text:
Counter-terrorism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Counter terrorism)
Counter-terrorism (also called anti-terrorism) incorporates the practice, military tactics, techniques, and strategy that government, military, law enforcement, business, and intelligence agencies use to combat or prevent terrorism.
If terrorism is part of a broader insurgency, counter-terrorism may employ counter-insurgency measures. The United States Armed Forces use the term foreign internal defense for programs that support other countries in attempts to suppress insurgency, lawlessness, or subversion or to reduce the conditions under which these threats to security may develop.[citation needed]
2.1 Legal contexts
2.3 Preemptive neutralization
2.3.1 Non-military
2.3.2 Military
3.1 Target-hardening
3.2 Command and control
3.3 Damage mitigation
3.4 Local security
3.5 Medical services
4 Tactical units
4.1 Examples of actions
4.2 Designing Anti-terrorism systems
4.3 Law enforcement/Police
4.4 Counter-Terrorism and American Law Enforcement
4.5 Notable International Counter-Terrorism Agencies
In response to the escalating terror campaign in Britain carried out by the militant Irish Fenians in the 1880s, the Home Secretary, Sir William Harcourt, established the first counter-terrorism unit ever. The Special Irish Branch was initially formed as a section of the Criminal Investigation Department of the London Metropolitan Police in 1883, to combat Irish republican terrorism through infiltration and subversion.
Harcourt envisioned a permanent unit dedicated to the prevention of politically motivated violence through the use of modern techniques such as undercover infiltration. This pioneering branch was the first to be trained in counter-terrorism techniques.[1]
Its name was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded[2] to incorporate a general role in counterterrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime. Law enforcement agencies, in Britain and elsewhere, established similar units.[3]
Counterterrorism forces expanded with the perceived growing threat of terrorism in the late 20th century. Specifically, after the September 11 attacks, Western governments made counter-terrorism efforts a priority, including more foreign cooperation and shifting tactics involving red teams.[4]
See also: Intelligence cycle management, Intelligence analysis, HUMINT and Counterintelligence
Most counter-terrorism strategies involve an increase in standard police and domestic intelligence. The central activities are traditional: interception of communications, and the tracing of persons. New technology has, however, expanded the range of military and law enforcement operations.
Domestic intelligence is often directed at specific groups, defined on the basis of origin or religion, which is a source of political controversy. Mass surveillance of an entire population raises objections on civil liberties grounds. Homegrown terrorists, especially lone wolves are often harder to detect because of their citizenship or legal alien status and ability to stay under the radar.
To select the effective action when terrorism appears to be more of an isolated event, the appropriate government organizations need to understand the source, motivation, methods of preparation, and tactics of terrorist groups. Good intelligence is at the heart of such preparation, as well as political and social understanding of any grievances that might be solved. Ideally, one gets information from inside the group, a very difficult challenge for HUMINT because operational terrorist cells are often small, with all members known to one another, perhaps even related.[5]
Counterintelligence is a great challenge with the security of cell-based systems, since the ideal, but nearly impossible, goal is to obtain a clandestine source within the cell. Financial tracking can play a role, as can communications intercept, but both of these approaches need to be balanced against legitimate expectations of privacy.
Legal contexts[edit]
Main article: Anti-terrorism legislation
In response to the growing legislation.
The United Kingdom has had anti-terrorism legislation in place for more than thirty years. The Prevention of Violence Act 1939 was brought in response to an Irish Republican Army (IRA) campaign of violence under the S-Plan. This act had been allowed to expire in 1953 and was repealed in 1973 to be replaced by the Prevention of Terrorism Acts a response to the Troubles in Northern Ireland. From 1974 to 1989 the temporary provisions of the act were renewed annually.
In 2000 the Acts were replaced with the more permanent Terrorism Act 2000, which contained many of their powers, and then the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005.
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was formally introduced into the Parliament November 19, 2001 two months after the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States. It received royal assent and went into force on December 13, 2001. On December 16, 2004 the Law Lords ruled that Part 4 was incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, but under the terms of the Human Rights Act 1998 it remained in force. The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 was drafted to answer the Law Lords ruling and the Terrorism Act 2006 creates new offences related to terrorism, and amends existing ones. The Act was drafted in the aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings, and like its predecessors some of its terms have proven to be highly controversial.
Since 1978 the UK's terrorism laws have been regularly reviewed by a security-cleared Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation, whose reports are submitted to Parliament and published in full.
U.S. legal issues surrounding this issue include rulings on the domestic employment of deadly force by law enforcement organizations.
Search and seizure is governed by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The U.S. passed the USA PATRIOT Act after the September 11 attacks, as well as a range of other legislation and executive orders relating to national security.
The Department of Homeland Security was established to consolidate domestic security agencies to coordinate anti-terrorism, as well as national response to major natural disasters and accidents.
The Posse Comitatus Act limits domestic employment of the United States Army and the United States Air Force, requiring Presidential approval prior to deploying the Army and/or the Air Force. Pentagon policy also applies this limitation to the United States Marine Corps and the United States Navy, because the Posse Comitatus Act doesn't cover naval services, even though they are federal military forces. The Department of Defense can be employed domestically on Presidential order, as was done during the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Hurricane Katrina, and the Beltway Sniper incidents.
External or international use of lethal force would require a Presidential finding.
Australia has passed several anti-terrorism acts. In 2004, a bill comprising three acts Anti-terrorism Act, 2004, (No 2) and (No 3) was passed. Then Attorney-General, Philip Ruddock, introduced the Anti-terrorism bill, 2004 on March 31. He described it as "a bill to strengthen Australia's counter-terrorism laws in a number of respects — a task made more urgent following the recent tragic terrorist bombings in Spain." He said that Australia's counter-terrorism laws "require review and, where necessary, updating if we are to have a legal framework capable of safeguarding all Australians from the scourge of terrorism." The Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 supplemented the powers of the earlier acts. The Australian legislation allows police to detain suspects for up to two weeks without charge and to electronically track suspects for up to a year. The Australian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2005 included a "shoot-to-kill" clause. In a country with entrenched liberal democratic traditions, the measures are controversial and have been criticized by civil libertarians and Islamic groups.[citation needed]
Israel monitors a list of designated terrorist organizations and has laws forbidding membership in such organizations, funding or helping them in any way.
On December 14, 2006 the Israeli Supreme Court ruled targeted killings were a permitted form of self-defense.[6]
John Walker Lindh was captured as an enemy combatant during the United States' 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.
One of the primary difficulties of implementing effective counter-terrorist measures is the waning of civil liberties and individual privacy that such measures often entail, both for citizens of, and for those detained by states attempting to combat terror. At times, measures designed to tighten security have been seen as abuses of power or even violations of human rights.
Examples of these problems can include prolonged, incommunicado detention without judicial review; risk of subjecting to torture during the transfer, return and extradition of people between or within countries; and the adoption of security measures that restrain the rights or freedoms of citizens and breach principles of non-discrimination.[7] Examples include:
In November 2003 Malaysia passed new counter-terrorism laws that were widely criticized by local human rights groups for being vague and overbroad. Critics claim that the laws put the basic rights of free expression, association, and assembly at risk. Malaysia persisted in holding around 100 alleged militants without trial, including five Malaysian students detained for alleged terrorist activity while studying in Karachi, Pakistan.[7]
In November 2003 a Canadian-Syrian national, Maher Arar, alleged publicly that he had been tortured in a Syrian prison after being handed over to the Syrian authorities by U.S.[7]
In December 2003 Colombia's congress approved legislation that would give the military the power to arrest, tap telephones and carry out searches without warrants or any previous judicial order.[7]
Images of unpopular treatment of detainees in US custody in Iraq and other locations have encouraged international scrutiny of US operations in the war on terror.[8]
Hundreds of foreign nationals remain in prolonged indefinite detention without charge or trial in Guantánamo Bay, despite international and US constitutional standards some groups believe outlaw such practices.[8]
Hundreds of people suspected of connections with the Taliban or al Qa'eda remain in long-term detention in Pakistan or in US-controlled centers in Afghanistan.[8]
China has used the "war on terror" to justify its policies in the predominantly Muslim Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region to stifle Uighur identity.[8]
In Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Yemen and other countries, scores of people have been arrested and arbitrarily detained in connection with suspected terrorist acts or links to opposition armed groups.[8]
Until 2005 eleven men remained in high security detention in the UK under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001.[8]
Many would argue that such violations exacerbate rather than counter the terrorist threat.[7] Human rights advocates argue for the crucial role of human rights protection as an intrinsic part to fight against terrorism.[8] This suggests, as proponents of human security have long argued, that respecting human rights may indeed help us to incur security. Amnesty International included a section on confronting terrorism in the recommendations in the Madrid Agenda arising from the Madrid Summit on Democracy and Terrorism (Madrid 8–11 March 2005):
Democratic principles and values are essential tools in the fight against terrorism. Any successful strategy for dealing with terrorism requires terrorists to be isolated. Consequently, the preference must be to treat terrorism as criminal acts to be handled through existing systems of law enforcement and with full respect for human rights and the rule of law. We recommend: (1) taking effective measures to make impunity impossible either for acts of terrorism or for the abuse of human rights in counter-terrorism measures. (2) the incorporation of human rights laws in all anti-terrorism programmes and policies of national governments as well as international bodies."[8]
While international efforts to combat terrorism have focused on the need to enhance cooperation between states, proponents of human rights (as well as human security) have suggested that more effort needs to be given to the effective inclusion of human rights protection as a crucial element in that cooperation. They argue that international human rights obligations do not stop at borders and a failure to respect human rights in one state may undermine its effectiveness in the international effort to cooperate to combat terrorism.[7]
Preemptive neutralization[edit]
Some countries see preemptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. This includes capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an attack. Israel, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia have taken this approach, while Western European states generally do not.
Another major method of preemptive neutralization is interrogation of known or suspected terrorists to obtain information about specific plots, targets, the identity of other terrorists, whether or not the interrogation subjects himself is guilty of terrorist involvement. Sometimes more extreme methods are used to increase suggestibility, such as sleep deprivation or drugs. Such methods may lead captives to offer false information in an attempt to stop the treatment, or due to the confusion brought on by it. These methods are not tolerated by European powers. In 1978 the European Court of Human Rights ruled in the Ireland v. United Kingdom case that such methods amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment, and that such practices were in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 3 (art. 3).
Non-military[edit]
The human security paradigm outlines a non-military approach which aims to address the enduring underlying inequalities which fuel terrorist activity. Causal factors need to be delineated and measures implemented which allow equal access to resources and sustainability for all people. Such activities empower citizens providing 'freedom from fear' and 'freedom from want'.
This can take many forms including the provision of clean drinking water, education, vaccination programs, provision of food and shelter and protection from violence, military or otherwise. Successful human security campaigns have been characterized by the participation of a diverse group of actors including governments, NGOs, and citizens.
Foreign internal defense programs provide outside expert assistance to a threatened government. FID can involve both non-military and military aspects of counter-terrorism.
U.S. Marines in Afghanistan
Terrorism has often been used to justify military intervention in countries like Pakistan where terrorists are said to be based. That was the main stated justification for the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan. It was also a stated justification for the second Russian invasion of Chechnya.
Military intervention has not always been successful in stopping or preventing future terrorism, like during the Malayan Emergency, the Mau Mau Uprising, and most of the campaigns against the IRA during the Irish Civil War, the S-Plan, the Border Campaign (IRA) and the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Although military action can disrupt a terrorist group's operations temporarily, it sometimes doesn't end the threat completely.[9]
