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Wednesday Practice ReportDan Greenspan12/01/2010When Allen Bradford ran for 223 yards against Washington, it seemed as if he laid claim to being the starting running back. But since that game, the senior has all but disappeared.Bradford Keeps His Head Up
When Allen Bradford ran for 223 yards against Washington, it seemed as if the redshirt senior had laid claim to what fans had been clamoring for, his chance to be the man for USC at running back.
That tally against the Huskies was the 18th best single-game rushing total in Trojans history, capping a three-game span where the former San Bernardino Colton standout rolled up 438 yards and three touchdowns, averaging nearly 11 yards per carry.
Bradford looked like the dominant player he had been in the spring, before a knee injury in fall camp allowed Marc Tyler to claim the starting spot at Hawaii.
But since Washington, the latest in a line of supposed breakout games, Bradford has all but disappeared, running for just 82 yards on 31 carries in five games since. He did not play in two others, the 24-21 win at Arizona and last week's 20-16 loss to Notre Dame.
Ball security and injuries were major factors in that diminished role.
Asked if he ever could have imagined what has transpired since playing the Huskies, Bradford said, "Not in a million years, but sometimes the ball rolls that way."
The running back posted on Twitter that he was "100 percent healthy" Saturday night following the game against the Fighting Irish, leading many to wonder if it was a public rebuke of his coaches. Bradford said he has not talked with USC head coach Lane Kiffin about his lack of carries, but there was no ill will behind his tweet.
"A lot of people out there wondering if I'm hurt or if I'm alright or what's happening. I just wanted to let everybody know I was 100 percent," Bradford said. "What happened last week happened last week. I'm just worried about beating UCLA this week."
Offensive coordinator Kennedy Pola praised Bradford's work ethic, even as it hasn't resulted in playing time.
"I commend the young man," Pola said. "It's got to be frustrating. He just hasn't had the opportunity. He knows he's working hard and doing all the things that he can."
A highly touted recruit at both running back and linebacker, Bradford has 18 career touchdowns after being swallowed up by injuries and a running back-by-committee approach but expressed no second thoughts about becoming a Trojan.
"Five years just went by like a blur. I didn't have the career that I thought I would coming out of high school but for the most part, when I was given an opportunity I made some plays," he said. "I did good and just hoping to get on to the next level and do better from there."
He's still holding out hope for one more chance to show what he can do.
Bradford may still have that opportunity, as Kiffin refused to name a starter Wednesday.
"Just still going through the motions of practice and nobody has stuck out," Kiffin said. "We've had zero running game for two weeks. We've got to have some rhythm for our play action to work." "Everyone's at fault, starting with me."
Said Bradford: "This is my last week as a Trojan. We'll see what happens this week."
Barkley Staying Optimistic As sophomore quarterback Matt Barkley continues to recover from a high ankle sprain, he expressed confidence in his availability Saturday night.
"I felt a lot better than yesterday and was able to do a lot more moving," Barkley said. "Hopefully it (the healing) stays at this rate and three days from now it will be three times better." "He continues to look better everyday," Kiffin said. "He's throwing the ball fine and his movement is coming around, so I would anticipate him playing."
Secondary In Shambles With safety T.J. McDonald and corners Torin Harris and Brian Baucham all missing another day of practice and questionable at best to play against UCLA, Kiffin said he would not sacrifice the redshirts of players such as Patrick Hall and Anthony Brown at such a late date.
"We're not here for the immediate future, we're for the long term. I think you've seen that with our roster this year," Kiffin said. Hot Reads
-Defensive tackle DaJohn Harris did not practice Wednesday, while offensive tackle Tyron Smith and fullback Stanley Havili were limited. -While Kiffin refused comment on the NCAA's decision to reinstate Auburn quarterback Cam Newton, he understood comments made about Kiffin by his former colleague at Tennessee, embattled Volunteers men's basketball coach Bruce Pearl.
"I like Bruce," Kiffin said. "Bruce sent me a text. It's one of those things if I was Bruce, I would have said the same thing. Bruce is in some hot water, so what better way to excite the Tennessee fans than start your pep talk and take a shot at me. I would do the same thing. "It's called deflection." Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutDavis Webb Breaks Down USC SecondaryThe John Baxter ExperienceUSCFootball.com: Top 20 moments last 20 yearsWatch Amon-Ra St. Brown's three TD outingUpdated Scout 300 Trend Meter For 2017Share & EmbedTuesday Instant Analysis - Cal week Full StoryUSCFootball.com Top StoriesUSCFootball.com: Top 20 moments last 20 yearsIn USCFootball.com's 20th anniversary year, we salute and relive our Top 20 Moments during that time. Sure there were lots more than that but these are the ones we'll never forget.by Dan WeberUSCFootball.com7:23 PMTuesday Instant Analysis - Cal weekDan Weber and Keely Eure discuss all of the news and notes from the final practice before the Trojans host California Thursday night in the Coliseum.by Keely EureUSCFootball.com7:09 PMPeristyle Podcast with Dan WeberDan Weber talks about the importance of Thursday’s contest against Cal, how the Trojans will replace Steven Mitchell, thoughts on practices during the bye week and lots more.by Ryan AbrahamUSCFootball.com1:27 PMWATCH: Hunter Echols' 10-tackle performanceIsolation highlights of 2017 Los Angeles (Calif.) Cathedral defensive end Hunter Echols against Los Angeles (Calif.) Salesian.by Shotgun SpratlingUSCFootball.com11:39 AMThe John Baxter ExperienceHow the special teams coach has helped USC embrace unconventional improvement on and off the field.by Paolo UggettiUSCFootball.com9:48 AMSolomon Tuliaupupu ISO filmWhile Claremont High School has only won two games this season, one bright spot for the future of Wolfpack football is junior linebacker Solomon Nokeakua-Stroud Tuliaupupu.by Gerard MartinezUSCFootball.com12:37 AMTrojans remember 2013, just no dissMichael Hutchings and Quinton Powell (above) remember their 1st Cal game as freshmen since they both got to play a lot but don't have a clue about what has one Bear all riled up.by Dan WeberUSCFootball.comYesterday at 9:31 PMStevie Tu'ikolovatu talks CalUtah transfer and USC senior defensive tackle Stevie Tu'ikolovatu talked to Keely Eure during the bye week about getting ready to play California.by Keely EureUSCFootball.comYesterday at 9:02 PMElijah Blades says Trojans weren't too lateFour-star Florida commit Elijah Blades talks about the Gators and the schools that are still coming after him, including local favorite USC. The Trojans are making a heavy push…by Shotgun SpratlingUSCFootball.comYesterday at 8:12 PMMonday Instant Analysis - Cal weekKeely Eure and Dan Weber discuss the injury status of Justin Davis and the high powered Cal offense in this edition of Instant Analysis.by Ryan AbrahamUSCFootball.comYesterday at 5:36 PM4-star DT Rogers Sets Decision DateLas Vegas (Nev.) Arbor View defensive tackle Greg Rogers sets decision date...by Brandon HuffmanScout Football7:44 PMDavis Webb Breaks Down USC SecondaryBERKELEY -- Cal quarterback Davis Webb sees similarities between Oregon's and USC's defensive schemes.by Ryan GorceyBearTerritory.net1:15 PMLoad More

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12-Volt Heated Seat Cushion with | Groupon Goods
12V Heated Seat Cushion with 3-Way Temperature Controller
Stay warm in winter with a cushion that can be set to high or low heat
Carbon fiber wiring swiftly, evenly heats surface
Plugs easily into vehicle’s 12V outlet; unplug when not in use
Secured by intuitive hooks and straps
Materials: polyester and carbon fiber
4.3ft. power cord
Product dimensions: 17”x8”x37”
Got this for my mom for mother's day and she loves it. Works great.
Made very cheap-I am sending it back
I bought this for my husband, for the cold mornings here in PA. He loves it, keeps him warm when the jeep is cold.
Nice material I have not tried it yet .
Fits the seat well and gives plenty of heat.

type: global

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


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9780996910552: Truth Be Told - AbeBooks - Ren DeShea: 0996910557
Ren DeShea Truth Be Told
ISBN 13: 9780996910552
ISBN 10: 0996910557 ISBN 13: 9780996910552
Truth Be Told is the story of Ren, a moody 15 year old girl carrying a dark secret that is becoming all too heavy. However, as her secret gets out, all hell begins to break loose in her life and soon more secrets are revealed. Figuring out how to cope with the results of opening her mouth, she eventually overcomes her traumatic experiences of sexual abuse, family rejection, being separated from the guy she fell in love with, and church hurt. In the end, healing ensues and God wins.
