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Patent US5764609 - Disk data reproducing method and apparatus for reading data at arbitrary speed - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsIn the operation to access data on a disk, the data reading operation is enabled before the rotary speed of the spindle motor of the disk is completely regulated to thereby minimize the access time and power consumption of the spindle motor for acceleration or deceleration thereof. When the actuator...http://www.google.com/patents/US5764609?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5764609 - Disk data reproducing method and apparatus for reading data at arbitrary speedAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5764609 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/587,039Publication dateJun 9, 1998Filing dateJan 16, 1996Priority dateJan 19, 1995Fee statusPaidPublication number08587039, 587039, US 5764609 A, US 5764609A, US-A-5764609, US5764609 A, US5764609AInventorsTetsuya Araki, Yoshiro KashiwabaraOriginal AssigneeMatsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (6), Referenced by (10), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetDisk data reproducing method and apparatus for reading data at arbitrary speed
US 5764609 AAbstract
In the operation to access data on a disk, the data reading operation is enabled before the rotary speed of the spindle motor of the disk is completely regulated to thereby minimize the access time and power consumption of the spindle motor for acceleration or deceleration thereof. When the actuator is in the access operation, the motor is compulsorily driven. From a time when the actuator reaches a target track in the access operation to a time when the rotary speed of the motor becomes equal to a predetermined rotary speed, the frequency control signal is created according to the position of the actuator and the rotary speed of the spindle motor. After the data reading operation is commenced, to fixedly set the data transfer rate to a predetermined value, the variable reference clock signal is stepwise corrected to be equal to the fixed master clock signal in a frequency range calculated according to the motor rotating speed and the capture range. Therefore, the synchronization can be established in a frequency range remarkably exceeding the capture range of the phase-locked loop circuit, which makes it possible to dispense with the wait time conventionally required in the access operation before the motor rotating speed reaches a fixed linear speed for data reproduction.
1. A method of reproducing data from a disk, the method comprising:(a) driving a rotation of the disk with a driving means; (b) sensing a rotary speed of the disk, and controlling the driving means to set the rotary speed of the disk to a desired rotary speed; (c) reading the data recorded on the disk by using a converting means and producing a reproduced signal containing a data stream which represents the data; (d) moving an actuator for supporting the converting means in at least a tracking direction; (e) conducting a servo control operation for the driving means in accordance with the reproduced signal; (f) generating a variable reference clock signal having a variable frequency; (g) synchronizing the data stream with a synchronizing reference clock signal by controlling the driving means; and (h) employing the variable reference clock signal as the synchronizing reference clock signal during a time period after an access operation is started until the rotary speed of the disk reaches a predetermined rotary speed for regular reproduction of the data and thereby reading the data from the disk at an arbitrary rotary speed of the disk. 2. A method as in claim 1, wherein the disk is an optical disk.
3. A method as in claim 2, wherein step (c) comprises:(i) irradiating a laser beam onto a surface of the disk; (ii) transforming light reflected from the surface into an electric signal; and (iii) producing the reproduced signal in accordance with the electric signal. 4. A method as in claim 3, wherein step (d) comprises moving the actuator in a focusing direction.
5. A disk driving apparatus comprising:driving means for driving rotation of a disk; sensing means for sensing a rotary speed of the disk; rotation control means for controlling the driving means to set the rotary speed of the disk to a desired rotary speed; converting means for reading data on a surface of the disk and producing an electric signal containing a data stream in accordance with the data; actuator means for movably supporting the converting means to be movable in at least a tracking direction; signal processing means for amplifying the electric signal output from the converting means and thereby obtaining a reproduced signal; servo control means for conducting a servo control operation for the rotation control means and the actuator means on the basis of an output signal of the sensing means and the reproduced signal; variable frequency oscillating means for generating a variable reference clock signal having a frequency calculated on the basis of the rotary speed of the disk and a position of the converting means; and phase-locked loop (PLL) means for controlling the rotation control means to synchronize the data stream with a synchronizing reference clock signal; wherein the phase-locked loop (PLL) means employs the variable reference clock signal as the synchronizing reference clock signal in a time period after the actuator means starts an access operation until the rotary speed of the disk reaches a predetermined rotary speed for regular reproduction of the data and thereby starts to read the data from the disk prior to completion of a control operation for controlling the rotary speed of the disk to reach the predetermined rotary speed. 6. A disk driving apparatus as in claim 5, wherein:the disk is an optical disk; and the converting means comprises an optical lens and an optical pickup, the optical pickup comprising means for (i) irradiating a laser beam through the optical lens onto the surface of the disk and (ii) transforming light reflected from the surface through the optical lens into the electric signal. 7. A disk driving apparatus as in claim 6, wherein the actuator means comprises means for movably supporting the converting means to be movable in a focusing direction.
8. A method of reproducing data from a disk, the method comprising:(a) driving a rotation of the disk with driving means; (b) sensing a rotary speed of the disk, and controlling the driving means to set the rotary speed of the disk to a desired rotary speed; (c) reading the data recorded on the disk by using a converting means and obtaining a reproduced signal containing a data stream which represents the data; (d) moving an actuator for supporting the converting means in at least a tracking direction; (e) conducting a servo control operation for the driving means in accordance with the reproduced signal; (f) generating a fixed main clock signal to be used for obtaining a reproduced signal in step (c); (g) generating a variable reference clock signal having a variable frequency; (h) synchronizing the data stream with a synchronizing reference clock signal by using a phase-locked loop (PLL) means to control the driving means; (i) employing the variable reference clock signal as the synchronizing reference clock signal during a time period after an access operation is started until the rotary speed of the disk reaches a predetermined rotary speed for regular reproduction of the data and thereby starting to read the data from the disk prior to completion of a control operation for controlling the rotary speed of the disk to reach the predetermined rotary speed; and (j) stepwise changing, after reading of the data is started, the variable frequency of the variable reference clock signal in a capture range of the PLL means until the variable frequency of the variable reference clock signal becomes substantially equal to a frequency of the fixed main clock signal. 9. A method as in claim 8, wherein the disk is an optical disk.
10. A method as in claim 9, wherein step (c) comprises:(i) irradiating a laser beam onto a surface of the disk; (ii) transforming light reflected from the surface into an electric signal; and (iii) producing the reproduced signal in accordance with the electric signal. 11. A method as in claim 10, wherein step (d) comprises moving the actuator in a focusing direction.
12. A disk driving apparatus comprising:driving means for driving rotation of a disk; sensing means for sensing a rotary speed of the disk; rotation control means for controlling the driving means to set the rotary speed of the disk to a desired rotary speed; converting means for reading data on a surface of the disk and producing an electric signal containing a data stream in accordance with the data; actuator means for movably supporting the converting means to be movable in at least a tracking direction; signal processing means for amplifying the electric signal output from the converting means and thereby obtaining a reproduced signal; servo control means for conducting a servo control operation for the rotation control means and the actuator means on the basis of an output signal of the sensing means and the reproduced signal; fixed main clock signal oscillating means for generating a fixed main clock signal used to process the reproduced signal; variable frequency oscillating means for generating a variable reference clock signal having a frequency calculated on the basis of the rotary speed of the disk and a position of the converting means; and phase-locked loop (PLL) means for controlling the rotation control means to synchronize the data stream with a synchronizing reference clock signal; wherein: the phase-locked loop (PLL) means employs the variable reference clock signal as the synchronizing reference clock signal in a time period after the actuator means starts an access operation until the rotary speed of the disk reaches a predetermined rotary speed for regular reproduction of the data and thereby starts to read the data from the disk prior to completion of a control operation for controlling the rotary speed to reach the predetermined rotary speed; and the servo control means stepwise changes, after reading of the data is started, the frequency of the variable reference clock signal in a capture range of the PLL means until the frequency of the variable reference clock signal becomes substantially equal to a frequency of the fixed main clock signal. 13. A disk driving apparatus as in claim 12, wherein:the disk is an optical disk; and the converting means comprises an optical lens and an optical pickup, the optical pickup comprising means for (i) irradiating a laser beam through the optical lens onto the surface of the disk and (ii) transforming light reflected from the surface through the optical lens into the electric signal. 14. A disk driving apparatus as in claim 13, wherein the actuator means comprises means for movably supporting the converting means to be movable in a focusing direction.
