹은 먼 곳에서 오니 또한 즐겁지 아니한가?
'Having oneself friends arriving from distant regions, is that not happiness?'
Visual processing[edit]
In Korean mixed-script writing, especially in formal and academic contexts, the majority of semantic or 'content' words are generally written in hanja whereas most syntax or 'function' is conveyed with grammatical endings, particles and honorifics written in hangul. Japanese, which continues to use a heavily Chinese character-laden orthography, is read in the same way. The Chinese characters, have different angled strokes and oftentimes more strokes than a typical syllable block of hangul letters, and definitely more so than Japanese kana, enabling readers of both respective languages to process content information very quickly.[10]
Korean readers, however, have a few more handicaps than Japanese readers. For instance, although academic, legal, scientific, history and literature have a higher proportion of Sino-Korean vocabulary, Korean has more indigenous vocabulary used for semantic information, so older Korean readers often scan the hanja first and then piece together by reading the hangul content words to piece the meaning.[10] Japanese avoids this problem by writing most content words with their Sino-Japanese equivalent of kanji, whereas reading Sino-Korean vocabulary according to their native Korean pronunciation or translation was banned in previous reforms, so only a Sino-Korean word can be written in hanja. The handicaps are avoided by the adoption of spaces inserted between phrases in modern Korean, limiting phrases, generally, to a content word and a grammatical particles, allowing readers to spot the native Korean content words faster.
In reading texts, Koreans are faster at reading out passages written in hangul than in mixed script. However, although 'reading' is faster, understanding the texts is facilitated with the use of hanja in higher order language to the large number of homophones in the language, such as the continued role of 'hanja disambiguation' even in hangul-only texts. For instance, daehan (대한), usually understood in the context of the 'Great Han' (大韓, 대한) or 'Great Korean people,' can also indicate (大寒,대한) 'big winter,' the coldest part at the end of January and beginning of February, (大韓, 대한), (大旱, 대한) 'severe drought,' (大漢, 대한) 'Great Chinese people,' (大恨, 대한) 'deep resentment,' (對韓, 대한) 'anti-Korean,' (對漢, 대한), 'anti-Chinese,' or native Korean (대한) 'about or 'toward.'[11] Readers of technical and academic texts often have to clarify terms for the listener to avoid ambiguity, and most hanja are only used when necessary to clear confusion. As can be seen in the example below, the hanja in an otherwise mostly native vocabulary song stand out from the hangul text, thus appearing almost like bolded and enlarged text. This was further amplified in older texts, when hangul blocks were sometimes written smaller than the surrounding hanja.[10]
First and Third Refrain from Seoul version of the Korean epic song Arirang (아리랑)
나를 버리고 가시는 임은 十里도 못가서 발病난다
나를 버리고 가시는 임은 십리도 못가서 발병난다
'I-[object]' 'to abandon-[serial sentence connector]' 'to go'-[topic] 'you-[topic]' 'ten li (distance)-[additive]' 'to be able to go-[primary conjunctive]' 'to have sore feet-[conjunctive/gerund]'
My love, you are leaving me. Your feet will be SORE before you go TEN LI.
'You are going to abandon me and will not be able to go ten li [before] having sore feet.'
저기 저 山이 白頭山이라지 冬至 섣달에도 꽃만 핀다
저기 저 산이 백두산이라지 동지 섣달에도 꽃만 핀다
'that-[nominal clause]' 'that' 'mountain-[nominative]' 'Baekdu Mountain-[plain declarative]-[nominative]-[casual declarative]' 'winter solstice' 'twelfth month-despite-[additive]' 'to bloom' 'to blossom'
'That one, that is Baekdu Mountain, surely. Despite the [middle of] winter [around the time of the] winter solstice, flowers bloom.'
Hanja disambiguation[edit]
The Sino-Korean pronunciation of hanja shares many features in common with modern Cantonese, reflecting the very conservative, and ancient age, of borrowing of many Sino-Korean terms, although the pronunciations of many Sino-Korean words have been somewhat altered by general phonological changes in the language over time. Tone did not survive the brief development in the Middle Korean language period, but Middle Chinese, whence come the earliest borrowings, had already developed tones, and as a result, words distinguished by tone are homophones in modern Korean.[12]
Korean word are often polysyllabic and agglutinating, in direct contrast to the rather terse, one- or two-syllable words with rather limited phonology and no distinguishing tone. Although reading aloud of texts is hampered by hanja, the ability to understand texts to the reader is heavily enhanced by it. Especially in formal written language, such as newspapers, hanja are used to disambiguate the meaning. Reading technical texts so that a listener comprehends fully requires careful, parenthetical descriptions of terms whereas an adept reader of hanja would have no question the meaning when reading a script. This is essentially the main function of hanja in newspapers and other documents after the 1990s when even conservative newspapers switched to generally all-hangul format.[13]
In this article from The Chosun Ilbo (朝鮮日報, 조선일보, Joseon Ilbo) two phrases are disambiguated with hanja: '정점은 2003~04시즌 무패(無敗) 리그 우승이라는 위업을 이룬 것이었다. 아직도 당시의 무패 우승은 회자(膾炙)되고 있다,' 'The pinnacle years of 2003-2004 was a winning victory for the undefeated league. The undefeated championship of that period of time is still praised.'[14] In this case '무패', mupae, is disambiguated by '(無敗)' to indicate it means 'undefeated' and not '無貝' (무패), 'without money.' In the second sentence, '회자,' hoeja, is indicated with '(膾炙)' and means 'roasted meat' but is short for the literary Sino-Korean expression (膾炙人口, 회자인구) which is 'roast meat people's mouths,' and roughly means 'delicious meat is always praised by people's mouths' and can mean 'to praise' or 'to discuss fondly.' Not to be confused with hoeja (灰紫, 회자), which refers to a greyish-purple.[15]
Context can often facilitate the meaning of many terms. Many Sino-Korean terms that are rare and only encountered in ancient texts in literary Chinese are almost unknown and would not even be part of the hanja taught in education, limiting the number of likely choices.[13]
Sino-Korean (漢字語, 한자어, hanja-eo) homophones
san-gong
patrol zone 仙種
types of ghost 先攻
first strike 佳期
nuptial consummation 局
minister 宗高
noble ancestry 扇工
fan operator 可期
to pledge 國
truthfulness 終古
ancient times 船工
shipmate 佳氣
noble aura 菊
愼之
fearfulness 從姑
paternal cousin 善恐
throat disease 家妓
housemaid 鞠
臣指
court minister 從古
previous times 善功
virtuous success 家忌
death anniversary 鵴
reclaimed land 鐘鼓
bell and drum 哥器
Ge ware 椈
new branches 稼器
farm implements 踘
new knowledge 麯
tutelary deity 攫
The text below is the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Korea. The first text is written in Hangul; the second is its mixed script version.