DeShea, Ren
Book Description Nyreepress Publishing, 2015. PAP. Condition: New. New Book. Shipped from US within 10 to 14 business days. THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000. Seller Inventory # IQ-9780996910552
2. Truth Be Told (Paperback or Softback)
Published by Nyreepress Publishing 11/4/2015 (2015)
Book Description Nyreepress Publishing 11/4/2015, 2015. Paperback or Softback. Condition: New. Truth Be Told. Book. Seller Inventory # BBS-9780996910552
Book Description Condition: New. Seller Inventory # ria9780996910552_ing
4. Truth Be Told (Paperback)
Book Description Nyreepress Publishing, United States, 2015. Paperback. Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****. Truth Be Told is the story of Ren, a moody 15 year old girl carrying a dark secret that is becoming all too heavy. However, as her secret gets out, all hell begins to break loose in her life and soon more secrets are revealed. Figuring out how to cope with the results of opening her mouth, she eventually overcomes her traumatic experiences of sexual abuse, family rejection, being separated from the guy she fell in love with, and church hurt. In the end, healing ensues and God wins. Seller Inventory # APC9780996910552
5. Truth Be Told (Paperback)
Book Description Nyreepress Publishing, United States, 2015. Paperback. Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****.Truth Be Told is the story of Ren, a moody 15 year old girl carrying a dark secret that is becoming all too heavy. However, as her secret gets out, all hell begins to break loose in her life and soon more secrets are revealed. Figuring out how to cope with the results of opening her mouth, she eventually overcomes her traumatic experiences of sexual abuse, family rejection, being separated from the guy she fell in love with, and church hurt. In the end, healing ensues and God wins. Seller Inventory # APC9780996910552
6. Truth Be Told (Paperback)
Book Description Nyreepress Publishing, United States, 2015. Paperback. Condition: New. Language: English . This book usually ship within 10-15 business days and we will endeavor to dispatch orders quicker than this where possible. Brand New Book. Truth Be Told is the story of Ren, a moody 15 year old girl carrying a dark secret that is becoming all too heavy. However, as her secret gets out, all hell begins to break loose in her life and soon more secrets are revealed. Figuring out how to cope with the results of opening her mouth, she eventually overcomes her traumatic experiences of sexual abuse, family rejection, being separated from the guy she fell in love with, and church hurt. In the end, healing ensues and God wins. Seller Inventory # LIE9780996910552
Book Description Nyreepress Publishing, 2015. PAP. Condition: New. New Book. Delivered from our UK warehouse in 4 to 14 business days. THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000. Seller Inventory # IQ-9780996910552
Book Description NyreePress Publishing. PAPERBACK. Condition: New. 0996910557 Special order direct from the distributor. Seller Inventory # ING9780996910552
Book Description NyreePress Publishing, 2015. Condition: New. This item is printed on demand for shipment within 3 working days. Seller Inventory # LP9780996910552
Book Description NyreePress Publishing, 2016. Paperback. Condition: New. PRINT ON DEMAND Book; New; Publication Year 2016; Not Signed; Fast Shipping from the UK. No. book. Seller Inventory # ria9780996910552_lsuk

value: This website is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books.


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Kilbarger Home Builders - Carroll, OH | Groupon
All Deals 4280 Automotive 51 Beauty & Spas 274 Food & Drink 216 Health & Fitness 215 Home Services 68
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4418 Coonpath Road Northwest, Carroll, OH 43112 4418 Coonpath Road Northwest, Carroll Directions
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Groupon has verified that the customer actually visited Kilbarger Home Builders.


text:
[H] Steam Games / DotA 2 Items [W] Steam Games and Black Ops II Deluxe Upgrade : Dota2Tradejump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfivefoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | AskReddit-funny-worldnews-todayilearned-pics-news-videos-gifs-gaming-aww-Showerthoughts-movies-mildlyinteresting-science-nottheonion-Jokes-television-OldSchoolCool-IAmA-sports-space-LifeProTips-creepy-explainlikeimfive-dataisbeautiful-photoshopbattles-TwoXChromosomes-Futurology-tifu-personalfinance-food-WritingPrompts-EarthPorn-Art-UpliftingNews-books-nosleep-Music-GetMotivated-DIY-gadgets-askscience-Documentaries-InternetIsBeautiful-history-listentothis-philosophy-announcements-blogmore » Dota2TradecommentsWant to join? Log in or sign up in seconds.|Englishlimit my search to /r/Dota2Tradeuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 06 Oct 20121 point (100% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmissions restrictedOnly approved users may post in this community.Dota2Tradesubscribeunsubscribe12,295 readers~9 users here nowPost banner submissions here
created by FatManRisinga community for 4 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSFatManRisingmusical_hoghttps://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561197975564454LolCakeLazorsNoncohesivechizdipplerEternal_Mr_Boneshttps://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561198071974469emit_JothHagohttps://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561198038120353middleman_statuskyuronitehttps://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561198050680230...and 3 more »discussions in /r/Dota2Trade<>X[H] Unclean axe of phractos [W] 6 dc hooks/equivalent1 points [H] Dark Artistry [W] csgo keys1 points · 1 comment [H] Inventory [W] Cashout / WU / Moneygram1 points [H] Bettables and other stuff [W] CS:GO Keys1 points [H]SF arc [W]9.6k each1 points [H] Unusual Speed Demon felicity's blessing [W] 9 CSGO KEYS or itens1 points · 1 comment [H] Tasty Exalted level 3 PA arcana clean [W] 14 keys1 points · 16 comments [H] Selling whole inventory [W] 60% in Bitcoin, negotiable1 points [H]SF/PA/Lina Arcanas [W]9.7/13/10 Keys Cs:Go1 points [H] cursed pbr with IV and midas gold [W] 7dc 1 stacheThis is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.
012[H] Steam Games / DotA 2 Items [W] Steam Games and Black Ops II Deluxe Upgrade (self.Dota2Trade)submitted 3 years ago by M3r3e3http://steamcommunity.com/id/Slithery/inventory/
2 commentsshareall 2 commentssorted by: besttopnewcontroversialoldrandomq&alive (beta)[–]thunder464646 0 points1 point2 points 3 years ago (1 child)Hey i hav left4dead and some 2 more games wanna trade for dota2 items
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]M3r3e3[S] 0 points1 point2 points 3 years ago (0 children)Link me your Steam account, so I can check your Games and talk with you or just add me.
permalinkembedsaveparentgive goldPosts are automatically archived after 6 months.Got Itaboutblogaboutsource codeadvertisejobshelpsite rulesFAQwikireddiquettetransparencycontact usapps & toolsReddit for iPhoneReddit for Androidmobile websitebuttons<3reddit goldredditgiftsUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy (updated). © 2016 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.create a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember meget the best of reddit emailed to you once a week. learn moresign uplog inusername:password:remember mereset passwordlog inBy signing up, you agree to our Terms and that you have read our Privacy Policy and Content Policy.English [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is]italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 32611 on app-535 at 2016-10-01 05:30:38.339789+00:00 running 62abcea country code: US.

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Karabar Super Lightweight Suitcases - 3 Years Warranty! (Black/Silver 30 Inch): Amazon.co.uk: Luggage
Black/Silver 30 Inch
Sturdy inline corner positioned wheels with protective skids to base
Colour Name: Black/Silver 30 Inch
This item: Karabar Super Lightweight Suitcases - 3 Years Warranty! (Black/Silver 30 Inch) £21.95
Karabar Large 26 Inch Expandable Suitcase (Black/Silver) £19.95
LUGGAGE SCALE £2.28
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Karabar Large 26 Inch Expandable Suitcase (Black / Silver) 3.5 out of 5 stars (60)
LUGGAGE SCALE 3.5 out of 5 stars (143)
Karabar Large 30 Inch Lightweight Expandable Suitcase - 3 Years Warranty! (Daisy Black) 3.7 out of 5 stars (27)
Karabar Large 30 Inch Lightweight Expandable Suitcase - 3 Years Warranty! (Flower  3.7 out of 5 stars (27)
Glo Locks Padlocks Supplied In Assorted Colours 4.3 out of 5 stars (53)
B00443912W,B000VE2RNS,B004QMPYG8,B000K2RD30,B005FQGO2C,B0013V6URW,B004WDOTV2,B00CHKIYWC,B008DSDDAK,B00CPLNLKI,B00A8QI698,B003UFO9SG,B000KKNQBK,B007V6BM4Y,B0041VU1S0,B00404VSIU
30 Inch: H75 x W47 x D26 cm, 88 L, 3.5 kg approximately excluding wheels and handles. 26 Inch: H65 x W42 x D24 cm, 61 L, 3.2 kg approximately excluding wheels and handles. 22 Inch: H55 x W37 x D20 cm, 40 L, 2.8 kg approximately excluding wheels and handles. 20 Inch: H55 x W38 x D20 cm, 40 L, 2.5 kg approximately including wheels and handles. 18 Inch: H51 x W35 x D20 cm, 25 L, 2.4 kg approximately including wheels and handles. 17 Inch: H47 x W32 x D17 cm, 25 L, 2.2 kg approximately including wheels and handles. This two wheel suitcase offers the trend aware and exclusive print at a great price. 3 years warranty!