15. An optical disk driving apparatus comprising:driving means for driving rotation of a disk; sensing means for sensing a rotary speed of the disk; rotation control means for controlling the driving means to set the rotary speed of the disk to a desired rotary speed; converting means for reading data on a surface of the disk and producing an electric signal containing a data stream in accordance with the data; actuator means for movably supporting the converting means to be movable in at least a tracking direction; signal processing means for amplifying the electric signal output from the converting means and thereby obtaining a reproduced signal; servo control means for conducting a servo control operation for the rotation control means and the actuator means on the basis of an output signal of the sensing means and the reproduced signal; fixed main clock signal oscillating means for generating a fixed main clock signal used to process the reproduced signal; variable frequency oscillating means for generating a variable reference clock signal having a frequency calculated on the basis of the rotary speed and a position of the converting means; phase-locked loop (PLL) means for controlling the rotation control means to synchronize the data stream with a synchronizing reference clock signal; and buffer means for temporarily storing therein the data read from the disk; wherein: the phase-locked loop (PLL) means employs the variable reference clock signal as the synchronizing reference clock signal in a time period after the actuator means starts an access operation until the rotary speed of the disk reaches a predetermined rotary speed for regular reproduction of the data and thereby starts to read the data from the disk prior to completion of a control operation for controlling the rotary speed to reach the predetermined rotary speed; the servo control means stepwise changes, after reading of the data is started, the frequency of the variable reference clock signal in a capture range of the PLL means until the frequency of the variable reference clock signal becomes substantially equal to a frequency of the fixed main clock signal; and the servo control means stores in the buffer means the data read from the disk when the actuator means is moved from an outer circumferential side to an inner circumferential side of the disk and transfers the data to an external device when the quantity of the data thus stored in the buffer means becomes substantially equal to a predetermined data accumulation amount. 16. A disk driving apparatus as in claim 15, wherein:the disk is an optical disk; and the converting means comprises an optical lens and an optical pickup, the optical pickup comprising means for (i) irradiating a laser beam through the optical lens onto the surface of the disk and (ii) transforming light reflected from the surface through the optical lens into the electric signal. 17. A disk driving apparatus as in claim 16, wherein the actuator means comprises means for movably supporting the converting means to be movable in a focusing direction.
The present invention relates to an optical disk driver for driving and controlling an optical disk recording medium.
Recent rapid technological innovation in the fields of information processing technology leads to necessity of large-capacity storage media. In this situation, optical disk recording media have attracted attention as small-size, low-cost, and large-capacity storage media.
FIG. 12 shows the configuration of a conventional optical disk driving apparatus. In the apparatus of FIG. 12, a reference numeral 101 indicates an optical disk storage medium on which data of about 500 megabytes can be recorded with a fixed surface density. A numeral 102 denotes an actuator including an optical unit to read data from the medium 101 and a device to drive the optical unit 102. A numeral 103 represents a spindle motor to rotate the optical disk 101. A numeral 104 stands for a servo circuit to accomplish a servo control operation for the driver of the actuator 102 and a servo control operation to rotate the spindle motor 103 at a fixed linear speed. A numeral 105 designates a signal processing circuit to decode a signal obtained from the optical unit of the actuator 102 and conducts error correction for the decoded signal so as to resultantly produce data therefrom. A numeral 106 indicates a central processing unit (CPU) to control the overall operation of the optical disk driver.
Description will be now given of operations in a successive information reproducing operation and a disk accessing operation of the conventional optical disk driver thus constructed.
In the successive information reproduction, the servo circuit 104 controls a position of the actuator 102 in a focusing direction (denoted by an arrow F in FIG. 12) and a tracking direction (as indicated by an arrow T therein) of the actuator 102 such that the optical unit of the actuator 102 follows a track of the optical disk 101. At the same time, to read data written on the optical disk 101 with a fixed surface density, the servo circuit 104 controls the spindle motor 103 to rotate at a fixed linear speed. The signal attained from the optical unit of the actuator 102 is fed to the signal processing circuit 105. The circuit 105 decodes the signal and then corrects errors thereof so as to thereby produce a digital signal.
On the other hand, in the accessing stage (of the track seeking operation), there is employed a short jump or a long jump according to the number of tracks through which the actuator is to be moved. Namely, the short jump is used when only the optical unit is moved in the actuator 102, whereas the long jump is adopted to move the actuator 102.
Since the mass of the optical unit is small and the quantity in change of the spindle motor rotating speed is quite small, the short jump can be conducted in a relatively short period of time. However, in the long jump, a long period of time is required from when the actuator 102 is activated to be moved to when the actuator 102 is completely positioned at its destination because of the large mass of the actuator 102 and the large quantity in change of the motor rotating speed.
Consequently, to increase the operation speed of the optical disk driving apparatus (particularly, of an information searching facility), it is necessary to reduce the period of time to achieve the long jump when locating the actuator over destined tracks in the track accessing operation.
Analyzing the period of time necessary to move the actuator to the destination, there is required, even after the movement of the actuator is finished, a long period of time is required until the operation to appropriately control the rotating speed of the spindle motor is terminated. Namely, before the rotary speed of the motor is fixed to the desired linear speed, the actuator cannot read the data recorded on the disk at a fixed surface density. Therefore, the actuator enters the wait state and stays therein until the predetermined linear speed is developed. In other words, there occurs a wait period of time before a constant linear speed is obtained for the pertinent track of the optical disk.
Furthermore, to decrease the time required to control the rotating speed of the spindle motor, it is necessary to increase torque of the spindle motor, which leads to increase in the size and consumption power thereof. These problems inevitably occur especially when the transfer rate is desired to be increased, for example, by use of a quadruple-speed disk driving apparatus.
It is therefore an object of the present invention, which has been devised to solve the problems above, to make it possible to read data from the optical disk in an operation to access a track of the disk before the rotating speed of the spindle motor is completely regulated and to resultantly decrease the access time, thereby minimizing power consumption associated with acceleration and deceleration of the spindle motor.
To achieve the above object, according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical disk driving apparatus including a spindle motor for driving rotation of an optical disk, means for sensing the number of rotations to thereby deciding a rotary speed of the spindle motor, an actuator for supporting an optical lens and an optical pickup movably in a focusing direction and a tracking direction, reference clock generating means for generating a fixed main clock signal as a reference of a signal processing, a spindle control circuit to control a rotary speed of the spindle motor, variable reference clock generating means for generating a variable reference clock signal having a variable oscillation frequency in response to a frequency control signal, a digital phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit for controlling the rotary speed of the spindle motor to be synchronized with a predetermined clock signal, and a central processing unit (CPU) for compulsorily driving the spindle motor when the actuator is in an access operation and producing the frequency control signal on the basis of the position of the actuator and the motor rotating speed in a period from the time when the actuator reaches a target track to the time when the rotary speed of the spindle motor is set to a predetermined rotary speed for a regular data reproduction, the CPU controlling the respective constituent components of the apparatus.
In the construction above of the optical disk driving apparatus according to the present invention, a variable reference clock signal is employed for the digital signal processing circuit and the PLL reference clock signal of the digital PLL circuit, leading to synchronization in a frequency range amazingly exceeding the capture range of the PLL circuit. This makes it possible to read data from the optical disk recording medium in an arbitrary data reproducing speed. After the data reading operation is started, to fixedly set the data transfer rate to a predetermined value, the variable reference clock signal is stepwise modified to be substantially equal to the fixed master clock signal in a frequency variation range calculated according to the rotary speed of the motor and capture range. In consequence, the reproduction wait time required for the motor rotating speed in the access operation to reach a fixed linear speed for data reproduction becomes unnecessary.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical disk driving apparatus including opto-electric converting means for illuminating a laser beam onto a surface of an optical disk and converting light reflected on the surface into an electric signal, signal processing means for amplifying a signal outputted from the opto-electric means, controlling a focusing point of the laser beam to be set to a predetermined track position, reading data from the disk, and controlling rotation of a driving means for driving rotation of the disk, a central processing unit (CPU) for temporarily storing data obtained from the disk in a storage, transferring the data to an external device, and supervising procedures of the respective processing, and variable frequency oscillating means for producing under control of the CPU a clock signal having an arbitrary frequency. The signal processing means is operated according to the clock signal from the variable frequency oscillating means.
With the above configuration, when conducting a seek operation for an arbitrary address on a disk on which data is recorded in advance at a fixed linear speed, the clock signal from the variable frequency oscillating means is varied according to the seeking direction over the disk so as to operate the signal processing means on the basis of the varied clock signal. Due to the provision, before the disk rotary speed reaches the predetermined line speed, data can be read from the disk to be subjected to a desired signal processing, thereby transferring resultant data to an external device.
In consequence, even the seek operation is carried out, it is not necessary to wait for an event in which the disk rotating speed reaches the predetermined linear speed, leading to a higher-speed seek operation.
Moreover, when the data read operation is initiated with a clock signal having a frequency less than that of the predetermined clock signal, an amount of data which will appear as an insufficient portion of the predetermined amount of transfer data is beforehand accumulated in a buffer memory, thereby guaranteeing an amount of transfer data equal to or more than the predetermined amount of transfer data.