A newspaper on 30 June 1933.
A newspaper on 14 August 1945.
Operation Moolah propaganda leaflet by the US Army during the Korean War promising a $100,000 reward to the first North Korean pilot to deliver a Soviet MiG-15 to UN forces.
Hanja and Sino-Korean vocabulary
Kanji and Sino-Japanese vocabulary
Hán tự and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
^ Song, J. (2015). 'Language Policies in North and South Korea' in The Handbook of Korean Linguistics. Brown, L. & Yuen, J. (eds.) (pp. 477-492). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
^ a b Taylor, I. & Taylor, M. M. (2014). Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese: Revised Edition. (pp. 172-174.) Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins North America.
^ a b c Nam, P. (1994). 'On the Relations between Hyangchal and Kwukyel' in The Theoretical Issues in Korean Linguistics. Kim-Renaud, Y. (ed.) (pp. 419-424.) Stanford, CA: Leland Stanford University Press.
^ Lee, I. & Ramsey, S. R. (2003). The Korean Language. (pp. 39-34.) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
^ a b c Taylor, I. & Taylor, M. M. (1994). pp. 180-182.
^ Kim, K. (1996). pp. 76-81.
^ Kim, K. (1996). An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori. (pp. 211-217). New York, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
^ Ralston, M. K. (2001). Ideas of Self-cultivation of in Korean Neo-Confucianism. University of British Columbia. Phd. Thesis. pp. 38-50.
^ Taylor, I. & Taylor, M. M. (1994). pp. 268-270.
^ a b c Insup, T. (1980). 'The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography?' (p. 74-75). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
^ 대한. Naver Hanja Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-02-19.L.
^ a b Taylor, I. (1997). 'Psycholinguistic Reasons for Keeping Chinese Characters in Japanese and Korean' in Cognitive Processing of Chinese and Related Asian Languages. Chen, H. (ed.) (pp. 299-323). Hong Kong, China: University of Hong Kong Press.
^ Choe, U. S. (2018 June [for July]). '세계 최고 무패 우승팀은 영국 프리미어리그 2003~04시즌을 통째로 집어삼킨 벵거의 아스널. 朝鮮日報. (in Korean)
^ Naver Korean Dictionary.
Lukoff, Fred (1982). "Introduction." A First Reader in Korean Writing in Mixed Script. Seoul: Yonsei University Press.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_mixed_script&oldid=877508029"
This page was last edited on 9 January 2019, at 03:04 (UTC).

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text:
Calton Hill Villas include one 2 bedroom and two 3 bedroom villas which personify the definition of «luxury». Built with concern about your ultimate comfort, these villas are full of sun, spacious and properly zoned. The architecture of the villas organically blends with the natural landscape of the place. With our help, you can create a landscaped garden, install a swimming pool or turn the outside area into a playground.
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value: This website is a UK-based company that runs rightmove.co.uk, the UK's largest online real estate portal and property website. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


text:
Tue 7 Jan 2020 19.01 EST
About 415 schools in England are described as ‘stuck’ in a cycle of low performance, meaning they have not achieved a ‘good’ or ‘better’ rating since September 2006. Photograph: Danny Lawson/PA
The schools’ regulator Ofsted has identified 415 “stuck” schools, in all phases of education, that have received persistently poor inspection ratings and have been locked in a cycle of low performance for so long they have potentially failed two whole cohorts of children.
Ofsted defines stuck schools as those that have undergone at least four full inspections and have failed to achieve a rating of either good or better since September 2006.
Most are in deprived and neglected areas of the country including Derby, Southend-on-Sea and Darlington, and are blighted by high levels of pupil mobility, geographical isolation, problems with staff recruitment and poor parental motivation.
“In some of these areas, a pupil will go through their whole primary or their whole secondary school life never having attended a good school: 13 years or more,” the report said. “This is failure of the highest order. The whole school system has been letting down these children for over a decade.”