Product Dimensions: 47 x 26 x 75 cm ; 3.8 Kg
Item model number: K-BAR-120 Black/Silver (5060241912864)
ASIN: B00443AHVG
Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 111 in Luggage (See Top 100 in Luggage)
#18 in Luggage > Suitcases & Travel Bags > Suitcases
38 of 40 people found the following review helpfulGreat case
shounslo
on 8 Jan 2011Colour Name: Navy/Silver 30 Inch
This is a huge case and really lightweight. We travelled to Australia with it and it did the job perfect. Really pleased with it, great value.
97 of 104 people found the following review helpfulExcellent Suitcase
on 29 July 2011Colour Name: Black/Silver 18 Inch
I bought this for my partner who was flying to ireland, it meets all the size requirements for Ryan Air and is quite spacious inside, enough to take clothes for a weeks stay anyway (just about, with a lot of re-arranging clothes inside.. but it can be done). The suitcase itself is very well made, fairly tough as long as you are careful trollying it behind you, if it falls on its side etc.. it will rip but then again so do even the expensive ones, my opinion is if your going to do some extensive travelling then purchase one of those 'hard case' suitcases.this case was definately tough enough to handle going through stansted airport tho, lol.Overall, excellent bargain for a good quality, hand luggage sized case. Very happy and will be using it many more times.
7 of 7 people found the following review helpfulsuits you sir
on 26 Aug 2011Colour Name: Navy/Silver 30 Inch
does what it says on the tin, its light, packs a lot, but is so large you have to keep to light bulky items to remain within 20kg allowance. used once so far, but damaged on base a bit due to wheels not quite big enough to miss undulations (but most suitcases suffer from this basic fault)overall nice quality, stitching was a bit wonky on main zip but otherwise good product for price and quick delivery from retailer
on 27 July 2011Colour Name: Black/Silver 30 Inch
Excellent product for price. Dont expect a case comparable with one at the high price end/well known name but if your looking for a case to last a few summer holidays and need to pack alot this is the one for you! I would not pay the original price mark up but at the discount rate it is very good buy. Quality Comparable with a good case you would find at a large chain supermarket.
27 of 29 people found the following review helpfulPunches Above it's weight
on 7 Sep 2011Colour Name: Black/Silver 18 Inch
I am not a traveller in fact for 9 years I had no passport. However my son decided to move university to Dublin which forced me to seek appropriate baggage to avoid the often quoted fees of a certain airline. Also their checked in service runs at the speed of a glacier.I thought this case was worth a punt at less than £12 including postage. The first trip out to Dublin resulted in the bag taking a 4 inch lever arch file full of notes, a thick text book and another note book together with 3 days worth of my clothes, electronics and a couple of items out of one of my sons cases as he was overweight. The security could not believe the contents in such a small bag.Our road test included walking up to Mountjoy street fully loaded and then running around Dublin on my last day with just my stuff. There was no problems with this at all - the only damage is scuffed wheels.The padlock is rubbish so has been binned. The lower logo shown on the Amazon picture is a piece of see-through plastic and is easily removed.The top of the case is soft and together with the pockets allows expansion to the full spec of the airline.
27 of 29 people found the following review helpfulcabin approved black suitcase
on 19 Sep 2011Colour Name: Black/Silver 18 Inch
I purchased this to be used for hand luggage for a long weekend break, it had enough room for clothes for a 3 night break along with 2 pairs of trainers (if you pack carefully). It is within the sizes for Ryanair, Easyjet etc & fitted it the cage no problem. It has a pocket on the front which will fit your travel documents & a small bag for liquids. Its not a big pocket but at least this won't tempt you to stuff too much in which could make the case too bulky for the airlines cages where they check its within size limits. The lock provided was not recommended (very flimsy) but you can pick up locks cheaply anywhere. (I got mine from Asda 2 pack with coloured keys & padlocks for £[].)For the price it was just what I needed, yes there are more expensive cases available & if you wanted to put it in the hold then I would certainly spend more money - but for hand luggage only it did the job. It was delivered very quickly with the usual Amazon great service.
18 of 19 people found the following review helpfulExcellent Purchase
on 20 July 2011Colour Name: Black/Silver 30 Inch
Very good value, extra lightweight luggage. Bought two cases and used two days later. Brilliant roomy and neat.So glad we didn't spend lots of money elsewhere. These do as they say and at the price we paid - if they fail aftera year we will still have had value - even though they are guaranteed for five. Very Satisfied.
17 of 18 people found the following review helpfulGood vavue
on 27 Jun 2011Colour Name: Navy/Silver 30 Inch
They arrived earlier than expected. They are extremely light, but did not get damaged when on holiday. The extra large is huge and although may look not too solid they are back from our flight with not a mark on them. Very good value for the price.
This is a very sturdy case and i purchased it for my husband
This is a very sturdy case and i purchased it for my husband, i don't think an owl suitcase would have impressed him.
Published 1 day ago by Mrs Tracey Allen
Exactly as advertised. Ultra light weight & sturdy. Good quality so very pleased
Published 4 days ago by diane paul
Published 6 days ago by 4623202
Wrong rolls hendl broken next day not good quality
Published 15 days ago by Milan Kucera
it was too small but still a nice case
Published 24 days ago by mrs june queen
Bought this to use as a (long) weekend bag rather than for air travel. Little smaller than we thought but we managed to get everything we wanted into it. Great buy.
Published 28 days ago by Colin38710
Published 29 days ago by MR A Rabindran
Excellent Priced Travel Suitcase
Excellent strong lightweight small travel suitcase and well priced.
brilliant , will order another later 5*****
Published 1 month ago by S. thraves
Great little case that can hold a lot
X Large 29'' Super Lightweight Expandable Luggage Suitcase 4.4 out of 5 stars (143)
Accurate luggage scale for weighing suitcases and luggage. 32KG capacity. 3.7 out of 5 stars (338)
Frenzy/5 Cities Large 26 Inch Lightweight Expandable Suitcase, Check-in Luggage Wheeled Rolling Bag  4.3 out of 5 stars (96)
£6.04 - £40.99
Aerolite Super-Lightweight Suitcase Luggage, World Lightest Holiday Carry on Baggage, Large and Small  4.4 out of 5 stars (268)

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Perl Data Language / Feature Requests / #28 make pdl() constructor non-fatal when memory runs out
#28 make pdl() constructor non-fatal when memory runs out
The current way PDL allocates memory for a new piddle
is via the SvGROW perl API call. The problem with this
is that 'Out of memory!' is a fatal error for the perl interpreter.
This makes it impossible to repond to memory limits
in any smart way since the first failure will exit perl itself
(kind of like the end of the universe as far as program
execution goes). If the constructor used die instead,
then it would be possible to catch a problem and retry
with a different size piddle.
An additional point: a lot of times the memory is
there, just not available as a contiguous memory
region. It would be very nice if it were possible to
use dataflow handling to chain together smaller
allocations to create an array of the needed size.
On strawberry perl, adding new piddles in a loop,
I can get up to 1973MB if I do it a MB at a time.
With 10MB at a time, I get to 1980MB.
With 100MB at a time, I get to 1400MB.
With 200MB at a time, I get to 1000MB.
With 300MB at a time, I get to 900MB.
With 400MB at a time, I get to 800MB...
So you can see the ability to use smaller pieces
of memory to make a new piddle could more
than double the available space. Non-lethality
of allocations would prevent temporaries being
generated from killing your PDL session.
Test script attached to ticket...
tmalloc.pl
Another way to respond to lethally large memory would be to automatically go to memory mapping. This would require memory mapping to work on systems other than Linux/Unix, but that's doable, as I've mentioned before. Then I wonder how easily we would be able to use the OS's fragmented file handling for growing piddles on the disk? If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
I think it is more important to fix the lethal failure problem more than the having enough memory problem. If perl/perldl/pdl2 doesn't exit, I can easily adjust my processing to work by smaller pieces. The annoyance is when I am doing some quick work and just slurp in a big piddle to process the OOM kills *everything*. If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
From pdl-porters discussion starting here:
http://mailman.jach.hawaii.edu/pipermail//pdl-porters/2010-July/003491.html
it appears that using a pure virtual piddle for computation is not
so easy as PP calls make_physical which in turn calls pdl_make_physical
which then can call pdl_allocdata which ends up calling the dreaded
pdl_grow and *kaboom* out of memory failure.
