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Patent US4879010 - Recovery of mercury from mercury compounds via electrolytic methods - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA process for electrolytically recovering mercury from mercury compounds is provided. In one embodiment, Hg is recovered from Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 employing as the electrolyte solution a mixture of HCl and H.sub.2 O. In another embodiment, Hg is electrolytically recovered from HgO wherein the electrolyte...http://www.google.com/patents/US4879010?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4879010 - Recovery of mercury from mercury compounds via electrolytic methodsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4879010 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/259,425Publication dateNov 7, 1989Filing dateOct 7, 1988Priority dateDec 31, 1985Fee statusPaidPublication number07259425, 259425, US 4879010 A, US 4879010A, US-A-4879010, US4879010 A, US4879010AInventorsWilliam A. George, Mark W. GrossmanOriginal AssigneeGte Products CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (3), Classifications (4), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetRecovery of mercury from mercury compounds via electrolytic methodsUS 4879010 AAbstract A process for electrolytically recovering mercury from mercury compounds is provided. In one embodiment, Hg is recovered from Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 employing as the electrolyte solution a mixture of HCl and H.sub.2 O. In another embodiment, Hg is electrolytically recovered from HgO wherein the electrolyte solution is comprised of glacial acetic acid and H.sub.2 O. Also provided is an apparatus for producing isotopically enriched mercury compounds in a reactor and then transporting the dissolved compounds into an electrolytic cell where mercury ions are electrolytically reduced and elemental mercury recovered from the mercury compounds.
We claim: 1. A process for the production of isotopically specific elemental mercury from a compound comprising:a. producing an isotopically specific mercury compound in a reactor for producing such a mercury compound; b. dissociating said mercury compound into ions which are soluble in an electrolyte solution, said electrolyte solution contained in said reactor, thereby producing isotopically specific mercury ions within said electrolyte solution; c. transporting said electrolyte solution containing the isotopically specific mercury ions to an electrolytic cell by means of a fluid connecting means connected to the reactor and the electrolytic cell, said electrolytic cell containing an anode and a cathode; d. applying an electric voltage across said anode and cathode, thus passing an electric current from the anode through said electrolyte solution to the cathode wherein the isotopically specific mercury ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced and isotopically specific elemental mercury is plated onto the cathode and thereafter recovering said elemental mercury; and e. transporting the electrolyte solution back to the reactor through fluid connecting means, such that additional isotopically specific mercury compound can be dissociated and transported to the electrolytic cell wherein additional elemental isotopically specific mercury can be recovered. 2. A process of claim 1, wherein Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 containing isotopically specific Hg is produced in the reactor and mercurous ions are formed in the electrolyte solution and reduced in the electrolytic cell to form elemental mercury.
3. A process of claim 2, wherein the electrolyte solution comprises a mixture of concentrated HCl and H.sub.2 O.
4. A process of claim 3, wherein the electrolyte solution comprises:a mixture of concentrated HCl and H.sub.2 O in the relative concentration of 1 mole of HCl/57 moles of H.sub.2 O.+-.20%. 5. A process of claim 4, wherein the voltage applied across the anode and cathode is about 0.9 volts or higher, the specific value being determined by the I-V characteristics of the system.
6. A process of claim 5, wherein the cathode is a metal selected from the group consisting of purified copper, nickel, and Niron.
7. A process as recited in claim 1, wherein HgO containing isotopically specific Hg is produced in the reactor and is dissociated in the electrolyte solution to produce isotopically specific mercuric ions in solution, said ions being reduced in the electrolytic cell to form isotopically specific elemental mercury.
8. A process as recited in claim 7, wherein the electrolyte solution is comprised of glacial acetic acid and H.sub.2 O.
9. A process as recited in claim 8, wherein the electrolyte solution of glacial acetic acid and H.sub.2 O is in the relative molar concentration of about 1 mole of glacial acetic acid/66 moles of H.sub.2 O.+-.20%.
10. A process of claim 6, wherein the cathode is a metal selected from the group consisting of purified copper and nickel.
GOVERNMENT RIGHTS The Government has rights in this invention pursuant to subcontract 4524210 under prime contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
This is a continuation of Ser. No. 06/815,150 filed on Dec. 31, 1985 abandoned.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention comprises a method for electrolytically recovering mercury from mercury compounds. In particular, it discloses a method for electrolytically recovering Hg from Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 and HgO.
To recover Hg from Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 is added to an electrolyte solution containing concentrated HCl and H.sub.2 O forming mercurous ions as a result of the dissociation of Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 in solution. In a preferred method, the solution has the relative molar concentration of 1 mole of HCl/57 moles of H.sub.2 O.+-.20%. Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 is added to this solution. In a particularly preferred embodiment, Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 is added until the solution is saturated and the electrolyte solution is stirred to promote dissociation of Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2.