The chief inspector of schools, Amanda Spielman, said the majority of schools in challenging areas were already providing children with a good education. “What the remaining stuck schools need is tailored, specific and pragmatic advice that suits their circumstances – not a carousel of consultants.”
Responding to the report, teachers’ leaders accused the schools watchdog of contributing to the difficulties facing struggling schools. “Ofsted identifies the problem of ‘stuck’ schools but persistently and resolutely fails to recognise its own role in creating the problem,” said Dr Mary Bousted, joint general secretary of the National Education Union (NEU).
“Even when these schools are doing well in terms of pupil progress, Ofsted disproportionately and unfairly awards them negative grades which can end teacher and school leader careers.”
Ofsted’s new report, Fight or Flight? How “Stuck” Schools are Overcoming Isolation, explores why 415 struggling schools appear unable to lift standards, while others which face similar challenges and have delivered a low standard of education over a long period, finally manage to improve.
The majority of stuck schools are academies (86%) as a result of government policy which requires struggling schools to leave local authority control and join an academy trust. Ofsted says some suffer from a deeply embedded school culture which is resistant to change, while others are chaotic with too much change. One school had 14 different headteachers in 10 years.
The report says few of the school improvement initiatives which have emerged from central and local government over the years have proved successful, and concludes that struggling schools need to identify their specific needs and get support tailored to meet those needs. Getting behaviour right is key.
Ofsted is urging the government to fund a trial of more extended inspections of some of the schools it has identified. Unlike with current inspections, it does not want to pass judgment but to enable support to improve standards. During the election campaign, the Conservatives pledged to increase Ofsted’s powers to inspect schools in England with longer, more detailed inspection visits and increase funding.
Responding to the report, the Department for Education said 86% of schools were now rated good or outstanding but acknowledged there was more to do. “Ofsted plays an invaluable role in improving standards and we are working with them to look at how best to support these schools.”
Stephen Rollett, curriculum and inspection specialist at the Association of School and College Leaders, echoed the NEU’s concern about the detrimental impact of the inspection system itself.
“The use of blunt judgments has a stigmatising effect on schools which makes it harder to recruit the teachers and leaders needed to secure sustainable improvement and become unstuck. Instead of stigmatising these schools we need to make them places where teachers and leaders want to work.”

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text:
Busch Dining Chair - Walmart.com
Generated at Wed, 24 Apr 2019 09:01:44 GMT
Electrode, Comp-406228050, DC-prod-cdc01, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-18.4.5-rc-1, SHA-1d465de19fada6e2cc82b85d39c4dfa2e170a853, CID-d60668ed-f8b-16a4e9451ba149, Generated: Wed, 24 Apr 2019 09:01:44 GMT
Dimensions: 28W x 22.8D x 37H in.
High back and sloped arms

It's easy to imagine the ruggedly handsome Busch Dining Chair at the head of a table or off to the side of a crackling fire. Its sophisticated profile also wouldn't go amiss on either side of an office desk or in the corner of your bedroom. The versatile design is crafted from solid hardwood with thick block front legs and flared back legs connected by stabilizing stretchers and finished in a warm walnut stain. The seat and back are generously cushioned and come upholstered in dark brown faux leather with antique bronze stud accents detailing the trim. Some assembly is required.
 Best Selling Home Compelling modern designs meet classical sensibilities, all at an affordable price - that's how furniture mainstay BEST has remained in the industry for over 20 years. With international and domestic production, BEST supplies a wide range of furniture options. Corporate headquarters in the U.S
. oversee sales and manufacturing offices in both Europe and China.Product lines include outdoor PE wicker and cast aluminum pieces, a children's line of chairs and ottomans, and a full line of indoor-living furniture, focusing on storage ottomans, club chairs, and dining chairs.Stressing quality above all else, BEST items are built to last and to be enjoyed by families for years to come. BEST believes the right item should be affordable and can turn a house into a home.
It's easy to imagine the ruggedly handsome Busch Dining Chair at the head of a table or off to the side of a crackling fire. Its sophisticated profile also wouldn't go amiss on either side of an office desk or in the corner of your bedroom. The versatile design is crafted from solid hardwood with thick block front legs and flared back legs connected by stabilizing stretchers and finished in a warm walnut stain. The seat and back are generously cushioned and come upholstered in dark brown faux leather with antique bronze stud accents detailing the trim. Some assembly is required.
Best Selling Home Compelling modern designs meet classical sensibilities, all at an affordable price - that's how furniture mainstay BEST has remained in the industry for over 20 years. With international and domestic production, BEST supplies a wide range of furniture options. Corporate headquarters in the U.S
© 2019 Walmart. All Rights Reserved. To ensure we are able to help you as best we can, please include your reference number: UPG0N0DS0K
Electrode, Comp-406228001, DC-prod-cdc01, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-18.4.5-rc-1, SHA-1d465de19fada6e2cc82b85d39c4dfa2e170a853, CID-b2b3575a-b1e-16a4e9451b88cb, Generated: Wed, 24 Apr 2019 09:01:44 GMT
Electrode, Comp-389266829, DC-prod-cdc02, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-29.0.7-rc-3, SHA-a2e71dbe1f8369017f02c8a1801afb43f14dbb0c, CID-3d6fff5c-920-16a4e9451918ec, Generated: Wed, 24 Apr 2019 09:01:44 GMT

value: This website is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores, and grocery stores from the United States, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.


