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Patent US5951653 - Method and system for coordinating access to objects of different thread ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA computer-based method and system for accessing objects of different thread types in a single process. The system provides single-threaded apartments (STAs) for loading apartment-threaded objects and a multi-threaded apartment (MTA) for loading free-threaded objects. Each STA has a single thread, and...http://www.google.com/patents/US5951653?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5951653 - Method and system for coordinating access to objects of different thread types in a shared memory spaceAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5951653 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/790,295Publication dateSep 14, 1999Filing dateJan 29, 1997Priority dateJan 29, 1997Fee statusPaidPublication number08790295, 790295, US 5951653 A, US 5951653A, US-A-5951653, US5951653 A, US5951653AInventorsRichard D. Hill, Alexander A. MitchellOriginal AssigneeMicrosoft CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (50), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and system for coordinating access to objects of different thread types in a shared memory space
US 5951653 AAbstract
A computer-based method and system for accessing objects of different thread types in a single process. The system provides single-threaded apartments (STAs) for loading apartment-threaded objects and a multi-threaded apartment (MTA) for loading free-threaded objects. Each STA has a single thread, and the MTA has multiple threads. When an STA thread requests to access a free-threaded object, the system creates an MTA thread and requests the MTA thread to instantiate the free-threaded object. The STA thread then receives a marshalled pointer to the free-threaded object and unmarshals the received pointer. The STA thread then accesses the free-threaded object using the unmarshalled pointer so that the MTA thread accesses the free-threaded object on behalf of the STA thread. When an MTA thread requests access to an apartment-threaded object, the system creates an STA thread and requests the STA thread to instantiate the apartment-threaded object. The MTA thread then receives a marshalled pointer to the apartment threaded object and unmarshals the received pointer. The MTA thread then accesses the apartment-threaded object using the unmarshalled pointer so that the STA thread accesses the apartment-threaded object on behalf of the MTA thread.
1. A method in a computer system for accessing objects of different thread types in a single process, the method comprising:during execution of a single-threaded apartment (STA) thread,requesting access to a free-threaded object; and in response to the request to access a free threaded object,creating a multi-threaded apartment (MTA) thread; requesting the MTA thread to instantiate the free threaded object; receiving a marshalled pointer to the free-threaded object; unmarshalling the received pointer; and accessing the instantiated free-threaded object using the unmarshalled pointer wherein an MTA thread accesses the free-threaded object on behalf of the STA thread; and during execution of an MTA thread,requesting access to an apartment-threaded object; and in response to the request to access an apartment-threaded object,creating an STA thread; requesting the STA thread to instantiate the apartment-threaded object; receiving a marshalled pointer to the apartmnent-threaded object; unmarshalling the received pointer; and accessing the instantiated apartment-threaded object using the unmarshalled pointer wherein the STA thread accesses the apartment-threaded object on behalf of the MTA thread. 2. A method in a computer system for accessing a free-threaded object from a single-threaded apartment thread (STA) thread, the method comprising:during execution of the STA thread,requesting access to the free-threaded object; and in response to the request to access a free-threaded object,selecting a multi-threaded apartment (MTA) thread for accessing the object; requesting the selected MTA thread to access the free-threaded object on behalf of the STA thread; dispatching messages received while the MTA thread is accessing the free-threaded object; and receiving notification that the MTA thread has completed accessing the free-threaded object. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the selecting of an MTA thread includes creating an MTA thread.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the selecting of an MTA thread selects an already created thread.
5. The method of claim 2 including before requesting access to the free-threaded object, receiving a marshalled pointer to the free-threaded object and unmarshalling the pointer and wherein the requesting of access to the free-threaded object uses the unmarshalled pointer.
6. The method of claim 2 including when the free-threaded object has not been instantiated, requesting the MTA thread to instantiate the free-threaded object wherein the MTA thread provides the STA thread with a marshalled pointer to the free-threaded object.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the STA thread unmarshals the pointer and requests access to the free-threaded object using the unmarshalled pointer.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein the requesting of the selected MTA thread includes switching to the MTA thread.
9. A method in a computer system for accessing an apartment-threaded object from a multi-threaded apartment (MTA) thread, the method comprising:during execution of the MTA thread,requesting access to the apartment-threaded object; and in response to the request to access the apartment-threaded object,selecting a single-threaded apartment (STA) thread to access the object; requesting the selected STA thread to access the apartment threaded object on behalf of the MTA thread; suspending execution while the STA thread is accessing the apartment-threaded object; and resuming execution when notified that the STA thread has completed accessing the apartment-threaded object. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the selecting of an STA thread selects an already created thread.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein when the apartment-threaded object is a main-threaded object, then the selecting selects the main STA thread.
12. The method of claim 9 including before requesting access to the apartment-threaded object, receiving a marshalled pointer to the apartment-threaded object, and unmarshalling the pointer and wherein the requesting of access to the apartment-threaded object uses the unmarshalled pointer.
13. The method of claim 9 including when the apartment-threaded object has not been instantiated, requesting the STA thread to instantiate the apartment-threaded object wherein the STA thread provides the MTA thread with a marshalled pointer to the apartment-threaded object.
14. The method of claim 9 wherein the MTA thread unmarshals the pointer and requests access to the apartment-threaded object using the unmarshalled pointer.
15. A method in a computer system for providing access to apartment-threaded objects and free-threaded objects in memory shared by multiple threads, the method comprising:creating a single-threaded apartment having a single-threaded apartment (STA) thread, each apartment object being loaded into the single-threaded apartment; creating a multi-threaded apartment having multiple multi-threaded apartment (MTA) threads, each free-threaded object being loaded into the multi-threaded apartment; when the STA thread requests to access a free-threaded object, accessing the free-threaded object from a selected MTA thread on behalf of the STA thread; and when a MTA thread requests to accesses an apartment-threaded object, accessing the apartment threaded object from the STA thread on behalf of the MTA thread. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the STA thread dispatches messages while the MTA thread is accessing the free-threaded object.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the MTA thread suspends while the STA thread is accessing the apartment-threaded object.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the STA thread provides a pointer to a marshalled host object and wherein the MTA thread unmarshals the pointer to the host object and invokes a method of the host object to instantiate an apartment-threaded object and to return a marshalled pointer to the instantiated object.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the MTA thread unmarshals the pointer to the instantiated object and uses the unmarshalled pointer to request access to the instantiated object.
20. The method of claim 15 wherein an MTA thread provides a pointer to a marshalled host object and wherein the STA thread unmarshals the pointer to the host object and invokes a method of the host object to instantiate a free-threaded object and to return a marshalled pointer to the instantiated object.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the STA thread unmarshals the pointer to the instantiated object and uses the unmarshalled pointer to request access to the instantiated object.
22. A computer-readable medium containing instructions for causing a computer system to provide access to apartment-threaded objects and free-threaded objects in memory shared by multiple threads, by:creating a single-threaded apartment having a single-threaded apartment (STA) thread, each apartment object being loaded into the single threaded apartment; creating a multi-threaded apartment having multiple multi-threaded apartment (MTA) threads, each free-threaded object being loaded into the multi-threaded apartment; when the STA thread requests to access a free-threaded object, creating an MTA thread and accessing the free-threaded object from created MTA thread on behalf of the STA thread; and when a MTA thread requests to accesses an apartment-threaded object, accessing the apartment threaded object from the STA thread on behalf of the MTA thread. 23. The computer-readable medium of claim 22 wherein the STA thread dispatches messages while the MTA thread is accessing the free-threaded object.