Thus repression by the military in itself (particularly if it is not accompanied by other measures) usually leads to short term victories, but tend to be unsuccessful in the long run (e.g. the French's doctrine described in Roger Trinquier's book Modern War[10] used in Indochina and Algeria). However, new methods (see the new Counterinsurgency Field Manual[11]) such as those taken in Iraq have yet to be seen as beneficial or ineffectual.
Police, fire, and emergency medical response organizations have obvious roles. Local firefighters and emergency medical personnel (often called "first responders") have plans for mitigating the effects of terrorist attacks, although police may deal with threats of such attacks.
Target-hardening[edit]
Whatever the target of terrorists, there are multiple ways of hardening the targets to prevent the terrorists from hitting their mark, or reducing the damage of attacks. One method is to place Jersey Barrier or other sturdy obstacles outside tall or politically sensitive buildings to prevent car and truck bombing. Another way to reduce the impact of attacks is to design buildings for rapid evacuation.[12]
Aircraft cockpits are kept locked during flights, and have reinforced doors, which only the pilots in the cabin are capable of opening. UK railway stations removed their rubbish bins in response to the Provisional IRA threat, as convenient locations for depositing bombs.
Scottish stations removed theirs after the 7 July 2005 London Bombings as a precautionary measure. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority purchased bomb-resistant barriers after the September 11 terrorist attacks.
A more sophisticated target-hardening approach must consider industrial and other critical industrial infrastructure that could be attacked. Terrorists need not import chemical weapons if they can cause a major industrial accident such as the Bhopal disaster or the Halifax Explosion. Industrial chemicals in manufacturing, shipping, and storage need greater protection, and some efforts are in progress.[13] To put this risk into perspective, the first major lethal chemical attack in WWI used 160 tons of chlorine. Industrial shipments of chlorine, widely used in water purification and the chemical industry, travel in 90 or 55 ton tank cars.
To give one more example, the North American electrical grid has already demonstrated, in the Northeast Blackout of 2003, its vulnerability to natural disasters coupled with inadequate, possibly insecure, SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) networks. Part of the vulnerability is due to deregulation leading to much more interconnection in a grid designed for only occasional power-selling between utilities. A small number of terrorists, attacking key power facilities when one or more engineers have infiltrated the power control centers, could wreak havoc.
Equipping likely targets with containers (i.e., bags) of pig lard has been utilized to discourage attacks by Islamist suicide bombers. The technique was apparently used on a limited scale by British authorities in the 1940s.[14] The approach stems from the idea that Muslims perpetrating the attack would not want to be "soiled" by the lard in the moment prior to dying. The idea has been suggested more recently as a deterrent to suicide bombings in Israel.[15] However, the actual effectiveness of this tactic is probably limited as it is possible that a sympathetic Islamic scholar could issue a fatwa proclaiming that a suicide bomber would not be polluted by the swine products.
Command and control[edit]
In North America and other continents, for a threatened or completed terrorist attack, the Incident Command System (ICS) is apt to be invoked to control the various services that may need to be involved in the response. ICS has varied levels of escalation, such as might be needed for multiple incidents in a given area (e.g., the 2005 bombings in London or the 2004 Madrid train bombings, or all the way to a National Response Plan invocation if national-level resources are needed. National response, for example, might be needed for a nuclear, biological, radiological, or large chemical attack.
Damage mitigation[edit]
Fire departments, perhaps supplemented by public works agencies, utility providers (e.g., gas, water, electricity), and heavy construction contractors, are most apt to deal with the physical consequences of an attack.
Local security[edit]
Again under an incident command model, local police can isolate the incident area, reducing confusion, and specialized police units can conduct tactical operations against terrorists, often using specialized counter-terrorist tactical units. Bringing in such units will normally involve civil or military authority beyond the local level.
Medical services[edit]
Emergency medical services will triage, treat, and transport the more seriously affected victims to hospitals, which will also need to have mass casualty and triage plans in place.
Public health agencies, from local to national level, may be designated to deal with identification, and sometimes mitigation, of possible biological attacks, and sometimes chemical or radiologic contamination.
Tactical units[edit]
Royal Malaysia Police Pasukan Gerakan Khas officers
Today, many countries have special units designated to handle terrorist threats. Besides various security agencies, there are elite tactical units, also known as special mission units, whose role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks.
Such units perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue and responding to on-going attacks. Countries of all sizes can have highly trained counter-terrorist teams. Tactics, techniques and procedures for manhunting are under constant development.
Most of these measures deal with terrorist attacks that affect an area, or threaten to do so. It is far harder to deal with assassination, or even reprisals on individuals, due to the short (if any) warning time and the quick exfiltration of the assassins.[16]
These units are specially trained in tactics and are very well equipped for CQB with emphasis on stealth and performing the mission with minimal casualties. The units include take-over force (assault teams), snipers, EOD experts, dog handlers and intelligence officers. See Counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism organizations for national command, intelligence, and incident mitigation.
The majority of counter-terrorism operations at the tactical level, are conducted by state, federal and national law enforcement agencies or intelligence agencies. In some countries, the military may be called in as a last resort. Obviously, for countries whose military are legally permitted to conduct police operations, this is a non-issue, and such counter-terrorism operations are conducted by their military.
See counter-intelligence for command, intelligence and warning, and incident mitigation aspects of counter-terror.
Examples of actions[edit]
Some counterterrorist actions of the 20th and 21st century are listed below. See list of hostage crises for a more extended list, including hostage-taking that did not end violently.
Representative hostage rescue operations
Main locale
Hostage nationality
/hijackers
Munich Olympics, Germany
Israeli Mossad, German police
All hostages murdered, 5 kidnappers killed. 3 kidnappers captured and released.
AIA Hostage Incident
AIA building, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mixed. US and Swedish
Special Actions Unit
All hostages rescued, all kidnappers flown to Libya.
Entebbe raid
Israelis and Jews. Non-Jewish hostages were released shortly after capture.
Sayeret Matkal, Sayeret Tzanhanim, Sayeret Golani
All 6 hijackers, 45 Ugandan troops, 3 hostages and 1 Israeli soldier dead. 100 hostages rescued
Hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181
Spanish airspace and Mogadishu, Somalia
GSG 9, Special Air Service consultants
1 hostage, 3 hijackers dead, 1 captured. 90 hostages rescued.
Mostly Iranian but some British
Democratic Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Arabistan
1 hostage, 5 kidnappers dead, 1 captured. 24 hostages rescued. 1 SAS operative received minor burns.
Hijacking of "Woyla" Garuda Indonesia
Don Muang International Airport, Thailand
Jihad Command
Kopassus, RTAF mixed forces
1 hijacker killed himself, 4 hijackers and 1 Kopassus operative dead, 1 pilot wounded, all hostages rescued.
Turkish embassy attack
Armenian Revolutionary Army
5 hijackers, 1 hostage and 1 policeman dead, 1 hostage and 1 policeman wounded.
Capture of Achille Lauro hijackers
International airspace and Italy
US military, turned over to Italy
1 dead in hijacking, 4 hijackers convicted in Italy
Pudu Prison, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
6 kidnappers captured, 2 hostages rescued
Operation Ashwamedh
141 passengers
Islamic terrorist (Mohammed Yousuf Shah)
3 hijackers killed, all hostages rescued
Air France Flight 8969
4 hijackers killed, 3 hostages killed prior to the raid, 229 hostages rescued
Japanese embassy hostage crisis
Japanese and guests (800+)
Peruvian military & police mixed forces
1 hostage, 2 rescuers, all 14 kidnappers dead.
Sauk Arms Heist
Malaysian (2 policemen, 1 soldier and 1 civilian)
Grup Gerak Khas and 20 Pasukan Gerakan Khas, mixed forces
2 hostages dead, 2 rescuers dead, 1 kidnapper dead and the other 28 kidnappers captured.
Moscow theater hostage crisis
Mixed, mostly Russian (900+)
129-204 hostages dead, all 39 kidnappers dead. 600-700 hostages freed.
Beslan school hostage crisis
Beslan, North Ossetia-Alania, (an autonomous republic in the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation).
Mixed Russian
334 hostages dead and hundreds wounded. 10-21 rescuers dead. 31 kidnappers killed, 1 captured.
Lal Masjid students and militants
Pakistani Army and Rangers SSG commandos
61 militants killed, 50 militants captured, 23 students killed, 11 SSG killed,1 Ranger killed,33 SSG wounded,8 soldiers wounded,3 Rangers wounded, 14 civilians killed
Kirkuk Hostage Rescue
Turkman child
Islamic State of Iraq Al Qaeda
PUK's Kurdistan Regional Government's CTG Counter Terrorism Group
5 kidnappers arrested, 1 hostage rescued
15 hostages released. 2 kidnappers captured
Operations Dawn
Gulf of Aden, Somalia
Somalian piracy and militants
PASKAL and international mixed forces
Negotiation finished. 80 hostages released. RMN including PASKAL navy commandos with international mixed forces patrolling the Gulf of Aden during this festive period.[17][18][19]
Multiple locations in Mumbai city
Indian Nationals, Foreign tourists
Ajmal Qasab and other Pakistani nationals affiliated to Laskar-e-taiba
300 NSG commandos, 36-100 Marine commandos and 400 army Para Commandos
141 Indian civilians, 30 foreigners, 15 policemen and two NSG commandos were killed.
9 attackers killed,1 attacker captured and 293 injured
2009 Lahore Attacks
Multiple locations in Lahore city
Police Commandos, Army Rangers Battalion
March 3, The Sri Lankan cricket team attack – 6 members of the Sri Lankan cricket team were injured, 6 Pakistani policemen and 2 civilians killed.[citation needed]
March 30, the Manawan Police Academy in Lahore attack – 8 gunmen, 8 police personnel and 2 civilians killed, 95 people injured, 4 gunmen captured.[citation needed].
Plaza Cinema Chowk attack – 16 policemen, an army officer and unknown number of civilians killed. As many as 251 people injured.[citation needed]
Lopota Gorge hostage crisis
Lopota Gorge, Georgia
ethnic Chechen, Russian and Georgian militants
Special Operations Center, SOD, KUD and army special forces
2 KUD members and one special forces corpsman killed, 5 policemen wounded, 11 kidnappers killed, 5 wounded and 1 captured. All hostages rescued.
Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo (Jamalul Kiram III's faction)
Malaysian Armed Forces, Royal Malaysia Police, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency and joint counter-terrorism forces as well as Philippine Armed Forces.
8 policemen including 2 PGK commandos and one soldier killed, 12 others wounded, 56 militants killed, 3 wounded and 149 captured. All hostages rescued. 6 civilians killed and one wounded.
Designing Anti-terrorism systems[edit]
Transparent garbage bin installed at Central station in Sydney so police can check its contents
The scope for Anti-terrorism systems is very large in physical terms (long borders, vast areas, high traffic volumes in busy cities, etc.) as well as in other dimensions, such as type and degree of terrorism threat, political and diplomatic ramifications, and legal issues. In this environment, the development of a persistent Anti-terrorism protection system is a daunting task. Such a system should bring together diverse state-of-the-art technologies to enable persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, and enable potential actions. Designing such a system-of-systems comprises a major technological project.
A particular design problem for this system is that it will face many uncertainties in the future. The threat of terrorism may increase, decrease or remain the same, the type of terrorism and location are difficult to predict, and there are technological uncertainties. Yet we want to design a terrorism system conceived and designed today in order to prevent acts of terrorism for a decade or more. A potential solution is to incorporate flexibility into system design for the reason that the flexibility embedded can be exercised in future as uncertainty unfolds and updated information arrives. And the design and valuation of a protection system should not be based on a single scenario, but an array of scenarios. Flexibility can be incorporated in the design of the terrorism system in the form of options that can be exercised in the future when new information is available. Using these ‘real options’ will create a flexible Anti-terrorism system that is able to cope with new requirements that may arise.[20]
Law enforcement/Police[edit]
While some countries with longstanding terrorism problems, such as Israel, have law enforcement agencies primarily designed to prevent and respond to terror attacks,[21] in other nations, counter-terrorism is a relatively more recent objective of civilian police and law enforcement agencies.[22][23]
While some civil-libertarians and criminal justice scholars have called-out efforts of law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism as futile and expensive[24] or as threats to civil liberties,[24] other scholars have begun describing and analyzing the most important dimensions of the policing of terrorism as an important dimension of counterterrorism, especially in the post-9/11 era, and have argued how police institutions view terrorism as a matter of crime control.[22] Such analyses bring out the civilian police role in counterterrorism next to the military model of a 'war on terror'.[25]
Counter-Terrorism and American Law Enforcement[edit]
Hostage Rescue Team agents
Pursuant to passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies began to systemically reorganize.[26][27] Two primary federal agencies (the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)) house most of the federal agencies that are prepared to combat domestic and international terrorist attacks. These include the Border Patrol, the Secret Service, the Coast Guard and the FBI.
Following suit from federal changes pursuant to 9/11, however, most state and local law enforcement agencies began to include a commitment to "fighting terrorism" in their mission statements.[28][29] Local agencies began to establish more patterned lines of communication with federal agencies. Some scholars have doubted the ability of local police to help in the war on terror and suggest their limited manpower is still best utilized by engaging community and targeting street crimes.[30]
While counter-terror measures (most notably heightened airport security, immigrant profiling[31] and border patrol) have been adapted during the last decade, to enhance counter-terror in law enforcement, there have been remarkable limitations to assessing the actual utility/effectiveness of law enforcement practices that are ostensibly preventative.[32] Thus, while sweeping changes in counter-terrorism rhetoric redefined most American post 9/11 law enforcement agencies in theory, it is hard to assess how well such hyperbole has translated into practice.