text:
Application Auto-update via Online Files in C# - CodeProject 12,450,771 members (47,739 online)
147K views34.2K downloads162 bookmarked
Application Auto-update via Online Files in C# GuyThiebaut, 8 Oct 2011
4.82 (59 votes)
4.82/5 - 59 votesμ 4.82, σa 0.92 [?]
Detecting an available update and installing the update via an online download - an alternative to ClickOnce	Download demo project - 586.48 KB Download source - 1.13 MB Download Readme.txt - 413 B Download version update files - 14.87 KB Introduction
If you want to provide your users with a way of updating an application, you have a few different choices, some of which are: Get users to manually download and install updates - notifying them by email or relying on them to check online. Using ClickOnce. Allow the application to check for updates online and either update automatically or present the user with a one click update facility - without using ClickOnce. This article demonstrates the last method in the above list - providing your applications with a one click update or an automatic update facility without using ClickOnce. The update is done through a class and application which installs online updates and is illustrated through the UpdateMe application (included as a download with this article). Without too much difficulty, you should be able to use the class and update application, as shown via the UpdateMe application, to get automated updates out to the users of your software.
I have kept the UpdateMe application as simple as possible so that you will be able to make use of the code without needing to spend too much time in sifting through what will be relevant for your own application. To make use of the UpdateMe application, you will need to have the ability to store files online(read the next line though). Note: At the time of this article first being published, I have placed the relevant files (version and update) in a public Dropbox folder, pointed to by the default values in the UpdateMe textboxes- all things being impermanent, this folder may not be available for long so I suggest you use your own webspace.
Tip: One advantage of using the class, methods and application described and included in this article is that you can store the version information and download files on a free file sharing site, such as Dropbox, and not have to spend a penny on hosting the update information or download yourself. Please see the readme.txt document included in the download for how to set up the version and download file in your own webspace. Background
This code originated from the TeboCam webcam security application I have written which is soon to be published as open source. The implementation takes form in the following three key components: A version file that resides online - this is used by the update class to check for online updates and also contains information as to the location of the online updates. A class - update - containing the methods for querying the online version file. For this article, the class is wrapped within the example UpdateMe application. An application - update - which downloads the updates from an online folder and which restarts a named application (UpdateMe in this case). This article is principally about the update class and its use within the example UpdateMe application. The order of processing is as follows:
The main application (in this case UpdateMe) downloads the version file and inspects it to see if an update is available. If an update is available, the update application is called passing it the location and name of the update file as well as an optional command line and the application name to start after the update is completed. The main application then closes. The update application ensures that the main application is not running and terminates it if it is, then downloads the file and starts the application specified with the optional command line parameters. It really is that simple (he says after spending the weekend tidying up the code...). Initially, when I wrote this code, someone asked "How do you update the update application?" - so back to the code I went - and the solution turned out to be quite simple: Any files relating to the update application are saved online with a prefix – the update class contains a method that simply renames these files to overwrite the update application. So with one button, it is possible to update your main application as well as the update application itself.
There is more information relating to the method that handles this lower down in the article. There are two modes to the update:
You can download the file immediately – this is the method we use to download the version file to check if any updates are available online. You can close the program for an application update. This application makes use of the Ionic zip open source library for unzipping files. I also make use of the methods, etc. that I have found through Google – if you find anything for which I need to give credit to others, for please do let me know. Using the Code
The update class contains the methods for interrogating the version file.The version file, which you will need to place online, takes the format of a pipe delimited file. The order of processing is: Check if new update application files exist, with the defined prefix in their names, and rename these files if they exist – this enables us to update the update application. Get the update information from the online version file. We then have a choice if the version file contains information pointing to a new file: Download the file without restarting the application, or Call the update application to download the file. Getting the update availability information: The getUpdateInfo method downloads a pipe delimited file, splitting the columns, into a List object. One point to note is the line number to start reading the data from – this is a zero based index meaning the first line is 0.In the example below, we start reading from the second line - I prefer to have a header line as when I amend the version file I can know by looking at the file which information goes where. info = update.getUpdateInfo(downloadsurl.Text, versionfilename.Text,
Application.StartupPath + @"\", 1);
As the result of reading the version file is a List object, returned by the getUpdateInfo method, you can place whatever you need to in this file for your update information.I suggest at first to keep it simple with the version, download URL and download filename being the only vital pieces of information required for an update. app|version|release date|url|file
updateme|1.2|24/09/2011|http://changeThisUrl.com/downloadFiles/|updateme.zip
One thing to note with keeping the information, in this version file online, is that it allows you to direct users' applications to pick up the new application from whichever location you desire. Tip - When running the UpdateMe application, make changes to the "This Version No." textbox to test if the update is picked up.
With regards to installing the updates, two methods exist:
installUpdateNow - This will install the downloaded file(s) without the application restarting, and installUpdateRestart - This will install the downloaded file(s) via the update application and results in the application restarting. The installUpdateRestart method is the business end of the UpdateMe application - installing an update and restarting the new version of the UpdateMe application through the update application.