An anode and a cathode are then placed into the electrolytic solution. An inert wire such as platinum can be used as the anode and the wire to be plated with Hg is used as the cathode. The cathode wire can be purified copper, nickel or Niron. (Niron is a trademark for a magnetic alloy composed of about 50% nickel and 50% iron manufactured by Amax Corporation of Orangeburg, S.C.).
An electric voltage of 0.9 or higher (as determined by the I-V characteristic of the system) is then applied across the anode and the cathode. Voltages below 1.3 produce good results for unsaturated solutions of Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 for the types of wire cathode mentioned above. The electric voltage creates an electric current which passes from the anode through the electrolyte solution to the cathode whereby mercurous ions are reduced and elemental mercury is plated onto the cathode. The electrolyte solution is kept at a temperature of about 25 is stirred to promote the dissociation of Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2.
To determine the ideal voltage which should be applied to the anode and the cathode for successful plating, the I-V or decomposition characteristic of the system must be determined. This is determined by plotting the current as a function of voltage as illustrated in FIG. 1 for the reduction of mercurous ions dissociated from Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 in a solution of HCl and H.sub.2 O. This graph shows two distinct phases. The initial phase depicts a climb in current as a high enough voltage is reached so as to allow the Hg ions to begin to be reduced. A similar curve results when current is plotted as a function of voltage during the electrolytic reduction of mercuric ions dissociated from HgO in a solution of glacial acetic acid and H.sub.2 O.
At 0.9 volts, mercurous ions start to be reduced. As the voltage is further increased, the current climbs very slowly indicating substantial Hg ion reduction. However, when the voltage reaches a certain point, called the breakdown voltage, the current rises sharply indicating that other chemical reactions are occurring at significant rates. The excess voltage causes these additional chemical reactions to occur.
Impurities are produced when the breakdown voltage level is reached. This is due to the electrolyte breakdown which occurs as a consequence of the additional chemical reactions which take place when the breakdown voltage is reached. The fact that the breakdown voltage has been reached can be determined by the fact that there is a steep increase in the current. The ammeter serves as a process parameter check rather than a direct measure of Hg plating rate due to the fact that it indicates the increase in current caused by these additional chemical reactions. Electrolyte decomposition is a particular problem during the electrolytic recovery of Hg from Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2, and electrolyte breakdown or separation can become severe when the electrolyte solution is not saturated with Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2. Under saturated solution conditions, high voltage plating gives relatively pure Hg samples. When plating takes place under the unsaturated condition, the plated material is black and porous (possibly Hg.sub.2 O) and the solution becomes green (possibly mercury perchlorate being formed) unless care is taken to operate below the breakdown voltage.
Most of the decomposition current is due to decomposition of the electrolyte rather than Hg ion reduction. For Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2, even though higher voltages could yield higher deposition rates, it also results in substances other than mercury being plated, so a compromise between plating rate and electrolyte breakdown must be found. The specific voltage value is determined from the I-V characteristic of the system.
However, electrolyte decomposition is not a significant problem during the electrolytic reduction of mercuric ions dissociated from HgO in an electrolyte solution of glacial acetic acid and water. The reduction of mercuric ions obtained from HgO is usually run at 50 ma for milligram and submilligram amounts of HgO. Voltages as high as 17 volts can be used to obtain this amperage without producing electrolyte decomposition. If even less electrolyte decomposition is desired, lower voltages such as six volts can be used.
As mentioned above, from the decomposition curve, it can be determined at what voltage the Hg ions start to be reduced and where the breakdown voltage lies. The voltage between where the Hg ions begin to be reduced and the breakdown voltage lies in the I-V characteristic of the system. It is within this voltage range that optimal plating of Hg is obtained.
For the separation of Hg from HgO, an inert wire such as platinum can be also used as the anode and the wire to be plated with Hg is used as the cathode. A purified nickel or copper wire can be used as the cathode. In electrolytically recovering Hg from HgO, the electrolyte solution used is a mixture of glacial acetic acid and H.sub.2 O. Upon addition of HgO to the electrolyte solution, mercuric Hg.sup.2+ ions are formed as a result of the dissociation of HgO in solution. In a preferred embodiment, the solution is in the relative molar concentration of 1 mole of glacial acetic acid to 66 moles of H.sub.2 O.+-.20%.
HgO is dissolved into the electrolyte solution and an electric voltage (the maximum specific value being determined by the I-V characteristic of the system) can be applied across the anode and the cathode creating an electric current from the anode to the cathode whereby mercuric ions are reduced and elemental mercury is plated onto the cathode. Due to the fact that relatively high voltage is required to produce electrolyte decomposition during the reduction of mercuric ions from HgO in glacial acetic acid, very little attention is paid to voltage. Instead of voltage, amperage is the parameter which is most carefully monitored to promote the most rapid and complete reduction and plating of mercuric ions. At 50 ma, using a cathode which is 2.5 cm long and 0.05 cm in diameter, made of either copper or nickel and a 2.5 cm long 0.05 cm diameter platinum wire as the anode, one obtains rapid and complete reduction and plating of mercuric ions from HgO in glacial acetic acid and H.sub.2 O. 50 ma is reached by applying about 17 volts across the anode and the cathode. The electrolyte solution is kept at a temperature of about 25 is stirred.