In intelligence-led policing(ILP) efforts, the most quantitatively amenable starting point for measuring the effectiveness of any policing strategy (i.e.: Neighborhood Watch, Gun Abatement, Foot Patrols, etc.) is usually to assess total financial costs against clearance rates or arrest rates. Since terrorism is such a rare event phenomena,[33] measuring arrests or clearance rates would be a non-generalizable and ineffective way to test enforcement policy effectiveness. Another methodological problem in assessing counter-terrorism efforts in law enforcement hinges on finding operational measures for key concepts in the study of homeland security. Both terrorism and homeland security are relatively new concepts for criminologists, and academicians have yet to agree on the matter of how to properly define these ideas in a way that is accessible.
Assault car of the French GIGN.
Notable International Counter-Terrorism Agencies[edit]
SEK members of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) during an exercise
+ indicates military organization allowed to operate domestically.
Albania: RENEA
Argentina: GEOF (Special Group of Federal Operations, Federal Arg Police) Falcon Commando (Comando Halcon, State Buenos Aires Police)
Australia: State and Australian Federal Police, Police Tactical Groups, Tactical Assault Group (TAG East & TAG West), and Australian Security and Intelligence Organization (ASIO)
Austria: EKO Cobra; Austrian Military Police+ (Kommando Militärstreife & Militärpolizei — Kdo MilStrf&MP)
Bangladesh: Rapid Action Battalion+; Police Swat; Bangladesh Paracommandos; Bangladesh Navy Special Warfare Diving and Salvage (BN SWADS)
Brazil: State/local Police SWAT teams: BOPE, COE, GATE, COT
Belgium: Directorate of special units (DSU) Federal Police Special Units
Bulgaria: Specializiran Otriad za Borba s Terorizma
Canada: Emergency Task Force (TPS), Joint Task Force 2+
Chile: GOPE (Police Special Operations Group, Chilean Carabineros) ERTA (Tactic Reaction Team, PDI Chilean Civil Police)
China: Snow Leopard Commando Unit+, Beijing SWAT.
Colombia: AFEUR+, GAULA, COPES
Croatia: Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit, RH Alfa
Czech Republic: URNA National Police Rapid Response Unit or Útvar rychlého nasazení
Denmark: Politiets Aktionsstyrke
Dominican Republic: Anti-terrorism Special Command — Comando Especial Contra Terrorismo
Egypt: Unit 777, Hostage Rescue Force HRF
Estonia: K-Commando
Finland: Karhu-ryhmä, Utti Jaeger Regiment, Guard Jaeger Regiment
France: Police units GIPN, RAID and Gendarmerie GIGN+
Georgia: MIA SOC/CTC, SSPS, SOD(status unclear), KUD(disbanded). Army SOF
Germany: Police SEK / MEK, USK (Bavarian State Police), ZUZ and Bundespolizei GSG 9, BFE+
Greece: Anti-Terror Division, Greek Police and Special Anti-Terrorist Unit.
Hungary: Counter Terrorism Centre, Alert Police, Hungarian Homeland Defence Forces
Iceland: Víkingasveitin
India: Rashtriya Rifles, NSG, NIA, Anti Terrorist Squad, Force One, Thunderbolt, state/local Police SWAT teams
Indonesia: Detachment 88 (Police), Satuan 81/Gultor (Army)+, Detachment Bravo 90+ (Air Force), Jala Mengkara Detachment+ (Navy)
Iran: NAJA (Iranian Police), NOPO (Counter-terrorism Special Force), Police Amniat (Security Police)
Iraq: Iraqi Hillah Swat, Kurdish anti terror
Ireland: Garda Special Detective Unit, Garda Emergency Response Unit, Garda National Surveillance Unit, Defence Forces Directorate of Military Intelligence+, Defence Forces Army Ranger Wing+
Israel: YAMAM – elite Israeli Police anti-terror unit (counter-terror, foiling terrorism, hostages rescue etc.), "Mistaaravim" – IDF and Border Guard undercover units for foiling terrorism, Shin Bet – counter-terrorism intelligence and security agency
Italy: NOCS, GIS, ATPI
Japan: Special Assault Team, Special Security Team (Japanese Police), Central Readiness Force (JGDSF)
Kosovo: NJSI-SIU Special Intervenation Unit
Latvia: OMEGA police unit
Lithuania: ARAS (Force) Lithuanian Police force of antiterrorism operations
Malaysia: Royal Malaysia Police Special Task Force (Operations / Counter Terrorism), Royal Malaysia Police Pasukan Gerakan Khas, UNGERIN, Rapid Actions Troops, STAR APMM
Mexico: Fuerza Especial de Reaccion Army's Special Forces Counter Terrorism Unit
Netherlands: DSI (Dutch: Dienst Speciale Interventies, Special Interventions Service) and police special arrest teams Royal Marechaussee (Dutch: Brigade Speciale Beveiligingsopdrachten, Special Security Task Brigade) Dutch marines BBE
New Zealand: Special Tactics Group, NZSAS Tactical Assault Group (TAG)
Nigeria: National Intelligence Agency
Norway: Emergency Response Unit, FSK+
Pakistan: Special Service Group, Pakistan Army Rangers, and Elite Police Commandos
Philippines: PNP-Special Action Force, Philippine Navy-Naval Special Warfare Group, Philippine Air Force – 710th Special Operations Wing, Coast Guard-Special Operations Group and police SWAT teams
Poland: BOA,SPAP, ABW V Directoriate of III Departament
Portugal: GOE and COE
Romania: Brigada Antiteroristă, (counter-terrorist brigade)
Russia: Spetsgruppa A, Vympel, OMON, Spetsnaz GRU, Vityaz (MVD), Rus (special forces), SOBR
Serbia: SAJ, PTJ, Cobras MP, MP-CT Battalion
Slovenia: Special Police Unit, SEP Slovenian national police forces
South Korea: 707th Special Mission Unit+
Sri Lanka: Special Forces, Special Task Force
Spain: GEO, UEI and GEI
Sweden: National Task Force (Nationella Insatsstyrkan) and Särskilda operationsgruppen (Special Forces)
Taiwan: Thunder Squad
Turkey: Özel tim-Özel Harekat Timi (Special Team) and Maroon Berets
Tunisia: BAT and USGN
United Kingdom: Counter Terrorism Command
United States: FBI Hostage Rescue Team, Federal Air Marshal Service, U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations Anti-Terrorism Specialty Teams, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, BORTAC, state/local Police SWAT teams
Uruguay: GEO (Uruguayan Police) and Escorpión Commando Group (Uruguayan Army)
For more details on this topic, see List of special forces units.
Given the nature of operational counter-terrorism tasks national military organizations do not generally have dedicated units whose sole responsibility is the prosecution of these tasks. Instead the counter-terrorism function is an element of the role, allowing flexibility in their employment, with operations being undertaken in the domestic or international context.
In some cases the legal framework within which they operate prohibits military units conducting operations in the domestic arena; United States Department of Defense policy, based on the Posse Comitatus Act, forbids domestic counter-terrorism operations by the U.S. military. Units allocated some operational counter-terrorism task are frequently Special Forces or similar assets.
In cases where military organisations do operate in the domestic context some form of formal handover from the law enforcement community is regularly required, to ensure adherence to the legislative framework and limitations. such as the Iranian Embassy Siege, the British police formally turned responsibility over to the Special Air Service when the situation went beyond police capabilities.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Counter-terrorism.
Book: Counterterrorism Handbook
Counter-IED efforts
Manhunt (law enforcement)
Manhunt (military)
Preventive State
Special Activities Division, Central Intelligence Agency
War amongst the people
^ Aniceto Masferrer, Clive Walker (2013). Counter-Terrorism, Human Rights and the Rule of Law: Crossing Legal Boundaries in Defence of the State. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 294. ^ Wisnicki, Adrian (2013). Conspiracy, Revolution, and Terrorism from Victorian Fiction to the Modern Novel. Literary Criticism and Cultural Theory. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-135-91526-1. With the collapse of Parnell's political career in 1891 and the general, if temporary, demoralization of the Irish cause, the Special Branch's interests shifted to other revolutionary and anarchist groups, and the word Irish dropped out of the name. ^ Tim Newburn, Peter Neyroud (2013). Dictionary of Policing. Routledge. p. 262. ^ "Counter-Terrorism Intelligence, Policy and Theory Since 9/11" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence (Terrorism and Political Violence) 27: 368–375. 2015. doi:10.1080/09546553.2015.1006097. Volume 27, Issue 2, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015. ^ Feiler, Gil (September 2007). "The Globalization of Terror Funding" (PDF). Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University: 29. Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 74. Retrieved November 14, 2007. ^ Summary of Israeli Supreme Court Ruling on Targeted Killings December 14, 2006
^ a b c d e f Human Rights News (2004): "Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism", in the Briefing to the 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights. online
^ a b c d e f g h Amnesty International (2005): "Counter-terrorism and criminal law in the EU. online
^ Pape, Robert A. (2005). Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. Random House. pp. 237–250. ^ Trinquier, Roger (1961). "Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency". 1964 English translation by Daniel Lee with an Introduction by Bernard B. Fall ^ Nagl, John A.; Petraeus, David H.; Amos, James F.; Sewall, Sarah (December 2006). "Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency" (PDF). US Department of the Army. Retrieved February 3, 2008. While military manuals rarely show individual authors, David Petraeus is widely described as establishing many of this volume's concepts. ^ Ronchi, E. (2015). "Disaster management: Design buildings for rapid evacuation". Nature 528 (7582): 333–333. doi:10.1038/528333b. ^ Weiss, Eric M. (2005-01-11). "D.C. Wants Rail Hazmats Banned: S.C. Wreck Renews Fears for Capital". The Washington Post: B01. ^ "Suicide bombing 'pig fat threat". BBC News. 2004-02-13. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ "Swine: Secret Weapon Against Islamic Terror?". ArutzSheva. 2007-12-09. ^ Stathis N. Kalyvas (2004). "The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars" (PDF). Journal of Ethics 8 (1): 97–138. doi:10.1023/B:JOET.0000012254.69088.41. ^ Crewmen tell of scary ordeal The Star Sunday October 5, 2008.
^ No choice but to pay ransom The Star Monday September 29, 2008
^ "Ops Fajar mission accomplished". The Star. 2008-10-10. Retrieved November 7, 2008. ^ Buurman, J.; Zhang, S.; Babovic, V. (2009). "Reducing Risk Through Real Options in Systems Design: The Case of Architecting a Maritime Domain Protection System". Risk Analysis 29 (3): 366–379. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01160.x. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
^ a b Deflem, Mathieu. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.
^ Deflem, Mathieu and Samantha Hauptman. 2013. "Policing International Terrorism." Pp. 64-72 in Globalisation and the Challenge to Criminology, edited by Francis Pakes. London: Routledge. [1]
^ a b Helms, Ronald; Costanza, S.E and Johnson, N.. 2011. "Crouching tiger or phantom dragon? Examining the discourse on global cyber-terror." http://www.palgrave-journals.com/sj/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/sj20116a.html
^ Michael Bayer. 2010. The Blue Planet: Informal International Police Networks and National Intelligence. Washington, DC: National Intelligence Defense College. [2]
^ Costanza, S.E., Kilburn Jr., John C. 2005. "Symbolic Security, Moral Panic and Public Sentiment: Toward a sociology of Counterterrorism", Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries, 1(2): 106-124
^ Deflem, M. 2004. "Social Control and the Policing of Terrorism Foundations for a sociology of Counterterrorism." American Sociologist. 35 (2): 75-92. [3]
^ DeLone, Gregory J. 2007. "Law Enforcement Mission Statements Post September 11." Police Quarterly 10(2)
^ Mathieu Deflem. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.
^ Helms, Ronald; Costanza, S.E and Johnson, N. 2011. "Crouching tiger or phantom dragon? Examining the discourse on global cyber-terror." http://www.palgrave-journals.com/sj/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/sj20116a.html
^ Ramirez, D., J. Hoopes, and T.L. Quinlan. 2003 "Defining racial profiling in a post-September 11 world." American Criminal Law Review. 40(3): 1195–1233.
^ Kilburn, John C, Jr; Costanza, S.E.; Metchik, Eric and Borgeson, Kevin (2011) "Policing Terror Threats and False Positives: Employing a Signal Detection Model to Examine Changes in National and Local Policing Strategy between 2001-2007" Security Journal 24, 19–36
^ Kilburn Jr., John C. and Costanza, S.E. 2009 "Immigration and Homeland Security" published in Battleground: Immigration (Ed: Judith Ann Warner); Greenwood Publishing, Ca.
Ariel Merari, "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213–251.
Edwin Bakker, Tinka Veldhuis, A Fear Management Approach to Counter-Terrorism (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2012)
Gagliano Giuseppe, Agitazione sovversiva,guerra psicologica e terrorismo (2010) ISBN 978-88-6178-600-4, Uniservice Books.
Ishmael Jones, The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture (2008, revised 2010) ISBN 978-1-59403-382-7, Encounter Books.
Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy," Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549–563.
Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "How to Lose a War on Terror: A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure," in Jan Ångström and Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Eds., Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War (London: Frank Cass, 2007).
James Mitchell, "Identifying Potential Terrorist Targets" a study in the use of convergence. G2 Whitepaper on terrorism, copyright 2006, G2. Counterterrorism Conference, June 2006, Washington D.C.
James F. Pastor, "Terrorism and Public Safety Policing:Implications for the Obama Presidency" (2009, ISBN 978-1-4398-1580-9,Taylor & Francis).
Jessica Dorsey, Christophe Paulussen, Boundaries of the Battlefield: A Critical Look at the Legal Paradigms and Rules in Countering Terrorism (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2013)
Judy Kuriansky (Editor), "Terror in the Holy Land: Inside the Anguish of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (2006, ISBN 0-275-99041-9, Praeger Publishers).
Lynn Zusman (Editor), "The Law of Counterterrorism" (2012, ISBN 978-1-61438-037-5, American Bar Association).* Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), ISBN 0-8122-3808-7.
Newton Lee, Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness (Second Edition) (Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2015), ISBN 978-3-319-17243-9.
Teemu Sinkkonen, Political Responses to Terrorism (Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, 2009), ISBN 978-9514478710.
Vandana Asthana, "Cross-Border Terrorism in India: Counterterrorism Strategies and Challenges," ACDIS Occasional Paper (June 2010), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois
U.S. Bureau of Counterterrorism
National Counter Terrorism Security Office (UK)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counter-terrorism&oldid=701649418"	Categories: Counter-terrorismLaw enforcementTerrorismSecurityNational securityPublic safetyHidden categories: Use mdy dates from December 2013All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from December 2014Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013	Navigation menu
العربيةБългарскиCatalàDeutschEspañolEuskaraفارسیFrançaisעברית日本語Norsk bokmålPolskiPortuguêsРусскийSimple EnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSvenskaייִדיש中文	Edit links	This page was last modified on 25 January 2016, at 19:32.