Additionally, according to either of the first and second aspects of the present invention, only a short period of time is required to accelerate or decelerate the spindle motor, the current value to be supplied to the spindle motor is lowered and hence the power consumption is minimized.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the optical disk driver according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing in detail constituent elements of the driver of FIG. 1 associated with a variable frequency read control operation;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing operation of the driver in the long jump;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing constitution of the servo circuit in the tracking and focusing control systems;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the loop characteristic of an analog filter unit of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the loop characteristic of a digital filter unit of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing a favorable loop characteristic;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing structure of an optical disk driver according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing constitution of variable frequency oscillating means of FIG. 8;
FIGS. 10A to 10D are timing charts for explaining the seek operation from an outer circumferential position to an inner circumferential position in the optical disk driver of the second embodiment;
FIGS. 11A to 11C are timing chart showing the seek operation from an inner circumferential position to an outer circumferential position in the optical disk driver of the second embodiment; and
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a conventional optical disk driver.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 to 3, description will be given of a first embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 1 shows the configuration of an optical disk driver in the first embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing in detail the constituent elements related to an operation to control the variable frequency read operation of the optical disk driver as shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing operation of the driver in the long jump.
In FIG. 1, a reference numeral 201 indicates an optical disk on which data of about 500 megabytes can be recorded at a constant surface density. A numeral 202 denotes an actuator including an optical unit to read data from the optical disk 201 and a driver thereof. Obtained from the optical unit is a radio frequency (RF) signal as a reproduced signal from the optical disk 201. A numeral 203 stands for a spindle motor to rotate the disk 201 at a fixed linear speed. A numeral 204 represents a servo circuit to carry out a servo control operation for the driver of the actuator 202 and for the spindle motor 203. A numeral 205 designates a signal processing circuit to decode the reproduced signal attained from the optical unit of the actuator 202 and to correct errors of the decoded signal so as to output obtained data therefrom. A numeral 206 indicates a central processing unit (CPU) to achieve the overall control operation of the system and to compulsorily drive the spindle motor 203 while the actuator 202 is conducting an access operation. After the destined track is positioned in the access operation, the CPU 206 produces a control signal C1 for a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) on the basis of the position of the actuator 202 and the rotary speed of the spindle motor 203 during a priod of time until the spindle motor 203 is set to a rotary speed for the ordinary or regular signal reproduction. A numeral 207 indicates a rotary speed sensor circuit to sense the rotating speed of the spindle motor 203 and to produce therefrom a rotary speed sense signal. A numeral 208 is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a variable reference clock signal C2 in which the oscillation frequency of the oscillator 208 varies according to the VCO control signal C1 from the CPU 206.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing in detail the constituent components related to the procedure to control the variable frequency read operation of the optical disk driver of FIG. 1. In the construction of FIG. 2, the same system components as those of FIG. 1 are assigned with the same reference numerals and the duplicated description thereof will be avoided. A reference numeral 211 indicates a digital phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit which generates the clock signal C5 for the processing of signals as the control object so that a data stream included in the reproduced signal synchronizes with the PLL reference clock signal C4 employed as a reference signal. A numeral 212 is a spindle control circuit to supervise the rotating speed of the spindle motor 203 on the basis of the clock signal C5. A numeral 213 is an actuator control circuit to receive an actuator drive signal from the CPU 206 so as to control operation of the actuator 202. As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the digital PLL circuit 211, spindle control circuit 212, and actuator control circuit 213 are included in the servo circuit 204.
Description will be next given of operation of the optical disk driver thus configured according to the first embodiment of the present invention. First, in the continuous data reproduction, the servo circuit 204 controls a position of the actuator 202 in the focusing and tracking directions such that the optical unit of the actuator 202 follows a track of the optical disk 201.
Simultaneously, to read data recorded on the disk 201 at the fixed surface density, the servo circuit 204 adjusts the rotary speed of the spindle motor 203 to be set to a fixed linear speed. In the successive data reproduction, the operation to control the rotary speed of the spindle motor 203 is accomplished only by the servo circuit 204. The oscillation frequency of the VCO 208 is kept constant to retain the transfer rate at a predetermined value. The reproduced signal thus obtained from the optical unit of the actuator 202 is fed to the signal processing circuit 205. The signal is decoded and is then subjected to error correction to be transformed into a digital signal. In this connection, the operation above as well as description thereof are the same as those employed in the conventional optical disk driver.
In the data access operation, the system primarily carries out a short jump and a long jump. The short jump is achieved in a short period of time because of the small quantity in change of the rotary speed of the spindle motor 203. Consequently, the operation of the system is similar to that conducted in the continuous data reproduction.
In contrast therewith, there occurs a large quantity in change of the rotary speed of the spindle motor 203 in the long jump. Therefore, the oscillation frequency of the VCO 208 is altered according to the reproduced signal to decrease the wait time for reading data until the settlement of the rotary speed of the spindle motor 203.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing operation of the long jump. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, description will be given of the operation in the long-jump access.
First, the CPU 206 calculates a target track and a target spindle motor rotating speed on the basis of an address of data to be accessed (step 1 to be abbreviated as S1 herebelow).
Subsequently, the CPU 206 turns the actuator servo and spindle servo off and then compulsorily drives the actuator 202 (S2) and spindle motor 203 (S3). In consequence, the actuator 202 starts moving from its position (S4) and the spindle motor 203 increases or decreases the rotary speed thereof (S5).
When the actuator 202 starts its action, the CPU 206 monitors arrival of the actuator 202 at the target track (S6). If the track has not been reached yet, the CPU 206 continuously executes steps S4 to S6.
When the target track is reached, the CPU 206 changes its operation from the compulsory drive to the servo control operation of the actuator 202 (S7). At the same time, the CPU 206 changes the signal source of the PLL reference clock signal C4 into the variable reference clock signal C2 and then outputs the VCO control signal C1 to the VCO 208 (S8). Moreover, the CPU 206 changes the compulsory drive of the spindle motor 203 according to the compulsory drive signal into the control operation by the spindle control circuit 212 (S9).
Description will be given of the control operations in the steps 7 to 9 and the actual behavior of the optical disk driver. The actuator 202 has moved to a position in the vicinity of the target track and the spindle motor 203 is increasing or decreasing the rotary speed thereof to develop a predetermined linear speed related to the pertinent track position.
In this situation, the CPU 206 beforehand calculates, on the basis of the position of the actuator 202 and the rotation speed of the motor 203, a frequency (data rate) of the reproduced signal which is assumed to be obtained from the actuator 202, thereby outputting the estimated VCO control signal C1. In response to the VCO control signal C1, the VCO 208 carries out oscillation at a frequency corresponding to the VCO control signal C1 to thereby produce the variable reference clock signal C2.
As a result, although the rotary speed of the spindle motor 203 has not yet reached the predetermined linear speed for the pertinent track position, the digital PLL circuit 211 produces the signal processing clock signal C5 in synchronism with the obtained variable reference clock signal C2.
Consequently, a spindle control servo system including the spindle control circuit 212, the spindle motor 203, the actuator control circuit 213, the actuator 202, and the digital PLL circuit 211 can be synchronized with the reproduced signal having a frequency range remarkably exceeding the capture range of the PLL circuit 211 and hence data can be read from the optical disk 201.
The CPU 206 calculates a number of error tracks relative to the target track on the basis of the obtained address (S10) and conducts the short jump until the target track is reached (S11, S12). In consequence, without waiting for termination of the control operation of the spindle motor rotary speed, the data can be read and the transfer of the obtained data can be commenced (S13).
In this stage, however, although the long-jump access has already been finished, the spindle motor 203 is increasing or decreasing its speed to the predetermined linear speed. To set the data transfer speed to a predetermined constant value, a frequency of the variable reference clock signal C2 is varied to be substantially equal to that of the fixed master clock signal C3 (S14). In this case, the range of change in the frequency is stepwise altered according to the range of variation in the frequency derived from the rotation speed of the motor 203 and the capture range.
In this fashion, the clock signal C2 is modified in a step-by-step manner until frequencies of the clock signals C2 and C3 become equal to each other (S14 and S15). When they are equal to each other, the signal source of the PLL reference clock signal C4 is changed to the fixed master clock signal C3 (S16) and the access operation is finished, and then the ordinary reproduction mode is restored.
Subsequently, the loop characteristic of each of the servo systems will be verified in relation to alteration in the reproduction speed. In the first embodiment of the present invention, there is adopted a digital servo system including a digital filter such that a sampling clock signal thereof is produced by dividing the frequency of the signal processing clock signal C5. The method of correcting the loop characteristic of the servo system in association with the variable reproduction characteristic will be now described with reference to the graph of loop characteristics.
FIG. 4 shows in a block diagram the tracking and focusing control systems in which a digital filter unit and an analog filter unit are respectively enclosed with dotted lines. Moreover, as described above, the sampling clock signal of the digital filter is produced by dividing the frequency of the signal processing clock signal C5 of FIG. 2. FIGS. 5 and 6 are graphs respectively showing the loop characteristics respectively of the analog and digital filter units of FIG. 4.