Maybe there is a way to do the memory allocation ourselves so we can
catch any NULL returns from malloc and handle them with die rather
than the builtin exit of perl. I'll add this to the known_problems since
it really will bite you if you try to work with large data sets.
I've entered this as a Feature Request but I would almost classify this
as a bug since the difference between the perl interpreter having
enough memory to function and having enough contiguous memory
to allocate a huge piddle are two very different things. If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
A possible work-around (hack) to fix the failure might be
to add an extra call to malloc() in the pdl memory allocation
routine (e.g., pdl_grow) for the amount of memory you want
to get from perl (maybe rounded up some bit). If the malloc
succeeds, free the memory and allow the perl call to
proceed. If the malloc returns NULL, then return the
appropriate value or die as required (at least that would
be catchable by eval and the interpreter would not exit). If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
I notice that in cygwin, the large request error is returned rather
than the out of memory one which apparently is not fatal to the
pdl2 shell. It is terminal for Strawberry Perl Portable...
CYGWIN PERL:
PDL> $huge = ones(100000000)
Runtime error: PDL: Problem with assignment: Out of memory during "large" request for 1073745920 bytes, total sbrk() is 12972032 bytes.
Caught at file (eval 339), line 5, pkg main
PDL> p pdl(2,3)
[2 3] STRAWBERRY PERL:
Callback called exit at C:\local\strawberry\perl\bin/pdl2 line 29.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at C:\local\strawberry\perl\bin/pdl2 line 29.
E:\chm>
We can see the win32 perl has exited and I'm back to the CMD prompt.
The cygwin perl prints a warning and is good for more....
summary: make pdl() constructor non-fatal --> make pdl() constructor non-fatal when memory runs out
Additional information on the cygwin out-of-memory (OOM) failures:
(1) It seems to happen a lot sooner than I would expect it should
even with the 300MB limit for processes.
(2) I notice that the cygwin perl was configured with usemymalloc=y
and the strawberry perl is n. Given other reported problems with
using the perl malloc and PDL for other systems (e.g., Solaris), I
would like to try building my own cygwin perl with all settings the
same except for the malloc to see if that helps things.. If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
On further experimentation with cygwin 1.7 perl
and strawberry perl under windows vista, I've
determined that the smaller the largest single
memory allocation, the less overhead from the
perl malloc and the closer you can get to the
For example, on cygwin with a maximum
allowed memory of 1024MB, if I grow by
4MB piddles, I can allocate 1016MB before
the out-of-memory (OOM) failure. If I
allocate by 5MB piddles, then the fail
occurs at 635MB.
On strawberry perl (which is compiled with
usemymalloc=n) the overhead appears
to be less and on can get close to the
maximum allowed memory (within 2-3X
the largest allocation size) for a wider
range of pdls. For large pdl allocations,
you do run out of memory earlier but it
seems to be a smaller fraction of the
total as compared to cygwin perl, and
presumably the perl malloc). If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
I posed the question to the Perl Monks:
http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=880280
and the gist of the discussion is that there is
no way to prevent perl from exiting on malloc
It looks like the only real fix would be for us to
handle the pdl data allocation ourselves although
we could use perl for the other parts of the pdl.
The hooks for clean up for mmap'd pdls seem like
they would work for our own allocations (with
some tweaking, perhaps).
The difficult part will be verifying that the new
code works and to make sure that performance
is not adversely affected. If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
Looking up some perlapi docs, I came across the sv_usepvn_flags
routine which allows one to have the string data pointer of an SV
outside of the SV. If the new string is already null terminated, then
no realloc will happen so things should work. This could allow us
to catch failed malloc operations and handle them less fatally than the perl5 default.
Tells an SV to use "ptr" to find its string value. Normally
the string is stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV
to use an outside string. The "ptr" should point to memory
that was allocated by "malloc". The string length, "len", must
be supplied. By default this function will realloc (i.e. move)
the memory pointed to by "ptr", so that pointer should not be
freed or used by the programmer after giving it to sv_usepvn,
and neither should any pointers from "behind" that pointer
(e.g. ptr + 1) be used.
If "flags" & SV_SMAGIC is true, will call SvSETMAGIC. If
"flags" & SV_HAS_TRAILING_NUL is true, then "ptr[len]" must be
NUL, and the realloc will be skipped. (i.e. the buffer is
actually at least 1 byte longer than "len", and already meets
the requirements for storing in "SvPVX")
void sv_usepvn_flags(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len, U32 flags) If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
In addition to handling the malloc for PDL data ourselves,
we need to check the return values for the mallocs we use
to create the pdl, threads, and transform structures. It would
be useful to have a way to test code against failing mallocs.
Maybe we could have a wrapper that fakes things? If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
It may be cleaner to implement a pdl_safe_sv_grow version of
Sv_GROW since it appears that the places where the PDL data
is actually allocated is via the SvGROW perl api call. If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:
Increasing the Priority as this is a perl crash issue that I
would like to see addressed now that some understanding
of how to proceed has been laid out. If you would like to refer to this comment somewhere else in this project, copy and paste the following link:

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text:
Cal Commit Schedules Visit to Boulder - Colorado - Scout
Cal Commit Schedules Visit to BoulderAndrew Friedman10/03/2005Defensive End Keith Browner committed to the Cal Bears six weeks ago, and is still committed, but has opened up his recruitment. Colorado, he says, is one of the two main schools he is looking at after Cal and the 6-6, 240-pounder has scheduled a visit to Boulder. There is not a player in the nation this fall with more impressive bloodlines than the Dorsey High star.Height: 6-6
Keith Browner is the latest in a long line of great players sporting the same last name. The Browner family has been hailed as "The First Family of Football". Keith Browner's father, Keith Sr., played at USC and he had another uncle, Joey, also play for the Trojans in the early 80's. Keith had three other uncles; Ross, Jimmy and Willard play for Notre Dame and start in the same season which was 1976. His sixth uncle, Gerald, signed with Georgia before eventually transferring to Morgan State. Ross, Jimmy, Joey, and Keith all went on to the NFL.
Browner had many options before committing to Cal back in August, and now he is taking a harder look at some of those options. "I have decided to take some visits," Browner claims. "Cal knows I am going to and they say it is fine. They say it is okay for me to go visit some other campuses and check out other environments. I am still committed to Cal, but I want to see some other places."
The main schools he is looking at are Arizona, Oregon, Kansas State, Colorado, and Washington. "I scheduled a visit to Colorado for their game against Missouri, and that is the only visit I have scheduled right now. I am trying to decide between Kansas State and Washington for my fifth visit."
So do any of these schools have a legit chance against the Bears? "I would say that Colorado and Kansas State are the two main ones I am looking at besides the Bears.
"I was going to visit Colorado this weekend, but I decided to push it back because I thought it was too soon in the season to take a visit. They are a team that works pretty hard and they always have a tough schedule. I mean, in the Big 12 you are pretty much playing a top 25 team each week so they are always playing strong competition, which I like. I watched them play against Miami and Colorado State this year."
All schools involved like Browner as a defensive end, where he has 14 tackles, 14 quarterback pressures, eight tackles for loss, and eight sacks on the season. Dorsey is 3-1 and they take on Van Nuys Birmingham, this Friday night.