24. The computer-readable medium of claim 22 wherein the MTA thread suspends while the STA thread is accessing the apartment-threaded object.
25. The computer-readable medium of claim 22 wherein the STA thread provides a pointer to a marshalled host object and wherein the MTA thread unmarshals the pointer to the host object and invokes a method of the host object to instantiate an apartment-threaded object and to return a marshalled pointer to the instantiated object.
26. The computer-readable medium of claim 25 wherein the MTA thread unmarshals the pointer to the instantiated object and uses the unmarshalled pointer to request access to the instantiated object.
27. The computer-readable medium of claim 22 wherein an MTA thread provides a pointer to a marshalled host object and wherein the STA thread unmarshals the pointer to the host object and invokes a method of the host object to instantiate a free-threaded object and to return a marshalled pointer to the instantiated object.
28. The computer-readable medium of claim 27 wherein the STA thread unmarshals the pointer to the instantiated object and uses the unmarshalled pointer to request access to the instantiated object.
The present invention relates generally to accessing objects in a computer system and more particularly to coordinating access to objects among multiple threads.
Most computer systems execute under the control of a multiprocessing operating system. A multiprocessing operating system is designed to control the concurrent execution of multiple computer programs. Such operating systems typically allow one program to execute for a while, and then allow another computer program to execute. Before each computer program is allowed to execute, the operating system initializes the system resources (e.g., is CPU registers) to their state when that computer program last executed and, if necessary, loads the computer program back into memory. Thus, when the computer program is allowed to execute again, its execution continues where it left off. Each executing computer program is generally referred to as a "process," and the state of the computer system when that computer program executes is referred to as the "context" of the process.
Computer programs that are executing concurrently may have the need to communicate with each other. A computer application may be implemented as multiple cooperating computer programs that each execute as separate processes. One computer program may request another computer program to perform a certain function on its behalf. Each time the operating system allows a different computer program to execute, the operating system performs what is referred to as a process context switch. The context switch involves saving the current state of the executing process so that it can continue execution at a later time, and restoring the previous state of the computer program to be executed. The saving and restoring of the contexts may place an unacceptable overhead on the computer system. To avoid the overhead of process context switching, some operating systems have implemented the concept of a lightweight process or a thread. Within a single process, the operating system may allow several threads to execute concurrently. Each thread in a process shares the same address space (i.e., code and data), but each thread has its own program counter and other register values. The operating system allows each thread in the process to execute for a while and then switches control to the next thread. Because the threads share the same address space, the context switching from one thread to another can be accomplished much faster than switching from one process to another. Thus, the concept of multithreading allows many of the advantages of multiprocessing, but without the overhead of process context switches.
Many server computer programs (i.e., servers) that provide services to multiple client computer programs (i.e., clients) are implemented using multiple threads. When a client requests the server to perform a service on behalf of the client, the server will create a thread to provide that service for the client. Thus, when multiple clients request services at approximately the same time, the server will be executing many threads. The data that a process accesses is often organized into objects that encapsulate data and code for accessing that data. Because the threads within a process share the same data, access control to the data must be coordinated by the threads. With such a multithreading server, the developer of the server is responsible for coordinating access to the objects so that the processing by one thread will not be interfered with by another thread. For example, the developer may need to ensure that appropriate synchronization mechanism (e.g., locks and semaphores) are defined for each object. A synchronization problem could occur when two threads attempt to access an object concurrently. For example, if both threads A and B need to modify the same object, then a synchronization problem could occur in the following way. When the object provides a method to increment a data member, the method may load the value of the data member into a register, increment the value, and store the value back into the data member. However, if thread A invokes the method, the current value (e.g., 10) of the data member may get loaded into a register and then a thread context switch may occur so that thread B executes. If thread B also invokes the method, the current value (e.g., 10) of the data member would be loaded into a register, incremented (e.g., 11), and stored back into the data member. When thread A again executes, it resumes execution of the method. In this case, the value (i.e., 10) in its register is incremented (e.g., 11) and stored back into the data member. Thus, after execution of the method by both threads the data member will have a value of 11 rather than the expected value of 12. It may take a considerable amount of programming to develop a computer program that avoids various synchronization problems. The synchronization problems also occur when multiple processes, even with only one thread each, access shared memory. Thus, in general the problems occur when any threads, regardless of whether they are in the same or different processes, access objects in shared memory.
To help simplify development of such objects, an apartment model has been developed. According to the apartment model, each object can only be accessed by the single thread. Because each object can only be accessed by a single thread no synchronization problems occur as a result of multiple threads accessing the object concurrently. That is, the single thread can serially process each request to access the object. Thus, when a thread wants to access an object, it requests that the thread for the object perform the function on behalf of the requesting thread. The group of objects that can be accessed by a thread is referred to as an apartment. The apartment model is described in U.S. patent Ser. No. 08/381,635, entitled "Method and System for Multi-Threaded Processing," which is hereby incorporated by reference. A preferred technique for sending the request from one thread to another is referred to as marshalling and described in U.S. patent Ser. No. 5,511,197, entitled "Method and System for Network Marshalling of Interface Pointers for Remote Procedure Calls," which is hereby incorporated by reference.
When a programmer is developing a new object, the programmer needs to make a decision as to whether the object will be accessed only by a single thread or by multiple threads. If the object is to be accessed only by a single thread (i.e., an apartment-threaded object), then the implementation of the lo object is fairly straightforward because synchronization problems can be avoided by serializing access. Conversely, if the object is to be accessed by multiple threads (i.e., a free-threaded object), then the appropriate synchronization management mechanisms need to be developed. Unfortunately, apartment-threaded objects cannot be accessed by a server developed to access objects from any thread, and vice versa. When free-threaded objects are being used, a server is developed to simply pass pointers to the objects from one thread to another thread. The receiving thread would access the object directly, regardless of which thread created the object. Thus, if such a server loaded an apartment-threaded object, synchronization problems may occur as multiple threads accessed the object concurrently. Similarly, if a free-threaded object were executed in an apartment thread, the object may block in a manner that would cause the apartment to deadlock. Consequently, each class of object has an associated thread type. The thread type of the class can be either apartment-threaded or free-threaded. If a server is developed to use the apartment model, the server cannot instantiate free-threaded objects. Conversely, if the server is developed to use the free-threaded objects (i.e., a free-threading model), then the process cannot instantiate apartment-threaded objects. Two other thread types can be defined: single-threaded objects and both-threaded objects. A single-threaded object (referred to as a main-threaded object in the following) is an apartment-threaded object that can only be loaded into the apartment for the main thread of the process. A both-threaded object is compatible with both the apartment model and the free-threading model and thus can be loaded by a process that uses either model.
Although the apartment model does simplify the development of objects, the model has several drawbacks. First, if the computer has multiple processors, then the object can only be accessed by the processor that is executing the single thread and the other processors may be idle. Conversely, with the free-threaded objects, each thread that is accessing an object may be executing simultaneously on separate processors. Second, remote procedure call (RPC) mechanisms typically provide a dedicated thread for receiving calls from other processes. Thus, a thread context switch from the dedicated thread to the single thread may be needed. Conversely, a free-threaded object could execute in the dedicated thread. Third, because requests are nested, rather than queued, it may be that a first request is never completely serviced. That is, the last request received is serviced before the previously received requests are serviced. For example, when thread A is executing a method that was called from another thread, it may call a method in thread B, which in turn calls a method in thread A. If thread A did not process the second call when it was received, then the first call would never complete. However, if a first client calls a method in thread A, and many other clients call methods in thread A before the call by the first process completes, then the call by the first client may never complete because the thread is busy executing subsequent calls. Conversely, the threads with the free-threaded objects execute independently.