The loop characteristic of the digital filter unit is generally represented by a transfer function H(z),
z=exp(jωt)=exp(j�2π(f/fs))
where, f indicates a frequency and fs denotes a sampling frequency. Consequently, the loop characteristic can be shifted in the direction of the axis of frequency by altering the sampling frequency.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing a favorable loop characteristic. As can be seen from this graph, when the loop characteristic (FIG. 5) of the analog filter unit is accordingly modified, a stable loop characteristic (FIG. 7) can be attained in a wide range by changing the sampling frequency of the digital filter unit. That is, synchronizing the reference clock signal of the digital servo with the signal processing clock signal, there can be obtained a stable loop characteristic in any situation even when the data reproduction speed is altered (i.e., even when the PLL reference clock signal C4 is varied).
In this connection, as the servo characteristic of the tracking and servo control system above, there is required a response in a high-frequency range according to rotation (related to, for example, eccentricity) of the disk 201. On the other hand, however, a loop characteristic in a low-frequency range is satisfactory for the spindle servo (i.e., there is not required the loop gain in a high-frequency due to a low-speed change in the rotary speed). Therefore, the verification of frequency characteristics required for the servo characteristic of the tracking and focusing control systems is not necessary.
As described above, according to the first embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to read data from an optical disk at an arbitrary reproduction speed. Due to this advantage, the wait time required to settle the rotary speed of the spindle motor in the long jump can be utilized for the data read operation, which leads to reduction in the access time.
Additionally, since the abrupt acceleration or deceleration of the spindle motor is unnecessary, the size as well as power consumption of the motor can be minimized.
Next, description will be given of a second embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 8 shows in a block diagram the constitution of an optical disk unit in the second embodiment according to the present invention. In this system, a laser beam emitted from a light-emitting element is irradiated onto an optical disk 301. A reference numeral 302 indicates a pickup unit including an optical system to convert a reflection light from the optical disk 301 into an electric signal. Included further in the configuration is an RF amplifier 303 to amplify the RF signal obtained from the pickup unit 302. A numeral 305 denotes a digital signal processor (DSP) to control a data read control operation. The DSP 305 controls the laser beam from the pickup unit 302 to be collected onto a predetermined track position and adjusts the rotary speed of the spindle motor 304 to rotate the optical disk 301 at a speed suitable for the data read operation, thereby reading data reproduced from the optical disk 301.
The system further includes a driver 306 to control the pickup unit 302 and spindle motor 304 according to signals produced from the DSP 305. A numeral 308 stands for a read-only memory (ROM) decoder 308 to decode signals from the DSP 305 so as to store the decoded signals in a buffer memory 307. There is also provided an interface controller 309 which is responsive to an instruction from a host computer externally connected to this system to arbitrate between the instruction and information internally obtained and to transfer data therefrom. A numeral 310 represents a central processing unit (CPU) to control the RF amplifier 303, the DSP 305, the ROM decoder 308, and the interface controller 309.
A numeral 311 designates variable frequency oscillator means to generates a clock signal having an arbitrary frequency under control of the CPU 310. In this connection, the clock signal created from the variable frequency oscillator means 311 is used as a processing reference clock signal of the DSP 305.
Next, operation of the variable frequency oscillator means 311 will be described in detail. FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing the circuit structure of the variable frequency oscillator means 311 of FIG. 8. In FIG. 9, a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is constituted with the following constituent components. In this regard, for convenience of the circuit configuration, the oscillator means 311 may be arranged in the DSP 305 depending on cases.
An oscillating circuit 401 oscillates at a predetermined frequency to produce a clock signal fck as a reference signal. A 1/N frequency divider 402 divides the reference clock signal (fck) from the oscillating circuit 401 by N (a constant value beforehand set to the circuit). On the other hand, an 1/M frequency divider 404 divides a signal from a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 403, which will be described later. The value of M can be changed by the CPU 310. A phase comparator circuit 405 compares the signals from the dividers 402 and 404 with each other to sense a phase difference between the signals so as to output therefrom the sensed phase difference. A low-pass filter (LPF) 406 shapes a waveform of the signal from the phase comparator 405 to produce therefrom a voltage signal. The VCO 403 oscillates at a frequency according to the signal from the LPF 406 to produce therefrom a clock signal (fvco).
Subsequently, description will be given of operation of the variable frequency oscillator means 311 thus constructed. First, in the ordinary operation state, the PLL circuit operates to equalize the clock frequency (fck /N) obtained by dividing the frequency (fck) of the reference clock signal by N to the clock frequency (fvco ) obtained by dividing the frequency (fvco) of the signal from the VCO 403. Consequently, when the same value is set to M and N, the VCO 403 oscillates to establish a condition fvco =fck.
In addition, assuming that the value of M is obtained by multiplying the value of N by a (i.e., M=a�N), there is obtained a relation of fvco =a �fck. In consequence, there can be generated a clock signal having an arbitrary oscillation frequency by setting M to a desired value by the CPU 310.
Furthermore, in association with operation of the DSP 305, since the signal from the variable frequency oscillator means 311 is employed as the reference clock of the DSP 305, the characteristic thereof also varies according to the frequency of the reference clock signal. That is, between the data transfer speed Vdata and the frequency fvco, there exists a relationship Vdata =b�fvco, where b is a constant decided by the data processing.
Moreover, in the actual operation of reading data written on the optical disk 301 at a fixed linear speed v (constant), there exists a relationship of v=2πrn/60, where r is the radius of the optical disk 301 at a position where the pickup unit 302 is located and n indicates the current number of rotations. Resultantly, n=60v/2πr can be derived. Therefore, when a seek operation is accomplished from an outer side (rout) to an inner side (rin), there is obtained between the respective numbers of rotations nout and nin a relationship of nout <nin because the relationship between the associated radii is rout >rin.
According to the operation above, description will be given of the seek operation and data transfer speed. First, the seek operation from an external circumferential position to an internal circumferential position will be described. FIGS. 10A to 10D are timing charts of the seek operation from an external position to an internal position of the optical disk in the second embodiment of the present invention. When the seek operation is started in a direction from an external position to an internal position, the value of M of the frequency divider 404 is reduced to be less than that of N under control of the CPU 310. In consequence, the variable frequency oscillator mean s 311 oscillates at a frequency (fvco-down) less than the reference clock frequency fck to produce a reference clock signal having the resultant frequency.
Since the overall characteristics are varied proportionally as described above, the processing is commenced with a number of rotations and at a transfer speed which are respectively lower than the predetermined values. Therefore, in contrast with the conventional technology in which the address reference and data read operations cannot be executed until the number of rotations of the optical disk 301 reaches the predetermined number of rotations nin, the address reference and data read operations can be accomplished when the number of rotations reaches nin-down (less than nin) as can be seen from FIG. 10B according to the present invention.
When the data read operation is initiated, the value of M of the frequency divider 404 is controlled by the CPU 310 to vary substantially in a linear fashion the reference clock frequency from fvco-down to fck. This prevents interruption of the data transfer in a range of the data transfer speed from Vdata-down to Vdata. Consequently, after the access operation is thus achieved, it is possible to provide the desired quantity of transfer data (FIG. 10C).
However, since data is read from the disk at a low speed in the initial data reading stage in the above method, the following control operation is employed to guarantee a fixed data transfer speed or rate. FIG. 10D is a timing chart in which a fixed data transfer rate is reserved. In FIG. 10D, the read-out data is accumulated in the buffer memory 307 such that an area S1 of the amount of transfer data is equal to an area S2 related to data in a portion in which the data transfer rate is insufficient. When S1 exceeds S2, the data transfer is started.
FIGS. 11A to 11C are timing charts showing a seek operation from an inner circumferential position to an outer circumferential position of the optical disk in the embodiment. In the seek operation, the value of M of the frequency divider 404 is increased to exceed that of N under control of the CPU 310. The variable frequency oscillator means 311 accordingly oscillates at a frequency fvco-up which is higher than the reference clock frequency fck to thereby generates a reference clock signal of the resultant frequency.
Since the overall characteristics are varied proportionally as described above, the processing is commenced with a larger number of rotations and at a higher data transfer speed. Consequently, when compared with the conventional technology in which the address reference and data read operations cannot be conducted until the number of rotations of the optical disk 301 is lowered down to the nominal number of rotations nout, the address reference and data read operations can be accomplished when the number of rotations reaches nout-up higher than nout according to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 11B.
When the data read operation is started, the value of M of the frequency divider 404 is controlled by the CPU 310 to linearly alter the reference clock frequency from fvco-up to fck, thereby continuously guaranteeing the data transfer rate after the access operation is conducted. In this connection, since the data transfer rate cannot be less than the regular data transfer rate in the seek operation from an inner position to an outer position of the disk 301, there is not required to conduct the data buffering operation or the like (FIG. 11C).
Although a method of reading data with the data buffering operation is explained in the second embodiment, it is needless to say that the same method can be applied to the first embodiment such that reading of data is controlled by using the buffer memory 307.