The cathodes used in the separation of mercury from HgO and H form Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 alloys having positive interaction enthalpies (ΔH>0). This implies that the plated Hg will tend to stay as free metal rather than chemically combine with these cathode materials.
An apparatus particularly suitable for the remote recovery of mercury compounds is illustrated in FIG. 2. This apparatus comprises a reactor 12 for producing compounds which contain isotopically specific mercury. For example, see Webster C. and Zare R., "Photochemical Isotope Separation of Hg-196 by Reaction with Hydrogen Halides", J. Phys. Chem. 85, 1302-1305 (1981), the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference. An electrolytic cell 14 is in fluid communication with reactor 12, said electrolytic cell being used for electrolytically recovering mercury from the mercury compounds produced in reactor 12.
The electrolytic cell 14 also contains therein an anode 16 which can be made of platinum and a cathode 18 which can be made of purified nickel, copper or Niron. A power supply 20 applies an electric voltage to the anode and cathode of the electrolytic cell 14 for carrying out the electrolytic recovery of mercury. Voltmeter 21 measures voltage which is applied across the anode and the cathode. Ammeter 23 measures the electric current, created by the electric voltage, running from the anode through the electrolyte solution to the cathode. Stirring bar 25 is used to stir the electrolyte solution.
Fluid connecting means 22 allow reactor 12 and electrolytic cell 14 to be in fluid communication with each other, thus allowing any electrolyte solution in the reactors to be circulated between the two reactors. The fluid connecting means also contain valves 24 and 25 for regulating the circulation of the electrolyte solution between reactor 12 and electrolytic cell 14. The apparatus also contains a pumping means 26 which causes the electrolyte solution in reactor 12 and the fluid in the electrolytic cell 14 to circulate between said reactor 12 and electrolytic cell 14. The circulation of the electrolyte solution causes the mercury compounds produced in reactor 12 to be transported to electrolytic cell 14, where reduction and recovery of mercury occurs through electrolytic means. By using this apparatus, human contact with the toxic mercury is greatly reduced.
In practice, electrolyte solution and elemental mercury are placed in reactor 12. A photochemical reaction takes place in reactor 12 producing enriched mercury compounds. After the enriched mercury compounds are produced, they are dissociated by the electrolyte solution forming mercury and chlorine (Cl) ions in solution. Valve 24, which regulates the circulation of fluids between reactor 12 and electrolytic cell 14, is opened and the solution containing the dissolved enriched mercury compounds is pumped by pumping means 26 from reactor 12 to electrolytic cell 14. After this is completed, valve 24 is shut and the Hg ions in solution are reduced and enriched elemental mercury is plated onto the cathode.
After the reduction is completed, valve 25 is opened and the electrolyte solution is pumped from the electrolytic cell 14 into reactor 12 where the electrolyte solution again dissolves the enriched mercury compounds which had been previously produced in reactor 12 and the resultant solution is transported to electrolytic cell 14.
In this way, the components of the system need not be disassembled for product collection and human exposure to toxic materials is reduced. This can also improve process reproducibility because it avoids breaking and reforming vacuum seals. Also, it provides a way of automating the Hg isotope enrichment process.
FIG. 3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of electrolytic cell 14. This embodiment is so designed to take advantage of the fact that the plating rate and plating completeness of mercury is greatly improved by maximizing the ratio of surface area of electrode to volume of electrolyte solution. The maximum surface area to volume ratio of electrodes to electrolyte solution is limited by the fact that the electrodes cannot be in contact with each other and the cathode containing the mercury must be removable from the container. As can be seen by the illustration in FIG. 3, the electrolytic cell 30 is long and narrow corresponding to the long and narrow anode 32 and cathode 34. The fluid intake 36 is at the top of the electrolytic cell while the fluid exit 38 is at the bottom of the electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell, in this case, is cylindrically shaped.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The invention described herein relates to a method for obtaining mercury from mercury compounds via electrolytic means. This invention also relates to an apparatus for the remote recovery of mercury from mercury compounds. Isotopically enriched mercury useful in fluorescent lamps can be produced employing these processes and apparatus.
EQUIVALENTS Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be covered by the following claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a decomposition curve for dilute HCl solutions with excess Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2.
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of an apparatus for the remote recovery of mercury from mercury compounds.