The present invention provides a method and system for providing access to apartment-threaded objects and free-threaded objects in memory shared by multiple threads. The system creates a single-threaded apartment that has a single-threaded apartment (STA) thread. The system loads each apartmentthreaded object into the single-threaded apartment. The system also creates a multi-threaded apartment that has one or more multi-threaded apartment (MTA) threads. The system loads each free-threaded object into the multi-threaded apartment. When the STA thread requests to access a free-threaded object, the system creates an MTA thread (or reactivates a deactivated thread) and requests that the MTA thread access the free-threaded object. The MTA thread then accesses the free-threaded object on behalf of the STA thread. When an MTA thread requests to access an apartment-threaded object, the system requests the STA thread to access the apartment-threaded object. The STA thread then accesses the apartment-threaded object from the STA thread on behalf of the MTA thread.
In another aspect of the present invention, both the MTA and the STA provide a host object through which objects can be instantiated in their respective apartments. Marshalled pointers to the host objects are placed in shared memory so that any thread can access the marshalled pointers. When an STA thread is to load a free-threaded object, the STA thread unmarshals the pointer for the host object of the MTA. The STA thread then invokes a method of the host object of the MTA. That invocation is sent to an MTA thread. The MTA host object instantiates the free-threaded object and returns a marshalled pointer to the instantiated object. When the STA thread receives the marshalled pointer, it unmarshals the pointer and uses the pointer to access the instantiated object. The instantiated object is accessed by requesting an MTA thread to access the instantiated object on behalf of the STA thread. When an MTA thread is to load an apartment-threaded object, then an analogous process occurs.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the mixing of objects of different types in a single process.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating marshalling techniques used in the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a computer system for practicing the present invention.
FIG. 4a is a flow diagram of an implementation of the CoCreateinstance function.
FIG. 4b is a flow diagram of an implementation of the CoGetClassObject function.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a portion of the message loop for the main STA thread of the process.
FIG. 6 is flow diagram of the routine to create the host object in the main STA thread.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of the initialization process of an STA thread.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of the routine to initialize an MTA thread.
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of the channel processing when an apartment-threaded object is accessed.
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of the channel processing when a free-threaded object is accessed.
FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a stub routine.
The present invention provides a method and system that allows apartment-threaded objects and free-threaded objects to be loaded into memory shared by multiple threads in a manner that is transparent to the application programs. The mixed threading system (MTS) of the present invention supports multiple single-threaded apartments and one multi-threaded apartment in the shared memory. The MTS loads apartment-threaded objects into a single-threaded apartment and loads free-threaded objects into the multi-threaded apartment. Each single-threaded apartment is executed by a corresponding single-threaded apartment (STA) thread, and the multi-threaded apartment is executed by multiple multi-thread apartment (MTA) threads. When a thread requests to load an object, the MTS determines into which apartment the object should be loaded (i.e., free-threaded objects are loaded into the MTA and apartmnent-threaded objects are loaded into an STA, main-thread objects are loaded into the main STA thread, and both thread objects are loaded into the current thread). If the requesting thread matches the thread type of the object (e.g., an apartment-thread object and STA thread or a free-threaded object and an MTA thread), then the object is loaded into the apartment of the requesting thread. Thus, when the loaded object is then accessed by the requesting thread, it accesses the object directly from that thread. If, however, the requesting thread does not match the thread type of the object, then the MTS requests a thread that matches the thread type to load the object into its apartment and provides the requesting thread with a marshalled interface pointer to the object. Thus, whenever the loaded object is accessed by the requesting thread, then it is accessed using the marshalled interface pointer so that a thread context switch occurs so that the object can be executed by a thread in the appropriate apartment.
The MTS handles the accessing of an object through a marshalled interface pointer differently for each type of thread. If a thread uses a marshalled interface pointer to access an apartment-threaded object, then the MTS switches to the thread for that apartment to access the object on behalf of the requesting thread. If an STA thread uses a marshalled interface pointer to access a free-threaded object, then the MTS creates a new MTA thread and requests that the newly created thread access the object on behalf of the requesting STA thread. After the access is complete, then the MTA thread can be destroyed (or released to a pool of deactivated threads). Whenever an STA thread uses a marshalled interface pointer to access an object, then the thread enters a loop dispatching messages while the other thread accesses the object. Whenever an MTA thread uses a marshalled interface pointer to access an object, then the thread waits until the access is complete.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the mixing of objects of different thread types in a single process. Although the description below refers to threads in a single process, the techniques of the present invention may be used with threads in different processes that share memory. The process has a global area 101, multi-threaded apartment (MTA) 102 with three threads 102a, 102b, 102c, and three single-threaded apartments (STA) for threads 103a, 103b, 103c. The MTS keeps track of the apartments and threads. Three threads are designated as host threads: host STA thread 103b; main STA thread 103a; and host MTA thread 102c. The host threads provide access to a host object that controls the instantiation of objects. When one thread requests an object to be instantiated that needs to be in a different apartment, the MTS retrieves from the global area a marshalled interface pointer to the host object for the apartment in which the object is to be created. The MTS unmarshals the interface pointer and invokes a method of the host object to instantiate the object. The host object instantiates the object and returns a marshalled interface to the instantiated object. The requesting thread then unmarshals the interface pointer and uses it to access the object.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating marshalling techniques used in the present invention. When a pointer to an interface is passed from one thread (i.e., a server thread) 202 to another thread (i.e., a client thread) 201, the MTS creates proxy and stub objects to control the inter-thread invoking of the methods. The proxy object 201a is instantiated within the client thread and contains an implementation of the same interface (e.g., IObject) that the object 202c exposes. When the client thread invokes a method of the proxy object, the proxy object marshals the parameters of the method and passes the request to invoke that method to the channel object 201b. The channel object contains the network address of the corresponding server channel object 202b. The channel object may need to create a server thread to process the request. The channel object forwards the request to the server thread. The channel object on the server thread forwards the request to invoke the method to the stub object 202a. The stub object unmarshals the parameters of the message and invokes the corresponding method of the object 202c. When the method returns, the stub object packages the return parameters and forwards them to the channel object 202b. The channel object then sends that message to the channel object 201b. The channel object forwards the message to the proxy object which unmarshals the parameters and returns to the client.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a computer system for practicing the present invention. The computer system 300 includes primary storage 301, a central processing unit (CPU) 302, and an I/O interface 303. The primary storage contains a multi-threaded computer program 304, a CoCreatelnstance function 305, a channel interface 306, a system registry 307, and loaded dynamic link libraries (DLL) 308. The computer program invokes the CoCreatelnstance function to instantiate an object of a certain class. The function determines from the registry the name of the DLL that contains the code for that class and the thread type of that class (e.g., free-threaded). The function loads the DLL and effects the instantiation of that object in the appropriate apartment. The function then returns an interface pointer that points either directly to the object or to a proxy for the object. When the proxy is invoked, the channel code effects the invoking of the method by the appropriate thread.
FIG. 4a is a flow diagram of an implementation of CoCreatelnstance function. The CoCreateinstance function is passed the identifier of a class and the identifier of an interface supported by that class. The function instantiates an object of that class and returns a pointer to the interface for that object. In step 401a, the function invokes the CoGetClassObject function passing the identifier of the class and the identifier of the class factory interface. The class factory interface provides a method for creating instances of objects. In step 402a, the function invokes the method Createlnstance of the returned class factory passing the identifier of the interface for the object. The method creates an instance of the object and returns a pointer to interface. The function then returns.