Due to the configuration of the present invention, in a seek operation for an arbitrary address, the data reading operation is initiated by changing the reference clock signal depending on the seek direction, i.e., from an inner position to an outer position or vice versa. Consequently, the period of time to increase or decrease the rotation speed of the spindle motor can be minimized and hence the current value supplied to the motor is lowered. Furthermore, the insufficient data which will appear when the data read operation is commenced with a frequency lower than the reference clock frequency is accumulated in the buffer memory in advance. Therefore, it is guaranteed to reserve the data transfer rate equal to or more than the predetermined data transfer rate. Consequently, the device capable of conducting a high-speed seek operation can be configured with the minimized size, thickness, and power consumption.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4481615 *Jan 26, 1982Nov 6, 1984Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.Motor controlling circuit of reproducing apparatus and method of controllingUS4530083 *Sep 22, 1983Jul 16, 1985Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki KaishaRotatable memory disk apparatusUS5161142 *Jul 11, 1990Nov 3, 1992Pioneer Electronic CorporationDisk playing apparatus for playing CLV disksUS5224086 *Jul 10, 1991Jun 29, 1993Sony CorporationSpindle servo system for magneto-optical recording/playback apparatusUS5528574 *Dec 16, 1994Jun 18, 1996Hitachi, Ltd.Disk reproducing apparatus capable of increasing speed of access to disks recorded at constant linear velocityUS5535183 *Nov 29, 1994Jul 9, 1996Teac CorporationOptical disk reproducing device and its seek operation method* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5982724 *Jul 1, 1997Nov 9, 1999Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaDisk reproducing apparatus having active wide-range PLL deviceUS6011763 *Mar 18, 1998Jan 4, 2000Nimbus Communications International LimitedDisk recording system and a method of controlling the rotation of a turntable in such a disk recording systemUS6154428 *Jul 2, 1998Nov 28, 2000Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Technique for setting speed of optical disk player according to condition of optical diskUS6188252Apr 28, 1998Feb 13, 2001Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaHorizontal oscillation circuit capable of changing frequencyUS6285640Jul 19, 1999Sep 4, 2001Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaDisk reproducing apparatus having active wide-range PLL deviceUS6496470 *Jul 16, 2001Dec 17, 2002Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaDisk reproducing apparatus having active wide-range PLL deviceUS6587411Jan 14, 1997Jul 1, 2003Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaSignal processing circuit having a voltage controlled oscillator capable of continuously changing the center frequency in accordance with a control voltageUS6762983 *Oct 14, 1998Jul 13, 2004Mitsumi Electric Co., LtdOptical disc drive and method of controlling rotation number of a spindle motor for rotating an optical discUS7012862Jul 17, 2002Mar 14, 2006Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Tracking error detection apparatusUS7274645 *Jun 8, 2004Sep 25, 2007Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Reproduction signal processing apparatus and optical disc player including the same* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification369/47.4, G9B/19.039, 369/44.28, G9B/27.019International ClassificationG11B19/24, G11B27/10, G11B7/005Cooperative ClassificationG11B27/105, G11B19/24, G11B7/005European ClassificationG11B19/24, G11B27/10A1Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 2, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Nov 14, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Nov 15, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jan 16, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD., JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ARAKI, TETSUYA;KASHIWABARA, YOSHIRO;REEL/FRAME:007924/0205Effective date: 19960111RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Patent US4044335 - Memory cell output driver - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA buffered serial to parallel memory system uses an output driver which is semi-independently operated by separate control logic. Following conventional serial data input to a first buffer, the separate control logic responds to a predetermined signal to independently clear a second buffer, transfer...http://www.google.com/patents/US4044335?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4044335 - Memory cell output driverAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4044335 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/713,029Publication dateAug 23, 1977Filing dateAug 9, 1976Priority dateSep 23, 1974Publication number05713029, 713029, US 4044335 A, US 4044335A, US-A-4044335, US4044335 A, US4044335AInventorsJohn R. SpenceOriginal AssigneeRockwell International CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (5), Classifications (15) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMemory cell output driverUS 4044335 AAbstract A buffered serial to parallel memory system uses an output driver which is semi-independently operated by separate control logic. Following conventional serial data input to a first buffer, the separate control logic responds to a predetermined signal to independently clear a second buffer, transfer the data from the first buffer to the second buffer and then clear the first buffer for further data input. The stored data in the second buffer is then used for output devices requiring parallel data output.
Having thus described presently preferred embodiment of the invention, what is claimed is: 1. In combination,first memory means for receiving and storing information therein, said first memory means comprising a plurality of memory cells, each of said memory cells having respective input and output means, second memory means for receiving and storing the information from said first memory means, said second memory means comprising a plurality of memory cells, each of said memory cells having respective input and output means, the respective output means of said memory cells comprising said first memory means connected to the respective input means of the memory cells comprising said second memory means, first control means connected to said first memory means to selectively address the plurality of memory cells comprising said first memory means to selectively enable each of said memory cells to receive information one at a time, said first control means generating a load-complete signal indicating that information entry into the memory cells comprising said first memory means is complete, and second control means connected to each of said first and second memory means and responsive to said load-complete signal of said first control means to control transferring the information that is stored in said first memory means to said second memory means and to control clearing said second memory means prior to permitting said information to be received by and stored in said second memory means. 2. The combination recited in claim 1 wherein each memory cell comprises,additional input means, output means for storing a desired data condition, recirculating means for periodically recirculating said condition of said output means back to said additional input means, boosting means connected between said additional input means and said output means for boosting said recirculated signal condition of said output means, whereby said boosting means and said recirculating means maintain said output means in said desired data condition. 3. The combination recited in claim 1 including interface means connected between said first memory means and said second memory means, andsaid second control means connected to said interface means to selectively enable said interface means and thereby permit information to be transferred to said second memory means via said interface means. 4. The combination recited in claim 3 wherein said first control means includes,signal producing means for selectively energizing said cells of said first memory means to permit information to be sequentially stored therein when said first memory means is addressed by said first control means, and said second control means includes, gate means connected to said second memory means for periodically supplying signals to effectively clear said second memory means, first delay means connected between said gate means and said interface means to delay enabling said interface means and the transferring of said information from said first memory means to said second memory means until said second memory means is cleared, and second delay means connected between said first delay means and said first memory means to delay clearing said first memory means until information is transferred into said second memory means from first memory means. 5. In combination:first memory means for receiving and storing information therein, said first memory means comprising a plurality of memory cells each having respective input and output means; second memory means for receiving and storing information therein, said second memory means comprising a plurality of memory cells, each of said memory cells of said second memory means having respective input and output means; first control means for generating sequential input control signals, said first control means connected to said respective input means of said memory cells comprising said first memory means to effect entry of said information therein, said first control means further providing a load-complete signal indicating that information entry into said first memory means is completed; and second control means responsive to said load-complete signal provided by said first control means to sequentially control: (a) clearing said second memory means, (b) transferring said information stored in said first memory means to said second memory means and (c) clearing said first memory means. 6. The combination recited in claim 5 wherein said second control means includes:gate means connected to said second memory means for clearing said second memory means, said gate means being enabled by said load-complete signal; first delay means connected to said gate means, said first delay means delaying the transfer of information from said first memory means to said second memory means until said second memory means is cleared of information; and second delay means connected between said first delay means and said first memory means to delay clearing said first memory means until the information of said first memory means is transferred to said second memory means. 7. The combination recited in claim 6, including:interface gate means connected between the respective output means of said memory cells comprising said first memory means and the respective input means of the memory cells comprising said second memory means for transferring information between said first and second memory means, said first delay means being connected between said gate means comprising said second control means and said interface gate means to provide said interface gate means with a transfer enabling signal. Description
-SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The memory output driver of the present invention permits the use of an output device, such as a printer, to be used with an information source with limited output capabilities, such as a single chip calculator. Such a device conventionally provides only serially strobed output information while the printer requires parallel data input. As the single chip calculator normally has no control signals capable of making the serial-to-parallel conversion, the memory output driver of the present invention includes a first control for effecting serial data input into a first memory portion and a second control means responsive to a single load-complete signal to clear a second memory portion, effect parallel transfer of the data to the second portion and thereafter clearing the first data for further data entry. The data in the second memory portion is available in parallel for further use.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a presently preferred embodiment of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of a presently preferred embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, a conventional random access memory (RAM) 14 is connected to supply output or strobe signals ST0 through ST14 to Buffer No. 1, hereinafter referred to as buffer 10. Another output terminal of RAM 14 is connected to supply output signal ST15 to an input terminal of control logic 13.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3090943 *May 31, 1957May 21, 1963Bell Telephone Labor IncSerial digital data processing circuitUS3193802 *Jun 29, 1962Jul 6, 1965Honeywell IncData handling apparatusUS3374467 *May 27, 1965Mar 19, 1968Lear Siegler IncDigital data processorUS3417377 *Sep 13, 1966Dec 17, 1968Burroughs CorpShift and buffer circuitryUS3465295 *Nov 30, 1965Sep 2, 1969Geo Space CorpElectronic data plotterUS3473160 *Oct 10, 1966Oct 14, 1969Stanford Research InstElectronically controlled microelectronic cellular logic arrayUS3742456 *Apr 5, 1972Jun 26, 1973Pitney Bowes IncApparatus for selectively formatting serial data bits into separate data charactersUS3763480 *Oct 12, 1971Oct 2, 1973Rca CorpDigital and analog data handling devices* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *7080-Data Processing System Reference Manual, A-22-6560-1, 1962, pp. 2-7.2 *7621-Tape Control Unit Reference Manual, R23-9671, 1962, pp. 27-28.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleEP0037252A2 *Mar 26, 1981Oct 7, 1981Fujitsu LimitedDynamic semiconductor memoryEP0048586A2 *Sep 15, 1981Mar 31, 1982Sony CorporationRandom access memory arrangementsEP0196532A1 *Mar 17, 1986Oct 8, 1986Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod for operating a memory used as a clock interface and arrangement for the realization of the methodEP0248478A1 *May 26, 1987Dec 9, 1987Philips Electronics N.V.Sequential buffer deviceWO1993011508A1 *Nov 27, 1992Jun 10, 1993Seiko Epson CorpPrinter video processor* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification711/100, 400/70International ClassificationG11C11/403, H03M9/00, G11C11/4093, G06K15/02Cooperative ClassificationG11C11/4093, H03M9/00, G06K2215/0002, G11C11/403, G06K15/02European ClassificationG11C11/403, G11C11/4093, H03M9/00, G06K15/02RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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Near anything interesting, just dropped right in... - Review of La Quinta Inn & Suites Brooklyn Downtown - TripAdvisor
Near anything interesting, just dropped right in... - Review of La Quinta Inn & Suites Brooklyn Downtown
“Someone on the staff used the bathroom and left a...”
