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Patent US6200193 - Stimulus-responsive novelty device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA novelty device having a housing, a sensing element in the housing for sensing a stimulus and for generating an electrical signal in response to the sensed stimulus, a processor in the housing for receiving the corresponding electrical signal and for generating a responsive control signal, and an output...http://www.google.com/patents/US6200193?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6200193 - Stimulus-responsive novelty deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6200193 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/216,241Publication dateMar 13, 2001Filing dateDec 18, 1998Priority dateDec 19, 1997Fee statusPaidPublication number09216241, 216241, US 6200193 B1, US 6200193B1, US-B1-6200193, US6200193 B1, US6200193B1InventorsCraig P. NadelOriginal AssigneeCraig P. NadelExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (7), Referenced by (9), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetStimulus-responsive novelty deviceUS 6200193 B1Abstract A novelty device having a housing, a sensing element in the housing for sensing a stimulus and for generating an electrical signal in response to the sensed stimulus, a processor in the housing for receiving the corresponding electrical signal and for generating a responsive control signal, and an output producing device for generating in response to the control signal an output suggesting the presence of a living being trying to escape from within the housing. The output may take the form of a simulated voice asking to be �let out� of the housing, in concurrent combination with a rocking or vibrating or irregular motion of the housing suggesting that the housing is being shaken by the trapped being seeking to escape from within the box.
What is claimed is: 1. A novelty device for generating, in response to a predetermined input, a concurrent plurality of related sensory outputs perceivable by an observer of the device for creating a humorous and unexpected reaction from the observer, comprising:
a substantially closed housing including a base for freestanding support on an underlying support surface; trigger means associated with the housing for receiving a predetermined stimulus originating external to the housing and for generating an electrical signal in response to receipt by said trigger means of the predetermined stimulus; and operating means in the housing for receiving the generated electrical signal and for generating in response to the received electrical signal the concurrent plurality of observer-perceivable related sensory outputs, said operating means comprising first means for operatively generating an observer-audible sound comprising a simulated voice suggesting that a living being is present within the housing, and second means for operatively creating, concurrent with the generating of said observer-audible sound, an irregular motion of the housing relative to the underlying support surface so as to suggest that the motion of the housing is being created by the living being within the housing in an attempt to escape from the housing; wherein said first means comprises means for generating a simulated voice uttering �let me out of here�. 2. A novelty device in accordance with claim 1, further comprising means in the housing for supplying operating electrical power to said operating means.
a substantially closed housing including a base for freestanding support on an underlying support surface; trigger means associated with the housing for receiving a predetermined stimulus originating external to the housing and for generating an electrical signal in response to receipt by said trigger means of the predetermined stimulus; and operating means in the housing for receiving the generated electrical signal and for generating in response to the received electrical signal the concurrent plurality of observer-perceivable related sensory outputs, said operating means comprising first means for operatively generating an observer-audible sound comprising a simulated voice suggesting that a living being is present within the housing, and second means for operatively creating, concurrent with the generating of said observer-audible sound, an irregular motion of the housing relative to the underlying support surface so as to suggest that the motion of the housing is being created by the living being within the housing in an attempt to escape from the housing; wherein said second means comprises a motor operable to rotate a weight disposed within the housing about an axis defined eccentric to a central axis of the housing and wherein said first means comprises means for generating a simulated voice uttering �let me out of here�. 10. A novelty device in accordance with claim 9, wherein said operating means further comprises a processor for receiving the electrical signal from said trigger means and for initiating operation of said first and second means in response to receipt of said electrical signal.
a substantially closed housing including a base for freestanding support on an underlying support surface; trigger means associated with the housing for receiving a predetermined stimulus originating external to the housing and for generating an electrical signal in response to receipt by said trigger means of the predetermined stimulus; and operating means in the housing for receiving the generated electrical signal and for generating in response to the received electrical signal the concurrent plurality of observer-perceivable related sensory outputs, said operating means comprising first means for operatively generating an observer-audible sound comprising a simulated voice suggesting that a living being is present within the housing, and second means for operatively creating, concurrent with the generating of said observer-audible sound, an irregular motion of the housing relative to the underlying support surface so as to suggest that the motion of the housing is being created by the living being within the housing in an attempt to escape from the housing; wherein said trigger means comprises means for detecting a sound originating external to said housing and for generating said electrical signal in response to detection of said externally-originating sound. 13. A novelty device for generating, in response to a predetermined input, a concurrent plurality of related sensory outputs perceivable by an observer of the device for creating a humorous and unexpected reaction from the observer, comprising:
a substantially closed housing including a base for freestanding support on an underlying support surface; trigger means associated with the housing for receiving a predetermined stimulus originating external to the housing and for generating an electrical signal in response to receipt by said trigger means of the predetermined stimulus; and operating means in the housing for receiving the generated electrical signal and for generating in response to the received electrical signal the concurrent plurality of observer-perceivable related sensory outputs, said operating means comprising first means for operatively generating an observer-audible sound comprising a simulated voice suggesting that a living being is present within the housing, and second means for operatively creating, concurrent with the generating of said observer-audible sound, an irregular motion of the housing relative to the underlying support surface so as to suggest that the motion of the housing is being created by the living being within the housing in an attempt to escape from the housing; wherein said housing is configured to simulate a box. 14. A novelty device in accordance with claim 13, wherein said first means comprises means for generating a simulated voice uttering �let me out of here�.
a housing including a substantially closed portion and a base for freestanding support on an underlying support surface; trigger means associated with the housing for receiving a predetermined stimulus originating external to the housing and for generating an electrical signal in response to receipt by said trigger means of the predetermined stimulus; and operating means in the housing for receiving the generated electrical signal and for generating in response to the received electrical signal the concurrent plurality of observer-perceivable related sensory outputs; said operating means comprising first means for operatively generating an observer-audible sound comprising a simulated voice suggesting that a living being is present within the substantially closed portion of the housing, and second means for operatively creating, concurrent with the generating of said observer-audible sound, an irregular motion of the housing relative to the underlying support surface so as to suggest that the motion of the housing is being created by the living being within the substantially closed portion of the housing in an attempt to escape from the substantially closed portion of the housing; wherein said first means comprises means for generating a simulated voice uttering words suggesting that the living being is seeking to escape from within the substantially closed portion of the housing, wherein the simulated voice of said first means utters the words �let me cut of here�.
PRIORITY CLAIM This application claims priority from co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/068,183, titled Stimulus Response Novelty Device, filed Dec. 19, 1997.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The aforementioned long felt needs are fulfilled, and problems solved, by a novelty item provided in accordance with the present invention. Preferably, the novelty device takes; the form of a substantially closed box or housing including an input signal means for producing, in response to an external stimulus, an input electrical signal, and processing means responsive to the input electrical signal for processing the input electrical signal and producing an activation signal. In addition, the novelty item includes operating means, responsive to the activation signal, for producing an output signal to operate a device that provides a user-perceivable reaction to the input electrical signal for at least a predetermined period of time.
FIG. 4A is a sectional view of the access cover of FIG. 4, taken along the lines 4A�4A in FIG. 4; and
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As an overview, the present invention provides a novelty device responsive to an input for generating a concurrent plurality of related sensory outputs perceivable by a user or observer of the device for creating a humorous and unexpected reaction from the user or observer. In its currently most preferred implementation, the device takes the outward form of a closed or substantially closed box-like housing. The sensory input that triggers the plural responsive outputs may in the most preferred embodiments comprise a sound, or some externally-induced movement of the housing, or the proximity of a user to the housing, or light of (for example) at least a predetermined amplitude or that is incident on the housing at a particular location thereof or from a particular direction. The outputs are related in the sense that they are of or concern like subject matter or are sufficiently associated as to convey to the user a related, preferably humorous, effect.
In the preferred embodiment, two related outputs are concurrently generated in response to detection of the predetermined sensory input. The first is a motion of the housing, such for example as a rocking or quasi-random movement of the housing, relative to an underlying surface on which the housing supportedly sits, thus simulating efforts by someone or something trapped within the housing to escape. The second output in the preferred embodiment is sound, specifically a simulated human voice, most preferably asking or pleading to be released, as with the phrase �Would somebody please let me out of here?� recited in a manner suggesting an agitated and desperate state. The two outputs in this preferred embodiment are generated concurrently, or at least in part concurrent or overlapping, thus suggesting that there is someone trapped in the box, banging or pressing against its interior walls in an effort to escape and pleading to be released. The result is an extremely humorous and entertaining novelty device that stands up to repeated use without growing tiresome or annoying.