text:
Compact 10000 BTU Air Conditioner, White Portable Room AC w/ Window Kit & Remote 854001004099 | eBay
See more NewAir AC-10100E 10-000 BTU Portable Air Condi...
Details about Compact 10000 BTU Air Conditioner, White Portable Room AC w/ Window Kit & Remote
153403667657
Features: Automatic Shut-off, Fan Only option, Hose Included, Adjustable Humidistat, Adjustable Thermostat, Auto Cool, Automatic Shutoff, Caster Wheels, Dehumidifier, Digital Display Type: Portable
Back to home page | See More Details about "NewAir AC-10100E 10-000 BTU Portable Air Conditioner- ..." Return to top

type: global

value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


text:
great cars great places great beauty by LibertyImages on Etsy
› LibertyImages
LibertyImages	great cars, great places, great beauty
Realist, optimistic fine art photography featuring classic cars, vintage Americana, nature, architecture, retro memories, and more. My goal is to capture and share the character of my beloved America through my original photographs, hence (in part) the name Liberty Images…
LibertyImages' Shop Announcement
Sale, new item announcements, squealing over classic cars and more if you follow me on Twitter! http://twitter.com/LibertyImages Quite a few new goodies starting to show up now.
✧ ✧ ✧ Seen in Pennsylvania magazine and the PhotoGrunt blog... ✧ ✧ ✧