“The business center is really small; only room...”
“Close to the elevator, and you could here this as...”
“The parking area only has approximately 6-10...”
“Cleanliness makes or breaks a deal for us, and we...”
“We were provided a room that was supposed to be...”
“I have never had to review a hotel until now. I'm...”
“The facility is fine though a little beat up for...”
We arrived early, but the front desk allowed us to check in anyway. Then when we left, we had time to kill, and they watched our bags for us while we took a walk about the neighborhood. About that neighborhood, its pretty typical for Brooklyn, I suppose, maybe even better than some, but don't expect it to be the same as most suburban areas in America. Still, we had no issues. Prospect park is in walking distance, the Metro station is about 3 blocks away (its at the top of a bridge, plenty of steps up), and there are a few dining or grocery options nearby, but otherwise you aren't near anything interesting, just dropped right in the middle of the Brooklyn experience. If you have a car you might be challenged for parking, it's very limited. The rooms were clean, the people were friendly enough, and the price (with a corporate discount) was the norm for the area. (high, but what ya gonna do?) we stayed in 3 hotels during our stay and this was as good as any.
Review collected in partnership with La Quinta This business uses tools provided by TripAdvisor (or one of its official Review Collection Partners) to encourage and collect guest reviews, including this one. Helpful? Thank Jim T Report Ask Jim T about La Quinta Inn & Suites Brooklyn Downtown
Dutch first English first French first German first Italian first Japanese first Portuguese first Russian first Spanish first Any Abhishek P
4 helpful votes “Average hotel in busy BY”
The hotel is conveniently located as compared to the very costly hotels in NY. It will take approx 30 mins to reach the hotel from manhattan via metro. Although the facilities are not great but I believe this is the best one can get looking for the price. Cost in NY hotels is exhorbitatant as compared to the services they offer. The breakfast is the worse I have ever had during any hotel stay. A dunkin donuts and Subway nearby made my life easy. The beds are good however the rooms are very very small. I think that is the standard NY room size. Sive in NY you do not have much choices so I rate this as average otherwise at any other location it would count as poor.
Helpful? Thank Abhishek P Report Ask Abhishek P about La Quinta Inn & Suites Brooklyn Downtown
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. SRQDC
Level Contributor 3 reviews “Best value in Brooklyn”
Not mentioned on the website, this hotel is a 4-5 block walk from a subway station, I felt safe as as a female walking alone as late as midnight. I used it exclusively to get to and from JFK, Manhattan and within Brooklyn.The breakfast was poorly stocked, so don't count on it if you are at the end of the breakfast times. There is a Dunkin Donuts a block away
Review collected in partnership with La Quinta This business uses tools provided by TripAdvisor (or one of its official Review Collection Partners) to encourage and collect guest reviews, including this one. Helpful? Thank SRQDC Report Ask SRQDC about La Quinta Inn & Suites Brooklyn Downtown
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. LQ6328, General Manager at La Quinta Inn & Suites Brooklyn Downtown, responded to this review,
We appreciate your feedback and are pleased to hear that you had an enjoyable stay at the Brooklyn La Quinta Inn. We look forward to providing you with exceptional service in the future.We are continuously looking for ways to improve our service, and have a full time breakfast attendant available to re-stock items. We invite you to come back, and let us know your feed back to improvements we are making to our hotel.We stand by our commitment to serving guests to our best ability, and look forward to having you come back in the near future.Sincerely,Jatin SaraiyaGeneral Manager
24 helpful votes “Very strange setup”
Located in a remote area of Brooklyn this hotel was more like a motel-small rooms, odd decor, horrible breakfast, rules that changed in the middle of our stay, ie no longer accepting debit cards or expedia reservations,and little information provided.
Helpful? Thank executiveproducer Report Ask executiveproducer about La Quinta Inn & Suites Brooklyn Downtown
Explore similar hotels Hotel Le Bleu 1,017 ReviewsShow Prices 0.4 miles Sleep Inn Brooklyn Downtown 195 ReviewsShow Prices 0.5 miles Brooklyn Way Hotel, BW Premier Collection 1,138 ReviewsShow Prices 0.7 miles See all Brooklyn hotels Browse nearby

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Need help for bath
glenglassJuly 9, 2013 Planing redo of jacuzzi and shower tile--what color-- but can I leave large tile green on floor or is it dated? have rep,aced counters with granite.	Email	Comment8BookmarkLike	Thank you for reporting this comment. UndoPRO
Dytecture	Green tiles are dated.
Like Bookmark Thanked by glenglass July 9, 2013 at 7:20PM
carolins	Can't really see the colour of the floor tile. If it is in good condition and you like it, I'm sure you can find wall tiles that will coordinate with it. What really dates the bathroom for me is the gold shower surround frame.
301 E. Tremont Apt 203 · More Info
Grazia Melange Wall Tile - Soft Palette and Gentle Shading - Subway Wall Tile · More Info
1 Like Bookmark July 10, 2013 at 3:54AM
glenglass	Thank you both--enclosing more photos: Ideas on tile color, paint cabinets or not, cut off steps to jacuzzi, keep floor tile? Size is not the problem--traditional house, what would be best way to update this bath (of course getting rid of shower door) with minimal fuss and cost?
Like Bookmark July 10, 2013 at 3:40PM
carolins	Thinking out loud:
would it be possible to replace all the tiles (including the steps) surrounding the Jacuzzi with the counter granite? Just one step up to the bath will probably be enough, in stead of the two that you have now.
Mosaic tiles for the entire shower. You could either choose something with the green of the floor in it, or just keep it in neutral colours that go well with the granite. Then only keep the green for the floor and for accents like the towels.
Change all the (gold) hardware and lamps (if necessary) for more modern looking chrome, brushed or satin nickel.
The paint colour on the walls is too yellow for the colour of the doors. 2661 North Lincoln Avenue - Lincoln Park Plaza · More Info
2661 North Lincoln Avenue - Lincoln Park Plaza · More Info
White Cloud Polished Granite · More Info
Oceanside Glasstile - Tessera Sandstone · More Info
Jerusalem Bone Herringbone · More Info
1 Like Bookmark July 11, 2013 at 1:44AM
katekingg	Do you love the green tile or is it budget reasons you don't want to get rid of it?
Like Bookmark July 11, 2013 at 2:08AM
katekingg	ps I dont hate the gold, it is making a bit of a comeback, albeit it has to be done right. but honestly silver is getting a little tired. No metal around the glass is preferable though.
Like Bookmark July 11, 2013 at 2:12AM
glenglass	I don't love the green tile but suffered through a kitchen remodel a few years back and just want this one to be easier. Also, will probably sell in six or more years so wonder how much I will get back on project--really cosmetic since bathroom is large, spacious and well designed for a 1986 house. Many who buy in our neighborhood remodel entire older home. I like warm, not cool colors--hence the gold.
Like Bookmark July 11, 2013 at 9:50AM
glenglass	Does hardwood work in a large bathroom? I am thinking of replacing carpet with hardwood in master bedroom and wondered if it is wise to continue in master bath?
Like Bookmark July 21, 2013 at 4:05PM
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Mike Willie's - Baton Rouge, LA | Groupon
Mike Willie's
11950 Cloverland Avenue, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 11950 Cloverland Avenue, Baton Rouge Directions
+12253722526
11950 Cloverland Avenue,
Burgers, Cajun, Creole, Seafood, American
You won't be disappointed at Mike Willie's in Baton Rouge, where well-prepared eats and delicious drinks rule the menu. Mike Willie's is a good restaurant to dine with a small or large group.