The suggestion that someone or something is trapped in the container or housing of the inventive novelty device can be further enhanced by suitably ornamenting the housing. In a preferred embodiment, the housing�although it may be fabricated of a plastic material to minimize manufacturing expense�resembles a wooden shipping carton or crate and may include simulated shipping labels and the like affixed or applied to or simulated on its outer surface. The container may further include a small opening through which a simulated eyeball can be viewed�as though the person or being trapped therein is peering out through the opening. These and other enhancements for supplementing the effectiveness of the concept of the novelty device are within the intended scope and contemplation of the invention as general matters of design choice.
In a further preferred aspect of the invention, the input section 110 comprises a pair of input devices, which are both in electrical communication with the circuit board 1, for converting external stimuli to the input electrical signal. As used herein, the term �external stimuli� means any input to the circuit from the external (to the inventive device) environment of a person observing, or playing with, the novelty device, whether the person knowingly or unexpectedly creates the necessary stimuli. The first of these input devices in the herein disclosed embodiment is a combination of an on-off switch 3 and stimulus sensing element 4. The on-off switch 3 is connected between the power source 2 and stimulus sensing element 4 and may take the form of a slide switch or a push button switch or the like operable to activate the sensing element 4 to provide an input to the circuit. The sensing element 4 is also connected to the processing section 1A of circuit board 1, and may in a preferred embodiment comprise a piezoelectric sensor or transducer for detection of sound and vibration, although other sensing elements such by way of example as photoelectric cells, motion detectors, and proximity sensors may be employed. When the sensor 4 is activated as by detecting a sound, or by a person walking past or moving proximate the novelty device, the novelty device is activated and emits or effects its responsive sounds and/or actions for a predetermined period of time under the control of processing section 1A.
The motor 6 is vertically mounted to the top of battery compartment 19, preferably so that its vertically-extending shaft 28 is at least slightly displaced or offset from the center or central vertical axis of the housing and base 10 (FIG. 5). The top end of the motor 6 may be positionally fixed by a horizontal yoke 23 carried on a pair of vertical supports 24 that extend from the top of battery compartment 19. A weighted eccentric 25, comprising an arm 26 and mass or weight 27, is secured to and extends perpendicularly outward from motor shaft 28 for rotation with the shaft. When electrical operating power is applied to the motor 6, the rotation of the weighted eccentric 25 and resulting circular motion of the weight 27 about the axis 22�which is off-center to the base of the housing�the rotating weight 27 produces a vibratory or shaking motion of housing 8, a vibrating motion that is further enhanced by the flexible separation of the housing from its supporting surface by the suction cup 18 so as to suggest that a living being is attempting to escape from within the housing 8. The suction cup 18 is effective to secure or adhere the novelty device to the supporting surface and thereby prevent unintended motion or creep of the housing 8 along the supporting surface as the housing vibrates or shakes.
When configured for example in the form of a crate-like housing 8, an unsuspecting person will be surprised and entertained when by inadvertently or intentionally touching or otherwise stimulating or activating the device, the crate shakes and rocks while a simulated voice from within asks to be �let out.� Those already familiar with the device and its functioning additionally find it amusing to watch the reactions of others to its operation.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3659030 *Jan 15, 1970Apr 25, 1972Quaker Oats CoAudio-visual toyUS4466327 *Sep 29, 1982Aug 21, 1984Hinton E LouisGas driven music boxUS5533920 *Feb 13, 1995Jul 9, 1996Toy Biz, Inc.Self-propelled musical toy ballUS5533921 *May 17, 1995Jul 9, 1996Wilkinson; William T.Remote controlled movable ball amusement deviceUS5545071 *Mar 14, 1995Aug 13, 1996Stuff Co., Ltd.Educational toy keyboardUS5660575 *Feb 20, 1996Aug 26, 1997Chuang; Chuan-TienToys capable of being animated by depressingUS5720644 *Nov 4, 1996Feb 24, 1998Ku; Wane MingVoice-actuated spherical tumbler* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6520829 *Jul 28, 2000Feb 18, 2003The Little Tikes CompanyToy racing setUS6612897Jan 30, 2002Sep 2, 2003Shelcore IncorporatedMusical toy with a motor driven displayUS6666741 *Sep 23, 2002Dec 23, 2003Brad Lee WilsonGolf ball novelty itemUS6843703Apr 30, 2003Jan 18, 2005Hasbro, Inc.Electromechanical toyUS7066782Sep 23, 2003Jun 27, 2006Hasbro, Inc.Electromechanical toyUS7507139May 4, 2004Mar 24, 2009Hasbro, Inc.Electromechanical toyUS8157610 *Apr 11, 2000Apr 17, 2012Disney Enterprises, Inc.Location-sensitive toy and method thereforUS8174371 *Aug 30, 2007May 8, 2012Schwieger Jeffrey LPortable vibrating device and method of useUS20120031255 *Aug 2, 2011Feb 9, 2012Devin StitesSinging gift box and singing module* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification446/409, 446/397International ClassificationA63H5/00Cooperative ClassificationA63H2200/00, A63H5/00European ClassificationA63H5/00Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 6, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Sep 3, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 13, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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MLB: Henry Owens, Tyler Beede, Nick Burdi shining at 2010 Area Code Games - ESPN
Names to know: Tyler Beede, Nick Burdi
Updated: August 8, 2010, 2:59 PM ET
The Area Code Games drew a bunch of attention a few years ago, when 2010's No. 1 pick, Bryce Harper, really emerged as a star. We're roughly halfway through this year's Area Code Games, presented by ESPN Rise and held at Blair Field in Long Beach, Calif. It's an invitation-only event, with teams assembled by MLB scouts through tryouts held across the country, so the rosters are loaded with most of the best high school prospects for the 2011 draft, as well as a smattering of 2012s, with an inherent bias towards players from the West Coast, the Four Corners area and Texas because of the event's location. If you want stats from the event, go here. That link above will give you full coverage. Bear in mind that the velocities are nearly always low at this event; these pitchers have been throwing all summer after a full spring schedule. Only two pitchers have hit 94 mph in nine games, with only a handful topping 90.
A couple of key notes: For the full report -- Wayne Gretzky's son and Scott Boras' son are both here -- you must be an ESPN Insider. Insider

type: global

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Three Antidotes to the Brexit Crisis - Bloomberg
Three Antidotes to the Brexit Crisis
The Fed needs to boost capital, lower interest rates and make borrowing easier for banks.
July 6, 2016, 11:09 AM EDT
Time to put up the defenses.
Britain’s vote to leave the European Union has put a lot of stress on global financial markets: Even as I write, investors’ flight to safety has pushed the yield on U.S. Treasury bonds down to levels that I would have deemed inconceivable just six months ago. In my view, the risk that financial turmoil will damage the economy is at its highest point since the twin European and U.S. debt crises of 2011.Financial stability is often said to be the U.S. Federal Reserve’s third mandate, along with price stability and maximum employment. If Fed wants to play this role effectively, it will have to act quickly. I see three measures that it can take.First, the Fed should ensure that banks have enough loss-absorbing equity capital to weather whatever crises may come. To that end, it should not allow them to return equity to shareholders in the form of dividends and stock buybacks. There’s little economic cost to deferring payments to shareholders by six, 12 or even 24 months -- and the added equity will put them in a much better position to keep lending in difficult times. The measure should apply to all banks, so markets won’t read it as a signal about individual institutions’ relative strength.
Second, there’s a risk that investors’ flight to safe assets could develop into a broader credit freeze. To mitigate this, the Fed should lower its short-term interest-rate target -- a move that, by lowering the returns on safe assets, would make lending to businesses and consumers relatively more attractive. Even lowering just the bottom end of the target range for the Fed funds rate would be a good step.Finally, the Fed should consider reviving the Term Auction Facility, which allows banks to borrow funds from the central bank with less of the stigma associated with other emergency lending programs, such as the Fed’s discount window. The facility proved effective during the 2008 financial crisis, but was terminated in 2010.
Granted, there is a risk that such steps will spook markets by signaling that the Fed is concerned about the state of the U.S. financial system. That said, as an outsider who gets much of his information from Twitter, I’d say the markets are already pretty spooked. By demonstrating that it’s paying attention to these obvious signals, the Fed can help to bolster confidence in its economic management.One important lesson of the last financial crisis is that the guarantors of stability must be proactive if they want to be effective. It’s time for the Fed to put that lesson into practice.