FIG. 3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention is in the field of inorganic chemistry. In particular, it relates to the recovery of pure mercury from mercury compounds utilizing specific conditions in electrolytic baths.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Isotopically enriched mercury can be produced by a number of methods. One method involves photosensitized chemical reactions utilizing elemental mercury and various compounds. The compounds HCl and O.sub.2 react with mercury atoms when the mercury atoms are excited by resonance radiation, in particular, 2537A radiation produced in a Hg (.sup.3 P.sub.1 -.sup.1 S.sub.0) transition generating isotopically selective reactions. Thus, the Hg compound formed contains Hg enriched in a particular isotope, and the Hg must be separated from the compound into its free state in order to recover the isotopically enriched metal.
Although it has been possible to separate mercury from mercury compounds by a number of techniques, previously employed techniques suffer from significant disadvantages. For example, it has been possible to separate Hg from Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 via electroless methods using a mixture of methanol and HCl as an electrolyte solution. However, this method produced low yields and the electrolyte solution had a tendency to become contaminated with impurities and to become blackened and corroded.
Hg can also be separated from HgO via thermal decomposition. However, this requires high temperature baking [T>500 result in the introduction of trace impurities into mercury. Additionally, vacuum baking at high temperatures requires hardware and techniques that are very complex.
Also, in the past the yield has been reduced and the danger of exposure to workers has been greatly increased due to the fact that photochemically produced mercury compounds had to be removed manually from the reaction container and then placed in a second container where the mercury was then separated from the mercury compounds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides a unique and novel process for electrolytically reducing mercury (Hg) ions dissociated from mercury compounds in solution. This produces elemental Hg plated onto cathode wires. The yield is enhanced by maintaining the electrolytic solutions at specific conditions.
In one embodiment, mercurous ions are dissociated from HG.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 in an electrolyte solution and reduced producing elemental Hg. The method for doing this involves employing as the electrolyte solution a mixture of concentrated HCl and H.sub.2 O. In a preferred method, the electrolytic solution has the relative molar concentration of one mole of HCL/57 moles of H.sub.2 O.+-.20%.
In another embodiment, mercuric ions are dissociated from HgO in an electrolyte solution and reduced producing elemental Hg. One method for doing this involves a process wherein the electrolyte solution comprises glacial acetic acid and H.sub.2 O. In a preferred method, the solution has the relative molar concentration of one mole of glacial acetic acid/66 moles of H.sub.2 O.+-.20%.
This invention also provides a unique and novel apparatus for producing isotopically enriched mercury compounds in a reactor and then transporting the dissolved compounds into an electrolytic cell where mercury ions are electrolytically reduced and plated onto a cathode. The resultant electrolytes are then transported back into the initial reactor where they once again dissolve isotopically enriched mercury compounds. The resultant solution is then transported to the electrolytic cell where the mercury ions are reduced and elemental mercury plates onto the cathode.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3639222 *Oct 30, 1970Feb 1, 1972Us InteriorExtraction of mercury from mercury-bearing materialsUS3673406 *Jul 18, 1969Jun 27, 1972Commissariat Energie AtomiqueIsotope separation apparatusUS4214958 *May 14, 1979Jul 29, 1980General Electric CompanyElectrolysis of alkali metal halides in a three-compartment cell with a pressurized buffer compartmentUS4292159 *Sep 6, 1978Sep 29, 1981Olin CorporationCell having in situ reduction of electrode overvoltage* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Energy Conservation Through More Efficient Conservation, Maya, J., Grossman, M. W., Lagushenko, R., Waymouth, J. F., Science, 226, 435 436 (Oct. 26, 84).2Energy Conservation Through More Efficient Conservation, Maya, J., Grossman, M. W., Lagushenko, R., Waymouth, J. F., Science, 226, 435-436 (Oct. 26, '84).3 *Morand et al., Paper No. 219, 2058 (1968).4 *Mueller et al., Journal of Photochemistry, 13:109 (1980).5 *Photochemical Enrichment of Hg 196, Grossman, M., and Maya, J., XIII, Intern. Elec. Con. Tech. Dig., 139 140 (Jun. 18 21, 1984).6Photochemical Enrichment of Hg-196, Grossman, M., and Maya, J., XIII, Intern. Elec. Con. Tech. Dig., 139-140 (Jun. 18-21, 1984).7 *Photochemical Isotope Separation of HG 196 by Reaction with Hydrogen Halides, Webster, C. R. and Zare, R. N., J. Phy. Chem., 85, 1302 1305 (1981).8Photochemical Isotope Separation of HG-196 by Reaction with Hydrogen Halides, Webster, C. R. and Zare, R. N., J. Phy. Chem., 85, 1302-1305 (1981).* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5012106 *Dec 23, 1988Apr 30, 1991Gte Products CorporationAxi-symmetrical flow reactor for .sup.196 Hg photochemical enrichmentUS5068533 *Mar 15, 1989Nov 26, 1991Gte Products CorporationManifold and method of batch measurement of Hg-196 concentration using a mass spectrometerUS5300137 *Sep 18, 1992Apr 5, 1994Pittsburgh Mineral And Environmental Technology, Inc.Method for removing mercury from contaminated soils and industrial wastes and related apparatus* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification205/562International ClassificationC25C1/16Cooperative ClassificationC25C1/16European ClassificationC25C1/16Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 23, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Mar 13, 1997FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Mar 15, 1993FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 5, 1992CCCertificate of correctionRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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Used Yamaha XVS 1100 2004 Silverado Owner's Manual | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop bycategoryEnter your search keywordAll Categories Advanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hi, #USER#!'.replace(/#USER#/,a))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hi, (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellCustomer SupportMy eBayNotifications
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Yvonne - SILLY DATE! NEW YORK (New York
Yvonne http://photos2.meetupstatic.com/photos/member/b/7/9/e/member_11687006.jpeg
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Hi silly is fun!!!! A little about me...