Casual clothing is the name of the game at Mike Willie's, where suits and ties won't be spotted for miles. Catering is also available if you'd like to serve Mike Willie's' tasty dishes at your next party.
For easy dining, Mike Willie's provides convenient parking in a connecting lot.
With prices below $15 per person, you can eat at Mike Willie's as often as you like! Catering to diners throughout the day (and night), Mike Willie's serves AM, PM, and midday meals.
Groupon has verified that the customer actually visited Mike Willie's.


text:
BBC West: first day at 'big school' - BBC News
BBC West: first day at 'big school'
Posted at 16:27 4 Sep16:27 4 Sep
Ella's first day: success and relief
Helen BaileyCopyright: Helen Bailey
We've been following some 11-year-olds on their first day at 'big school' today.
Earlier, we heard from Ella Bailey, who was apprehensive but excited about her first day at Backwell School in North Somerset.
Here's a picture of her leaving for the bus this morning.
And Ella has just sent us this message after school.
We hope you and all of the 'new school' gang have a restful evening and enjoy your schools.
Video caption: Ella has had a first day at secondary schoolElla has had a first day at secondary school
Posted at 16:08 4 Sep16:08 4 Sep
The fight for a 'good school' place in Bristol
Bristol families are still facing unique pressures when it comes to finding a secondary school for their 11-year-olds, so for many arriving at schools perceived as 'good' today, it will mark an additional significant achievement.
The city's local education authority figures show that 4,001 places offered in state schools this year were over-subscribed by 14.5% (581) applications.
The Local Government Association previously warned that schools, nationally, would be thousands of places short over the next few years as a population bulge moved up from primary.
Councils say the problem is becoming more difficult for them deal with as they no longer have any influence over many of the schools that may need to expand.
But Geoff Barton, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said: "No-one can really claim that it's a surprise.
"The information was there, the planning should have been done."
Posted at 15:19 4 Sep15:19 4 Sep
How should parents react if children are anxious after first school day?
It's been the first day at a new school for hundreds of thousands of children today.
Families will be anxious to learn, as they return, how the day has gone.
Everyone is hoping for a happy, smiling child to return.
But some may have a distressed child on their doorstep. So how do we deal with it?
Learning to be the "small fish in the big pool" is part of the transition from primary school to secondary, says Prof Paul Howard-Jones, from the University of Bristol.
He says research shows that children can pick up on their parents' anxiety:
Video caption: Children 'pick up on parents' anxieties'Children 'pick up on parents' anxieties'
Quote Message: Communication with parents is key in transition and we try to ensure that parents have all the information they need about the school's practices. For example, the organisation around completion of homework is something that new students often need help with so we share homework timetables, tasks, deadlines and expectations so that parents can support their children. We hold a 'meet the tutor' evening early in the new term so that parents have the opportunity to discuss how their child is settling in. from Sue Geoghegan Transition Coordinator, The Corsham School, Wiltshire
Communication with parents is key in transition and we try to ensure that parents have all the information they need about the school's practices. For example, the organisation around completion of homework is something that new students often need help with so we share homework timetables, tasks, deadlines and expectations so that parents can support their children. We hold a 'meet the tutor' evening early in the new term so that parents have the opportunity to discuss how their child is settling in.
Sue Geoghegan Transition Coordinator, The Corsham School, Wiltshire
Posted at 14:13 4 Sep14:13 4 Sep
First day at secondary: a crucial day for schools too
Huge amounts of effort are put in behind the scenes by schools on the first day of term for those starting 'big school'.
We've been speaking to one Transition Coordinator, at The Corsham School in Wiltshire:
"Starting secondary school is a big step in a child’s life so we do all that we can to ensure that the transition is as smooth as possible."
"We run Taster Day visits for Year 5 and Year 6 students that allow students to experience a day in the life of the school. There are opportunities for students to visit with their parents at special open mornings and an annual open evening for prospective families. As Transition Co-ordinator I liaise with the primary school communities feeding into our school."
"We recognise that some students may require more support than others and that may include more visits to the school to help build students’ confidence."
"Our tutor teams work hard to ensure that the students have the support they need to settle in and older students, who have been through the transition experience themselves, work with Year 7's to encourage them to ask questions and find out more about the school from those who know best."
Sharon AlcockCopyright: Sharon Alcock
Quote Message: It is natural that year 7 students will feel nervous about the change from primary to secondary school and there may be some anxieties around the differences, such as making longer journeys to school that include travelling independently either by walking or getting the bus. Some students will consider changing lessons and classrooms more than five times a day the biggest change to their educational experience. Others come from a very small primary school setting where they would have known every student in their year group. But for many children who start secondary school, they quickly find that new opportunities outweigh the anxieties they may have about the change. from Sue Geoghegan Transition Co-ordinator, The Corsham School
It is natural that year 7 students will feel nervous about the change from primary to secondary school and there may be some anxieties around the differences, such as making longer journeys to school that include travelling independently either by walking or getting the bus. Some students will consider changing lessons and classrooms more than five times a day the biggest change to their educational experience. Others come from a very small primary school setting where they would have known every student in their year group. But for many children who start secondary school, they quickly find that new opportunities outweigh the anxieties they may have about the change.
Sue Geoghegan Transition Co-ordinator, The Corsham School
Posted at 11:22 4 Sep11:22 4 Sep
More on the picture of secondary school places in the west region
There is evidence that a squeeze on school places in the West's most urban areas continues.
Some Bristol and Swindon schools are oversubscribed and the cities as a whole received more applications than places for new secondary pupils this year.
4,000 places were offered in Bristol - but there were more than 580 extra applications from local residents - a 14.5% difference
Swindon's 2,584 secondary places were also over-subscribed by 84 applications
But Wiltshire's 5,947 places were under-subscribed by more than a thousand
Bath and North East Somerset figures show 2,456 state places were available for the September 2018 intake. They received more than 570 fewer applications than places this year
7,410 places were available in Gloucestershire, where by contrast just 6,249 applications were received: the 1,150 less applications reflects a significant emphasis on private and selective education places in the county
South Gloucestershire caters for 3,025 11-year-olds this year
Somerset had 4,696 places for new secondary pupils
And in North Somerset there were just below 2,500 places available for year 7s
Posted at 10:22 4 Sep10:22 4 Sep
Secondary school prompts first mobile phone
Responsible mobile phone use is an important part of going to 'big school' today, say experts.
The majority of parents buy their child their first mobile when they go to secondary, citing the need for communication as a high priority, research has found.
But this modern rite of passage brings with it concerns about exposure to social media and negative online behaviour.
Professor of Neuro-science and Education, at Bristol University, Paul Howard-Jones, is author of Evolution of the Learning Brain.
He advises parents that preparation is key to healthy phone habits for young people:
Video caption: Prof Paul Howard-Jones advises parents how to manage a first mobile phone with their childProf Paul Howard-Jones advises parents how to manage a first mobile phone with their child
Posted at 9:59 4 Sep9:59 4 Sep
Thousands of parents face social media worries as 'big school' starts
Video caption: Helen Bailey's 11-year-old daughter Ella goes to 'big school' for the first time todayHelen Bailey's 11-year-old daughter Ella goes to 'big school' for the first time today
Like hundreds of thousands of parents, Helen is concerned that her daughter's first mobile phone - bought as she goes to secondary school for the first time - will herald new pressures.
As well as being excited for her new adventures, it's the social media aspect of Ella's broadening horizons that is causing nervous anticipation.
Follow our series of pieces marking the first day at 'bog school' here across the day.
Posted at 8:41 4 Sep8:41 4 Sep
'I'm worried I might be bullied'
Video caption: Watch: Phebe gets ready for her first day at secondary schoolWatch: Phebe gets ready for her first day at secondary school
Phebe Brown from Cheltenham gave us her thoughts ahead of her first day at "Big School" today.
Like many 11-year-olds across the country, she is attending secondary school for the first time.
Posted at 8:09 4 Sep8:09 4 Sep
A picture played out in thousands of homes today
Ella will be one of the thousands of 11-year-olds passing through her new school gates today.
The transition to a new school is said to be one of the most stressful times in a young person and their family's lives.
We joined Ella and her mum Helen Bailey as they made final preparations for the big day:
Video caption: Going to secondary school is a huge transition for many thousands of families in the west todayGoing to secondary school is a huge transition for many thousands of families in the west today
Posted at 7:40 4 Sep7:40 4 Sep
The statistics: a picture of the experience in the West
Government statistics show how many individuals in the West will be donning a new secondary school uniform today.
There were a total of 32,614 state-funded "big school" places in Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, Bristol and Somerset this year. But only 29,859 applications were received.
National secondary school pupil numbers are expected to continue rising until 2026, but the picture is very different across rural and more urban areas of our region.