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9781416909835: No Talking - AbeBooks - Clements, Andrew: 1416909834
ISBN 13: 9781416909835
13,829 ratings by
ISBN 10: 1416909834
Publisher: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2007 View all copies of this ISBN edition:
Andrew Clements is the author of the enormously popular Frindle. More than 10 million copies of his books have been sold, and he has been nominated for a multitude of state awards, including two Christopher Awards and an Edgar Award. His popular works include About Average, Troublemaker, Extra Credit, Lost and Found, No Talking, Room One, Lunch Money, and more. He is also the author of the Benjamin Pratt & the Keepers of the School series. He lives with his wife in Maine and has four grown children. Visit him at AndrewClements.com. Mark Elliott has a BFA in illustration from the School of Visual Arts. He has illustrated a number of book covers, and his work has been exhibited at the Society of Illustrators and the Art Directors Guild. Mark lives on a sheep farm in the Hudson Valley region of New York.
Clements, a former teacher, writes engaging stories set in public schools. In NO TALKING, Lynsey and Dave debate whether girls or boys are noisier, declaring a two-day war of silence in which the words of those who speak are counted against them. Narrator Keith Nobbs, whose voice is appropriately youthful, reproduces fifth-grade tones with uncanny accuracy. This tonal precision has a downside: warring fifth-graders are not that much fun to hear. Fortunately, Nobbs also delivers long stretches of narration in which listeners learn about the kids boisterous fifth-grade class (nicknamed the unshushables), grade school dynamics, and the reaction of the principal to the students sudden silent behavior. Finally, when alls counted, a mere handful of words brings peace and harmony to all. J.C.G. © AudioFile 2007, Portland, Maine-- Copyright © AudioFile, Portland, Maine
ISBN 10: 1416909842
ISBN 13: 9781416909842
Book Description Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2007. Book Condition: New. Brand New, Unread Copy in Perfect Condition. A+ Customer Service! Summary: "Readers may be compelled to use their voice to praise Clements's deft handling of an interesting premise."-Publishers Weekly. Bookseller Inventory # ABE_book_new_1416909834
Book Description Book Condition: New. Depending on your location, this item may ship from the US or UK. Bookseller Inventory # 97814169098350000000
Book Description Simon and Schuster. Book Condition: New. Brand New. Bookseller Inventory # 1416909834
Book Description Simon and Schuster, 2007. HRD. Book Condition: New. New Book. Shipped from US within 10 to 14 business days. Established seller since 2000. Bookseller Inventory # VS-9781416909835
Book Description Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # 4984038-n
Book Description Simon Schuster Children s Publishing, United States, 2007. Other book format. Book Condition: New. Mark Elliott (illustrator). 211 x 145 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. You have the right to remain silent. However. The fifth-grade girls and the fifth-grade boys at Laketon Elementary don t get along very well. But the real problem is that these kids are loud and disorderly. That s why the principal uses her red plastic bullhorn. A lot. Then one day Dave Packer, a certified loudmouth, bumps into an idea -- a big one that makes him try to keep quiet for a whole day. But what does Dave hear during lunch? A girl, Lynsey Burgess, jabbering away. So Dave breaks his silence and lobs an insult. And those words spark a contest: Which team can say the fewest words during two whole days? And it s the boys against the girls. How do the teachers react to the silence? What happens when the principal feels she s losing control? And will Dave and Lynsey plunge the whole school into chaos? This funny and surprising book is about language and thought, about words unspoken, words spoken in anger, and especially about the power of words spoken in kindness.with or without a bullhorn. It s Andrew Clements at his best -- thought-provoking, true-to-life, and very entertaining. Bookseller Inventory # BZV9781416909835
Book Description SIMON and SCHUSTER BOOKS FOR YOU, 2007. HRD. Book Condition: New. New Book.Shipped from US within 10 to 14 business days. Established seller since 2000. Bookseller Inventory # IB-9781416909835
Book Description Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # 889617
9. No Talking
Book Description Simon Schuster Children s Publishing, United States, 2007. Other book format. Book Condition: New. Mark Elliott (illustrator). 211 x 145 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. You have the right to remain silent. However. The fifth-grade girls and the fifth-grade boys at Laketon Elementary don t get along very well. But the real problem is that these kids are loud and disorderly. That s why the principal uses her red plastic bullhorn. A lot. Then one day Dave Packer, a certified loudmouth, bumps into an idea -- a big one that makes him try to keep quiet for a whole day. But what does Dave hear during lunch? A girl, Lynsey Burgess, jabbering away. So Dave breaks his silence and lobs an insult. And those words spark a contest: Which team can say the fewest words during two whole days? And it s the boys against the girls. How do the teachers react to the silence? What happens when the principal feels she s losing control? And will Dave and Lynsey plunge the whole school into chaos? This funny and surprising book is about language and thought, about words unspoken, words spoken in anger, and especially about the power of words spoken in kindness.with or without a bullhorn. It s Andrew Clements at his best -- thought-provoking, true-to-life, and very entertaining. Bookseller Inventory # AAS9781416909835
Book Description Atheneum Books for Young Readers. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. 1416909834 Brand New Book. Ships from the United States. 30 Day Satisfaction Guarantee!. Bookseller Inventory # 4222634

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14.pdf | Wireless Ad Hoc Network | Network Congestion
Uploaded by أبو إسلام الجزائري
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IJITKMI Volume 7 Number 1 December 2013 pp.
81-86 (ISSN 0973-4414)
Analysis and Implementation of Proposed Hybrid H-AODV
Routing Protocol of MANETs using Detection of Malicious Nodes
Harsha Tamboli,Dr. Deepak Dembla
Researvh Scholar, Deptt. of CSE, Arya Institute of Engg. & Technology, Jaipur
Prof. & HOD, Deptt. Of CSE, Arya Institute of Engg. & Technology, Jaipur
tharsha19@gmail.com, deepak_dembla@yahoo.com
Abstract- A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a system of wireless mobile nodes which can freely and
dynamically self-organize and co-operative in to arbitrary and temporary network topologies. Security of
AODV protocol is compromised by a particular type of attack called Black Hole attack. In this attack a
malicious node advertises itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. If
there are multiple malicious nodes in a network and are co-operating with each other then it is known as cooperative black hole attack. In this work a hybrid approach is proposed for implementing H-AODV, by
preventing malicious nodes from network and improving efficiency. The proposed H-AODV protocol is
simulated on ns-3 simulator and results are compared and analysed with base AODV protocol, based on
important performance metrics like packet delivery fraction, end-to-end delay and throughput. It is concluded
from the result that H-AODV with proposed enhancement is comparably better than AODV (under attack) for
performance measures like packet delivery fraction, packet drop ratio, end to end delay and throughput. The
performance of the detection is significantly improved and delay in detection and prevention is also reduced.
A MANET is referred as an infrastructure less network because the mobile nodes in the network dynamically
locate paths among themselves to transfer packets provisionally [2] or a collection of wireless nodes
communicating in a confined wireless environment in the absence of any centralized organization and any fixed
infrastructure, is known as a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) [3].There are various routing protocol available
for this changing topology network. As routers are free to move and allowed to join a network range anytime, so
MANET networks are more vulnerable to attacks. One of the principal routing protocols used in Ad hoc
networks is AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) protocol. The security of the AODV protocol is
compromised by a particular type of attack called Black Hole attack [1].
1.1 AODV ( Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector)
AODV is a state-of-the-art routing protocol that adopts a purely reactive strategy [4] and is similar to DSR
protocol in which routes are determined only when needed. But in AODV hello messages are used to detect and
monitor links to neighbours. Hello messages are way of acknowledging that the neighbouring node is active.
When a source has data to transmit to an unknown destination, or the destination whose route from source is not
known, it conducts a route discovery procedure. In route discovery procedure it broadcasts a Route Request
(RREQ) for that destination. At each intermediate node, when a RREQ is received a route to the source is
created. If the receiving node has not received this RREQ before, is not the destination and does not have a
current route to the destination, it rebroadcasts the RREQ. If the receiving node is the destination or has a
current route to the destination, it generates a Route Reply (RREP).