Love to dance and go to unusual meetups
follow whatever adventures come my way!!!
Be silly!!!!! Sign in to post a Greeting.
"The most beautiful gardens and views of the Hudson are at the Cloisters"...Well you do like gardens AND waterfalls too. I finally found a copy of that picture of the lucious green waterfall you asked me about but this one has all the details. It is called Strickland Falls, Mt Wellington, Hobart Tasmania. Get your plane tickets and be prepared to travel to the land of the kiwis-New Zealand! I don't know why I thought it was Puerto Rico though... Jul 13, 2013 10:08 PM
Lily Hi Yvonne,Sorry. Just saw this message from you believe it or not.Happy New Year! Hope you are well :) Jan 06, 2013 10:51 PM
Happy New Year Yvonne! I believe our waterfall is in Perto Rico!! Where exactly I do not know, but, I will send a copy to my friend Pedro(High school) and ask if he can tell me where. Do you have any friends or relatives there? If you do...then I suggest we book a flight with some meetup buddies in the summer and make a long weekend excursion to find our beautiful waterfall! Jan 04, 2013 1:26 AM
Hi Yvonne, I only wish I knew where that waterfall is! The next thing I would do is book a flight. Of course now, I know, I must phone you up and ask if you would go too. Imma gonna bet you'll say hell yes. Sep 29, 2012 6:37 PM
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Boiled Rice - definition of Boiled Rice by The Free Dictionary
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Ruth Marcus - A Commission Made in Heaven
Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) (By Mark Wilson -- Getty Images)
Forget the Baker-Hamilton commission. I have high hopes for the Clinton-McCain Commission to Fix Social Security. Haven't heard of it? Actually, neither have Hillary Clinton and John McCain. It's my long-shot scheme for tackling the problem.
First, if not now, when? Third-rail political issues such as Social Security benefit from -- maybe even require -- divided government, to share the blame. They can't be touched in an election year. They're difficult to do during a president's first term, if he -- or she -- wants a second. So 2007 offers the last, best hope for some time.
Second, if not Social Security, then what? The political system right now is too broken, and relations between President Bush and congressional Democrats too frayed, to deal with the truly daunting entitlement issues, Medicare and Medicaid. Social Security is entitlement reform on training wheels.
Third, if not them, who? As the front-runners for their parties' presidential nominations, Sens. Clinton (D-N.Y.) and McCain (R-Ariz.) have a shared interest in getting Social Security off the presidential plate before January 2009.
Clinton and McCain have a track record of bipartisan cooperation; working together on Social Security would only serve to burnish a credential that voters seem to crave. By teaming up, they could neutralize Social Security as a general election issue -- neither could use it as a cudgel against the other. Both have expertise in this area without having burrowed into a rigid ideological framework.
Wouldn't each risk attack from rivals for the nomination? Yes, but the counter-argument is that voters will reward gutsiness and bipartisanship. So the short-term political benefits could offset -- if not outweigh -- the potential costs.
For McCain, the political peril is probably less than for Clinton, since his party hasn't made it a near article of faith that benefits can't be cut, retirement ages raised, payroll taxes diverted to private accounts, etc. He has more leeway to embrace alternatives.
For Clinton, the stakes are admittedly higher, but so is the upside. Sure, it's easy to imagine the ominous narration, "Hillary Clinton wants to slash checks for seniors," over the picture of a crying grandma. But some of Clinton's potential opponents serve in the Senate and might be swept along with the momentum of a bipartisan plan. And Clinton could use boldness on Social Security to combat her image as an overly careful, overly poll-driven calculator.
A bigger-tent commission -- Clinton-McCain-Romney-Obama? -- would be just fine, too.