Coach Hagan is after Browner for the Buffs. Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutPac-12 Roundup: Top stories for Week 5Best bars and restaurants in the Pac-12Social media recap: 2-0 in conference playBuffStampede Bits: Weekend Visitor OverviewWatch: Tennessee stuns Georgia with Hail MaryBehind Enemy Lines: Colorado Full StoryBuffStampede Top StoriesVideo: Outside the Locker RoomVideo of multiple Colorado players answering questions outside the Buffs' locker room, following Colorado's win over Oregon State.by Patrick GhidossiBuffStampede4:31 PMSocial media recap: 2-0 in conference playA collection of tweets from before, during, and after the Buffs' game against Oregon State...by Adam MunsterteigerBuffStampede4:12 PMLive from Folsom Field: OSU at CU Game ThreadGet live updates from the Folsom Field press box and chat with fellow Colorado fans in the Stampede Elite message board during the Buffaloes' conference home opener against Oregon…by Adam MunsterteigerBuffStampede10:38 AMBuffStampede Bits: Weekend Visitor OverviewThe Buffaloes are expected to host five official visitors this weekend for the Oregon State game, and there will be another 10-or-so notable unofficial visitors on campus for the…by Adam MunsterteigerBuffStampedeYesterday at 11:14 PMGame Preview: Oregon State at CUPreviewing and predicting the Buffs' conference home opener...by Adam MunsterteigerBuffStampedeYesterday at 7:51 AMVideo: MacIntyre's post-game press conferenceVideo of Mike MacIntyre address to the media following Colorado's 47-6 win over Oregon State...by Adam MunsterteigerBuffStampede4:52 PMVideo: Boyle's Buffs begin preseason workVideo of head coach Tad Boyle, senior Xavier Johnson and junior George King talking with the media following the Buffaloes' first preseason practice on Friday morning...by Adam MunsterteigerBuffStampedeYesterday at 9:27 AMBest bars and restaurants in the Pac-12The ultimate places to eat, drink and watch a game in the Pac-12.by StaffBuffStampedeYesterday at 4:24 AMKnow Your Foe Q&A: Oregon StateTo get more insight into the Buffaloes' next opponent, we caught up with Angie Machado, Publisher of BeaverBlitz.com on the Scout.com network...by Adam MunsterteigerBuffStampedeThursday at 10:17 AMLoad More


text:
February 23, 2013 12:03 PM Beautiful shot, Jim!
February 25, 2013 7:03 AM Thanks,this was with the 30 second exposure you told me to use. My earlier shots would have never picked up the colors in the water.
Thanks,this was with the 30 second exposure you told me to use. My earlier shots would have never picked up the colors in the water.

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text:
Patent US5771225 - System for processing signals in parallel - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA system for processing a plurality of signals in parallel by a plurality of working-system processing units. A protection-system processing unit is provided as a substitute for one of the working-system processing units, and switch units are provided for switching the routes of the signals so that the...http://www.google.com/patents/US5771225?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5771225 - System for processing signals in parallelAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5771225 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/589,196Publication dateJun 23, 1998Filing dateJan 22, 1996Priority dateSep 20, 1993Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE69429483D1, DE69429483T2, EP0644664A2, EP0644664A3, EP0644664B1Publication number08589196, 589196, US 5771225 A, US 5771225A, US-A-5771225, US5771225 A, US5771225AInventorsHatsumi IinoOriginal AssigneeFujitsu LimitedExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Referenced by (9), Classifications (12), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystem for processing signals in parallel
US 5771225 AAbstract
A system for processing a plurality of signals in parallel by a plurality of working-system processing units. A protection-system processing unit is provided as a substitute for one of the working-system processing units, and switch units are provided for switching the routes of the signals so that the signals are processed by the protection-system processing unit instead of the substituted working-system processing unit. The characteristic of the protection-system processing unit can be varied automatically under control of a characteristic control unit so that the characteristic of the protection-system processing unit becomes the same as the characteristic of the substituted working-system processing unit.
1. A system for processing a plurality of signals in parallel, comprising:a plurality of working-system processing units respectively provided corresponding to a plurality of input signals, each processing unit for processing a respective signal input thereto and for outputting a processed signal, the plurality of working-system processing units corresponding to a plurality of output signals, respectively; at least one protection-system processing unit for processing a signal input thereto and outputting the processed signal; first switch means for receiving and supplying the plurality of input signals to the corresponding plurality of working-system processing units, respectively, in a first mode, and receiving and supplying at least one of the plurality of input signals to said at least one protection-system processing unit as at least one substitute for at least one of the plurality of working-system processing units, respectively, in a second mode; second switch means for receiving the processed signals output from the plurality of working-system processing units, and outputting the processed signals from the plurality of working-system processing units, as the corresponding plurality of output signals, respectively, in the first mode, and receiving the processed signal output from said at least said protection-system processing unit as said at least one substitute for said at least one of the plurality of working-system processing units, and outputting the processed signals from said at least one protection-system processing unit, as at least one of the plurality of output signals, respectively, in the second mode; variable-characteristic means provided in said at least one protection-system processing unit, for varying a frequency characteristic corresponding to amplitude loss and phase shift of said at least one protection-system processing unit; and characteristic control means for controlling the variable-characteristic means in said at least one protection-system processing unit so that the frequency characteristic of said at least one protection-system processing unit becomes the same as the frequency characteristic of said at least one of said plurality of working-system processing units for which said at least one protection-system processing unit substitutes in the second mode. 2. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a working characteristic storing means for storing information on the characteristics of the plurality of working-system processing units, andsaid characteristic control means controls the variable-characteristic means based on the information stored in the working characteristic storing means. 3. A system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of working-system processing units comprises a characteristic information holding means for holding information indicating the frequency characteristic of each of the plurality of working-system processing units;said system further comprising a working characteristic reading means for reading information on the frequency characteristic of each of the plurality of working-system processing units. 4. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a characteristic setting means for holding control data therein and applying the control data to the variable-characteristic means, andsaid characteristic control means controls the variable-characteristic means by setting the control data in the characteristic setting means. 5. A system according to claim 4, wherein said characteristic setting means comprises,a plurality of control data holding means, corresponding to the plurality of working-system processing units, each control data holding means for holding and outputting the control data to be set in the characteristic setting means in the corresponding one of the plurality of working-system processing units when the characteristic control means controls the variable-characteristic means, and a selector for selecting the control data for one of the plurality of working-system processing units, and applying the selected control data to the variable-characteristic means. Description
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/215,327, filed Mar. 21, 1994, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a system for adjusting a characteristic of a protection unit when switching from one of a plurality of working units having different characteristics to the protection unit, typically, an N-to-one protection switching system which activates a protection unit instead of one of N working units when said one of the N working units fails, where N is an integer more than one.
The system containing a plurality of working units and a protection unit as above, is usually used in terminal stations in transmission systems. In the terminal stations, conventionally, a plurality of pieces of terminal equipment are provided for receiving and transmitting transmission signals transmitted through a plurality of transmission lines, and at least one protection unit is provided for substituting for one of the plurality of working units which fails.
Although the above plurality of working units and the protection unit have substantially the same construction, the respective working units are usually preset in different ways. Therefore, when one of the plurality of working units is substituted by the protection unit, the protection unit must to be set in the same manner as the substituted working unit.
Conventionally, there is no technique for automatically setting the protection unit when the protection unit substitutes for one of the plurality of working units. Therefore, the setting of the protection unit must be performed manually, except in the case wherein all of the plurality of working units and the protection unit are set in the same manner.
An object of the present invention is to provide a system for automatically setting a characteristic of a protection unit when switching from one of a plurality of working units having different characteristics to the protection unit.
According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for processing a plurality of signals in parallel. The system contains: a plurality of working-system processing units respectively provided corresponding to a plurality of input signals, for processing a signal input thereto and outputting the processed signal, where the plurality of working-system processing units further corresponding to a plurality of output signals, respectively; one or more protection-system processing units for processing a signal input thereto and outputting the processed signal; a first switch unit for receiving and supplying the plurality of input signals to the corresponding plurality of working-system processing units, respectively, in a first mode, and receiving and supplying at least one of the plurality of input signals to at least one of the above one or more protection-system processing units as at least one substitute for at least one of the plurality of working-system processing units, respectively, in a second mode; a second switch unit for receiving the processed signals output from the plurality of working-system processing units, and outputting the processed signals from the plurality of working-system processing units, as the corresponding plurality of output signals, respectively, in the first mode, and receiving at least one of the processed signals output from the above at least one of the above one or more protection-system processing units as the above at least one substitute for the above at least one of the plurality of working-system processing units, and outputting the processed signals from the above at least one of the above one or more protection-system processing units, as at least one of the plurality of output signals, respectively, in the second mode; a variable-characteristic unit provided in each of the above one or more protection-system processing units, for varying a characteristic of the above each of the above one or more protection-system processing units; and a characteristic control unit for controlling the variable-characteristic unit in the above at least one of the above one or more protection-system processing units so that the characteristic of the above at least one of the above one or more protection-system processing units becomes the same as the characteristic of the above at least one of the above plurality of working system processing units which is the above at least one substitute for the above at least one of the above one or more protection-system processing units in the second mode.
According to the second aspect of present invention, in addition to the construction of the first aspect of the present invention, the system further contains: a working characteristic storing unit for storing information on the characteristics of the plurality of working-system processing units; and the above characteristic control unit controls the variable-characteristic unit based on the information stored in the working characteristic storing unit.
According to the third aspect of present invention, in addition to the construction of the first aspect of the present invention, each of the plurality of working-system processing units contains a characteristic information holding unit for holding information indicating the characteristic of the above each of the plurality of working-system processing units. The above system according to the third aspect of the present invention further contains a working characteristic reading unit for reading information on the characteristic of each of the plurality of working-system processing units.