1.2 BLACK HOLE ATTACK
In this type of attack, malicious node claims having an optimum route to the node whose packets it wants to
intercept [5], but in real they do not have that route to forward packet to destination. Malicious nodes degrade
the performance of network eventually by participating in the network actively. If there are multiple malicious
nodes in the network, and are cooperating with each other for performing the attack than such attack is called
Cooperative Black Hole attack These nodes falsely replies for route requests without having an active route to
the destination and exploits the protocol to advertise itself as having a good and valid path to a destination node,
as a result all the data packets are consumed by it or lost.
In some hostile and suspicious settings, node identities must not be exposed and node movements should be
untraceable. This paper is given by [Karim 2011], [6], and address a number of issues arising in suspicious
location-based MANET settings by designing and analyzing a privacy-preserving and secure link state based
routing protocol (ALARM).A similar domain study is conducted by [Ziming 2012] [7] according to author
existing solutions typically attempt to isolate malicious nodes based on binary or native fuzzy response
decisions. [Nital 2010][4] AODV is a state-of-the-art routing protocol that adopts a purely reactive strategy: it
IJITKMI Volume 7 Number 1 December 2013 pp. 81-86 (ISSN 0973-4414)
sets up a route on-demand at the start of a communication session, and uses it till it breaks, after which a new
route setup is initiated. AODV uses Route Request (RREQ), Route Reply (RREP) control messages in Route
DiHovery phase and Route Error (RER) control message in Route Maintenance phase. The header information
of this control messages can be seen in detail in[8]. Since AODV treats RREP messages having higher value of
destination sequence number to be fresher, the malicious node will always send the RREP having the highest
possible value of destination sequence number. Such RREP message, when received by source node is treated
afresh, too. The fallout is that there is a high probability of a malicious node attempting to orchestrate the Black
hole attacks in AODV.
MANET characteristic acquire many security challenges. There are certain attack from literature and found that
malicious nodes have harmful effect on network, as they consume data packets by claiming through a RREP
route reply message message that the malicious node is having a route between source and destination. The
presence of attack and congestion degrades the performance in terms of security and efficiency. There are
various solution previously proposed and implemented for preventing co-operative black hole attack. But most
of them are not much effective due to their performance or accuracy.
In this work a hybrid approach is proposed for implementing H-AODV, by preventing malicious nodes from
network and improving efficiency. And this hybrid approach is a combination of the concept of fidelity level,
for finding malicious node, and ECARP technique for efficiency consideration. The value of fidelity level can
This level contains a Boolean value like 0 or 1. If fidelity field in routing table of H-AODV contains 0, it
indicates that H-AODV found a malicious entry in network, which may be harmful for network, H-AODV
delete this entry, otherwise considered as safe route. But using only fidelity level concept introduces some endto-end delay for data delivery. There is one more fact for packet drop and delay, that is congestion, [9].
Congestion means where the number of packets in the queue is more than buffer length of the device. If the
length is more than fixed size, than all the packets dropped and introduce delay. Here the solution is to divert
traffic to other route if possible. For this a variable is introduced called congestion level Cs. Can be calculated
If the value of congestion level is greater than a particular threshold value, than another different route is
For the prevention of malicious activity in network, a hybrid scheme is used for implementing H-AODV routing
protocol and is simulated using NS3 network simulator. For this study the algorithm is simulated in NS3
simulator. NS-3 is a discrete-event network simulator, targeted primarily for research and educational use. NS-3
is free software, licensed under the GNU GPLv2 license, and is publicly available for research, development,
Step-1 Finding path from source to destination.
Step-2 Calculate Fidelity level value and congestion level value.
Step-3 Compare the average of fidelity level of requested node and next hop with threshold value.
Step-4 If average is greater than threshold value send data packet.
Step-5 Compare congestion value with a particular threshold value.
Step-6 If congestion is less than a particular threshold value than choose another path.
Step-7 If acknowledgement of data packets is not received within a particular time then decrement
fidelity level.
Step-8 If fidelity level value is zero then node claiming route is considered as malicious and the node is
4.3 Snippet of Modified Code for Proposed H-AODV Protocol
Small code snippet is shown below:
RoutingProtocol::SendHello() {
NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
int bufp = m_queue.GetSize();
int bufs = m_queue.GetMaxQueueLen();
int cs = bufp/bufs;
if(cs<=1/2){
if((cs>=1/2) ||(cs<=3/4)){
else if((cs>=3/4) ||(cs<=1)){
m_routingTable.Purge();
for (std::map<Ptr<Socket>, Ipv4InterfaceAddress>::const_iterator j = m_socketAddresses.begin(); j !=
m_socketAddresses.end(); ++j) {
Ptr<Socket> socket = j->first;
Ipv4InterfaceAddress iface = j->second;
RrepHeader helloHeader( 0, 0, iface.GetLocal(), m_seqNo,
packet->AddHeader(tHeader);
Ipv4Address destination;
if (iface.GetMask() == Ipv4Mask::GetOnes()) {
destination = Ipv4Address("255.255.255.255");
destination = iface.GetBroadcast();
socket->SendTo(packet, 0, InetSocketAddress(destination, AODV_PORT));
V. SIMULATION SETUP
The performance is analyzed for the parameters like packet delivery fraction, packet drop ratio, end to end delay
and throughput. Both the AODV (under attack) and H-AODV are simulated in ns-3 simulator in same settings
of parameters and scenarios. To prepare simulation for desired network utility we provide the following given
Table 5.1 Simulation setup
Range Propagation model
In this topic the results are shown for the comparison of AODV with H-AODV
for few performance parameters.
6.1Packet Drop Ratio Analysis
Provides the number of packets drop during communication sessions [10].
Fig 6.1shows the analysis of packet delivery ratio for AODV (under attack) and H-AODV, it is found that HAODV outperforms AODV (under attack). The main reason for packet drop is availability of malicious node in
the network and congestion, under attack condition the malicious nodes are available hence they consume the
data packets routed toward destination, so number of packet drop increases in each session of communication.
Fig. 6.1 AODV (under attack condition) VS. H-AODV for PDR
After implementation of the proposed method in AODV protocol it is found that packet drop ratio decreases as
the malicious node are detected and removed, and the dropping of packet due to congestion is also removed and
it is found that the PDR is effectively improved using the proposed technique of detection and prevention of
4.2 Packet Delivery Fraction Analysis
The ratio of the data packets delivered to the Destinations to those generated by the constant bit rate sources is
packet delivery fraction. Packets delivered and packets missing are taking in to reflection [11].
Fig. 6.2 AODV (under attack condition) VS. H-AODV for PDF
After implementing the proposed technique the malicious nodes are removed and congestion level is checked;
which in turn results in more packets reaches towards the destination end as packets are not dropped and even
not consumed, hence packet delivery fraction increases. It also implies that packet drop ratio is inversely
proportional to packet delivery fraction. This is concluded from figure 6.2 for packet delivery fraction that HAODV outperforms AODV (under attack) by using this method.
6.3 End To End Delay Analysis
The End to End Delay is a significant parameter for evaluating a protocol which must be low for good
performance. It is observed from figure that 6.3, for H-AODV the average end to end delay decreases as
compared to AODV (under attack).
Fig. 6.3 AODV (under attack) VS. H-AODV (with proposed algorithm) for End to End Delay
In the case of AODV (under attack) the nodes have to wait for additional time before sending the reply while in
H-AODV the waiting time is removed and S-AODV also chooses another route in the presence of congestion.
Network throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. This data
may be delivered over a physical or logical link, or pass through a certain network node. The throughput is
usually measured in bits per second (bit/s or bps), and sometimes in data packets per second or data packets per
Fig. 6.4 AODV (under attack) VS. H-AODV (with proposed algorithm) for Throughput
After implementing the proposed technique the conclusion is that throughput is improved adoptively and
provides the efficient results. The overall comparison is shown in fig 6.4. When attack is formed the network
throughput becomes zero on increasing number of flows. As concluded H-AODV is better than AODV in terms
It is found in this research work that the hybrid H-AODV protocol performs better than traditional AODV
routing protocol of MANET, which is not very much secured and is threat prone. The main conclusion of the
above research work is packet drop ratio, packet delivery fraction, and end to end delay and throughput
parameters. If we remove the malicious nodes and include the concept of the congestion level the packet drop
ratio decreases as consumption of packet by malicious node is removed; hence packet delivery fraction increases
as more nodes reaches destination. And it is concluded that performance of throughput has been improved and
hence it gives high performance. On analysis E2E delay it is found that is reduced which increases the
performance. Finally it has been concluded that the performance of the detection is improved approximately 510% and delay in detection and prevention is reduced. This concept is able to detect only one attack and able to
detect and prevent the black hole and in some cases of DOS attacks. In future a normalized framework for
security can be created for more than one attack and routing protocol.