FIG. 4b is a flow diagram of an implementation of the CoGetClassObject function. The CoGetClassObject function is passed the identifier of a class and returns a pointer to the class factory interface for that class. In step 401b, the function checks the global registry to identify the dynamic link library (DLL) that contains the code for the identified class. If the DLL for the class is not already loaded, then the function loads the DLL. In step 402b, the function retrieves the thread type of the class from the registry. In step 403b, the function retrieves a reference to the DLLGetClassObject function in is the loaded DLL. In step 404b, the function determines whether the object can be created in the current apartment. If the object can be created in the current apartment, then the function continues at step 405b, else the function continues at step 412b. The object can be instantiated in the current apartment in the following circumstances:
(1) the thread type of the class is both-threaded;
(2) the thread type of the class is apartment-threaded (but not main-threaded) and the current apartment is an STA;
(3) The thread type of the class is free-threaded and the current apartment is the MTA; and
(4) the thread type of the class is main-threaded and the current apartment is the main STA.
In step 405b, the function invokes the DLLGetClassObject function to instantiate the class factory in the current apartment and returns a pointer to the class factory. In step 412b, if the host object has been marshalled, then the function continues at step 410b, else the function continues at step 406b. In steps 406b-411b, the function causes the class factory to be created in another apartment that matches the thread type. In step 406b, if the thread type of the class is main-threaded, then the function continues at step 407b, else the function continues at step 408b. In step 407b, the function sends a message to the main STA thread to instantiate the class factory. The sending of the message is synchronized in that control does not return until the message has been processed by the main STA thread. In step 408b, the function creates a thread in an apartment for the class factory. In step 409b, the function waits on an event to signal the completion of the creation of the thread. In step 410b, the function unmarshals the host pointer that the created thread stored in the global memory. In step 411b, the function invokes the method GetClassObject of the host object to create the class factory and to retrieve a marshalled pointer to the class factory. The function then returns a pointer to the proxy class factory after unmarshalling the pointer.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a portion of the message loop for the main STA thread of the process. The main STA thread receives messages to instantiate apartment-threaded objects within its apartment. In step 501, the message loop retrieves the next message. In step 502, if the message indicates that an object is to be created, then the message loop continues at step 503, else the message loop continues its normal processing for messages. In step 503, the message invokes the routine to create an object for the main thread.
FIG. 6 is flow diagram of the routine to create an object in the main STA thread. In step 601, if the host object for the main STA thread has already been created, then the routine skips to step 604, else the routine continues at step 602. In step 602, the routine creates the host object. In step 603, the routine marshals a pointer to the host object to an area of global memory. In step 604, the routine sends a reply message and returns.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of the initialization process of an (non-main) STA thread. When a thread is initialized, it performs this process if it is a non-main STA thread. In step 701, the routine invokes the function ColnitializeEx indicating that an STA thread is being initialized. The function ColnitializeEx tracks the threads so that the requests to access objects can be sent to the appropriate thread. In step 702, if the host object for the STAs has already been created, then the routine skips to step 705, else the routine continues at step 703. In step 703, the routine creates the host object for the non-main STA threads. In step 704, the routine marshals the pointer to the host object to global memory. In step 705, the routine sets the event to indicate that the pointer to the host object is in global memory. The setting of this event notifies the client thread that the pointer to the host object is in global memory. In step 706, the routine goes to the message loop for the apartment thread.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of the routine to initialize an MTA thread. In step 801, the routine invokes the function ColnitializeEx indicating that an MTA thread is being initialized. In step 802, if the host object for the MTA has already been created, then the routine skips to step 805, else the routine continues at step 803. In step 803, the routine creates the host object for the free threads. In step 804, the routine marshals a pointer to the host object to the global memory. In step 805, the routine sets the event to indicate that the pointer to the host object is in global memory. In step 806, the routine blocks on an event to keep the thread alive until the process uninitializes. In step 807, the routine invokes the function CoUninitialize to uninitialize the thread and returns.
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of the channel processing when the object is in an STA. In step 901, the routine posts a message to the thread for the apartment that contains the object. In step 902, if the current thread is an MTA thread then the routine continues at step 903, else the routine continues at step 904. In step 903, the routine waits until the event is set by the thread that processed the request. An MTA thread suspends until the event is set. In steps 904-905, the routine loops dispatching messages and checking the event. An STA thread needs to continue dispatching messages in case the object that is invoked accesses an object that can only be accessed through this thread. In step 904, the routine dispatches any messages on the message loop. In step 905, if the event has been set, then the routine continues in step 906, else the routine loops to step 905. In step 906, the routine processes the reply and returns.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the channel processing when the object is in the MTA. In step 1001, the function creates an MTA thread or allocates an MTA thread from a pool of available threads. In step 1002, the routine sets an event to wake the thread to process the request. In steps 1003-1004, the routine loops dispatching messages and checking for the event. Only an STA thread will access a free-threaded object using marshalling. (Any MTA thread can access any free-threaded object directly.) Therefore, the messages for the STA threads are dispatched. In step 1003, the routine dispatches any messages. In step 1004, if the event is set, then the routine continues in step 1005, else the routine loops to step 1003. In step 1005, the routine processes the reply message and returns.
FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a stub routine. In step 1101, the stub routine unmarshals the message provided by the channel. In step 1102, the stub invokes the method of the object. In step 1103, the stub marshals any return parameters into a reply and forwards them to the channel and returns. The channel then forwards the reply and sets the event.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is not intended that the invention be limited to this embodiment. Modifications within the spirit of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The scope of the present invention is defined by the claims that follow.
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Alcazar Resort (Fort Lauderdale, FL) - UPDATED 2017 Specialty Resort Reviews - TripAdvisor
United States›Florida (FL)›Broward County›Fort Lauderdale›Fort Lauderdale Specialty Lodging
#4 of 33 Specialty Lodging in Fort Lauderdale 555 North Birch Road, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33304 Enter dates for best prices Check In Check Out 1 room, 2 adults, 0 children1 room, 2 adults, 0 childrenMore options Show Prices We check up to 200+ sites for the lowest hotel prices 1 room 1 room 2 adults 2 adults 0 children 0 children Ages of Children: change Please provide ages Child 1 Age Age Update Search Show Prices Close 269 more photos Room/Suite (23)View album Pool/Beach Area (14)View album Hotel & Grounds (14)View album Fort Lauderdale Beach0.6 mi3 star hotelFree Wifi
Reviewed 2 weeks ago Would definitely stay again!Resort was fun, clean, professional staff.