So how to launch? The president should issue an order creating the commission, announce, LBJ-style, that he wants Clinton and McCain at the helm, and impose a tight deadline -- six months at most. That sounds short, but the potential fixes and trade-offs are well known, and, politically, there's little time to spare.
Then he should set up the commission in a way that's doubly tilted against him.
For one, he should forswear any preconditions, which seems to be where the administration is already heading. There's no harm to the administration in dropping its focus on private accounts funded out of payroll taxes--that's the political reality. On taxes, similarly, there's not much to fear: The president's already opened the door to increasing the ceiling on payroll taxes, and the new Democratic majority will be wary of looking like rabid tax-hikers.
More than that, Bush should give Democrats a structural advantage. In a twist on the Greenspan Social Security commission, the president would appoint five members from the executive branch or private life; the Senate majority leader would pick five from among sitting senators or private citizens; and the speaker of the House would similarly name five. But, as with the Greenspan commission, two out of each five would have to be from the opposite party. This would create a commission of eight Democrats and seven Republicans, and drive the membership in a centrist direction.
Why would the president stack the deck against himself? Because he'd be giving Democrats an offer they couldn't afford to refuse -- or be perceived as refusing. Democrats couldn't complain about being rolled by a Republican-dominated panel. Given the toxic level of distrust between the administration and congressional Democrats, it may be the only way to get action. And Bush could protect himself against Democrats Gone Wild by requiring a supermajority of the panel to agree on recommendations.
As it happens, the 25th anniversary of the executive order creating the Greenspan commission is Dec. 16. That would be a nice touch, too. And, Mr. President, senators, consider this headline that ran in The Post 16 months after the Greenspan panel was created: "President, on a Note of Bipartisanship, Signs Social Security Bill." Not a bad end to a troubled presidency -- or a bad launching pad for a new one.

value: This website is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most-widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area, and has a large national audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.


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Washington Capitals vs. San Jose Sharks - Preview - December 30, 2009 - ESPN
Capitals 2(24-10-6, 54 pts)Sharks 5(25-8-7, 57 pts)Realtime 10:00 PM ET, December 30, 2009SAP Center, San Jose, California
STATS LLCWhile the Southeast Division-leading Washington Capitals are already one of the NHL's top teams, they're hoping to get a further boost from newly-acquired Jason Chimera.Chimera is expected to make his Capitals debut Wednesday night against the red-hot Sharks as Washington looks for its first win in San Jose since 1993.Washington (24-9-6) leads the NHL with 142 goals and owns easily the largest division lead in the league. The Capitals got a little tougher prior to Monday's 6-3 loss to Carolina, acquiring Chimera from Columbus for captain Chris Clark and defenseman Milan Jurcina."We needed a guy that was a little more physical and plays with an edge," coach Bruce Boudreau said of Chimera, who has more penalty minutes (47) than anyone on the Capitals' roster. "He can be a really good energy guy."Chimera, who is expected to team with Brooks Laich and Eric Fehr on the third line, has eight goals and nine assists this season. Two of those goals have come against San Jose.Washington defeated visiting San Jose 4-1 on Oct. 15 to snap an 11-game overall losing streak in this series. Two-time defending Hart Trophy winner Alex Ovechkin scored twice and Brendan Morrison and Mike Knuble had two assists apiece as the Capitals defeated the Sharks for the first time since 1999.Washington will now strive to end another drought. The Capitals are 0-8-0 with a tie in San Jose since a 4-2 victory Oct. 30, 1993.The Sharks routed the Caps 7-2 at home on Nov. 22 of last season. Ryan Clowe scored twice in that matchup while Joe Thornton, Patrick Marleau, Marc-Edouard Vlasic and Devin Setoguchi each added a goal and an assist.Setoguchi scored his 10th goal of 2009-10 in Monday's 3-2 shootout victory over Phoenix. He has two goals and two assists during San Jose's five-game winning streak after going scoreless in his previous 10 games."It's no secret (Devin) has been sent a message from the coaching staff," Sharks coach Todd McLellan said after his team improved to a Pacific Division-leading 24-8-7. "He needs to pick up his game. He played pretty well the other night against Anaheim (a 5-2 win on Saturday) but we didn't think he deserved a promotion. This time he came and had a couple of good early shifts. Now it's up to him. I don't care where he plays but we need him to play."Thornton, who has an NHL-best 44 assists and leads San Jose with 54 points, had his seven-game point streak snapped Monday, but has nine goals and 15 assists in last 16 games versus the Capitals.Marleau has scored five of his team-leading 25 goals during the Sharks' current winning streak.Dany Heatley, second on the Sharks with 44 points, has two goals and five assists during the surge. Heatley has also found the back of the net seven times with 12 assists in his last 16 games against Washington.Evgeni Nabokov has compiled a 1.77 GAA while starting each game of San Jose's winning streak, and is expected to get the call again Wednesday. He made 32 saves in the Oct. 15 game in Washington, but suffered his first loss in nine career starts against the Capitals.Washington's Jose Theodore is 0-2-0 with a 4.07 GAA in his last two outings overall, but has won his last two starts in San Jose. Theodore made 12 saves in the Oct. 15 victory, but left after the first period due to back spasms.Semyon Varlamov, who stopped all 15 shots backing up Theodore in that matchup, was sent to AHL Hershey on Tuesday with a lower-body injury.