Hongmei Deng, Wei Li, and Dharma P. Agarwal, Routing Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, University
ofCincinnati, IEEE Communications magazine,Vol.40, no.10, October 2002.
Jim Dowling, Eoin Curran, Raymond Cunningham, and Vinny Cahill ,Using Feedback in Collaborative
Reinforcement Learning to Adaptively Optimize MANET Routing , IEEE Transactions On Systems, Man, And
CyberneticsPart A: Systems And Humans, VOL. 35, NO. 3, MAY 2005
Rooshabh Kothari and Deepak Dembla, Performance Analysis & Implementation of Enhanced DSR Routing
Protocol of MANET using Selfish behaviour, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Hience and
Software Engineering , Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013,pp 896-901, ISSN: 2277 128X
Nital mistry et. al, Improving AODV Protocol against Blackhole Attacks, Proceedings of the international
Multiconferece of Engineers and computer Hientists,vol-II 2010, IMECS 2010,march 17-19.
Gagandeep, Aashima, PawanKumar, Analysis of Different Security Attacks in MANETs on Protocol Stack AReview, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 8958, Volume-1,
Issue-5, June 2012
Karim El Defrawy, Member, Gene Tsudik,ALARM: Anonymous Location-Aided Routing in Suspicious MANETs,
IEEE journal on selected areas in communications, VOL. 29, NO. 10, DECEMBER 2011
Ziming Zhao, Hongxin Hu, Gail-Joon Ahn, and Ruoyu Wu, Risk-Aware Mitigation for MANET Routing Attacks,
C. Perkins. (RFC) request for Comments-3561, Category:Experimental, Network, Working Group, July 2003.
Subir Kumar Sarkar,et. Al., ECARP: An Efficient Congestion Adaptive Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc
Networks,6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications Proceedings, 2006
[10] Nilesh P. Bobade1, Nitiket N. Mhala2 Performance Evaluation Of Aodv and DSR On-Demand Routing Protocols
With Varying Manet Size, International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN), Vol. 4, No. 1, February
[11] G.L.Saini,Dr. Deepak Dembla, Modeling, Implementation and Performance Evaluation of E-AODV Routing
Protocol in MANETs, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Hience and Software Engineering,
Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013, pp1221-1227 ,ISSN: 2277 128X, 2013.
Documents Similar To 14.pdf


text:
DBAG Class 128 - Wikipedia
DBAG Class 128
AEG/Adtranz/Bombardier 12X
128 001 in UNICEF special livery in 1996.
22500[1]
new: 1,250 mm (49.2 in)
worn: 1,170 mm (46.1 in)
in bogie: 2,600 mm (102.4 in)
19,500 mm (767.7 in)[2]
21 tonnes (23 short tons)
85.9 t (94.7 short tons)[3]
15 kV/16.7 Hz AC catenary[2]
15 kV/16.7 Hz and 25 kV/50 Hz AC catenary[4]
pantograph[5]
type: AEG BAZu 8881/4[6]
rating: 1,840 kW (2,470 hp)[6]
regenerative, wheel tread[5]
achieved in tests: 283 km/h (176 mph)
design: 250 km/h (155 mph)[7]
service: 220 km/h (137 mph)[7]
continuous: 6.4 MW (8,600 hp)[7]
short-term: 7.2 MW (9,700 hp)[7]
300 kN (67,400 lbf)[5]
continuous up to 90 km/h (56 mph):
250 kN (56,200 lbf)[5]
regenerative: 250 kN (56,200 lbf)[5]
AEG, Deutsche Bahn (lease), Adtranz, BLS (lease), DB Cargo (lease), BASF (lease), Bombardier Transportation
128 001-5
The development of the locomotive was initiated in anticipation of a major tender for universal locomotives by German railways, but moved towards a modular design when the railways moved towards tendering different types of locomotives for different services. The 12X was the basis of a locomotive class for medium-weight freight trains, the DBAG Class 145, the further development of which ultimately led to Bombardier's TRAXX modular locomotive product platform.
1.1 DB Class 121 development
1.2 Project 12x
1.3 Commissioning, reconstruction, test and lease operation
2.1 Electrical part
2.2 Mechanical part
2.3 Other general characteristics
DB Class 121 development[edit]
DB Class 120 was the first locomotive class of West German federal railway Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) with three-phase asynchronous AC induction motors, and also the first implementation of the concept of the universal locomotive, which is suited for freight, passenger and express service alike.[8] DB received the five prototypes from 1979, and all Germany-based locomotive manufacturers were involved in the delivery of the 60 series locomotives from 1987.[8] In 1991,[9] DB requested bids for an initial 500 universal locomotives with an improved design and a continuous power increased from 5.6 to 6.4 MW (7,500 to 8,600 hp),[10] the planned DB Class 121.[11] Former East German state railways Deutsche Reichsbahn also considered purchasing 200 units.[11]
The competitors for the DB Class 121 order developed components and from December 1991, tested them in the prototypes of the DB Class 120, which were reclassified as the experimental Class 752.[8] AEG Westinghouse, a supplier of electrical components for rail vehicles that was part of Daimler-Benz at the time, began developing a new final drive concept, a water-cooled converter based on GTO thyristors, an auxiliary converter, and a microprocessor-based traction control system.[5] In 1992, AEG took over former East German locomotive manufacturer LEW Hennigsdorf and made it a subsidiary under its AEG Bahnsysteme (AEG Rail Systems) business area as AEG Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH (AEG Rail Vehicles Ltd). LEW was already developing lightweight vehicle body construction, better aerodynamics, and high-speed running gear.[5] AEG bundled and continued these development efforts with the aim to produce a complete locomotive.[5] The newly developed GTO thyristor based converter was built into DBAG 752 002 in late 1992[12] and started testing in January next year,[10] the prototype of the new AEG final drive was built into series locomotive DB 120 118 and also began testing in 1993.[6]
Project 12x[edit]
In the meantime, in October 1992, DB cancelled the Class 121 tender[8] due to the high price of the offers,[9] which made government approval for the investment unlikely,[11] and the changed organisational and operational situation.[9] The upcoming merger of Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn into Deutsche Bahn in 1994 coincided with a railway reform,[13] dividing the rolling stock of Deutsche Bahn between its regional passenger, long-distance passenger and freight business areas, making the universal locomotive plans obsolete.[8] The freight branch of DB was concerned in particular that express trains would be given priority in the use of shared universal locomotives.[13] From late 1993, the business areas of Deutsche Bahn and their predecessors called new bids for electric locomotives tailored for their specific needs.[9][14]
Locomotive manufacturers responded to the changed situation by focusing on the modularity of their designs, allowing the derivation of different types of locomotives by removing or rearranging the components of a universal locomotive.[7][15] After the cancellation of the DB Class 121 order, AEG continued its development effort under the informal project name "12x", and decided to produce a prototype on its own.[15] The decision was also motivated by further elements of the 1994 railway reform, which led to rail operators issuing tenders for complete vehicles rather than let manufacturers compete at the level of components, and the creation of an independent authority for vehicle approval.[5] AEG spent 40 million Deutsche Mark (DM) on the 12x development programme, the construction of the locomotive itself cost another 8 million DM.[16] AEG painted the experimental universal locomotive in the red and white company colours, named it 12X (with capital X), and held its rollout ceremony on 30 June 1994.[16] Although owned by AEG, the 12X was designated 128 001 by DB.[16]
Commissioning, reconstruction, test and lease operation[edit]
In September and October 1995, the 12X was tested on DB's rolling rig in Munich at simulated speeds of up to 330 km/h (205 mph).[3] Following hauled trials and trials at standstill, the locomotive made its first run with own power at 140 km/h (87 mph) on 10 April 1995.[3] By that time, AEG received an order for a lower-speed commercial derivative, the DBAG Class 145.[3] For a test of components to be used in the Class 145 under service conditions, the 12X first completed trials for a preliminary commissioning for 160 km/h (99 mph),[3] and pulled its first regular InterCity train on 22 August 1995, on lease Deutsche Bahn.[3][17]
In January 1996, ABB and Daimler-Benz merged their railway business areas into a joint venture, ADtranz.[18] On 31 January 1996, Adtranz presented 128 001 in a new, modified livery at the Nuremberg Toy Fair, with an advertisement for UNICEF and the logos of Adtranz and model train manufacturer Märklin, which sponsored the advertisement for a year.[19] The locomotive continued its commissioning trials at speeds of up to 280 km/h (174 mph) in February,[19] later achieving 283 km/h (176 mph), and received its approval for 220 km/h (137 mph) in the summer of 1996.[20]
Adtranz used the 12X as test bed for even more advanced power electronics. In late 1997, the locomotive received new IGBT based converters, which were the first application of this technology in locomotives around the world.[4][21] In early 1998, the traction control electronics was also replaced.[4] The locomotive also received its final livery, with rainbow-coloured wave patterns on the sidewalls.[22] After extensive trials and trial operation in BLS service on the Lötschberg Line in Switzerland, the locomotive returned to Hennigsdorf.[22] In the following years, the locomotive alternated between test runs to test onboard systems,[23] test locomotive service in the commissioning of new Adtranz models,[24] and regular freight service on lease to DB's freight branch[25] and BASF.[26]
In May 2001, Bombardier Transportation acquired Adtranz.[27] Bombardier continued to use the 12X as test locomotive, stationed at its facility in Oerlikon (Zurich), Switzerland.[1] In July 2010, the locomotive returned to the Hennigsdorf plant.[1]