The room was very... more Excellent (263)Very good (53)Average (17)Poor (3)Terrible (5)
4Standard Room Getting you more information on this room See More Free Cancellation Best Price /night taxes & fees Select Check In Check Out 1 room 1 room 2 adults 2 adults 0 children 0 children Ages of Children: change Please provide ages Child 1 Age Age Update Search Show Room Prices {"BOOKING_FEATURES": ["IB_POST_BOOKING_LOGIN_US","IB_NEW_REG_FLOW_INTERRUPTER","IB_ALLOW_LOGGED_IN_USERS_DIFFERENT_EMAIL","IB_SHOW_EMAIL_FOR_INSECURE_LOGIN","IB_ADD_HOTEL_PHOTO_FOR_ROOM","RCMS_INLINE_ROOM_GRID_MAX_OCC","IB_NO_CVV","IB_POST_BOOKING_LOGIN","IB_UPPER_RIGHT_LOGIN","IB_IRG_PERFORMANCE_METRICS","IB_IRG_MATCH_META","MOB_BOOKING_EMAIL_AGREE_HIDE","CHILDREN_SEARCH","IB_EXPRESS_BOOK","IB_DW_INLINE_PASSWORD","HR_IB_EXCLUDE_TAXES_AND_FEES","IB_DW_CCNAME_WITH_AUTOCOMPLETE","IB_IRG_PERFORMANCE_METRICS_MOBILE","IB_BOOKNOW_CLEAN_WITH_ICON_SHORT_BTN","STORED_CARDS","IB_POST_BOOK_LOGIN_CTA","IB_PRICE_WINS_COPY","IB_DW_PROMPT_KNOWN_EMAIL","IB_PRICES_OUTSIDE_ROOM_BUTTON","IB_EXIT_INTERRUPTER","IB_SMS_CONFIRMATION","IB_SHOW_AMENITIES_AS_ICONS","IB_NEW_REG_FLOW","META_AIR","IB_REVIEW_BOOKING_BUTTON","IB_INLINE_ROOM_GRID","IBEX_HIGH_EQUITY_BRANDING","IB_PRICE_WINS_POST_TX","IB_BOOKING_FORM_FAVICON","IB_KIPLINGER_AWARD","IB_URGENCY_BLOCK","IB_NEW_REG_FLOW_POST_BOOK"] , "IMPRESSION_KEY": "a973ee4b91b641af9b5ee78d40207178", "roomSelectionModel": null, "ibAvailability": false, "metaAvailability": false, "numHacTries": -1, "checkIn": null, "checkOut": null, "lowestPrice": null, "hasDates": null, "hacComplete": false, "contentIdMappings": {}, "pollingEnabled": false, "preventScroll": false, "offerClickToken": null, "conditionalUpdate": false, "divClasses": "ppr_rup ppr_priv_ibex_inline_room_grid_slim", "singlePartnerRoomGridWidget": {"widget":{"name":"ibex_room_grid_slim","template":"ibex_room_grid_slim__widget","dust":{"amenities":"ibex_room_grid_slim__amenities","bed_config":"ibex_room_grid_slim__bed_config","condition_col":"ibex_room_grid_slim__condition_col","price_text":"ibex_room_grid_slim__price_text","row":"ibex_room_grid_slim__row","reservation_col":"ibex_room_grid_slim__reservation_col"},"js":{"handlers":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handlers'))","tracking":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'tracking'))"},"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_room_grid_slim","moduleList":["handlers","tracking"]},"scriptFlags":null,"containerClass":null}, "multiPartnerRoomGridWidget": null, "mismatchMessage": {"widget":{"name":"ibex_mismatch_message","template":"ibex_mismatch_message__widget","dust":{},"js":{"handler":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handler'))"},"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_mismatch_message","moduleList":["handler"]},"scriptFlags":null,"containerClass":null}, "maxRoomsToShow": 300, "isTablet": false, "deviceInfo": "OtherOS OtherBrowser", "bookOnTripAdvisor": "Book on <img class=\"ibHeaderImg\" alt=\"TripAdvisor\" src=\"https:\/\/static.tacdn.com\/img2\/branding\/hotels\/sherpa-TA.png\"\/>"} {"widget":{"name":"ibex_photo_carousel","template":"ibex_photo_carousel__widget","dust":{"nav_controls":"ibex_photo_carousel__nav_controls"},"js":{"handlers":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handlers'))"},"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_photo_carousel","moduleList":["handlers"]},"scriptFlags":null,"containerClass":null}
348 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community Read reviews that mention: All reviews villa venice
reviews Clear all Start your review of Alcazar Resort Click to rate
andyresendeSavannah, GeorgiaLevel Contributor14 reviews3 hotel reviews4 helpful votes “Would definitely stay again!”Reviewed 2 weeks ago Resort was fun, clean, professional staff.
The room was very clean, very spacious, comfortable bed, and linens. Bathroom seemed to have been remodeled recently; clean, just wish it had more surface space to place our lotions, creams, etc.
The room we stayed had a kitchen as well, which was a nice surprise, however it was also next door to a...More ReportHelpful?2Thank andyresende lg60Dayton, OhioLevel Contributor22 reviews5 hotel reviews13 helpful votes “Resort that has it all”Reviewed 4 weeks ago This is my second time staying at their resorts. I enjoyed it even more than the first. One great addition is the CAFE which now serves a cooked to order breakfast from 8am to 1030am. Most items are $6. A sample is breakfast sandwich of your choice served with lots of good tater tots and a couple slices of fruit....More ReportHelpful?2Thank lg60 Lynn S2 reviews1 helpful vote “The best gay resort in Fort Lauderdale”Reviewed 4 weeks ago We have been staying here for over 10yrs. Worthington, Venice, Alcazar, all great. Impeccably clean. Friendly crowd.
If I could have one wish, it would be to designate two of the three pools as smoke free. Others told me they felt the same. ReportHelpful?1Thank Lynn S RV4422West Babylon, New YorkLevel Contributor3 reviews3 helpful votes “We always look forward to our stay at The Alcazar!”Reviewed 4 weeks ago We like to choose the Alcazar because it appears to be the quietest of the 3 properties which are all connected and within easy reach of each other. We had a great King Studio located on ground level and about 20 steps to the pool. The room was spacious and very clean. The bed was quite comfortable and the pillows...More ReportHelpful?2Thank RV4422 Dax R2 reviews“PreHoliday Get-A-Way”Reviewed 5 weeks ago Location and amenities were nice. The staff at the office were always accommodating, and the cleaning staff kept the room polished. I enjoyed breakfast in the morning. As the sun and my mood changed, I liked the different pool options. I will stay here again. ReportHelpful?Thank Dax R jayvbWorcester, MassachusettsLevel Contributor11 reviews10 hotel reviews7 helpful votes “Always stay here, clean and quiet - no attitude resort.”Reviewed December 14, 2016 This place is wonderful. I usually rent the King efficiency which is very spacious. The place has top notch linens. Great towels, nice sheets and pillows. This place is quiet at night. There are two other properties connected to this one, but this side does not have a jacuzzi which helps keep the noise to a minimum at night. The...More ReportHelpful?1Thank jayvb timnasticsOrlando, FloridaLevel Contributor3 reviews7 helpful votes “A-Mazing Time!”Reviewed December 12, 2016 This was our second time staying at the resort and a great time as usual. We had an issue with our a/c and there was someone there to fix it within minutes. One of the nicest gay resorts in FTL and hands down the best maintained. The only maintenance issue the property has is the need to resurface the pools;...More ReportHelpful?1Thank timnastics Tim BHouston, Texas2 reviews2 helpful votes “Great time!”Reviewed December 2, 2016 via mobileWe had the best time at the Alcazar Resort. Super clean, fantastic pools and hot tubs, great breakfast! The staff was so very helpful in every aspect of our stay. Can't wait to book again!! Very safe property and within walking distance of the beach and really good restaurants. We also had a lot of fun talking with the other...More ReportHelpful?2Thank Tim B atltigerAtlantaLevel Contributor124 reviews41 hotel reviews66 helpful votes “Will be back”Reviewed December 1, 2016 We've stayed here several times and always enjoy it. The rooms are comfortable. Having the 3 connected resorts (Worthington and Villa Venice being the other 2) gives you some variety and means no hunting for a chair by a pool. Free continental breakfast is ample, but nothing special. There is a cafe at Villa Venice where you can buy a...More ReportHelpful?1Thank atltiger regis1980beBrussels, BelgiumLevel Contributor11 reviews6 hotel reviews6 helpful votes “Very nice place.”Reviewed November 29, 2016 via mobileThat was our second time at the Alcazar and it was a real pleasure to be there during 11 days.