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


text:
South East Asia Dota 2 Beta Key Giveaway #6 : sharedota2jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfivefoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | AskReddit-funny-IAmA-movies-pics-videos-worldnews-todayilearned-gaming-gifs-aww-Showerthoughts-news-television-OldSchoolCool-mildlyinteresting-Jokes-explainlikeimfive-tifu-Music-TwoXChromosomes-creepy-LifeProTips-science-Futurology-sports-nottheonion-UpliftingNews-space-food-EarthPorn-Documentaries-Art-gadgets-photoshopbattles-WritingPrompts-personalfinance-books-GetMotivated-history-nosleep-dataisbeautiful-DIY-askscience-listentothis-philosophy-InternetIsBeautiful-announcements-blogmore » sharedota2commentsWant to join? Log in or sign up in seconds.|Englishlimit my search to /r/sharedota2use the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 03 Oct 20122 points (100% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new text postsharedota2subscribeunsubscribe2,536 readers~3 users here nowA place for redditors to share their DotA 2 invites with other redditors.
created by Shukaroa community for 5 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORShttp://steamcommunity.com/id/reaverxaiReaverXaim4rxmrhomerklopjobacidnefastableShukaroabout moderation team »discussions in /r/sharedota2<>X2 points roshan roulette sponsored by Boran esports2 points · 1 comment Roshan roulette giveaway0 points · 1 comment UK Based streamer/caster. What makes me stand out? Find out for yourself!5 points · 4 comments pls give me dota 20 points DOTA 2: Current Prize Pool is more then $10,000,000 .. Tournament will start on Tuesday4 points · 5 comments need dota 2 key pls5 points · 3 comments This is a ridiculous subforum0 points · 2 comments WHY IS FAIR DOTA ONLY EXPERIENCED BY THE PROS?1 point · 3 comments Starting Dota 2 stream -Give aways67 points · 11 comments (META) RIP In Peace, dear subreddit.This is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.
123South East Asia Dota 2 Beta Key Giveaway #6 (self.sharedota2)submitted 4 years ago by RaginReapYTWQ9-WPGCD-4G4M4
FAWL5-K65QA-DK0HM
AWAAZ-NXBG5-JJWZJ
TMGDE-MHC5J-CXQV7
CYX8B-53EPY-VDR28
5A6GP-0QM2T-9D2CF
AMXYQ-4K0KD-G3ZIQ
HTYY7-RYHT0-FFGZF
276LM-9R0CJ-GGRYV
L8YR5-QD036-5EC5K
8 commentsshareall 8 commentssorted by: besttopnewcontroversialoldrandomq&alive (beta)[–]shadoweave 1 point2 points3 points 4 years ago (1 child)Stupid question, but if I'm from SEA, but not in SEA at the moment, does it mean the keys won't work?
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]GL_Doda 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (0 children)yes they won't unless you find a good vpn. Steam client analyse where you are connected from
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]mihacrhsi 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (2 children)So many keys for Asia! We want Europe too :<
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]BrickWiggles 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (1 child)My guess is that they're lacking players from SEA, and are probably fine elsewhere.
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]MoneySupreme 1 point2 points3 points 4 years ago (0 children)This is going to reduce the wait time for the SEA servers. Thank you so much Valve. I hate waiting for games, and I wish they would make a server in Thailand.
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]KratzyGamer 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (2 children)sorry to ruin the giveaway. but http://www.alienwarearena.com/giveaway/dota-2-closed-beta-key-giveaway/
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]RaginReap[S] 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (1 child)Yeah, my giveaway is just an alternative. I was given these keys. what else should i do with them?
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]KratzyGamer 0 points1 point2 points 4 years ago (0 children)all good. was just letting the people who missed out know about it
permalinkembedsaveparentgive goldPosts are automatically archived after 6 months.Got Itaboutblogaboutsource codeadvertisejobshelpsite rulesFAQwikireddiquettetransparencycontact usapps & toolsReddit for iPhoneReddit for Androidmobile websitebuttons<3reddit goldredditgiftsUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy (updated). © 2016 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.create a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember mesign uplog inusername:password:remember mereset passwordlog inBy signing up, you agree to our Terms and that you have read our Privacy Policy and Content Policy.English [en]Afrikaans [af] (*)العربية [ar] (*)Беларуская мова [be] (*)български език [bg]বাংলা [bn-IN] (*)বাংলা [bn-bd] (*)Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]Cymraeg [cy] (*)dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo] (*)español [es]español [es-ar]Español [es-mx]eesti keel [et] (*)Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]Filipino [fil] (*)français [fr]Français [fr-ca]Frysk [fy-NL] (*)Gaeilge [ga-ie] (*)Gàidhlig [gd]Galego [gl] (*)עברית [he] (*)मानक हिन्दी [hi] (*)hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id] (*)íslenska [is]italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la] (*)1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt] (*)latviešu valoda [lv]Bahasa Melayu [ms] (*)Malti [mt-MT]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl] (*)српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh]简化字 [zh-cn] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 4581 on app-582 at 2016-12-10 09:29:42.593743+00:00 running 6fb5a01 country code: US.

value: This website is an American social news aggregation, web content rating, and discussion website. Registered members submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down by other members.


text: KevinW_ESPN Kevin WeidlAlways thankful when I get to spend time with these two beautiful women. Grandma is 94 and still… https://t.co/AoOA7cR4GQabout 10 hours ago KevinW_ESPN Kevin WeidlKendell Beckwith made a smart decision to stay in. Recognition needs to quicken up. Interested to see if new DC Aranda helps him improve.2 days ago KevinW_ESPN Kevin WeidlLove what #LSU has coming back in the secondary but they still need to find horses up front. Interior DL got exposed by Bama and Arkansas.2 days ago McShay13 Todd McShayJust a quick barbecue with Nelly. @TheBlueOxLynn https://t.co/ea87QzPQTg3 days ago ESPN's NFL draft coverage on Twitter »

value: This website is the official website of ESPN. It is owned by ESPN Internet Ventures, a division of ESPN Inc.


text:
Flower Accent Throw Pillow - Free Shipping On Orders Over $45 - Overstock.com - 15782691
- $39.59 Mauve
ITEM# 15782691
ITEM#: 15782691
Unique and fun flower design pillow features a bunched flower bouquet motif available in a variety of fabulous colors for a unique addition to your home decor. Title: Flower Accent Throw Pillow
Color/pattern: Black/ burgundy/ champagne/ cappuccino/ chocolate/ eggplant/ heather/ ivory/ mauve/ pewter/ teal
2503 Pillow
"The ivory color looks more white than ivory. Just wondering if that is an error or not. Thank you."
Hi toonia, the ivory one is more white. Thank you for shopping with us.
Flower Accent Throw Pillow Sale Starts at: $39.59 Add to Cart

value: This website is an American internet retailer selling primarily furniture headquartered in Midvale, Utah, near Salt Lake City.