In the above constructions of the first to third aspects of the present invention, the system may further contain; a characteristic setting unit for holding control data therein and applying the control data to the variable-characteristic unit. In addition, the characteristic control unit may control the variable-characteristic unit by setting the control data in the characteristic setting unit.
In the above construction, the characteristic setting unit may contain a plurality of control data holding units, provided corresponding to the plurality of working-system processing units, each for holding and outputting the control data to be set in the characteristic setting unit in the corresponding one of the plurality of working-system processing units when the characteristic control unit controls the variable-characteristic unit; and a selector for selecting the control data for one of the plurality of working-system processing units, and applying the selected control data to the variable-characteristic unit.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a portion of a construction of a conventional terminal station containing the N-to-one protection switch system;
FIG. 2 is a diagram indicating a frequency characteristic of loss (in dB) in amplitudes of signals transmitted through a coaxial cable of a length equal to 135 meters in the frequency range of 1 to 100 MHz;
FIG. 3 is a diagram indicating a frequency characteristic of phase (in degrees) of signals transmitted through a coaxial cable of a length equal to 135 meters in the frequency range of 1 to 100 MHz;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a predetermined allowable range for waveforms when they are received;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a basic construction of the first aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a basic construction of the second aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a basic construction of the third aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a construction of the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a construction of the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a construction of the third embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 11 is a construction of an example of the variable-characteristic portion of each transmitter unit in the pieces of working and protection terminal equipment in the embodiments of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10.
Example of Conventional Construction (FIG. 1)
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a portion of a construction of a portion of a conventional terminal station containing the N-to-one protection switch system, where N is an integer more than one. The terminal station contains a plurality (N) of pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N respectively connected to a plurality of (tributary) transmission lines 511 to 51N, a piece of protection terminal equipment 53, a switch control unit 54, a pair of protection switches 551 and 552 provided on both sides of the row of the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N and the piece of protection terminal equipment 53, and a demultiplexer 58 which demultiplexes multiplexed transmission signals at a high transmission rate. The pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N contain transmitter units 561 to 56N, respectively, and the piece of protection terminal equipment 53 contains a transmitter unit 57.
The above multiplexed transmission signal such as an STS-N signal is demultiplexed by the demultiplexer 58 to a plurality of (N) tributary signals such as a DS1 signal, a DS1C signal, a DS2 signal, a DS3 signal, and an STS-l signal. When all of the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N operates normally, the protection switch 551 connects the N outputs of the demultiplexer 58 to the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N, and the protection switch 552 connects the N outputs of the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N to the N tributary transmission lines 511 to 51N.
Although not shown since it is well known, each of the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N is provided with an alarm detecting unit which detects an abnormality in each piece of working terminal equipment, and informs the switch control unit 54 of the detection of the abnormality in each piece of working terminal equipment. Therefore, when trouble is detected in one of the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N, the switch control unit 54 controls the pair of protection switches 551 and 552 so that the protection switch 551 connects one of the N outputs of the demultiplexer 58 corresponding to (i.e., which was connected to) the piece of working terminal equipment which failed, to the input of the piece of protection terminal equipment 53 instead of the piece of working terminal equipment which failed, and the output the piece of protection terminal equipment 53 to one of the N tributary transmission lines 511 to 51N corresponding to (i.e., which was connected to) the piece of working terminal equipment which failed. Further, when recovery from the failure is detected in the alarm detecting unit in the above piece of working terminal equipment, the recovery is informed to the switch control unit 54, and the switch control unit 54 controls the pair of protection switches 551 and 552 so that the above piece of working terminal equipment which failed and has recovered is connected to the corresponding output of the demultiplexer 58 and the corresponding one of the N tributary transmission lines 511 to 51N.
Typical Problem in Conventional Construction (FIGS. 2, 3, and 4)
For example, when the above tributary signals are DS3 signals, the transmission lines 511 to 51N are coaxial cables. FIG. 2 is a diagram indicating a frequency characteristic of loss (in dB) in amplitudes of signals transmitted through a coaxial cable of a length equal to 135 meters in the frequency range of 1 to 100 MHz, and FIG. 3 is a diagram indicating a frequency characteristic of phase (in degree) of signals transmitted through a coaxial cable of a length equal to 135 meters in the frequency range of 1 to 100 MHz.
In addition, there is another requirement that the signals when they are received must have waveforms which are contained in a predetermined allowable areas, for example, as indicated in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, the abscissa corresponds to a normalized time, the ordinates corresponds to a normalized amplitude, and the above predetermined allowable areas are indicated by hatching. Therefore, the transmitter units 561 to 56N in the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N and the transmitter unit 57 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 53, must be designed and preset so that the waveforms of the tributary signals transmitted therefrom through the respective transmission lines 511 to 51N are within the above predetermined allowable range of FIG. 4 when they are received.
When the lengths of the tributary transmission lines 511 to 51N are the same, the transmitter units 561 to 56N in the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N can be designed and preset in the same manner, and therefore, the transmitter unit 57 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 53 can be also designed and preset in the same manner as the respective pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N. However generally, it is difficult to make the lengths of the tributary transmission lines 511 to 51N the same due to the other design requirement. In this case, the respective transmitter units 561 to 56N in the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N are required to be designed or preset in different ways, and thus, the transmitter unit 57 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 53 is required to be set when it is substituteds for one of the N pieces of working terminal equipment 521 to 52N, so that the transmitter unit 57 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 53 has the same output characteristic as the substituted piece of working terminal equipment.
Basic Construction of First Aspect of Present Invention (FIG. 5)
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a basic construction of the first aspect of the present invention. In FIG. 5, reference numeral 11 to 1n each denote a working-system processing unit, 2 denotes a protection-system processing unit, 3 denotes a first switch unit, 4 denotes a second switch unit, 5 denotes a switch control unit, 6 denotes a variable-characteristic unit, 7 denotes a characteristic setting unit, 8 denotes a characteristic control unit, 121 to 12n denote a plurality of first transmission lines respectively, and 131 to 13n denote a plurality of second transmission lines, respectively, where n is an integer more than one.
The plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n are provided corresponding to the plurality of first transmission lines 121 to 12n, respectively, and the plurality of second transmission lines 131 to 13n are provided corresponding to the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n. The plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n each can receive an input signal from the corresponding one of the plurality of first transmission lines 121 to 12n, and can process the input signal in accordance with a characteristic of each working-system processing unit, to output the processed signal to the corresponding one of the plurality of second transmission lines 131 to 13n. The protection-system processing unit 2, as a substitute for one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, can receive an input signal from one of the plurality of first transmission lines 121 to 12n which corresponds to the substituted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, and can process the input signal in accordance with a characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2, to output the processed signal to one of the plurality of second transmission lines 131 to 13n which corresponds to the above substituted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n. The pair of switch units 3 and 4 are provided on rows on the input and output sides of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n and the protection-system processing unit 2, respectively. In a first mode, the first switch unit 3 connects the inputs of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n with the corresponding first transmission lines 121 to 12n, respectively, and the second switch unit 4 connects the outputs of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n with the corresponding second transmission lines 131 to 13n, respectively. In a second mode the first switch unit 3 connects the inputs of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n except one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, with the corresponding first transmission lines 121 to 12n, respectively, except one of the plurality of first transmission lines 121 to 12n corresponding to the above excepted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n ; and connects the input of the protection-system processing unit 2 with the above excepted one of the plurality of first transmission lines 121 to 12n. In the second mode, the second switch unit 4 connects the outputs of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n except one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, with the corresponding second transmission lines 131 to 13n, respectively, except one of the plurality of second transmission lines 131 to 13n corresponding to the above excepted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n ; and connects the output of the protection-system processing unit 2 with the above excepted one of the plurality of second transmission lines 131 to 13n. The mode of the connections in the first and second switch units 3 and 4, and selection of one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n as the above excepted one, are controlled by the switch control unit 5. When all of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n operate normally, the pair of switch units 3 and 4 operate in the above first mode. When an alarm event occurs in one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, the operations of the switch units 3 and 4 are changed to the second mode.
When the switch control unit 5 receives alarm information indicating an occurrence of an alarm event in one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, the switch control unit 5 controls the switch units 3 and 4 so that the protection-system processing unit 2, as the substitute for the above one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n in which the alarm event has occurred, receives an input signal from one of the plurality of first transmission lines 121 to 12n which corresponds to the substituted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, and processes the input signal in accordance with a characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2, to output the processed signal to one of the plurality of second transmission lines 131 to 13n which corresponds to the above substituted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n.