This method starts the update application - passing parameters indicating which file to download and which process to start once the download of the file has completed. public static void installUpdates(string downloadsURL, string filename,
string destinationFolder, string processToEnd, string postProcess,
string startupCommand, string updater)
string cmdLn = "";
cmdLn += "|downloadFile|" + filename;
cmdLn += "|URL|" + downloadsURL;
cmdLn += "|destinationFolder|" + destinationFolder;
cmdLn += "|processToEnd|" + processToEnd;
cmdLn += "|postProcess|" + postProcess;
cmdLn += "|command|" + @" / " + startupCommand;
startInfo.FileName = updater;
startInfo.Arguments = cmdLn;
The webdata class is used by both the UpdateMe application and the update application.This class contains the methods for downloading data from the online location. One area I think worth pointing out is the use of the custom bytesDownloaded event.If you are fairly new to .NET, then custom events are something which I would strongly recommend using and understanding (that is understanding how to use them and why they are so handy).
To enable the progressbar in the update application to correctly display how far through the data download we are - we will need to be able to specify the bytes downloaded together with the total number of bytes in the download.
We start by defining a delegate and a class that holds the arguments for the custom event - the class ByteArgs inherits from the EventArgs class. public delegate void bytesDownloaded(ByteArgs e);
public class ByteArgs : EventArgs
private int _downloaded;
private int _total;
public int downloaded
return _downloaded;
_downloaded = value;
public int total
return _total;
_total = value;
When we start downloading the data, we create a new instance of the ByteArgs class and assign the downloaded and total values.
One point to note when we call the event - is that we test if it is null first - if we do not test if the event is null and the event is not consumed, we will get a NullReferenceException.This is important because the update application consumes the bytesDownloaded event for the purpose of the progressbar whilst the UpdateMe application does not. //let us declare our downloaded bytes event args
ByteArgs byteArgs = new ByteArgs();
byteArgs.downloaded = 0;
byteArgs.total = dataLength;
//we need to test for a null as if an event is not consumed, we will get an exception
if (bytesDownloaded != null) bytesDownloaded(byteArgs);
Earlier in this article, I mentioned the question - "How do you update the update application?" A method within the Update class called updateMe resolves this issue:
update.updateMe(updaterPrefix, Application.StartupPath + @"\");
We simply pass the prefix of the update application files to this method together with their location - the prefix allows us to download these files while the update application is running without running into any file sharing/lock issues. Calling this method when UpdateMe starts up allows us to install any new files related to the update application. Tip: you will notice that the um.zip file included as a download with this article has files with the M1234_ prefix - these files will have their prefix removed and will replace or supplement any files in the application folder once the update has been published when running the UpdateMe application. Points of Interest
Initially, I used an HTML webpage to hold the update information – the code would inspect this page for updates. This was causing problems at times with connections failing - so I decided to place the update information in a pipe delimited online file that can be downloaded, for some reason the file download option was more reliable – 103 bytes of download (the version file should be around this size) is not going to use up too much bandwidth.
One area that is not covered by this article is the issue of cleaning up legacy files from the application folder - this can potentially be handled when the updateMe method runs in your main application (what I mean by a legacy file is a file which was used by a previous version of your application and is no longer of use).
Alternatively you can leave legacy files on the users' machines - I admit this is not ideal however with the risk of removing files the user deliberately placed in the application folder it may be better to allow these legacy files to persist. I really do hope that this will be of help to others and let me know what can be improved – please.
Simple Auto-Update: Let your application update itself using 2 lines of code
A .Net Auto-Updating Project Template
My vote of 5 HaBiX13-Dec-12 0:05
HaBiX13-Dec-12 0:05 Cool beans My 8 year old browser project (.net 1.0) was using the same way to update.
But we also have one other buissenes app that's working very similar:
- we actually got a "runner.exe" which downloads the latest version of binarys then executes them
- our client always runs runner.exe
Re: My vote of 5 GuyThiebaut13-Dec-12 0:08
GuyThiebaut13-Dec-12 0:08 Thanks!
It's good to know that I have chosen a way that others have used too and that works “That which can be asserted without evidence, can be dismissed without evidence.”
Renaming prefix files Ehsan ullah15-Oct-12 23:30
Ehsan ullah15-Oct-12 23:30 My application shows 'access denied for this path' error while starting the updateme application. I have found the reason behind this, it is due to file permission as I am running another administrator account on windows 7.
can you help me how to set permission for other user accounts.??
Great Code but I have one question robdogaz2-Oct-12 13:03
robdogaz2-Oct-12 13:03 I have folders that have files that need to update how can this app or the unzip process extract information into correct folder
Example: DBs/ or Software/
I put files in those folders as M1234_ but it does not extract them since they are in folder in ZIP file.
Re: Great Code but I have one question GuyThiebaut11-Oct-12 8:55
GuyThiebaut11-Oct-12 8:55 I won'tbe able to lok into this at the moment as all my time and energy is in a new job - however if you do find out the fix to your issue please post it here.
Folder in a zip file. khoirom27-Sep-12 21:05
khoirom27-Sep-12 21:05 I have downloaded and test your updater, but there is a problem:
If in a zip contain a folder then your updater not create this after update
ie: inside your um.zip, if there is a folder named "dll" that contains another third-party library, your updater don't create this folder.
Re: Folder in a zip file. GuyThiebaut30-Sep-12 22:30
GuyThiebaut30-Sep-12 22:30 Thanks for letting me know about this - I will check it out.
In the meantime if you find a solution to this, please let me know and I can include it in the code.
Re: Folder in a zip file. tornadofay9-Nov-15 5:01
tornadofay9-Nov-15 5:01 3 years past, any updates for this kind of problem ?
Re: Folder in a zip file. GuyThiebaut9-Nov-15 5:16
GuyThiebaut9-Nov-15 5:16 I bet you could give it a go See how far you get and post back your solution.