Nice Thanksgiving free lunch and happy hours.
New painting of our very clean room. See you next year for a new trip 😜. ReportHelpful?1Thank regis1980be Previous
Updating list... Questions? Get answers from hotel staff and past guests. Ask a question Explore similar hotels Premiere Hotel3,521 ReviewsShow Prices 0.2 miles The Aqua Hotel944 ReviewsShow Prices 0.1 miles The Atlantic Hotel & Spa1,857 ReviewsShow Prices 0.2 miles See all Fort Lauderdale hotels Browse nearby
#1 of 127 in Fort Lauderdale 3,521 reviews
#2 of 33 in Fort Lauderdale 742 reviews
#3 of 33 in Fort Lauderdale 340 reviews
Show Prices Show Prices Show Prices Near Alcazar Resort Top-rated Attractions Nearby 6,134 Reviews Fort Lauderdale Beach
1,335 Reviews Las Olas Beach
3,490 Reviews Casablanca Cafe
Address: 555 North Birch Road, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33304 Location:
$194 - $218 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room)
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com and Priceline so you can book your Alcazar Resort reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
Posting guidelines Get notified about new answers to your questions. Ask Typical questions asked: Can tickets for local attractions be purchased at the front desk? Do you have to pay extra for a mini-fridge? At what time does the pool open each day? See which rooms travelers prefer “Room 103 is great, unless you plan to sleep in in the mornings, or take a nap in the afternoon if noises bother you too much.”
andyresende, 2 weeks ago
| Read review “Alcazar room 119 (is studio with small kitchen), room 107 (nice room with pool view)”
lg60, 4 weeks ago
| Read review “Check out the floor plan ahead. It will help you find the right room for you.”
| Read review “Upper level rooms are quieter.”
375daxr, 5 weeks ago
Mirodon, Nov 18, 2016
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Rongjiang Wang - Semantic Scholar
Hiroo Kanamori6
Mark Simons3
Faqi Diao3
Yong Zhang3
5Gerald P. Roberts
5Shinji Toda
5Joanna P. Faure Walker
3Jens Wickert
The 2015 Gorkha earthquake investigated from radar satellites: slip and stress modeling along the MHT
Faqi Diao, Thomas R. Walter, Mahdi Motagh, Pau Prats-Iraola, Rongjiang Wang, Sergey V. Samsonov
Gorkha earthquake investigated from radar satellites: slip and stress modeling along the MHT. The active collision at the Himalayas combines crustal shortening and thickening, associated with the development of hazardous seismogenic faults. The 2015 Gorkha earthquake largely affected Kathmandu city and partially ruptured a previously identified seismic gap.… (More)
PSGRN/PSCMP - a new code for calculating co- and post-seismic deformation, geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory
Rongjiang Wang, Francisco Lorenzo-Martín, Frank Roth
Gradual unlocking of plate boundary controlled initiation of the 2014 Iquique earthquake.
Bernd Schurr, Günter Asch, +13 authors Jean-Pierre Vilotte
On 1 April 2014, Northern Chile was struck by a magnitude 8.1 earthquake following a protracted series of foreshocks. The Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile monitored the entire sequence of events, providing unprecedented resolution of the build-up to the main event and its rupture evolution. Here we show that the Iquique earthquake broke a central… (More)
Xingxing Li, Maorong Ge, +4 authors Harald Schuh
New approach for earthquake/tsunami monitoring using dense GPS networks
In recent times increasing numbers of high-rate GPS stations have been installed around the world and set-up to provide data in real-time. These networks provide a great opportunity to quickly capture surface displacements, which makes them important as potential constituents of earthquake/tsunami monitoring and warning systems. The appropriate GPS… (More)
Erratum to: "Computation of deformation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elastic crust - FORTRAN programs EDGRN/EDCMP": [Computers & Geosciences, 29(2) (2003) 195-207]
Faqi Diao, Thomas R. Walter, +5 authors Pau Prats
Strike-slip faults may be traced along thousands of kilometers, e.g., the San Andreas Fault (USA) or the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey). A closer look at such continental-scale strike faults reveals localized complexities in fault geometry, associated with fault segmentation, secondary faults and a change of related hazards. The North Anatolian Fault… (More)
Slip model of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake derived from co-seismic GPS data
Faqi Diao, Xiong Xiong, Rongjiang Wang, Yong Zheng, Houtse Hsu
Near-field co-seismic GPS data were used to derive the slip distribution of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field measurements and geological observations, the earthquake is represented by ruptures on the Beichuan fault and a neighboring fault from Pengxian to Guanxian, both dipping with a decreasing angle with depth. Using a layered elastic… (More)

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text:
Building Windows 8 apps using JavaScript and HTML 5 - houston.js (Houston, TX)
Building Windows 8 apps using JavaScript and HTML 5
This month we have a special treat. Jared Bienz from Microsoft and Ryan Riley are going to be giving a talk about building Windows 8 apps using JavaScript. Microsoft graciously offered to host tonight's event. Their office is at: One Briar Lake Plaza 2000 W. Sam Houston Pkwy. S. #350 Houston, TX 77042 Parking should be better than at ChaiONE. For those who have not been to the Microsoft office before for a user group, you pick up a ticket at the gate. The security officers buzz you in and you board the elevator to go to the third floor. The office should be easy to spot from there. Be sure to stamp the ticket you got at the garage; otherwise you are thrown in a dungeon where you must brave monsters and diabolical traps to escape. Here is what Jared and Ryan had to say about their talk: Did you know you can build complete Windows 8 apps using JavaScript and HTML 5? Did you know you can access the file system and even the camera from JavaScript? And did you know you can sell your apps in a marketplace with the potential to grow to over 500 million customers? Join us to learn more!
John A. We just got funded ! Anyone interested in joining a startup and getting equity in what could be a billion dollar company ? 0 · August 29, 2012 Jonathan B. Sorry for the long delay guys. I am new to this video recording, editing, and encoding business. The recordings I cobbled together from this meeting are now up on vimeo. Part 1:https://vimeo.com/41540024 Part 2:https://vimeo.com/41682180 0 · May 8, 2012 Dave H. Good talks; good to see the MSFT tools in action. 0 · April 26, 2012 A former member P.S. I mentioned in the meeting that if you’re not yet ready to leave Windows 7 for Windows 8 (Beta) you can install Windows 8 alongside Windows 7. This isn't recommended if you have less than 40 GB of free space but it’s a great way to keep both environments intact and even share files between them. This article shows you how:http://blog.concurrency.com/infrastructure/dual-boot-windows-8-from-vhd-using-windows-setup/ 0 · April 26, 2012 A former member Thank you for the opportunity to talk with the group. I was VERY serious when I said please reach out to me if you start building a Windows 8 app. I'm keeping in touch with those I've talked to who are now working on apps. I even have a metric on my scorecard to help get people into the store early. So please don't feel like you'd be putting me out by asking questions or trying for early entry into marketplace. You can contact me at [masked] P.S. HUGE thanks to Ryan Riley!!! 0 · April 26, 2012 Mark W. My favorite JS meetup yet. Apple fanboyism aside, I'm very excited about Windows 8 and the opportunities with their Appstore. 0 · April 26, 2012 A former member Not enough time to demonstrate what they wanted to demonstrate. This was the main detractor of the meeting. They had to rush through a lot of what they wanted to show. Otherwise - an excellent meeting! 0 · April 26, 2012 Donovan B. Very nice. To be honest, I don't have a big interest in building Windows 8 apps but I love to see new things. It appears that building an app for Metro looks to be a heck of a lot nicer/easier than building an app for iOS. Probably missed the question asking whether Metro apps built for tablet/desktop will work on phone. 0 · April 26, 2012 Jonathan B. I've been asked several times so I figured I would leave a comment. Yes there will be food. I am bringing some pizza from NY Pizzeria. 0 · April 25, 2012 A former member The monsters and diabolical traps include (but are not limited to) strong types, early binding and IE8 Quirks mode. :) 0 · April 17, 2012 39 went
Bunard Y.