The protection-system processing unit 2 contains the variable-characteristic unit 6 which can vary the characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2 under control of the characteristic control unit 8. The protection-system processing unit may further contain the characteristic setting unit 7. When the protection-system processing unit contains the characteristic setting unit 7, the characteristic control unit 8 can set control data in controlling the characteristic setting unit 7, where the control data indicates a requested characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2. When the protection-system processing unit 2 is substituted for one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n, the characteristic control unit 8 controls the variable-characteristic unit 6 or sets the control data, so that the characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2 becomes equivalent to the characteristic of the above substituted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n. The characteristic control unit 8 is activated when one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n is substituted by the protection-system processing unit 2 under the control of the switch control unit 5. The characteristic control unit 8 may be activated by the switch control unit 5.
According to the construction of the first aspect of the present invention, the protection-system processing unit 2 contains the variable-characteristic unit 6, and the characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2 can be controlled by the characteristic control unit 8, (preferably, by setting the control data in the characteristic setting unit in the protection-system processing unit 2 by the characteristic control unit 8). Thus, the characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2 can be automatically set when one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n is substituted by the protection-system processing unit 2 so that the characteristic of the protection-system processing unit 2 becomes equivalent to the characteristic of the above substituted one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n.
Alternatively, the above operation of the switch control unit 5 may be replaced by a manual operation. Namely, the first and second switch units 3 and 4 may be constructed so that the connections in the first and second switch units 3 and 4 can be manually changed. In this case, although not shown, the system further contains a switch status detecting unit for detecting the status concerning the connections in the first and second switch units 3 and 4, and indicating the status, and the characteristic control unit 8 can have a status indication detecting unit for detecting the indication of the status. When the characteristic control unit 8 detects that one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n is substituted by the protection-system processing unit 2, the characteristic control unit 8 operates in the same way as in the case when the characteristic control unit 8 receives the alarm information.
Basic Construction of Second Aspect of Present Invention (FIG. 6)
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a basic construction of the second aspect of the present invention. In FIG. 6, the same elements as FIG. 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals. In addition to the construction of FIG. 5, the construction of FIG. 6 has a working characteristic storing unit 9.
In the construction of the second aspect of the present invention, the working characteristic storing unit 9 stores the characteristics of the respective working-system processing units 11 to 1n, for example, in the form of the above control data. Therefore, the characteristic control unit 8 can refer to the working characteristic storing unit 9 when characteristic control unit 8 controls the variable-characteristic unit 6 in the protection-system processing unit 2, or when the characteristic control unit 8 sets the control data in the characteristic setting unit 7.
Basic Construction of Third Aspect of Present Invention (FIG. 7)
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a basic construction of the third aspect of the present invention. In FIG. 7, the same elements as FIG. 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals except that the working-system processing units are denoted by reference numerals 11 ' to 1n '. In addition to the construction of FIG. 5, the construction of FIG. 7 has a working characteristic reading unit 11, and the respective working-system processing units 11 ' to 1n ' contain characteristic setting units 101 to 10n, respectively.
In the construction of the third aspect of the present invention, the characteristic setting units 101 to 10n in the working-system processing units 11 ' to 1n ' hold control data which control the characteristics of the working-system processing units 11 ' to 1n ', respectively. The constructions of the working-system processing units 11 ' to 1n ' may be the same as the construction of the protection-system processing unit 2. The working characteristic reading unit 11 can read the content of the control data set in the characteristic setting unit in one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 ' to 1n ', when that one of the plurality of working-system processing units 11 to 1n is to be substituted by the protection-system processing unit 2. The control data read by the working characteristic reading unit 11 is supplied to the characteristic control unit 8, and is then set in the characteristic setting unit 7 in the protection-system processing unit 2 by the characteristic control unit 8. The above operation of the working characteristic reading unit 11 may be activated by the characteristic control unit 8 or the switch control unit 5. Thus, the characteristic control unit 8 can obtain the control data to be set in the characteristic setting unit 7 in the protection-system processing unit 2.
Although the above explanations are made for the cases wherein only one protection-system processing unit is provided, it will be easily understood that, when more than one protection-system processing unit are provided in the constructions of FIGS. 5 to 7, apparently, the above operations for setting characteristics in the respective protection-system processing units can be performed in the same manner as above.
Construction of First Embodiment (FIG. 8)
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a construction of the first embodiment of the present invention. The construction of FIG. 8 corresponds to the same portion of a terminal station as FIG. 1. In FIG. 8, the same elements as FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals. In FIG. 8, reference numeral 221 to 22N each denote a piece of working terminal equipment, 23 denotes a piece of protection terminal equipment, 24 denotes a control unit, 261 to 26N each denote a characteristic setting unit in each piece of working terminal equipment, 281 to 28N each denote a transmitter unit in each piece of working terminal equipment, 27 denotes a characteristic setting unit in the piece of protection terminal equipment, and 29 denotes a protection-system transmitter unit in the piece of protection terminal equipment.
The construction of FIG. 8 corresponds to the basic construction of FIG. 5. The control unit 24 realizes the functions of the switch control unit 5 and the characteristic control unit 8 in FIG. 5, and the pair of switch units 551 and 552 correspond to the pair of switch units 3 and 4 in FIG. 5, respectively. The pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N in FIG. 8 correspond to the working-system processing units 11 to 1n in FIG. 5, respectively, and the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 in FIG. 8 corresponds to the protection-system processing unit 2 in FIG. 5. The characteristic setting unit 27 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 in FIG. 8 corresponds to the characteristic setting unit 7 in the protection-system processing unit 2 in FIG. 5, and the transmitter unit 29 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 in FIG. 8 corresponds to the variable-characteristic unit 6 in the protection-system processing unit 2 in FIG. 5.
In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the transmitter units 281 to 28N in the pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N have the same construction as the transmitter unit 29 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23, and the pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N further contain the characteristic setting units 261 to 26N, respectively. Each of the characteristic setting units 261 to 26N and 27 in the pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N and the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 contains a register (as explained later with reference to FIG. 11) for holding control data (LBO1 to LEON) for controlling the output characteristic of the corresponding transmitter unit. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the output characteristics of the transmitter units 281 to 28N and 29 in the pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N and the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 are adjusted corresponding to the lengths of the tributary transmission lines 511 to 51N (LINE BUILT OUT), and therefore the control data are denoted by LBO1 to LBON, respectively. Each of the transmitter units 281 to 28N and 29 in the pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N and the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 has a construction such that the output characteristic thereof can be varied in accordance with the control data held in the above register in the corresponding characteristic setting unit. An example of such a construction of transmitter unit will be explained later with reference to FIG. 11.
In advance of the operation of the terminal station of FIG. 8, the control data LBO1 to LBON may be preset in the above registers in the characteristic setting units 261 to 26N by a manual switch (not shown) or by the control unit 24.
Similar to the construction of FIG. 5, when the control unit 24 receives alarm information indicating an occurrence of an alarm event in one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N, the control unit 24 controls the switch units 551 and 552 so that the piece of protection terminal equipment 23, as a substitute for the above one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N in which the alarm event has occurred, receives an input signal from one of the plurality of outputs of the demultiplexer 58 which corresponds to the substituted one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N, and processes the input signal in accordance with a characteristic of the piece of protection terminal equipment 23, to output the processed signal to one of the plurality of tributary transmission lines 511 to 51n which corresponds to the above substituted one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N.
The control unit 24 can set control data for use in controlling the transmitter unit 29 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23, where the control data indicates a requested output characteristic of the transmitter unit 29 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23. When the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 is substituted for one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N, the control unit 24 sets the control data in the above-mentioned register in the characteristic setting unit 27 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23, so that the output characteristic of the transmitter unit 29 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 becomes equivalent to the output characteristic of the above substituted one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N. Namely, the control unit 24 sets in the register in the characteristic setting unit 27 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23, the same control data as that held in the register in the characteristic setting unit in the substituted one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N. Thus, the transmitter unit 29 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 23 has the same output characteristic as the transmitter unit in the substituted one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 221 to 22N.
Construction of Second Embodiment (FIG. 9)
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a construction of the second embodiment of the present invention. The construction of FIG. 9 corresponds to the same portion of a terminal station as FIG. 8. In FIG. 9, the same elements as FIG. 8 are denoted by the same reference numerals. In FIG. 9, reference numeral 1121 to 112N each denote a piece of working terminal equipment, 113 denotes a piece of protection terminal equipment, 114 denotes a control unit, 1161 to 116N each denote a characteristic setting unit in each piece of working terminal equipment, 1181 to 118N each denote a transmitter unit in each piece of working terminal equipment, 117 denotes a characteristic setting unit in the piece of protection terminal equipment, and 119 denotes a protection-system transmitter unit in the piece of protection terminal equipment. The construction of FIG. 9 further contains a memory 121 for storing control data (LBO1 to LBON).