Re: Folder in a zip file. tornadofay9-Nov-15 5:37
tornadofay9-Nov-15 5:37 thanks I try really hard & sure will post solution if I found answer but I'm kind of very short on time.
I rewritten the update app to auto read current application version from local file then check with the server to compare version and if found version difference it auto update if everything is good it auto start the main application then close itself.no user interaction at all just display message of what happening I made it more like launcher for the main application, also i merged classes (update, ByteArgs, webdata) under 1 namespace with your signed and date of create and url on codeproject.
it's very nice and you made it simple thanks so much for it *I updated Ionic.Zip.dll to the latest version I though it maybe be solve the extract problem but it didn't, however it solved this part of ExtractAll
using (ZipFile zip = ZipFile.Read(file))
// This call to ExtractAll() assumes:
//   - none of the entries are password-protected.
//   - want to extract all entries to current working directory
//   - none of the files in the zip already exist in the directory;
//     if they do, the method will throw.
// zip.ExtractAll(unZipTo); //OLD
zip.ExtractAll(unZipTo, ExtractExistingFileAction.OverwriteSilently);  //New DLL Version
for the folders problem I just need someone to point me to the right direction then I can continue from there.
thanks again. Edit
Well I found walkaround this problem, first I created new Folder "bin" which will contain my binaries, then zip.ExtractAll with overwrite at "bin" then finally the updater call exe in bin folder and it run perfectly, I had to //moveFiles(); since it directly extract in different folder so no need to move files again and problem solved. modified 9-Nov-15 12:36pm.
Re: Folder in a zip file. GuyThiebaut10-Nov-15 10:55
GuyThiebaut10-Nov-15 10:55 Having read how you had adapted the code in the article, to your own needs, I was confident that you would find a way to make it work!
Good work “That which can be asserted without evidence, can be dismissed without evidence.”
Re: Folder in a zip file. tornadofay10-Nov-15 11:11
tornadofay10-Nov-15 11:11 thanks it's your work after all. My vote of 5 yoke13-Sep-12 22:42
yoke13-Sep-12 22:42 exactly what i'm looking for. your stuff works perfectly!!
Re: My vote of 5 GuyThiebaut14-Sep-12 0:52
GuyThiebaut14-Sep-12 0:52 Thanks yoke!
What if the application is multifile?! MOhammad AlianNejadi3-Jul-12 0:04
MOhammad AlianNejadi3-Jul-12 0:04 Suppose we have a multifile (many dll files) and in any update we just want to download and update some specific dll files.
Re: What if the application is multifile?! GuyThiebaut3-Jul-12 1:45
GuyThiebaut3-Jul-12 1:45 With regards to dll files that pertain to the update application have a look at the section in the article just above the "Points of Interest" section.
Within the "Tip:" section I explain that all you need to do is apply a prefix to these files.
This way you can update dll files that are used by your update application.
Ensure that within your update code the same prefix is present - within this article the prefix used is M1234_.
If what you are getting at is that you only want to download specific files I suggest you wrap the files in a zip file and just download that zip file - you can specify the unzip option within the application.
Re: What if the application is multifile?! MOhammad AlianNejadi3-Jul-12 1:53
MOhammad AlianNejadi3-Jul-12 1:53 Thanks for the quick reply!
I meant by my question how to handle the version info?
For example make as many UM files as the count of dll files or make a general UM file on the server in which we hold the version information of all dll files and update each individual dll file as it's updated or have only one mega version file which tells us about update information on all the application and in the zip file include only specific updated dlls.
In the last case, the app would handle the overwriting of the files in the zip file and holding the same old other dll files? In this case, I guess the last way is better.
What is you idea? Thanks,
Re: What if the application is multifile?! GuyThiebaut3-Jul-12 2:20
GuyThiebaut3-Jul-12 2:20 That's a good question and I think the three implementations you suggest are all good.
I can't say which is better as it will all really depend on the specifics of what gets updated and when it gets updated.
There are two general options:
Update everything, this way you know everything is up-to-date (the zip file method) -> this may use the most bandwidth of your network and is the easy lazy way.
Update specific files -> this will use the least bandwidth of your network and is the more elegant and precise way(you just need to be sure that you don't miss out any files).
Experiment with different implementations - you can always refine things later by updating the update application using the file prefix system.
Re: What if the application is multifile?! MOhammad AlianNejadi3-Jul-12 2:43
MOhammad AlianNejadi3-Jul-12 2:43 I'm thinking of an implementation to handle multifile solutions, in case I will update you with the new code.
MOLi My vote of 5 MOhammad AlianNejadi2-Jul-12 22:47
MOhammad AlianNejadi2-Jul-12 22:47 Great job, no need to any additional component, everything is done inside the application, thanks I was looking for this kind of code a long time .
Re: My vote of 5 GuyThiebaut3-Jul-12 2:20
GuyThiebaut3-Jul-12 2:20 Thanks
Great work! lauhw200012-May-12 18:30
lauhw200012-May-12 18:30 Thanks for sharing the updater program.
It would be better if there is a Windows Service program to check the updates and popup the updateMe window when necessary.
Lau Hon Wan
Re: Great work! GuyThiebaut14-May-12 22:58
GuyThiebaut14-May-12 22:58 Thanks,
I like your suggestion of a Windows Service, I think I may give this a go.