2,012 OpenCoffee Members
1,403 Pythoneers
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Baseball: Spaulding leads Robinson to Concorde District title
Robinson senior Matt Spaulding pitched a strong seven innings in leading his team to the Virginia AAA Concorde District title Tuesday night, but he did not get credit for tossing a complete game.
That’s because Spaulding’s seven-inning stint in the seven-inning game came in relief. When Robinson junior starter Chase Bailey encountered trouble in the first inning and did not record an out, on came Spaulding to bail out the Rams and throw them to a 4-2 victory at Westfield for their first district championship since 2007.
Spaulding’s previous longest stint this season was five innings, and his outing Tuesday was split — two innings before a rain delay and five after. Spaulding struck out three, walked none and gave up six hits.Needing relief help that early in a game is the kind of development that the Rams might have fretted about earlier in the season. First-year Coach John James, who led West Springfield to the state title in 2010, noticed early in his tenure at Robinson that his players had a tendency to dwell on the uncontrollable.The Rams (13-9) have overcome that and now have won seven of their last nine games. “We stopped paying attention to the opponents and circumstances of games and just started focusing more on our own performance,” said James, a Robinson assistant for seven years before taking the West Springfield job for seven. “What we had to do was get over the mental stuff.“You get into the heat of competition and you start worrying about umpire calls and start wondering who’s going to pitch and where they are in the lineup and all the different circumstances or if they had a bad at-bat carrying it with them out on defense. They got progressively better at just focusing on each pitch and handling adversity.”The Rams have ridden their pitching. They have allowed 29 runs in their past dozen wins, led by senior Denis Mikush, Bailey, Spaulding and senior Patrick Baker.Mikush drove in two runs in the district final. Baker doubled to lead off the game, took third on a bunt by sophomore Danny Herrera and scored on one of Bailey’s two hits.Robinson hosts Langley (13-7) in a first-round Northern Region tournament game at 7 p.m. Friday. The teams scrimmaged before the season.The first-round regional matchups are, in one half of the bracket: Wakefield at Lake Braddock, Centreville at McLean, Marshall at Westfield and West Potomac at Yorktown.In the other half, it’s Langley at Robinson, South County at Stuart, Washington Lee at West Springfield and Oakton at Stone Bridge.The quarterfinals are at 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. Monday in doubleheaders at Lake Braddock and Madison. The semifinals are May 30 and championship June 1, all at Madison.
Adam Kilgore Premature Shanahan firing announcement

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Stanley Cevario - Semantic Scholar
Stanley Cevario
F J Macri18
Stephen J O'Brien14
L A Lyons7
Hajime Tsujimoto7
18Stephen J. O'Brien
15F J Macri
12Robert B. Nussenblatt
11William J. Murphy
11Hajime Tsujimoto
Michele Napolitano, William S. Modi, Stanley Cevario, James R. Gnarra, Héctor N Seuánez, Warren J Leonard
Act-2 is a cytokine that belongs to a superfamily of structurally related proteins. Act-2 expression is rapidly induced in T cells, B cells, and monocytes upon mitogenic stimulation. The Act-2 genomic locus is on chromosome 17q. The exons and exon/intron splice junctions have been sequenced, as have the sequences upstream of exon 1. A classical TATA box is… (More)
Masahiro Okuda, Ken-ichi Minehata, +8 authors Akiko Hasegawa
For investigation of the relation of cell cycle regulation with tumorigenesis in cats, we carried out molecular cloning of feline p21WAF1 and p27Kip1 cDNAs and chromosomal mapping of these genes on the cat genome. The feline p21WAF1 cDNA clone obtained in this study encoded 164 amino acids (aa) showing 83.5% and 76.8% sequence similarity with those of the… (More)
Robert B. Nussenblatt, Mauri Monteiro Rodrigues, Mario César Salinas-Carmona, Igal Gery, Stanley Cevario, W B Wacker
Cyclosporin A has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of T cell-mediated diseases. We show here that cyclosporin A was capable of totally preventing the clinical appearance of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats, even when administered on an every-other-day schedule (10 mg/kg) or when begun seven days after immunization (40 mg/kg). At lower… (More)
K Cho, Hwa-Young Youn, +6 authors Atsuhiko Hasegawa
Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of the cat immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TcR) genes were carried out to provide basic information for genetic analysis of immunologic diseases including leukemias and lymphomas in cats. We cloned two Ig constant genes, IGHM and IGHG and three TcR constant genes, TRAC, TRGC, and TRDC, by polymerase chain… (More)
Stephen J. O'Brien, Stanley Cevario, +8 authors L. A. Lyons
The genetic map of the domestic cat has been developed as a model for studying both feline analogues of human genetic disease and comparative genome organization of mammals. We present here the results of syntenic mapping of 35 genes based upon concordant occurrence of feline gene homologues with feline chromosomes and previously mapped loci in a panel of… (More)
Robert B. Nussenblatt, Mauri Monteiro Rodrigues, W B Wacker, Stanley Cevario, Mario César Salinas-Carmona, Igal Gery
Cyclosporin A (CS-A), a selective inhibitor of T lymphocytes, is reported here to prevent S antigen (S-Ag) induced uveitis in Lewis rats. The S-Ag, found in all mammalian retinas, is uveitogenic under experimental conditions and patients with certain uveitic entities demonstrate cell mediated responses to this antigen. Daily treatment with CS-A (10 mg/kg)… (More)
Cheryl A. Winkler, Anita Schultz, Stanley Cevario, Stephen J. O'Brien
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the domestic cat (termed FLA) has been refractile to genetic and serological definition largely because of repeated failure to detect cytotoxic antibodies in multiparous cats or to elicit antibody following allogeneic lymphocyte immunization. We have developed a protocol for producing cytotoxic alloantisera in… (More)
The inhibitory actions of dopamine, hydroxyamphetamine and phenylephrine on aqueous humor formation.
FRANK J. MACRI, Stanley Cevario


value: This website is an American internet retailer selling primarily furniture headquartered in Midvale, Utah, near Salt Lake City.