The construction of FIG. 9 corresponds to the basic constructions of FIGS. 6 and 7. The control unit 114 realizes the functions of the switch control unit 5 and the characteristic control unit 8 in FIGS. 6 and 7, and the working characteristic reading unit 11 in FIG. 7, and the pair of switch units 551 and 552 correspond to the pair of switch units 3 and 4 in FIGS. 6 and 7, respectively. The pieces of working terminal equipment 1121 to 112N in FIG. 9 correspond to the working-system processing units 11 ' to 1n ' in FIG. 7, respectively, and the piece of protection terminal equipment 113 in FIG. 9 corresponds to the protection-system processing unit 2 in FIGS. 6 and 7. The characteristic setting unit 117 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 113 in FIG. 9 corresponds to the characteristic setting unit 7 in the protection-system processing unit 2 in FIGS. 6 and 7, and the transmitter unit 119 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 113 in FIG. 9 corresponds to the variable-characteristic unit 6 in the protection-system processing unit 2 in FIGS. 6 and 7. Further, the characteristic setting units 1161 to 116N in FIG. 9 correspond to the characteristic setting units 101 to 10n in FIG. 7, respectively, and the memory 121 in FIG. 9 corresponds to the working characteristic storing unit 9 in FIG. 7.
In advance of the operation of the terminal station of FIG. 9, the control data LBO1 to LBON may be preset in the above registers in the characteristic setting units 1161 to 116N by a manual switch (not shown) or by the control unit 114.
The construction of each of the pieces of working terminal equipment 1121 to 112N and the piece of protection terminal equipment 117 in FIG. 9 is the same as explained for the construction of FIG. 8, and the operations of controlling the switch units 551 and 552, and setting of the control data in the characteristic setting unit 117 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 113, are performed in the same manner as the construction of FIG. 8.
In addition, in the construction of FIG. 9, the memory 121 stores the control data which are the same as those held in the registers in the characteristic setting units 1161 to 116N in the pieces of working terminal equipment 1121 to 112N, and the control unit 114 can obtain the control data to be set in the characteristic setting unit 117 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 113, by referring to the memory 121.
Further, in the construction of FIG. 9, the control unit 124 can access the register in each of the characteristic setting units 1161 to 116N in the pieces of working terminal equipment 1121 to 112N, to read the content thereof. Therefore, the control unit 14 can obtain the above control data without referring to the memory 121. In addition, before starting the operation of the terminal station, the control unit 14 can obtain the control data held in the registers in the characteristic setting units 1161 to 116N in the respective pieces of working terminal equipment 1121 to 112N by accessing to them as above, and write the control data in the memory 121 for use in setting the control data in the characteristic setting unit 117 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 113 in operation.
Construction of Third Embodiment (Fig. 10)
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a construction of the third embodiment of the present invention. The construction of FIG. 10 corresponds to the same portion of a terminal station as FIGS. 8 and 9. In FIG. 10, the same elements as FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals. In FIG. 10, reference numeral 1321 to 132N each denote a piece of working terminal equipment, 133 denotes a piece of protection terminal equipment, 134 denotes a control unit, 1361 to 136N each denote a characteristic setting unit in each piece of working terminal equipment, 1381 to 138N each denote a transmitter unit in each piece of working terminal equipment, 137 denotes a characteristic setting unit in the piece of protection terminal equipment 133, and 139 denotes a protection-system transmitter unit in the piece of protection terminal equipment 133. In the construction FIG. 10, the characteristic setting unit 137 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 133 contains a plurality of working characteristic storing registers 1411 to 141N and a characteristic selector 142. The plurality of working characteristic storing registers 1411 to 141N are provided corresponding to the pieces of working terminal equipment 1321 to 132N, respectively. Each of the plurality of working characteristic storing registers 1411 to 141N stores control data which realizes in the transmitter unit 139 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 133 the output characteristic of the transmitter unit in one of the pieces of working terminal equipment 1321 to 132N corresponding to the working characteristic storing register. Namely, each of the plurality of working characteristic storing registers 1411 to 141N stores the same control data which is set in the characteristic setting unit in one of the pieces of working terminal equipment 1321 to 132N corresponding to the working characteristic storing register, when the transmitter units 1381 to 138N and 139 in the pieces of working terminal equipment 1321 to 132N and the piece of protection terminal equipment 133 have the same construction wherein the output characteristic thereof can be varied in accordance with the control data supplied from the corresponding characteristic setting unit. When one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 1321 to 132N is substituted by the piece of protection terminal equipment 133, the characteristic selector 142 selects and applies to the transmitter unit 139 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 133, one of the outputs of the plurality of working characteristic storing registers 1411 to 141N corresponding to the substituted one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment 1321 to 132N, where the control unit 134 controls the characteristic selector 142. Thus, control data realizing a requested characteristic in the transmitter unit 139 in the piece of protection terminal equipment 133 can be supplied to the transmitter unit 139.
The constructions of FIG. 10 and the operations thereof, other than those described above, are the same as those explained for the construction of FIGS. 8 and 9.
In the above constructions of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10, the operations of the control units 24, 114, and 134 may be performed by software or hardware logic circuitry.
Construction of Variable-Characteristic Unit (FIG. 11)
FIG. 11 is a construction of an example of the variable-characteristic portion of each transmitter unit in the pieces of working and protection terminal equipment in the embodiments of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10. The construction of the variable-characteristic portion indicated in FIG. 11 is provided in the final stage of each transmitter unit in the pieces of working and in the piece of protection terminal equipment. In FIG. 11, reference numeral 30 denotes a control data register which realizes the characteristic setting unit, 31, 32, 33, and 34 each denote an analog switch, 35 and 37 each denote a short-circuit path, 36 and 38 each denote a filter circuit.
The filter circuit 36 gives an amplitude loss and a phase shift which are equivalent to those a transmission line of a length equal to 100 feet gives, to transmission signals which pass through the filter circuit 36; and the filter circuit 38 gives an amplitude loss and a phase shift which are equivalent to those a transmission line of a length equal to 225 feet gives, to transmission signals which pass through the filter circuit 38.
The control data register 30 contains four bits 301, 302, 303, and 304. The four bits 301, 302, 303, and 304 controls the analog switches 31, 32, 33, and 34, respectively. When four bits 301, 302, 303, and 304 are (0, 0, 0, 0), transmission signals from the previous stage of the transmitter unit pass through the short-circuit paths 35 and 37, and are then output onto the tributary transmission line. Therefore, the transmission signals which are passed through the construction of FIG. 11 suffer an amplitude loss and a phase shift which are equivalent to those a transmission signal which is passed through a transmission line of a length equal to 100 feet suffers. When four bits 301, 302, 303, and 304 are (1, 1, 0, 0), the transmission signals from the previous stage of the transmitter unit pass through the filter circuit 36 and the short-circuit path 37, and are then output onto the tributary transmission line. Therefore, the transmission signals which are passed through the construction of FIG. 11 suffer an amplitude loss and a phase shift which are equivalent to those a transmission signal which is passed through a transmission line of a length equal to 100 feet suffers. When four bits 301, 302, 303, and 304 are (0, 0, 1, 1), the transmission signals from the previous stage of the transmitter unit pass through the short-circuit path 35 and the filter circuit 38, and are then output onto the tributary transmission line. Therefore, the transmission signals which are passed through the construction of FIG. 11 suffer an amplitude loss and a phase shift which are equivalent to those a transmission signal which is passed through a transmission line of a length equal to 225 feet suffers. When four bits 301, 302, 303, and 304 are (1, 1, 1, 1), the transmission signals from the previous stage of the transmitter unit pass through the filter circuits 36 and 38, and are then output onto the tributary transmission line. Therefore, the transmission signals which are passed through the construction of FIG. 11 suffer an amplitude loss and a phase shift which are equivalent to those a transmission signal which is passed through a transmission line of a length equal to 325 feet suffers.
As explained with reference to FIG. 5, the first and second switch units 551 and 552 may be constructed so that the connections in the first and second switch units 551 and 552 can be manually changed. In this case, the above operations for setting the control data by the control units in the respective embodiments, may be triggerred by the detection of the change. Namely, when the control unit in each embodiment detects a change by which one of the plurality of pieces of working terminal equipment is substituted by the piece of protection terminal equipment, the control unit operates in the same way as in the case when the control unit receives the alarm information.
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