The squeeze on school places in our inner cities is contrasted by a picture of schools desperately trying to attract more pupils into places, as funding is allocated by numbers.
Posted at 7:09 4 Sep7:09 4 Sep
First day at big school for thousands
The majority of school pupils in the West return to the classroom today.
For more than 30,000 across the region, today will be their first day at big school.
The move into year seven, at age 11, is one of the biggest rites of passage in a child's life.
Some of the challenges they will face remain the same as their parents experienced. But there are new challenges as well.
We're marking this significant event in many of our audience's lives with a special focus on the experience and issues here across the day.

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Fireside Inn - НАЙ-НИСКИ ЦЕНИ от agoda.com
Всички типове туристи (66) Двойка (24) Самостоятелно пътуващ (11) Семейство с малки деца (6) Семейство с големи деца (15) Група (10)
Удобное месторасположение 5 мин. От Фри вей. Быстрое заселение и радушный приветливый персонал. Бесплатная парковка и отсутствие депозита за проживание. Рядом большое количество магазинчиков и кафе (...
O.K. place for a night's...”
Rooms were clean, night we stayed it was quiet, staff were friendly. Close (about 5 minute drive) to Denny's, Carl's Jr., KFC, McDonald's, Starbucks, so getting a breakfast was not a ...
parking lot could be a little tricky to maneuver in, as it was a little small, but not a big issue.
Very nice people that run this place, love the palm tree In the lobby. Short stay overnight and was comfortable.
The price was right. The staff was very friendly.
I had to go buy shampoo...thought there would be some in my room.
Andrius от САЩ
Quite place for a one night stay.
Janderea от САЩ
Clean, comfortable. Accommodating staff.”
Huge refrigerator and freezer in the room--enough space for a longer stay.
No coffee, no pool (it was concreted over). Ice had to be obtained in the office.
There's palm tree growing through the reception building :) Everything was good!
The lock on the door was tricky.
Fine for a night sleep….”
Employee is a pleasant figure. Coconut tree in the house is interesting. Location is not too good, on a crossroads with nightly traffic.
Cleanliness of the room. Very outdated and behind the TV furniture very dirty.
Good basic place to sleep.”
Quite clean. Comfortable bed. WiFi functioned. Kindly operators/owners.
Kaye от САЩ
Great, quaint little motel !”
We stayed for one night. The owner was very friendly and helpful with information about the area.Very comfortable bed and the linens were like new! There were two tables in the room with chairs. Very ...

value: This website is a Singaporean online travel agency and metasearch engine for hotels, vacation rentals, flights, and airport transfer. It is owned by Agoda Company Pte.


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Baymont Inn & Suites Cedar Rapids (Cedar Rapids, USA) | Expedia
1-800-238-0767 Expedia.com • Hotels • United States of America • Iowa • Cedar Rapids - Iowa City Hotels • Baymont Inn & Suites Cedar Rapids, Cedar Rapids - Iowa City
Baymont Inn & Suites Cedar Rapids, Cedar Rapids - Iowa City, current page
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Cedar Rapids with free breakfast and 24-hour business center Location
All 61 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and TVs with cable channels. Free local calls, desks, and free toiletries are among the other amenities that guests will find. Limited housekeeping is available. Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window Select to view moreAbout the Hotel Tab 1 of 2 selectedSelect to viewGuest Reviews Tab 2 of 2 Baymont Inn & Suites Cedar Rapids
High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. A 24-hour business center is on site. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. This Cedar Rapids hotel also offers coffee/tea in a common area, laundry facilities, and RV/bus/truck parking. Onsite self parking is complimentary. Free WiFi Free RV, bus, truck parking 24-hour business center Total number of rooms - 61 Number of floors - 2 Number of buildings/towers - 1 24-hour front desk Coffee/tea in common areas Free breakfast Elevator/lift Laundry facilities RV, bus, truck parking Free self parking Show all hotel amenities
Free WiFi Cribs/infant beds (surcharge) Connecting/adjoining rooms available Refrigerator Free local calls In-room climate control (air conditioning) Rollaway/extra beds available Air conditioning Microwave Limited housekeeping Free toiletries Desk Cable TV service Television Show all room amenities

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text:
Cyberpunk Stories eBook: William King: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store
Kindle StoreBuy A KindleKindle BooksKindle SinglesKindle Daily DealsNewsstandAccessoriesRefurbished KindleDiscussionsManage Your KindleKindle Support Start reading Cyberpunk Stories on your Kindle in under a minute. Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here or start reading now with a free Kindle Reading App.
Cyberpunk Stories [Kindle Edition]
Henchmen (Novelette) › William King
The Graveyard Night (Short Story) › William King
B00BSETWE2,B007BSY3GQ,B00BZCPJD0,B00E0LJDAS,B005O5VR3U,B005KK7X9Q,B00BHDORB2,B0062O2PX8,B00HRGT6IC,B005GXLKGO,B005NACME4,B005FLVQSE,B005HDLHHU,B00C1FXXYC,B00AVV1U84,B00II0FUOU,B006NY4UPS,B004VS4PBC,B00H1VHK4A,B0071MPFIM,B005DV9XFO,B0038QN2AS,B009FUF682,B00HSR4JUK,B00IQILHKK,B00CXU7U80,B00HSR4JUU,B00H2Q32AA,B00IIWQSN0,B00HHDE4NC,B004XOZ8B0,B004IPQEAS,B004XOZ9DW,B00A7H2EI2,B00EWZCTD0,B004XOZ8DI,B00HVKCMQC,B00FMN0WWG,B00GKNFZMO,B00C5DVY8W,B00BSSRK6K,B00IR97M98,B002TXZR6S,B00APOA4GG,B00HIUR9KE,B006O9OJBW,B008V267BK,B00AO7L8Y6,B00BT4QRHG,B00CQ5R0AU,B00C6EXNRA,B00B1M129O,B00H0D5NTI,B00BS0847C,B003LSTK7C,B00GCSK6EO,B004GKNLP6,B008TGKXWW,B006IQ4A6A,B00CBFPPVQ,B007GEYHKW,B005CVWWJY,B00486U23M,B004C05HJI,B007OWVJ4I,B00C2T56II,B002U3CBZM,B007B5FTT4,B004E3Y0JG,B00CIXX144,B005Q0X6C8,B00E0JYS8M,B003TWONNG,B00ANN0VR6,B003BFXASK,B002WN2XDU,B00BU1DG1S,B003GGSTNU,B00902U0C2,B0080K3J7S,B004M8S6FC,B003U2TCOU,B009EA355E,B007V8RQC4,B008K5T5AI,B0061QGJI4,B00F8UF1LU,B0078VSU74,B005HPMAIS,B0061QGK2O,B005WORWJ6,B005SWE452,B0029XG190,B006UP5CD4,B00457XJHU,B007UVNI1K,B00F70LZ52,B0079SU38A,B0081GX36S,B008RRPBXO
Three classic tales from the golden age of Cyberpunk. In this collection of short stories bestselling author William King explores the grim future world of cyberpunk where cyborg warriors battle in the steaming jungles of Central America and corporate drug pushers use cutting edge military hardware to win their turf wars. In Green Troops, a war-weary Marine leads a patrol of genetically engineered super-soldiers into the heart of darkness. In Easy Steps To Post-Humanity, an astronaut must give up what makes him human to reach the distant stars.In Skyrider, an Air Force deserter wired for combat in hi-tech helicopter gunships learns the meaning of loyalty and betrayal amid the treacherous drug cartels of Southern Europe. Product details
ASIN: B005GLJ932
Amazon Bestsellers Rank: #47,865 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
#18 in Kindle Store > Books > Fiction > Science Fiction > Cyberpunk
#20 in Books > Fiction > Science Fiction > Cyberpunk
#98 in Kindle Store > Books > Fiction > Science Fiction > Anthologies & Short Stories
Three thought provoking short stories.
Format:Kindle Edition|Verified Purchase Three very nice short stories all based around the theme of enhanced/augmented humanity.Green Troops: A group of genetically enhanced vat grown soldiers are field tested in the jungle accompanied by a semi-cyborg commander.Easy Steps to Posthumanity: After his girlfriend leaves him a man decides to get away from it all - very far away from it all indeed. Skyrider: A deserter augmented military helicopter pilot is offered work doing the thing he loves best, and doesn't think too hard about the legality and implications of his new employers business.These three short stories will only take you a total of half an hour to read. They are all very good with thought provoking subject matter that actually gave me the shivers more than once.Overall: 5 stars! Perfectly presented on the Kindle these three stories are top quality short story writing that don't waste one single word!
Engaging but too short
Format:Kindle Edition|Verified Purchase Enjoyable tales with some thought provoking highlights. Needed greater depth in my view. Recommended as a easy prelude or intro to cyberpunk.
Format:Kindle Edition|Verified Purchase I bought this as a quick treat to introduce myself to a new genre and would highly recommend it to anyone interested in discovering cyberpunk.It has 3 short stories, and I feel that they're good value for money.

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