The 12X design maintained the basic configuration of the Class 120: two bogies with two axles each, each axle powered by three-phase asynchronous motors, forced-air cooling of motors with cooling exhausts on the inclined roof edges, airtight machine room with closed walls and a central alley.[2]
The main transformer is installed underfloor between the two bogies.[2] It has six secondary windings for the traction circuits,[7] one to supply the on-board auxiliary units and charge the batteries, and one more for the electric train supply.[5] The auxiliary windings connect to two 120 kVA auxiliary converters.[5]
The two traction converters, one per bogie, are directly above the transformer, on both sides of the central alley, to keep power cables as short as possible and for a symmetric weight distribution.[5] The original converters were built from modules that include two water-cooled GTO thyristors each, which can be regulated, and thus allow the construction of control circuits with much fewer components than those built with normal thyristors.[2] Three of the modules in each converter functioned as four-quadrant converters between one winding of the transformer each and a direct current (DC) intermediate circuit,[2][7] two more modules functioned as inverters, providing three-phase variable voltage variable frequency supply to the two motors of a bogie, making individual axle control possible.[2] A version of the module for use as DC chopper under DC catenary supply was also foreseen.[2] For traction and power control, the locomotive was equipped with the GEATRAC II system, which consists of 32-bit microprocessors, allowing for hardware-independent software and updates.[5] Following the upgrade of the locomotive by Adtranz, the GTO thyristor based converters were replaced by IGBT based converters which were suited for multi-voltage operation, and the control technology changed to Adtranz's then current MITRAC system.[4]
Mechanical part[edit]
The 12X was equipped with newly developed GEALAIF final drives,[7] where GEA refers to AEG, and LAIF stands for Lokomotiv-Antrieb mit integriertem Fahrmotor (locomotive final drive with integrated traction motor).[6] The motor axle is connected to the pinion axle of the final drive by a diaphragm coupling that is rotationally and radially rigid but bends softly.[2][6] The main innovation of the GEAALAIF concept is that the pinion axle is supported by bearings on both sides rather than just on the engine side.[6] This solution reduces bending moments on both the pinion axle and the connected motor axle, thus allowing for the size and mass reduction of both.[6] The integration of final drive and motor also included the reversion of the flow of the forced-air cooling, with the cold air passing down on the final drive side of the engine to cool the pinion, too.[6] The final drive drives the wheelset by way of a Cardan shaft, forming a hollow shaft drive.[6]
The bogie wheelbase is 2,600 mm (102.4 in), shorter than in similar locomotives, with the aim to reduce forces and wear in curves.[5] Prior to tests, Deutsche Bahn's engineers were sceptical about the design, in light of problems with another short bogie,[28] an ABB Flexifloat prototype with a wheelbase of 2,650 mm (104.3 in) that was built into 752 004.[29] However, rolling rig tests[3] and line tests showed stable running.[19] The primary suspension uses metal coil springs, the secondary suspension uses Flexicoil suspension.[5] Traction forces are transmitted between bogie and vehicle body by way of inclined drawbars.[5]
The locomotive body is a lightweight construction, which was intended to make the 12X the lightest locomotive in its power class at 84 t (93 short tons).[2] The actual mass of the finished locomotive was 85.9 t (94.7 short tons) in working order.[3] The structure-bearing parts of the locomotive body are the underframe and the machine room sidewalls, and are made of steel.[5] The roofs, drivers' cabins and the shroud below the underframe covering the transformer are made of plastics and composites, which were glued to the steel frame.[5] The inclined roof edge transitions into the inclined ends of the side walls, which protrude beyond the fronts, forming windflaps designed to increase stability during tunnel crossings, train meetings and station passages.[5]
Environmental sustainability was one of the principles of the 12X development.[2] The cooling medium of the Voith-supplied[7] cooling system of the power electronics uses tap water with glycol as anti-freeze, rather than oil or oil substitutes.[2] For the external painting of the locomotive, water-soluble paints were used instead of two-component paints with a high proportion of organic solvents.[5] Deviating from previous systems, for the air conditioning, a cooling medium without chlorine was chosen.[5]
The components of the 12X were developed as modules that can be removed, replaced or reconfigured in series versions.[2][7] AEG envisioned four basic vehicle configurations on the basis of the components of the 12X: a high-performance locomotive for express service in the original 12X configuration, a powerhead with driver's cab only at one end for high-speed electric multiple units (EMUs), a light locomotive for regional traffic, and a heavy-haul twin locomotive with driver's cab at one end of both halves.[5][7] AEG also considered the use of 12X components in an EMU with the power electronics placed underfloor, and the enhancement of the converters for multiple voltage systems.[2] The modularity was also intended to allow for the replacement of components with more modern components as technology advances over the lifespan of the vehicle.[5]
Derived types[edit]
Main articles: DBAG Class 145 and 146 and TRAXX
145 067 with the logo of DB Cargo successor and DB Schenker Rail predecessor Railion, in 2007
In November 1994, Deutsche Bahn chose AEG to supply DB's freight business area DB Cargo (today DB Schenker Rail) with eighty locomotives for medium-weight freight trains, the DBAG Class 145.[3] The original Class 145 design was a cheaper derivative of the 12X, leaving away components for higher speeds, including hollow-shaft drives, which were replaced by simpler axle hung drives.[30] After the merger of AEG Bahnsysteme and ABB Transportation into Adtranz, the final design of the locomotive was adapted for more commonalities with the DBAG Class 101, an express locomotive originally ordered from ABB at the same time.[30] In particular, the less advanced ester cooled inverters with GTO thyristors and the also ester cooled main transformer of the DBAG Class 145 was derived from those of the DBAG Class 101, and the bogie design was modified to fit into ABB's Flexicoil family, with wheelbase increased to 2,650 mm (104.3 in).[30]
Later on, the Class 145 was a main basis for Adtranz's planned modular electric locomotive platform, announced in March 1998.[31][32] Locomotive types derived from the DBAG Class 145 included a two voltage system version for international traffic, the DBAG Class 185, ordered in July 1998.[33] After Bombardier Transportation bought Adtranz in 2001, it fully implemented the modular locomotive platform idea on the basis of the DBAG Class 185,[34] and named it TRAXX in 2003.[35]
EuroSprinter: rival product line of Siemens, demonstrator unit DBAG 127 001 built in 1992
^ a b c "AEG 22500". railcolor.net. Retrieved 2011-01-22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Die Baureihe 12x. Hochleistungs-Universal-Lokomotive der AEG. Teil 2". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 50–53. December 1993. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Erster InterCity-Einsatz für die 12X". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 28–29. October 1995. ^ a b c d "INTELLIGENCE > Germany". Railway Gazette International. June 1998. Retrieved 2011-01-18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Hochleistungslokomotive 12X der AEG". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 16–20. July 1994. ^ a b c d e f g h i "GEALAIF. Ein neues Antriebskonzept für Höchstleistungen im Traktionsbereich". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 21–25. July 1994. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Duffy, Michael C. (2003). Electric railways 1880-1990. IET. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-85296-805-5. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ a b c d e Rampp, Brian (November 1999). "20 Jahre Vorserien-120". Eisenbahn Kurier (in German): 56–61. ^ a b c d "Entwicklungsgeschichte" (in German). Baureihe-101.de. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ a b "Hochleistungs-Stromrichter mit umweltfreundlicher Kühltechnik". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 26. June 1993. ^ a b c "DB-Baureihe 121". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 8–9. March 1992. ^ "DB-Baureihe 120". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 9, 12. January 1993. ^ a b "Bahn AG". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 4–5. October 1993. ^ "Geschichte der BR 145/146" (in German). Drehstromloks.de. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ a b ""Unser Ziel ist die Entwicklung einer Technologiefamilie, um unterschiedliche Anforderungen aus einem modularen Systemkonzept abdecken zu können" (Interview with Dr. Peter Gold, CEO of AEG Schienenfahrzeuge)". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 14–18. February 1993. ^ a b c "Weltpremiere in Hennigsdorf. Nach 55 Jahren großer Bahnhof für Superlok 12X (128 001)". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 22–25. August 1994. ^ "AEG-Lok besteht erste Fahrt". Berliner Zeitung. 1995-08-23. Retrieved 2011-01-18. ^ "A brief history of ABB". ABB. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ a b c "Baureihe 128". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 5. April–May 1996. ^ "Adtranz 12X (128 001) erhielt Zulassung bis 220 km/h". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 7–9. August–September 1996. ^ "Zurich Competence Center High Power Propulsion" (PDF). Bombardier Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2011-01-18. ^ a b "128 001 zurückgekehrt". Eisenbahn Kurier (in German): 32. October 1998. ^ "Außerdem...". Eisenbahn Kurier (in German): 12. June 1999. ^ "Außerdem...". Eisenbahn Kurier (in German): 15. August 2000. ^ "Außerdem...". Eisenbahn Kurier (in German): 12. December 1999. ^ "128 001 bei BASF". Eisenbahn Kurier (in German): 24. December 2000. ^ "Adtranz takeover completed". Railway Gazette International. June 2001. Retrieved 2011-01-18. ^ "Baureihen 127/128". Eisenbahn Illustrierte (in German): 12. September 1994. ^ "Drehgestell und Fahrmotoren" (in German). Baureihe-101.de. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ a b c Wenzel, Berndt (January–February 1998). "BAUREIHE 145. Die neue Mehrzweck-Ellok für die DB AG". BahnProfil (in German) (4): 55–60. ^ "Adtranz unveils modular range". Railway Gazette International. April 1998. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ "Adtranz launches off-the-shelf strategy". Railway Gazette International. May 1998. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ "DB and NS merge freight businesses". Railway Gazette International. August 1998. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ "Bombardier-Loks aus Kassel". Eisenbahn Kurier (in German): 36–41. October 2004. ^ "Bombardier TRAXX - Ab sofort hat Zugkraft einen Namen" (in German). Bombardier. 2003-09-05. Archived from the original on 2004-01-09. Retrieved 2011-01-09. Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to DBAG class 128.
"From Universal to Modular (2/2) part 2". www.eurotrib.com. "AEG 22500". www.railcolor.net. "Bildauflistung zum Fahrzeug 128 001-5" [Images of 128 001-5]. www.br146.de (in German). Olaf Hoell. "Baureihe 128 (12X)". www.bahn-galerie.de (in German). "Picture Gallery: 12X". www.railfaneurope.net. v
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Patent US4996796 - Process and apparatus of abrading by extrusion - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn apparatus for abrading a workpiece surface by extruding a flowable plastic abrading medium through a passageway which includes said workpiece surface. The apparatus utilizes at least three chambers for feeding and receiving said medium whereby at least two of said chambers operate at differential...http://www.google.com/patents/US4996796?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4996796 - Process and apparatus of abrading by extrusionAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4996796 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/134,116Publication dateMar 5, 1991Filing dateDec 17, 1987Priority dateDec 17, 1987Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA1310190C, DE3851885D1, DE3851885T2, EP0345335A1, EP0345335A4, EP0345335B1, WO1989005710A1Publication number07134116, 134116, US 4996796 A, US 4996796A, US-A-4996796, US4996796 A, US4996796AInventorsLawrence J. RhoadesOriginal AssigneeExtrude Hone CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (3), Referenced by (5), Classifications (7), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetProcess and apparatus of abrading by extrusionUS 4996796 AAbstract An apparatus for abrading a workpiece surface by extruding a flowable plastic abrading medium through a passageway which includes said workpiece surface. The apparatus utilizes at least three chambers for feeding and receiving said medium whereby at least two of said chambers operate at differential parameters to effect differential abrasion on different surfaces of said workpiece.
What is claimed is: 1. An apparatus for abrasive flow machining by controllably extruding a flowable plastic medium containing abrasive particles through a passageway, said passageway including workpiece surfaces to be abraded and having at least three ports for ingress or egress of said medium comprising:A. at least three positive displacement chambers adapted to independently feed and receive said plastic medium, each of said chambers adapted to communicate with at least one port of said passageway; B. a drive means associated with each of said positive displacement chambers to independently drive each of said positive displacement chambers to effect extrusion of said medium through said passageway and thereby effect abrasion on said workpiece surface; C. control means to individually regulate each of said drive means to feed said medium from, and receive medium into said chambers, in response to the abrasion requirements of the said workpiece surfaces. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said control means regulates said drive means to simultaneously feed said medium from and receive medium into said chambers.
17. An apparatus for abrasive flow machining by controllably extruding a flowable plastic medium containing abrasive particles through a passageway, said passageway having at least three ports for ingress and egress of said medium, a plurality of intersecting segments and including workpiece surfaces to be abraded comprising:A. at least three positive displacement chambers adapted to independently feed and receive said plastic medium, each of said chambers adapted to communicate with at least one port of said passageway, B. a drive means associated with each of said positive displacement chambers to effect extrusion of said medium through said passageway, C. control means to individually regulate each of said drive means to selectively and differentially feed said medium from, and receive medium into said chambers to cause differential machining in different segments. 18. An apparatus according to claim 15 having a plurality of passageways, each of said passageways having at least two ports for ingress or egress for said medium and having at least four of said positive displacement chambers whereby said control means causes differential machining in different passageways.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3728821 *Sep 13, 1971Apr 24, 1973Dynetics CorpMachine for finishing surfacesUS3802128 *Apr 28, 1972Apr 9, 1974Extrude Hone CorpMachine for abrading by extrudingJPS59156661A * Title not available* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5702288 *Aug 30, 1995Dec 30, 1997United Technologies CorporationMethod of removing excess overlay coating from within cooling holes of aluminide coated gas turbine engine componentsUS5788558 *Nov 13, 1995Aug 4, 1998Localmed, Inc.Apparatus and method for polishing lumenal prosthesesUS6220790 *Oct 15, 1996Apr 24, 2001Voest Alpine IndustrieanlagenbauProcess for conveying fine-grained solidUS8556681Jan 29, 2008Oct 15, 2013Tosoh Smd, Inc.Ultra smooth face sputter targets and methods of producing sameWO2005049273A1 *Sep 8, 2004Jun 2, 2005Bosch Gmbh RobertMethod and device for the hydro-erosive rounding of bore passages* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification451/114, 451/37, 451/64International ClassificationB24B31/116, B24B31/00Cooperative ClassificationB24B31/116European ClassificationB24B31/116Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 21, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: EXTRUDE HONE CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIAFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PNC BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:016386/0254Effective date: 20050225Owner name: EXTRUDE HONE CORPORATION ONE INDUSTRY BOULEVARDIRWFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PNC BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION /AR;REEL/FRAME:016386/0254Aug 15, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Feb 22, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: PNC BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, PENNSYLVANIAFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EXTRUDE HONE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:009773/0443Effective date: 19990208Aug 24, 1998FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Aug 22, 1994FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 3, 1988ASAssignmentOwner name: EXTRUDE HONE CORPORATION, P.O. BOX 527, 8075 PA. AFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:RHOADES, LAWRENCE J.;REEL/FRAME:004831/0578Effective date: 19880215Owner name: EXTRUDE HONE CORPORATION, A CORP. OF PA.,PENNSYLVFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RHOADES, LAWRENCE J.;REEL/FRAME:4831/578Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RHOADES, LAWRENCE J.;REEL/FRAME:004831/0578RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Patent US20030099071 - Circuit system for discharging a buffer capacitor used for supplying high ... - Google Patents
A circuit system for discharging a buffer capacitor, in particular for supplying high voltage to a piezoelectric output stage inside a control unit. Electronic switching elements are provided to discharge (but not to recharge) the buffer capacitor after the control unit is isolated from the piezoelectric...http://www.google.com/patents/US20030099071?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20030099071 - Circuit system for discharging a buffer capacitor used for supplying high voltage to a control unit, in particular a control unit for actuating a piezoelectric output stage
Publication number US20030099071 A1
Application number US 10/274,695
Also published as DE10152270A1, DE10152270B4, US6982517
Publication number 10274695, 274695, US 2003/0099071 A1, US 2003/099071 A1, US 20030099071 A1, US 20030099071A1, US 2003099071 A1, US 2003099071A1, US-A1-20030099071, US-A1-2003099071, US2003/0099071A1, US2003/099071A1, US20030099071 A1, US20030099071A1, US2003099071 A1, US2003099071A1
Inventors Joerg Reineke, Markus Haederle
Original Assignee Joerg Reineke, Markus Haederle
US 20030099071 A1
a second resistor to permit an increased buffer voltage of the buffer capacitor
[0005]FIG. 1 shows a circuit system in a first exemplary embodiment.