text: _.Bk(_.ln,_.qn,function(a){return 1002==a.Hb()?[a.getExtension(_.rn)]:[]});new _.mi(_.fn);_.Bk(_.fn,_.dn,function(a){return a.Yd()});new _.mi(_.Qm);_.Bk(_.Qm,_.Fm,function(a){a=_.Rm(a);return null!=a?[a]:[]});_.gp=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,null,null)};_.p(_.gp,_.v);_.gp.prototype.Pa="K7KPvc";_.hp=new _.u(76813347,0,_.gp,0,0);_.ei[76813347]=_.hp;_.gp.prototype.Mc=function(){return _.z(this,_.qn,1)};_.gp.prototype.Rm=_.aa(62);(new _.mi(_.gp)).H1=_.hp;_.qk.K7KPvc=function(a){return _.rk(_.sk(a.Mc())).toString()};_.Bk(_.gp,_.qn,function(a){a=a.Mc();return null!=a?[a]:[]});new _.mi(_.dn);_.Bk(_.dn,_.bn,function(a){a=_.en(a);return null!=a?[a]:[]});new _.mi(_.bn);_.Bk(_.bn,_.Qm,function(a){a=_.cn(a);return null!=a?[a]:[]});_.Txa=new _.mi(_.Om);_.qk.XingOb=function(a){return(""+_.rk(_.sk(_.y(a,1)))+","+_.rk(_.sk(a.getId()))+",").toString()};var ip=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,null,null)};_.p(ip,_.v);ip.prototype.Pa="nu909";_.Uxa=new _.mi(ip);_.qk.nu909=function(a){return _.rk(_.sk(_.z(a,_.Om,1))).toString()};_.Bk(ip,_.Om,function(a){a=_.z(a,_.Om,1);return null!=a?[a]:[]});var jp=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,null,null)};_.p(jp,_.v);jp.prototype.Pa="juBgAd";_.kp=new _.u(95797733,0,jp,0,0);_.ei[95797733]=_.kp;jp.prototype.Iu=function(){return _.z(this,ip,3)};(new _.mi(jp)).Qt=_.kp;_.qk.juBgAd=function(a){return _.rk(_.sk(_.y(a,1))).toString()};_.Bk(jp,ip,function(a){a=a.Iu();return null!=a?[a]:[]});var lp=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,null,null)};_.p(lp,_.v);lp.prototype.Pa="QjR3Oe";_.mp=new _.u(74325872,0,lp,0,0);_.ei[74325872]=_.mp;lp.prototype.jc=function(){return _.z(this,_.Io,1)};(new _.mi(lp)).Tg=_.mp;_.qk.QjR3Oe=function(a){return _.rk(_.sk(_.y(a,2))).toString()};_.Bk(lp,_.Io,function(a){a=a.jc();return null!=a?[a]:[]});var np=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,Vxa,null)};_.p(np,_.v);var Vxa=[4];np.prototype.Pa="us53Lc";_.Wxa=new _.u(97900700,0,np,0,0);_.ei[97900700]=_.Wxa;np.prototype.jc=function(){return _.z(this,_.Io,1)};_.Xxa=new _.mi(np);_.Xxa.Aa=_.Wxa;_.qk.us53Lc=_.pk;_.Bk(np,_.Io,function(a){a=a.jc();return null!=a?[a]:[]});var op=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,null,null)};_.p(op,_.v);op.prototype.Pa="LbeeOe";_.pp=new _.u(89329912,0,op,0,0);_.ei[89329912]=_.pp;op.prototype.jc=function(){return _.z(this,_.Io,1)};_.Yxa=new _.mi(op);_.Yxa.dl=_.pp;_.qk.LbeeOe=function(a){return _.rk(_.sk(_.y(a,2))).toString()};_.Bk(op,_.Io,function(a){a=a.jc();return null!=a?[a]:[]});_.qp=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,null,null)};_.p(_.qp,_.v);_.qp.prototype.Pa="GdSXVd";_.Dp=new _.u(72080230,0,_.qp,0,0);_.ei[72080230]=_.Dp;_.qp.prototype.jc=function(){return _.z(this,_.Io,1)};var Zxa;_.Ep=function(a){_.w(this,a,0,-1,Zxa,null)};_.p(_.Ep,_.v);Zxa=[3];_.$xa=new _.u(72080230,0,_.Ep,0,0);_.di[72080230]=_.$xa;_.Ep.prototype.Wc=function(){return _.y(this,1)};var aya=function(a){return(a=_.y(a,3))&&0J Kuper - Google+Press question mark to see available shortcut keysHomeCollectionsJoin Google+Send FeedbackHelpRegionPrivacy Policy - Terms of Service - Maps Terms©2017 GoogleSearchSign inAboutSearchSign inJ Kuper242 followers242 followersAboutJ's posts Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicMay 6, 2014About usKuper Sotheby's and Capital City Sotheby's International Realty Brand Video 5 plus ones 5 no comments no shares Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicMay 6, 2014Dance dance revolution!We're so "Happy" at Kuper Sotheby's International Realty! no plus ones one comment 1 one share 1 Leticia Arauz: Yessss!! Best Place to be!! J KuperPublicNov 19, 2013"Finish each day and be done with it. You have done what you could. Some blunders and absurdities no doubt crept in; forget them as soon as you can. Tomorrow is a new day. You shall begin it serenely and with too high a spirit to be encumbered with your old nonsense." - Ralph Waldo Emerson one plus one 1 no comments no shares Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicNov 12, 2013The best real estate website in South Texas!Real Estate & Homes for Sales - Kuper Sotheby's International RealtyFind Homes for Sales. Search real estate listings and find real estate agents on Kuper Sotheby's International Realtykuperrealty.com 2 plus ones 2 no comments no shares Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicNov 7, 2013The view from my windshield this morning... #notabadcommute #Austin bound  3 plus ones 3 one comment 1 no sharesJogee Comegys: Lovely. Looks like my view in Austin  Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicMay 18, 2012Winner!!Rick Kuper - The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society's Man of the Year!info.kuperrealty.com no plus ones one comment 1 no sharesScott Koehler: Congrats Rick! Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicMar 16, 2012Boerne Real Estate 78006 - 920557 - Gorgeous Texas Hill Country Estate | KuperSIRkuperrealty.com no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicMar 9, 2012Cool listings abound in the Hill Country!San Antonio Real Estate - Featured Property - 9087 Dietz Elkhorn Rd.info.kuperrealty.com one plus one 1 no comments no shares Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicMar 7, 2012Our company page... pretty sweet!Kuper Sotheby's International Realtyplus.google.com no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentJ KuperPublicFeb 13, 2012 one plus one 1 no comments no sharesLooks like you've reached the endLooks like you've reached the endUnable to load more. RetryWait while more posts are being loaded

value: This website .


text:
lamentz25 comments on Detailed info on classes?jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | philosophy-space-movies-Art-WritingPrompts-aww-food-mildlyinteresting-books-OldSchoolCool-science-LifeProTips-Music-AskReddit-EarthPorn-IAmA-GetMotivated-TwoXChromosomes-nottheonion-news-history-creepy-funny-Showerthoughts-DIY-Documentaries-sports-personalfinance-television-Fitness-UpliftingNews-Futurology-gaming-askscience-nosleep-tifu-gifs-dataisbeautiful-pics-photoshopbattles-InternetIsBeautiful-worldnews-explainlikeimfive-todayilearned-listentothis-gadgets-videos-Jokesmore » elderscrollsonlinecommentsrelatedwant to join? sign in or create an account in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/elderscrollsonlineuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 26 Jan 201324 points (90% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a LinkSubmit a Postelderscrollsonlinesubscribeunsubscribe37,379 readers147 users here now
created by digibondChewing Glassa community for 2 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSdigibondChewing GlassGnomeSerialThe hated ModAutoModeratorleakycauldronHigh ElfremielRems (EU)DevonWeeksModerator - Imperial TemplarTRUCKERmdeadwavelengthSorcerorabout moderation team »232425Detailed info on classes? (self.elderscrollsonline)submitted 2 years ago by Moodybox68 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]lamentz25Invisible Nords with Axes. 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onEveryone can sneak, and everyone can use any gear to lesser or greater effect. While perhaps not the most effective use of a warrior, I think it's totally possible for a Battle-axe wielding warrior to try and backstab (or backcleave) someone.
permalinkparent[–][deleted] 2 points3 points4 points 2 years ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onCLANKCLANKCLANK "huh? Who's there?" CLANKCLANKCLANK "Omfg, who's there?!?! CLANKCLANKCLANKWOOOOOOSH!*
permalinkparentaboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpwikiFAQreddiquetterulescontact ustoolsmobilefirefox extensionchrome extensionbuttonswidget<3reddit goldstoreredditgiftsreddit AMA appreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated) and Privacy Policy (updated). © 2015 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.create a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember mecreate accountsign inusername:password:remember mereset passwordsign inWe care about your privacy, and we never spam. By creating an account, you agree to reddit's User Agreement and Privacy Policy. We're proud of them, and you should read them.English [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 19409 on app-64 at 2015-02-01 17:31:51.463497+00:00 running 5a89c86 country code: US.


text:
Booking 08 05
BrowseInterestsBiography & MemoirBusiness & LeadershipFiction & LiteraturePolitics & EconomyHealth & WellnessSociety & CultureHappiness & Self-HelpMystery, Thriller & CrimeHistoryYoung AdultBrowse byBooksAudiobooksNews & MagazinesSheet MusicBrowse allUploadSign inJoinAlbany Police DeptARREST SUMMARY REPORT
Arrest Date: 08/04/2012
Report Date: 8/5/2012 1:08:52AM
Booking Name: OVERBY, Richard, F
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 12:52:00PM
Booking #: 20120070901
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 12:13:00PM
Incident Number: 12264129
DOB: 12/1/37
Age: 74.73
65599241P
Offense Date: 08/04/2012
Booking Name: ROBINSON, Linda, C
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 1:06:00AM
Booking #: 20120146102
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 12:33:00AM
Incident Number: 12263716
DOB: 10/17/55
Age: 56.84
65598389N
Booking Name: SPROESSER, Matthew, C
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 1:43:00AM
Booking #: 20120146202
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 12:28:00AM
Incident Number: 12263705
DOB: 10/2/77
Age: 34.86
65598453H
LOITERING UNLAW USE CONTRL SUB
Booking Name: MORSE, Brendan, H
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 3:10:00AM
Booking #: 20120146302
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 1:50:00AM
Incident Number: 12263804
DOB: 12/20/92
Age: 19.64
65598714Z
Booking Name: CAVALIERI, Michelle, A
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 3:09:00AM
Booking #: 20120146402
DOB: 9/5/94
Age: 17.93
65598707R
Booking Name: MORSE, Aidan, J
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 3:43:00AM
Booking #: 20120146502
65598712M
Booking Name: ROYAL, Eugene, C
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 1:44:00AM
Booking #: 20120146602
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 1:43:00AM
DOB: 2/8/92
Age: 20.50
65598770Y
Booking Name: TAYLOR, Henry, E
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 3:54:00AM
Booking #: 20120146702
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 1:32:00AM
Incident Number: 12263769
DOB: 4/20/94
Age: 18.30
65598761Q
Booking Name: BAYNES-DUFFY, Nora, M
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 4:45:00AM
Booking #: 20120146802
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 4:05:00AM
Incident Number: 12263840
DOB: 5/16/58
Age: 54.26
65598853Z
Booking Name: WALKER, Brandon, L
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 5:31:00AM
Booking #: 20120146902
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 2:21:00AM
Incident Number: 12263799
DOB: 2/13/94
Age: 18.48
ROBBERY-2ND:AIDED BY ANOTHER
ROB-1ST:FORC THEFT/DEADLY WEAP
65598901N
Booking Name: STENSON, Rasheen, E
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 7:05:00PM
Booking #: 20120147002
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 6:10:00PM
Incident Number: 12264439
DOB: 7/9/80
Age: 32.09
65599623J
ASLT:RECKLSLY CAUSE PHYS INJRY
Booking Name: CAHN, Matthew, James
Booking Date: 8/4/2012 7:40:00PM
Booking #: 20120147102
Arrest Date: 8/4/2012 6:08:00PM
DOB: 4/4/78
Age: 34.36
65599928Z
ROB-2ND:CAUSES PHYSICAL INJURY
Total Arrests for : 12
Sign up to vote on this titleUsefulNot usefulBooking 08 05 by Bryan Fitzgerald0.0 (0)EmbedDownloadRead on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentMore informationShow less

value: This website is an American e-book and audiobook subscription service that includes one million titles.