Regular Season Matchup WashingtonSan JoseW-L-OTL54-15-1351-20-11Home30-5-627-6-8Road24-10-724-14-3Division19-3-214-6-4Conference44-10-1039-16-9Last 106-1-38-1-1Complete StandingsTeam Stat ComparisonWashingtonSan Jose3.82Goals Per Game3.132.77Goals Against Per Game2.5532.84Shots on Goal Per Game31.7330.91Shots Against Per Game31.3511.46Penalty Minutes Per Game14.0979Power Play Goals6525.2%Power Play %21%67Power Play Goals Allowed4978.8%Penalty Kill %85%4Shorthanded Goals88Shorthanded Goals Allowed9Goalie BreakdownWashington

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9781585361595: T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet - AbeBooks - Steven L. Layne; Deborah Dover Layne; Doris Ettlinger: 1585361593
Steven L. Layne; Deborah Dover Layne; Doris Ettlinger T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet
ISBN 13: 9781585361595
Steven L. Layne; Deborah Dover Layne; Doris Ettlinger
1. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet
Layne, Steven L.; Layne, Deborah Dover; Ettlinger, Doris
Book Description Sleeping Bear Press. Hardcover. Condition: New. 1585361593 Ships promptly. Seller Inventory # Z1585361593ZN
2. T Is for Teachers: A School Alphabet (Hardback)
Book Description Cengage Learning, Inc, United States, 2005. Hardback. Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book. This school year promises no more teachers dirty looks. They ll be too busy smiling and reading from the pages of T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet. From the first verse, teachers and their kids will have great fun learning from the behind-the-scenes look at one of the most important buildings any of us enter. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet is a charming education on education. Crisp, clever text from the minds of Steven and Deborah Layne keep children engaged as they are taken on an educational tour of the one room school houses, the roles of custodians and principals, quizzes and more that lay between the covers. Quick rhymes engage the reader while fact-filled text expound of each letter s topic. And no school tour would be complete without a stop in the art room. T is for Teachers art class features Doris Ettlinger busy painting yellow busses, red bricks and every page with great care and straight A s. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet is sure to find its way into the hands of students, parents and teachers alike. As a perfect introduction to the year ahead of a new student or as a great thank you to the teacher who makes a difference, this alphabet book will charm everyone who picks it up. T is for Teachers is a perfect complement to any classroom setting and proves once again that learning is indeed fun!. Seller Inventory # FLT9781585361595
3. T Is for Teachers: A School Alphabet (Hardback)
4. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet
Book Description Sleeping Bear Press, 2011. Hardcover. Condition: New. 1. Seller Inventory # DADAX1585361593
5. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet
Book Description Sleeping Bear Press. Condition: New. Hardcover. Worldwide shipping. FREE fast shipping inside USA (express 2-3 day delivery also available). Tracking service included. Ships from United States of America. Seller Inventory # 1585361593
6. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet
Book Description Sleeping Bear Press, 2005. Hardcover. Condition: New. book. Seller Inventory # M1585361593
7. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet
Steven L. Layne, Deborah Dover Layne, Do
Book Description Sleeping Bear Press, 2005. Hardcover. Condition: New. Never used!. Seller Inventory # P111585361593
8. T Is For Teacher: A School Alphabet
Steven L. Layne/ Deborah Dover Layne/ Doris Ettlinger
Book Description Sleeping Bear Pr, 2005. Hardcover. Condition: Brand New. 1st edition. 40 pages. 10.50x11.50x0.75 inches. In Stock. Seller Inventory # 1585361593
9. T is for Teachers: A School Alphabet
Book Description Sleeping Bear Press. Hardcover. Condition: New. 1585361593 New Condition. Seller Inventory # NEW7.0697970

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Polar Animals by Wayne Lynch, Linda Tagliaferro, Julia Vogel, Cherie Winner |, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble®
by Wayne Lynch, Linda Tagliaferro, Julia Vogel, Cherie WinnerWayne Lynch
A compilation of four books from the Our Wild World series (Caribou, Penguins, Polar Bears, and Seals) featuring the most popular animals from the polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctica. Polar Animals delivers an in-depth look at these amazing animals, while remaining accessible to children. Perfect for older kids seeking information for report writing, and as an
9781559718325
A compilation of four books from the Our Wild World series (Caribou, Penguins, Polar Bears, and Seals) featuring the most popular animals from the polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctica. Polar Animals delivers an in-depth look at these amazing animals, while remaining accessible to children. Perfect for older kids seeking information for report writing, and as an introduction to wildlife for new readers.