[0006]FIG. 2 shows a circuit system in a second exemplary embodiment.
[0007]FIG. 3 shows a voltage characteristic curve as a function of time.
[0008]FIG. 1 shows a buffer capacitor 10 which is supplied with high voltage from a voltage source 18 via a direct current converter 20. Buffer capacitor 10 is used in a control unit 14 for supplying high voltage to a piezoelectric output stage 12. Direct current converter 20 and piezoelectric output stage 12 are controlled by a triggering device 22. Piezoelectric elements 16 are connected to piezoelectric output stage 12 via a control unit plug-in connector 30 and a cable harness plug-in connector 32. On the high-voltage side, a resistor R1 and a resistor R2 as well as electronic switching elements T1 and T2 are associated with buffer capacitor 10. Electronic switching elements T1 and T2 may be, for example, npn-switching bipolar transistors or MOSFET transistors. The bases of transistors T1 and T2 are connected to resistor R2 and to ground via a cable harness bridge 24 in control unit plug-in connector/cable harness plug-in connector 30, 32. The collector of electronic switching element T1 is connected to resistor R1, and its emitter side is grounded. The emitter of electronic switching element T2 is likewise connected to ground, but its switching collector output is connected to triggering device 22.
When cable harness plug-in connector 32 is disconnected from control unit plug-in connector 30, transistors T1 and T2 become conductive, i.e., are switched on, due to the feature that a base-emitter voltage U — Buffer arises in buffer capacitor 10 via resistor R2. Switched-on transistor T1 causes buffer capacitor 10 to immediately discharge via resistor R1. Switched-on transistor T2 places triggering device 22 in a reset position, thus preventing buffer capacitor 10 from recharging because direct current converter 20 is not triggered by triggering device 22. The discharge operation in buffer capacitor 10 occurs with a time constant resulting from the resistance of resistor R1 and the buffer capacitance of buffer capacitor 10. Through appropriate dimensioning, the high voltage in buffer capacitor 10 is lowered within a reasonable time period to a value below a safety extra-low voltage U — threshold.
[0012]FIG. 3 shows voltage U — Buffer in buffer capacitor 10 over time. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the high voltage in buffer capacitor 10 drops to threshold voltage U — threshold within a short time at the moment that cable harness plug-in connector 32 is disconnected from control unit plug-in connector 30. This threshold voltage U — threshold is less than or equal to a specified safety extra-low voltage.
In a second exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2, disconnection 36 of cable harness plug-in connector 32 from control unit plug-in connector 30 according to the present invention likewise may result in a drop in high voltage U — Buffer in buffer capacitor 10 to threshold voltage U — threshold. In addition, triggering device 22 is reset. As shown in FIG. 2 for the related circuit system of the second exemplary embodiment, the bases of electronic switching elements T1 and T2 are not connected to ground via cable harness bridge 24, but rather to an output HR of a second triggering device 28 via cable harness bridge 24. A resistor R4 is connected between the base of transistor T1 and cable harness bridge 24, and a resistor R5 is connected between the base of transistor T2 and cable harness bridge 24. In addition, the base of transistor T1 is connected to ground via a resistor R3, and the base of transistor T2 is connected to ground via a resistor R6. Output HR is used in triggering device 28 for triggering a main relay 26. In normal operation, main relay 26 is actuated, i.e., output HR and, via cable harness bridge 24 transistors T1 and T2, are connected to ground via triggering device 28. Thus, no base-emitter voltage U is present across the bases of transistors T1 and T2, and transistors T1 and T2 are blocked, i.e., not turned on.
[0014]FIG. 2 also shows, in a manner similar to FIG. 1, buffer capacitor 10 which is supplied with high voltage from voltage source 18 via direct current converter 20. Direct current converter 20 and piezoelectric output stage 12 are triggered by triggering device 22, and piezoelectric elements 16 are connected to piezoelectric output stage 12 via control unit plug-in connector 30 and cable harness plug-in connector 32. On the high-voltage side, resistors R1 and R2 as well as electronic switching elements T1 and T2 are associated with buffer capacitor 10. As in FIG. 1, the bases of transistors T1 and T2 are connected to resistor R2 and, via cable harness bridge 24, to output HR of triggering device 28. The collector-side circuit from transistor T1 to resistor R1 and from transistor T2 to triggering device 22, as well as the emitter-side ground connections of transistors T1 and T2, remain unchanged as in FIG. 1.
If control unit 14 is now externally switched off, triggering device 28 then switches output HR of triggering device 28 to a high resistance. U — Bat then arises at output HR, resulting in a base-emitter voltage U in transistors T1 and T2 via cable harness bridge 24, and the transistors are turned on, i.e., switched on. Switched-on transistor T1 causes buffer capacitor 10 to immediately discharge via resistor R1. Switched-on transistor T2 resets triggering device 22 in the reset position, thus preventing buffer capacitor 10 from recharging because direct current converter 20 is not triggered by triggering device 22. The discharge operation in buffer capacitor 10 occurs at the same resistance R1 and the same buffer capacitance in buffer capacitor 10, with a resulting discharge time constant.
On account of cable harness bridge 24, the discharge circuit described in FIG. 2 also operates when cable harness plug-in connector 32 is disconnected from control unit plug-in connector 30. As a result, as described in FIG. 1, a base-emitter voltage U — Buffer of buffer capacitor 10 arises across resistor R2, and the disconnection operation of the first embodiment, already described according to FIG. 1, occurs. When cable harness plug-in connector 32 is disconnected from control unit plug-in connector 30, and when triggering device 28 is externally switched off, this system may ensure that the high voltage across buffer capacitor 10 is discharged with no recharge of buffer capacitor 10.
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International Classification H02N2/06, H02M3/00, H01L41/04, H02J7/34, H03K17/60
Cooperative Classification H01L41/042, H02J7/345, H02M2001/322, H02M3/00
European Classification H02M3/00, H02J7/34C


text:
Small NSW factory gives e-waste new life | Daily Mail Online
Published: 01:54 EDT, 4 April 2018 | Updated: 01:54 EDT, 4 April 2018
Sydney is now home to the world's first 'micro-factory' for redeeming useful materials from electronic waste.
The factory, based at the University of NSW's Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT Centre) in Kensington, will turn e-waste such as old smartphones and laptops into commercial materials and products.
The centre will use technology it has developed with the Australian Research Council to turn computer circuit boards into metal alloys such as copper and tin.
Glass and plastic from devices will become products used in industrial grade ceramics and 3D printing at the site.
SMaRT Centre director Professor Veena Sahajwalla says the micro-factory - which is less than 50 square metres in size - is a cost-effective way to deal with e-waste, which causes environmental harm or winds up in landfill.
She said redeeming useful materials from old devices is also a more sustainable solution than burning and burying them, and micro-factories mean that process can be carried out wherever e-waste is being stockpiled.
"These micro-factories can transform the manufacturing landscape," Prof Sahajwalla said in a statement on Wednesday.
"Especially in remote locations where typically the logistics of having waste transported or processed are prohibitively expensive."
There are about 31 million mobile phones in Australia, with the average person replacing their phone every 18 months, according to figures shared by UNSW, while about 4 million computers are expected to be sold annually.

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