text:
Carpet Corral 16901 Main St, Hesperia, CA 92345 - YP.com
Carpet Installation near Hesperia, CA
Real Time Inventory & Your Real Time Installation Total Experts!
Visit our website at www.carpet corral.com and view our Real Time Inventory and get Your Real Time prices! Large Selection - Reasonable Prices. Same Day installation available! Select by 7am, Install by 11am. We sell, install and service all types of floorings including carpet, tile, ceramic, wood, laminates and vinyl. Family owned and operated from same location since 1965. over one million sq feet of inventory Serving the flooring needs of Hesperia, Victorville, Barstow, Apple Valley, Lucerne Valley, Adelanto, San Bernardino, Riverside, Colton, Ontario, Rancho Cucamonga.
Mon - Sat7:00 am - 6:00 pm Sun10:00 am - 4:00 pm
Fax: (760) 244-8409
Coloring & Recoloring Tile & Grout
Tile Saws & Cutters Rental
Tile Laying Tool Rental
Stone Tile Inlays
Wholesale to Designers & Architects
http://www.carpetcorral.com
Floor Materials, Carpet Installation, Building Contractors, Carpet & Rug Dealers, Hardwood Floors
I recently visited Carpet Corral to look at new carpet and vinyl for my house.
I was comparing prices to home stores and other flooring stores in Hesperia, Apple Valley and Victorville, and Carpet Corral had the best prices and selection, perfect for my needs.
The store was clean and organized, and Charles helped find what I was looking for quickly and easily. After making the choices of flooring, I chose the options for padding and when to install. Installation was available a couple of days from when I visited, which was perfect for me. On Tuesday, Robert Tomasso and his helper Patrick came to my house to start installing the vinyl. They were both very nice and professional. The best part of my experience was the excellent service and professionalism I received from Robert Tomasso who installed both my vinyl and carpet. He did an amazing job! There was a lot of old linoleum and ceramic tile to be removed, and it was done efficiently by Robert. He went out of his way to install everything perfectly and make sure I was happy with the way everything was looking. His attention to detail and professionalism was outstanding. He took pride and care into making my flooring look beautiful, I don't think anything could have been done better.
You'd have to be crazy to go elsewhere, I would advise everyone in the high desert looking to install new carpet, vinyl or laminate to go to Carpet Corral and have Robert install it for you!
Thanks to Carpet Corral and Robert who installed my carpet, my house looks new again!
We just had lament flooring installed in 5 rooms in our home. The salesman Charles and the installation team of Bobby and Scott did a fantastic job . we will recommend Carpet corral. To any of our friend looking for flooring.
I bought carpet Saturday for my home and it was installed by noon the next Monday! This is the 2nd time I have bought from the Carpet Corral.. Once for Front room and once for a bedroom. I have limited funds so I have to do improvements one small expense at a time. Here, You can not beat the price or the quality. I can not sing high enough praises for this carpet place. Also they installed it free, and hauled off my old carpet that they removed. I live in Fontana but for carpet or flooring it is worth it for me to drive out to Hesperia, CA. The installer was very polite & left the room clean when done. Also, this is a family business and I love that.
emmielimon
I have used them twice over the years
I have used them since 1999. I bought carpet for my Grandmothere, she picked it out and they installed it when they said they would. The carpet lasted about 10 years (if not for renters it would have lasted longer). Then when my Nan was ill we had tile installed in the bedroom. Again on time, great job done as they said and when they said. I am calling them again now that it is a rental, we need to replace the remaining carpet. Hopefully things go as well as the last two times. I have been happy each time with them.
Carpet Corral Services
17167 Main St, Hesperia, CA
16666 Smoke Tree St, Hesperia, CA
9919 Locust Ave, Hesperia, CA
10232 I Ave Ste 17, Hesperia, CA
Golden State Floor Covering, Inc.
16281 Main St, Hesperia, CA

value: This website is a United States-based web site operated by YP Holdings that provides listings for local businesses. In 2013 it was re-branded as YP.com or simply "YP".


text:
Broby Municipality - Wikipedia
(Redirected from Broby municipality)
Until 1 January 2007, Broby municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Funen County in central Denmark (but a small town called Broby is also found in the southern parts Sweden). The municipality covered an area of 100 km², and had a total population of 6,353 (2005). Its last mayor was Erling Bonnesen, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the city of Nørre Broby.
Broby municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with Faaborg, Ringe, Ryslinge, and Årslev municipalities to form the new Faaborg-Midtfyn municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 638 km² and a total population of 51,144 (2005). The new municipality belongs to the Region of Southern Denmark.
Karstula, Finland[1]
Faaborg-Midtfyn municipality's official website (in Danish)
Municipal mergers and neighbours: Eniro new municipalities map
Coordinates: 55°13′11″N 10°15′45″E / 55.21972°N 10.26250°E / 55.21972; 10.26250
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broby_Municipality&oldid=792395497"
This page was last edited on 26 July 2017, at 08:02.

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text:
Reduce the Cost of Your Software Licenses Across Your Business
7steps software-licensing
by suyashawasthi
Modern Software Licensing: New Tren...
by lisaabe
Software Licensing & Compliance: Tw...
Helping You Leverage On-Demand Ser...
Numara Presentation - Address the 8...
by SF HDI
Drive incremental revenue from inno...
Electronic Software Delivery at IOM
Software Asset Management (SAM) Mat...
by franc24
Licensing, Entitlement Management a...
Total Cost of Ownership and ROI Mod...
Whose Cloud Is It Anyway: Exploring...
by SafeNet
IBM Endpoint Manager for Software U...
by Kimber Spradlin
Lead Beyond Consultancy
With LANDesk SLAM application, you can inventory and manage your software licenses across your business and your network on any device.
Configure multiple source attributes to single attributes. Even apply validation rules to the data map to only get the data you wantExample: A computer model Number may or may not exist in multiple fields and what data does exist may vary. Apply data validations and map it to a single field for consistency
License monitoring tracks the quantity of licenses owned, compares it with what is installed and takes action when the count of available licenses drops below a defined threshold.License reclamation permits IT to identify assigned but unused licenses and launch email campaigns to reclaim them from the user community
1. LANDesk Client Management Solutions…Software License Asset Management DemoPresented By:Mark BastinWest Area System EngineerWelcome to our Webinar 2. LANDesk Software Confidential1 WHAT’S NEW?23 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS8Want to save big money? 20% of enterprise IT budgets are spent onsoftware licenses and maintenance. 60% of organizations over-license their software 30-40% - Effective software asset managementcould save your organization in operatingexpensesAgendaNOTE5 minutes30-40 minutes5 minutesDEMONSTRATION 3. What’s New 4. LANDesk Software Confidential• Content• Static Groups• Dynamic groupsManufacturer Normalization 5. LANDesk Software Confidential• Static Groups– Add theproductsselectively• DynamicGroups– Use wildcardsto find allproductsProduct Normalization and Groups 6. LANDesk Software Confidential• Automatically Discovered Products– MSI, Shortcuts and Executed softwareProduct Discovery 7. LANDesk Software Confidential• User configurable Runtime files– Calculate usage based on the exe that matter (distiller.exenot reader.exe)Runtime Usage 8. LANDesk Software Confidential• Based on a LANDesk Query or Files• Web Product Monitor SaaS applications (URL)Custom Products 9. LANDesk Software Confidential• Filters that can be used to find the software– Simplified searchProduct Filters 10. LANDesk Software Confidential• Know what you have, where you got it from• Purchase date, expiration, what you paid for itLicenses10 11. LANDesk Software Confidential• License can have multiple products associated– Licenses are processed in the order listedProduct to License association 12. DATA ANALYTICS BENEFITSFOR SLAM 13. LANDesk Software ConfidentialData Analytics - data from Inventory scanNormalizedDataEULAAwareLicensedSoftwareAdd RemoveProgramsBenefit -Turns 1000’s ofsoftware titles to lessthan 100 in most cases 14. LANDesk Software Confidential• Manufacturer Name• Software TitleBenefits• Data fixed at scan time• If wanting to move datato other DB or usereporting in 32 consoleData Analytics Normalization 15. LANDesk Software Confidential• Uses all raw data , normalized or notand only worries about “licensablesoftware”• Compare it to an accountant thatknows all the tax codes, EULAAnalytics gives credits for multipleversions , bundles or suites.• Results in software list per machineunder “licensed software “tabEULA Analytics 16. LANDesk Software Confidential• Analyzes the softwaresDowngrade rights• Standard MSRP cost used andis adjustable based on yourcosts• Data is sent to SLM asCONTENTEULA Analytics – Downgrade rights 17. LANDesk Software ConfidentialLicensed Software Analytics 18. LANDesk Software Confidential• Takes all “licensed software data” results and moves into SLM as contentData Analytics is a SLM content provider 19. LANDesk Software Confidential• Connector to Microsoft Volume Licensing and Adobe cloud to dynamicpull in the effective licenses quantities directly into SLMData Analytics software B2B connectors 20. LANDesk Software ConfidentialNew – VDI Licensing 21. LANDesk Software ConfidentialNew – VDI Licensing 22. LANDesk Software Confidential• Normalizedsoftware title list• Global Groups• EULA analyticsresults“Installations”• Total licenses“Effective licensequantities”• Software Usageunder “+” and “-”End Game – The compliance report 23. LANDesk Software ConfidentialNext Step -RECLAMATIONLANDesk SoftwareLicense Asset Management• Data Analytics• B2B connectors• EULA management• Software License Management• Monitoring• Automated Reclamation• Tracks the quantity of licenses purchased• Tracks the quantity installed• Tracks the usage of the licenses• Determines unused licenses• Policy based license reclaiming• Threshold based limits• Automatic vs. ManualLicense MonitoringLicense Reclamation 24. LANDesk Software ConfidentialGet IN Touch!Phone:714-408-4700www:www.irontouchms.comSocialMediaCONTACTin 25. LANDesk Software Confidential25Thank You!The information herein is the confidential information and/or proprietary property of LANDesk Software, Inc. and its affiliates (referred to collectively as “LANDesk”), and may not bedisclosed or copied without prior written consent of LANDesk.To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, LANDesk assumes no liability whatsoever, and disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to the sale and/or use ofLANDesk products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual propertyright, without limiting the rights under copyright.LANDesk retains the right to make changes to the information herein or related product specifications and descriptions, at any time, without notice. LANDesk makes no warranty forthe use of the information herein and assumes no responsibility for any errors that can appear nor does it make a commitment to update the information contained herein. For themost current product information, please visit landesk.com or wavelink.com.Copyright © 2013, LANDesk Software, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. LANDesk and its logos are registered trademarks or trademarks of LANDesk Software, Inc. and itsaffiliates in the United States and/or other countries. Other brands and names may be claimed as the property of others. Recommended
suyashawasthi
Modern Software Licensing: New Trends and Options
Software Licensing & Compliance: Two Strategies, One Goal
Helping You Leverage On-Demand Service
Numara Presentation - Address the 800lb Gorilla in the Room: Software License ……
Drive incremental revenue from innovative software license models
Software Asset Management (SAM) Maturity landscape in India
Licensing, Entitlement Management and Delivery Assessment
Total Cost of Ownership and ROI Model for Software Licensing
Marketing the uncommon way
LANDesk End to End Service Management
Opp presentation eng

value: This website is an American hosting service, now owned by Scribd, for professional content including presentations, infographics, documents, and videos. Users can upload files privately or publicly in PowerPoint, Word, PDF, or OpenDocument format.