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brainiac256 comments on I present to Reddit: A young Captain Reynolds (x-post from r/pics)jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | TwoXChromosomes-Fitness-movies-sports-videos-Documentaries-personalfinance-gadgets-food-Showerthoughts-mildlyinteresting-OldSchoolCool-news-pics-Jokes-LifeProTips-gifs-funny-Art-dataisbeautiful-IAmA-askscience-television-GetMotivated-UpliftingNews-AskReddit-nottheonion-photoshopbattles-aww-todayilearned-history-tifu-WritingPrompts-space-Music-books-philosophy-nosleep-creepy-Futurology-gaming-science-DIY-EarthPorn-worldnews-InternetIsBeautiful-listentothis-explainlikeimfivemore » fireflycommentsrelatedother discussions (1)want to join? sign in or create an account in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/fireflyuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 17 Apr 20131,697 points (97% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postfireflysubscribeunsubscribe73,226 readers109 users here nowUnless you stipulate why you reported a link, most reported links will be re-approved. Also, please don't report or aggressively downvote reposts as we are always getting new subscribers and the content may be new to them.
a community for 6 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSexplodingwumpusjhranownedjaxspiderabout moderation team »169616971698I present to Reddit: A young Captain Reynolds (x-post from r/pics) (i.imgur.com)submitted 1 year ago by emileemo59 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: besttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomq&ayou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]brainiac256 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onDoes anyone else see how much he looks like Tracy in The Message?
permalinkembedaboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpsite rulesFAQwikireddiquettetransparencycontact usapps & toolsAlien Blue iOS appreddit AMA appmobile sitebuttons<3reddit goldreddit storeredditgiftsreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. © 2015 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.create a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember mecreate accountsign inusername:password:remember mereset passwordsign inWe care about your privacy, and we never spam. By creating an account, you agree to reddit's User Agreement and Privacy Policy. We're proud of them, and you should read them.English [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 14476 on app-64 at 2015-03-30 01:41:37.579226+00:00 running 55d996a country code: US.

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Visalia Theme & Amusement Parks - Deals in Visalia | Groupon
Theme & Amusement Parks in Visalia Tweet
Among spiraling tube slides and an endless, lazy river, visitors engage in both adult and kids' activities or relax on the sand
4155 E Ashlan Ave
Our Playroom's indoor play and enrichment center entertains sock-clad youngsters below the age of 6 with engaging rides, toys, and classes. Kids can race down the rocket-ship slide, scale the rock-climbing fort, or throw their hands up during drops on the mini roller coaster. Elsewhere they can bounce on trampolines, stock up on plastic food at the grocery stand, and perform the unabridged text of King Lear at the puppet theater. As the older children play, those younger than 1 can explore the infant corner's soft play mats, while adults use the facility's free WiFi or join their kids for peanut- and nut-free bites at the snack bar. Along with open play, Our Playroom hosts engaging classes ranging from story times and art projects to basic cheerleading instruction and kid-friendly Zumba led by a certified Zumba teacher.
1445 Shaw Ave., Suite 130
559-297-5295
RaceRoom Fresno at River...
RaceRoom Fresno’s realistic racing simulators transport drivers to famous circuits from around the world, placing them behind the wheel of more than 600 race and production cars. Visitors cradled in comfortable bucket seats wrestle with high-quality steering wheels as immersive audio systems pipe in the sounds of revving engines, screeching tires, and ahoogaing bike horns. More than 50 tracks are painstakingly re-created with eye-catching, high-definition graphics displayed on single monitors or in three-screen panoramas. Detailed leaderboards keep track of best times by car class and track, allowing racers to chart their progress online.
Ambling across a stage in costume, microphone in hand, belting out favorite karaoke tune. Navigating the twists and turns of a jungle gym before tumbling into an adjacent ball pit. Assembling the perfect mound of sweet eats at a candy buffet. Kids 14 and younger can indulge all their performative, energetic, and gastronomical desires at The Jungle Party House's climate-controlled indoor playground. Kids can test out gravity at the facility's bounce house or create a functional abacus at the arts-and-craft stations before heading over to pool, air-hockey, and foosball tables. Professional party planners help shepherd youngsters toward befitting activities during birthday, team, or church soirees, which The Jungle Party House accommodates with a plentitude of packages.
1050 Shaw Ave., Suite 1019

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


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sir-reddits-a-lot comments on I do this more then I care to admit.jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | philosophy-space-Music-sports-listentothis-movies-gadgets-videos-history-askscience-LifeProTips-Jokes-nottheonion-food-television-explainlikeimfive-personalfinance-Art-todayilearned-news-pics-Showerthoughts-IAmA-tifu-gifs-science-Documentaries-WritingPrompts-photoshopbattles-books-InternetIsBeautiful-dataisbeautiful-Fitness-Futurology-aww-funny-AskReddit-worldnews-UpliftingNews-TwoXChromosomes-gaming-DIY-GetMotivated-OldSchoolCool-mildlyinteresting-creepy-EarthPorn-nosleepmore » funnycommentsrelatedother discussions (1)want to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/funnyuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 29 Nov 20121,722 points (92% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postfunnyunsubscribesubscribe6,617,201 readers24,328 users here nowWelcome to r/Funny:
a community for 6 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSilluminatedwaxWe're no strangerskrispykrackersto lovedoug3465Doug E. FreshKyldeThe JanitorGuitarFreak027sodypopbrownboy13There is no alien, citizen.neptathkabuliwallahNeither fair nor justpoop_monsterOutsourced moderator...and 19 more »172117221723I do this more then I care to admit. (i.imgur.com)submitted 1 year ago by Funky_Munky1024274 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]sir-reddits-a-lot 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onWe need a Michael Scott quotes subreddit
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text:
Hisahide Nishio14
Masafumi Matsuo12
Satoru Morikawa9
Noriyuki Nishimura8
15Hisahide Nishio
8Surini Yusoff
Dian Kesuma Pramudya Nurputra, Taku Nakagawa, +7 authors Hisahide Nishio
BACKGROUND Paramyotonia congenita (PMC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cold- or exercise-induced myotonia. PMC is caused by a mutation in SCN4A which encodes the α-subunit of the skeletal muscle sodium channel. METHODS The patient was an 11-year-old Japanese girl who was diagnosed as having PMC. To confirm the diagnosis, an orbital… (More)
AIM Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a well-defined autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The most frequently observed mutation is a deletion of exon 7, which has been documented in >95% of SMA patients. A novel technique for detecting mutations known as high-resolution melting analysis… (More)
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by epilepsy, mental retardation, skin lesions, and tumors in various organs. However, TSC is sometimes difficult to diagnose because of its broad phenotypic spectrum. In such cases, it is essential to find a mutation in the disease-causing genes, TSC1 and TSC2. In this study,… (More)
AIM Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder. It is caused by mutations in the SMN1, and its clinical severity is modified by copy number variations of the SMN2. According to previous studies, deletion of SMN1 exon 7 is the most frequently observed in patients with SMA. Therefore, molecular analyses exploiting… (More)
Elisabeth Siti Herini, Gunadi, +9 authors Hisahide Nishio
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a childhood genetic epilepsy syndrome. GEFS+ includes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and SCN1A mutations have frequently been reported among the GEFS+-related gene abnormalities. In this study, to clarify the distributions of the clinical subtypes, we analyzed 34 families with GEFS+ in… (More)
Indra Sari Kusuma Harahap, Naoko Sasaki, +11 authors Hisahide Nishio
Licorice ingestion, as well as mutations in the HSD11B2 gene, inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) enzyme activity, causing the syndrome of apparent mineral corticoid excess (AME). However, the combined effect of licorice ingestion and an HSD11B2 mutation has never been reported, until now. In this study, we demonstrated that licorice… (More)
BACKGROUND Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral problem in children throughout the world. The Stroop test has been widely used for the evaluation of ADHD symptoms. However, the age-related change of the Stroop test results has not been fully clarified until now. METHODS Sixty-five ADHD and 70 age-matched control… (More)
The patient was an 8-year-old Japanese girl with Gilbert's syndrome (GS). Based on the DNA analysis, she was homozygous for a T-to-G transversion at nucleotide position 1456 in the UGT1A1 gene, leading to the substitution of aspartate for tyrosine at position 486 of the UGT1A1 enzyme. Because this mutation is located in an exon common to UGT1A genes, all… (More)