Nice siraj hussain26-Apr-12 21:38
siraj hussain26-Apr-12 21:38 Very helpful post.
Re: Nice GuyThiebaut27-Apr-12 8:36
GuyThiebaut27-Apr-12 8:36 Thanks - if you read the article, remember to vote just above here “That which can be asserted without evidence, can be dismissed without evidence.”
restarting the old UpdateMe Application MuzzyB20-Apr-12 3:29
MuzzyB20-Apr-12 3:29 First of all, thanks for the great application, Guy!
I tried to make it work your "UpdateMe" app as you mentioned but, I have a problem.
After I found the updated application from the web folder via "UpdateMe" application, the "update" program terminates the application, downloads it, unzip and move files... The all progress works during update process, I can see that. But when it restarted, the old versioned application starts, I think I couldn't download newer application so the old version app restarts. I couldn't figured it out what I'm missing...
can you help me with that or anyone who could have already run it successfully?
Re: restarting the old UpdateMe Application GuyThiebaut20-Apr-12 7:00
GuyThiebaut20-Apr-12 7:00 Thanks for comment.
I am soon going to post an update to the article with code that irons out some problems.
I am sending you an email with a link to an online download of the new source code and executables to give you some advance help.
What may be happening is that you may be leaving out a back slash at the end of one of the the paths.
Also the command line in .Net does not handle blank spaces very well so if you have any spaces in a path this may cause a problem too.
The new code(link in the email I am sending you) fixes this blank space issue and also has a debug feature.
My vote of 5 François Gasnier16-Jan-12 0:35
François Gasnier16-Jan-12 0:35 Very nice article althought I made a few changes like adding a cancel button on the update form, launching an installer instead of unzipping an archive, and improving the version comparison function...
Re: My vote of 5 GuyThiebaut16-Jan-12 8:41
GuyThiebaut16-Jan-12 8:41 Thank you Francois,
Glad to hear you have been able to make use of this.
I have made some updates to the class to allow updates over a network and improved command line parsing.
I hope to get this published soon.
Thanks, Works like magic . But one question please Member 228177122-Dec-11 15:42
Member 228177122-Dec-11 15:42 Dear Sir , Thanks so much for this fantastic piece of code. It works like magic . But I want to download from a website which is FTP , ie , there is a password and username. Is this possible. ?
Thanks, Wald
Re: Thanks, Works like magic . But one question please GuyThiebaut22-Dec-11 20:52
GuyThiebaut22-Dec-11 20:52 Hi,
With regards to FTP you will need to add a method to the webdata class to download data via FtpWebRequest rather than WebRequest.
Have at look at this FTP client library for C#[^].
Re: Thanks, Works like magic . But one question please Member 228177122-Dec-11 21:53
Member 228177122-Dec-11 21:53 Thanks again. and good work.
Re: Thanks Member 228177122-Dec-11 21:53
My vote of 5 khoirom12-Dec-11 22:27
khoirom12-Dec-11 22:27 Excellent
Re: My vote of 5 GuyThiebaut13-Dec-11 1:13
GuyThiebaut13-Dec-11 1:13 Thank you “That which can be asserted without evidence, can be dismissed without evidence.”
Does this support a list of zip files? khoirom12-Dec-11 16:53
khoirom12-Dec-11 16:53 Can I set in the update text file a list of zip file instead of 1 file? Thank you
Pham Nhu Chung
Re: Does this support a list of zip files? GuyThiebaut12-Dec-11 20:48
GuyThiebaut12-Dec-11 20:48 The code supplied does not support multiple zip files.
However it would be easy to make the change - what you could do is read multiple lines from version file(the list you mention) downloading and unzipping, the file specified on each line, until there are no more lines in the version file.
Re: Does this support a list of zip files? khoirom12-Dec-11 22:27
khoirom12-Dec-11 22:27 Thank you very much!
If inside a zip file have a folder contents another files,how I do it? the current implement not create these folder on client after apply update. Thank you.
Re: Does this support a list of zip files? GuyThiebaut13-Dec-11 1:12
GuyThiebaut13-Dec-11 1:12 I don't understand your question - if you are asking will a zipped folder be unzipped into a folder then the answer is yes.
If the above does not answer your question can you give me a specific example please.
Re: Does this support a list of zip files? khoirom24-May-12 17:26
khoirom24-May-12 17:26 ie: inside your um.zip, if there is a folder named "dll" that contains another third-party library, your updater don't create this folder.
abcmodified 24-May-12 23:41pm.
webdata vs. WebClient SohailB8-Dec-11 3:05
SohailB8-Dec-11 3:05 Could you please give a little hint what is the benefit of that webdata class over WebClient component? Why you prefered it?
Re: webdata vs. WebClient GuyThiebaut8-Dec-11 10:24
GuyThiebaut8-Dec-11 10:24 The benefit is that I used what worked at the time...
Bear in mind that I am not a certified Net developer and I am in a constant process of learning - the direct answer to your question is that I was not familiar with the WebClient component when I wrote this.
If you know of a better way of doing something please provide an example of how to do it as I always want to know how to improve things Thanks
Continuous effort - not strength or intelligence - is the key to unlocking our potential.(Winston Churchill) Re: webdata vs. WebClient SohailB9-Dec-11 1:05
SohailB9-Dec-11 1:05 WebClient is simple to use:
// Optional event handlers to be notified of the download progress and completion
WC.DownloadFileCompleted += new System.ComponentModel.AsyncCompletedEventHandler(WC_DownloadFileCompleted);
WC.DownloadProgressChanged += new DownloadProgressChangedEventHandler(WC_DownloadProgressChanged);
// Start download in a separate thread.