text:
Meet The Experts : Unusual Comms : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
podcast_not-another-business-show_meet-the-experts_1000375917363_itemimage.png
[archiveorg podcast_not-another-business-show_meet-the-experts_1000375917363 width=560 height=384 frameborder=0 webkitallowfullscreen=true mozallowfullscreen=true]
Welcome to episode 1 of "Not Another Business Show" a show by small business owners, for small business owners. Inspiring you to think smart, not small. This week I give you the low down on what you can expect from the show including the types of topics we will discuss. You also get the opportunity [...]
The post Meet The Experts appeared first on Unusual Communications.
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/meet-the-experts/id1018701101?i=1000375917363
urn:itunes_podcast_episode:1000375917363
podcast_not-another-business-show_meet-the-experts_1000375917363
https://media.whooshkaa.com/podcasts/6936/episodes/359014/e160e0/e98245-nabs-s01-e01-meet-the-experts.mp3

value: This website is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books.


text:
ROB_FORDS_CRACK_PIPE comments on NDP support drops in Nova Scotia, latest CRA poll showsjump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | news-movies-space-tifu-TwoXChromosomes-photoshopbattles-aww-creepy-pics-food-explainlikeimfive-DIY-sports-Documentaries-philosophy-worldnews-IAmA-nosleep-listentothis-askscience-dataisbeautiful-nottheonion-EarthPorn-funny-Showerthoughts-Fitness-UpliftingNews-AskReddit-Music-gaming-WritingPrompts-InternetIsBeautiful-history-gifs-Art-OldSchoolCool-books-gadgets-Futurology-LifeProTips-GetMotivated-Jokes-mildlyinteresting-personalfinance-todayilearned-videos-television-sciencemore » NovaScotiacommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/NovaScotiause the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 10 Jun 20133 points (81% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit contentSubmit a new text postNovaScotiasubscribeunsubscribe2,403 readers~6 users here nowNo advertising or soliciting, except for cultural or social events. Please also refer to the reddit rules regarding self-promotion and spam
created by rcawtha community for 5 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSrcawthbigwaxfernguts234NDP support drops in Nova Scotia, latest CRA poll shows (cbc.ca)submitted 1 year ago by coldbrook7 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]ROB_FORDS_CRACK_PIPE 4 points5 points6 points 1 year ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onUnsurprising, since Dexter governed like a traditional neoliberal with some social program goodies thrown into the mix to try and maintain his progressive credentials. NS didn't vote in a centrist austerity-driven businessman, they voted in the New Democrats with a mandate . . . but they got the former, not the latter. permalink[–][deleted] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onAs a bluenosed Nova Scotian, I must concur.
username:try anotheravailable!account recovery email: (optional)we only send email at your requestpassword:verify password:remember mecreate accountis it really that easy? only one way to find out...loginalready have an account and just want to login?username:password:remember merecover passwordloginclose this windowinterface languageEnglish [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 3223 on app-13 at 2014-10-26 02:04:51.257453+00:00 running d911df0 country code: US.


text:
ruby on rails - rake migration aborted: could not find table 'roles' - Stack Overflow
I just inherited code that I'm attempting to run the migrations for but I keep getting a rake aborted error. I've come across others that have what appears to be similar issues, but most involved Heroku and I'm trying to run this locally (to start.)
I've tried troubleshooting using both PostgreSQL and SQLite, and both produce the same issue. The table "roles" referenced is the second migration called, so I'm having a hard time figuring out what is causing it to not get built. Any and all assistance is greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance.
Here's the roles migration:
Here is the trace for SQLite:
Could not find table 'roles'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/activerecord-3.2.1/lib/active
_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb:470:in `table_structure'
_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb:351:in `columns'
_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb:12:in `block in initialize'
_record/model_schema.rb:228:in `yield'
_record/model_schema.rb:228:in `default'
_record/model_schema.rb:228:in `columns'
_record/model_schema.rb:248:in `column_names'
_record/model_schema.rb:261:in `column_methods_hash'
_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:69:in `all_attributes_exists?'
_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:27:in `method_missing'
/Users/sa/Documents/AptanaWorkspace/recprototype/config/initializ
ers/constants.rb:1:in `<top (required)>'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/activesupport-3.2.1/lib/activ
e_support/dependencies.rb:245:in `load'
e_support/dependencies.rb:245:in `block in load'
e_support/dependencies.rb:236:in `load_dependency'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/railties-3.2.1/lib/rails/engi
ne.rb:588:in `block (2 levels) in <class:Engine>'
ne.rb:587:in `each'
ne.rb:587:in `block in <class:Engine>'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/railties-3.2.1/lib/rails/init
ializable.rb:30:in `instance_exec'
ializable.rb:30:in `run'
ializable.rb:55:in `block in run_initializers'
ializable.rb:54:in `each'
ializable.rb:54:in `run_initializers'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/railties-3.2.1/lib/rails/appl
ication.rb:136:in `initialize!'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/railties-3.2.1/lib/rails/rail
tie/configurable.rb:30:in `method_missing'
/Users/sa/Documents/AptanaWorkspace/recprototype/config/environme
nt.rb:5:in `<top (required)>'
e_support/dependencies.rb:251:in `require'
e_support/dependencies.rb:251:in `block in require'
ication.rb:103:in `require_environment!'
ication.rb:292:in `block (2 levels) in initialize_tasks'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/rake-0.9.2.2/lib/rake/task.rb
:205:in `call'
:205:in `block in execute'
:200:in `each'
:200:in `execute'
:158:in `block in invoke_with_call_chain'
/Users/sa/.rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p318/lib/ruby/1.9.1/monitor.rb:201:in
:151:in `invoke_with_call_chain'
:176:in `block in invoke_prerequisites'
:174:in `each'
:174:in `invoke_prerequisites'
:157:in `block in invoke_with_call_chain'
:144:in `invoke'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/rake-0.9.2.2/lib/rake/applica
tion.rb:116:in `invoke_task'
tion.rb:94:in `block (2 levels) in top_level'
tion.rb:94:in `each'
tion.rb:94:in `block in top_level'
tion.rb:133:in `standard_exception_handling'
tion.rb:88:in `top_level'
tion.rb:66:in `block in run'
tion.rb:63:in `run'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/gems/rake-0.9.2.2/bin/rake:33:in `
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/bin/rake:19:in `load'
/Users/sa/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p318/bin/rake:19:in `<main>'
Here is the trace for PostgreSQL:
:             SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod), d.adsrc, a
.attnotnull
_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:1106:in `async_exec'
_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:1106:in `exec_no_cache'
_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:650:in `block in exec_query'
_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:280:in `block in log'
e_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb:20:in `instrument'
_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb:275:in `log'
_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:649:in `exec_query'
_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:1231:in `column_definitions'
_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb:845:in `columns'
ruby-on-rails migration rake abort share|improve this question asked Oct 2 '12 at 22:05
What does the first migration do (before this migration)?
Are your migrations running in the right order? Try executing them manually with rake db:migrate VERSION=20098252345
It appears that config/initializers/constants.rb is doing something to the Role class that requires the roles table to be present. When you run migrations initialisers are loaded as normal, so your app blows up because the table doesn't exist yet.
It's likely that the developer that added this dependency on the roles table existing did so after the roles table was created on their machine. You could
try loading the schema instead of running migration rake db:schema:load assuming schema.rb was checked in. This won't work if loading the schema loads initialisers - I can't remember if this is the case
restore the database from a SQL dump
comment out the offending code (or bracket it with a test that the table exists), and run migrations/load schema - it's unlikely that whatever is being done is essential for running migrations. If commenting out that code produces more failures use source control to restore the app to the point such after the migration was initially checked in, where hopefully any such issues would be easier to untangle
share|improve this answer answered Oct 3 '12 at 3:40
Thanks. I wound up commenting out the constants.rb code, then was able to run the migrations.
This is not a direct answer to your question, but I'll post it as an answer anyways because I think it will help you.
Instead of running all of the code's migrations from the beginning of time, you should use the schema.rb file for the app. Note, this only works when you're first setting up an existing app that you've begun work on (because it force-creates all the tables, therefore deleting any content), but it is the correct way to load your database in this case. Migrations are meant for incremental changes.
To load the schema into your database:
Then your database will be setup according to the schema.rb file (which gets updated automatically by Rails for this exact purpose).
The cause of your problem is probably some code in your application getting loaded before the migration that references the roles table (or more likely the Role model). This happens frequently when there is a database query in the routes.rb file, but it could be from any number of files that get loaded when the environment rake task is invoked (which is the case for the :migrate task).
Edit 2 Looking at your stack trace:
ers/constants.rb:1:in `'
I guess that the config/initializers/constants.rb file has something like Role.all. The initializers get loaded whenever the Rails environment is loaded (which is the case for most rake tasks provided by Rails).
You should still use the rake db:schema:load task, but you'll need to comment out that line before you run it (if my theory is correct, of course).
share|improve this answer edited Oct 3 '12 at 3:35
answered Oct 3 '12 at 3:29
Not the answer you're looking for?	Browse other questions tagged ruby-on-rails migration rake abort or ask your own question.	asked

value: This website is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.