WC.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri("DownloadURL"), "LocalFilename");
I like it because it can do the job in a new thread. But you can also use WC.DownloadFile() method to do it in the same thread.
But still I am not sure which is the better choice, your method to get the file in 1kb chunks may prevent some problems that I don't know of. Re: webdata vs. WebClient GuyThiebaut9-Dec-11 3:10
GuyThiebaut9-Dec-11 3:10 Thanks Sohail,
I now remember why I download data in smaller chunks - the reason is that the progress bar can be updated this way(.Net is a hobby so I don't have access to it at work and have to rely on memory...)
If you have a very large file - the user can be informed that the download is in progress rather than not being aware of progress while the download takes place.
Continuous effort - not strength or intelligence - is the key to unlocking our potential.(Winston Churchill) Cross-thread operation not valid SohailB7-Dec-11 7:06
SohailB7-Dec-11 7:06 How comes non of you guys have this problem? I had to add
System.Windows.Forms.Form.CheckForIllegalCrossThreadCalls = false; to shut the exception off and run it.
In general I use delegates to access form controls from another thread, why don't you do that?
Re: Cross-thread operation not valid GuyThiebaut7-Dec-11 9:26
GuyThiebaut7-Dec-11 9:26 You are absolutely correct regarding needing to use delegates on forms.
In this case I did not as I wanted to keep everything as simple as possible and consequently left out the use of delegates.
I did not get any cross thread errors and if I had I would have added the delegates for the form.
I do have an update to the article and Update class which I hope to publish soon - I will add delegates to this.
The update to this article will include the ability to get updates over a network and an improvement on the command line(which currently has the pesky distinction of really not liking spaces if the command line string has not been escaped first).
Thanks for highlighting this as an issue. Continuous effort - not strength or intelligence - is the key to unlocking our potential.(Winston Churchill) Update to use asp.net forms authentication RV Williams11-Oct-11 3:26
RV Williams11-Oct-11 3:26 If you add the code below in BOTH webdata.cs classes - the one in the UpdateMe project and in the Update project - you can get this app to obtain its update files from a password protected asp.net folder in your domain.
Admittedly the credentials to gain access to the folder are sent as encoded Base 64, which is essentially plain text, but it's no different than a user visiting the url direct and entering the credentials manually.
Just after this line in webdata.cs
//open a data stream from the supplied URL
WebRequest webReq = WebRequest.Create(URL + file);
myCache.Add(new Uri("your web folder"), "Basic", new NetworkCredential("your login", "your password"));
webReq.Credentials = myCache;
webReq.PreAuthenticate = true;
If you also want to make this app work with a web proxy you'll need to add the following code in both
WebData classes
add this new function to obtain a proxy for the web request
public static Net.WebProxy GetWebProxy(Uri thisUri)
Net.WebProxy wbprxy = null;
IWebProxy iwbprxy = null;
iwbprxy = WebRequest.DefaultWebProxy;
wbprxy = new Net.WebProxy(iwbprxy.GetProxy(thisUri));
wbprxy.UseDefaultCredentials = true;
return wbprxy;
then change the code at the start of the 'downloadFromWeb' function to:
Uri uri = new Uri(sURL + sFile);
System.Net.WebProxy prxy;
prxy = GetWebProxy(uri);
WebRequest webReq = WebRequest.Create(uri);
webReq.Proxy = prxy;modified 13-Oct-11 7:12am.
Re: Update to use asp.net forms authentication GuyThiebaut11-Oct-11 4:30
GuyThiebaut11-Oct-11 4:30 Thanks for the tip!
I will look into building this into the class.
Continuous effort - not strength or intelligence - is the key to unlocking our potential.(Winston Churchill) My vote of 5 ase69s11-Oct-11 1:31
ase69s11-Oct-11 1:31 Excelent starting point to add selftupdating to any app. Thanks!
Re: My vote of 5 GuyThiebaut11-Oct-11 4:30
GuyThiebaut11-Oct-11 4:30 Thank you!
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android - What's the difference between layout-large-v11 and layout-xlarge - Stack Overflow
What's the difference between layout-large-v11 and layout-xlarge
I'm working on a Tablet application.
What's the difference between this two res folders: layout-large-v11 and layout-xlarge?
The first option is from the IOSched app.
Are both valid for tablets? Which one is better for design tablets layouts?
android layout share|improve this question asked Oct 31 '11 at 21:48
v11 is there to help distinguish between large devices that are still running older versions of android. This distinguishing is necessary because there were some big changes at Android 3.0 (version 11 of the api), in terms of style. So the v11 allows you to say "Ok, if this is a newer version of android, use this newer style of layout, other wise use this older style".
Bottom line, you only need to use it if you want to provide two different layouts: one for versions of android that are pre-3.0, and one for versions that are post-3.0. v11 actually has nothing to do with the size of the screen itself, merely what version of android you're running on.
Hi Kurtis, thanks for the fast answer :) Im developing exclusively for tablets 3.0+ In that case I don't have to use layout-large-v11, right? I could use only res/layout, if my app doesn't suppor other version.
Correct. No need to mess around with v11 for you.
android layout smallest width (sw800dp) and different densities
Same layout for large and xlarge devices

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