8.83(w) x 8.92(h) x 0.78(d)

value: This website is an American bookseller. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.


text:
Paper Wall Flowers Nursery Wall Decor Nursery 3D Wall Art | Etsy
IvaCraftsUS
Paper Wall Flowers, Nursery Wall Decor, Nursery 3D Wall Art, Pink Baby Shower Decor, Wedding Backdrop, White and Blush Paper Flowers Nursery
Select an option Set of 5 ($119.00) Set of 7 ($159.00) Set of 6 ($141.00)
Processing time is 10-15 business days depending on the order size. For rush orders availability - please contact the shop.
You can list your custom colors here or send a note to seller for specialty orders. Leave blank for default colors.
LUXURY PAPER FLOWERS, Unique and made from quality paper, Custom Design
This luxury paper flower arrangement is perfect addition to birthday party, baby shower, wedding backdrop, dessert table and many other events. Paper flowers will always add a fresh and unique look to your bedroom decor and nursery wall art!
•••WHAT YOU GET•••
Beautiful blend of blush, white and light beige colors with gold accents (all colors can be adjusted).
Set of 5 comes with 1 Jumbo (~18"), 2 XLarge (~16") and 2 Large (~13");
--> NEW! Set of 6 for symmetrical setup. You are welcome to choose the sizes - for example, 2 x 18", 2 x 16", 2 x 13".
Set of 7 comes with 1 Jumbo (~18"), 2 XLarge (~16"), 2 Large(~13") and 2 Medium (~10).
Each piece is assembled with a loop on the back and ready to hang. All flowers are unique and will differ slightly.
** Visit my shop for more amazing backdrops! ** - https://www.etsy.com/shop/IvaCraftsUS
Creating flower arrangements for:
- accent walls in your home - nursery decor - birthday party
- prom backdrops - baby shower - dessert table
- wedding - bridal shower - photo booth - retail displays
- confirmation - first communion ...and much more!
NOTE: All arrangements are made to order! Processing time may vary, please refer to shop updates (the average turnaround time is 10-15 business days).
If we complete your order earlier, we will be sure to notify you and send it out right away!
RUSH ORDERS are possible, but please contact us first if you are looking to place a rush order. We always do our best to accommodate everyone, but in some cases, a rush may not be possible at the time.
Instagram: @ivacrafts
Pinterest www.pinterest.com/ivacrafts/
We love experimenting and challenging ourselves, so come to us with your ideas!
Meet IvaCraftsUS
I offer FedEX/USPS basic ground shipping with optional upgrade to express delivery via USPS Priority Mail.
Every package comes with insurance covering up to $100, any additional upgrade can be discussed prior the purchase.
I am not responsible for lost, held, or damaged packages. I am not responsible for miss-delivery errors via carrier, or incorrect shipping info. Shipping is a service you purchase from FedEx and/or USPS along with your order from me so any shipping issues must be handled by contacting the carrier.
For protection during shipping process all items are carefully packed into large corrugated boxes.
Some flowers require extra care and will be separated by shelves inside the boxes.
I use Eco friendly and recycled materials as much as possible, however due to fragile nature of the product, some orders will come with extra packaging like bubble wrap.
Please avoid sharp objects when opening the package and never push down on the product as it might get damaged.
Don't bring paper flowers outside during bad weather conditions such as rain and/or strong wind.
NOTE: flowers are not waterproof. Avoid contact with water. Do not use outdoors in rainy or very windy weather.
TO CLEAN wipe with hand duster or shake off any dust as needed.
I'm always happy to take your custom order! To help you better visualize the backdrop, I will create a sketch with chosen color palette and possible variations.
All arrangements are made to order and processing time may vary depending on the size and quantity.
The average turnaround time is 10-15 business days. If we complete your order earlier, we will be sure to notify you and send it out right away!
Chrissy DiRusso Mar 5, 2019
The flowers are so beautiful and extremely well made. The pre-made hooks made it so easy to install them. My husband is a carpenter so he appreciates quality and an easy installation. Fast shipping too! Thank you so much!
Large Paper Flower Wall Decor for Wedding Backdrops, Pink Ombre Paper Roses, Baby Shower Decor
christiebehr925 Aug 19, 2019
Absolutely love everything about them!! Great experience would def do business again!
Large Paper Flower Wall Decor, White Pink Gold Floral Backdrop, Girl Room Decoration, Nursery Wall Flowers, Wedding Flower Arrangement
alicinschmeling Aug 13, 2019
The flowers completely exceeded my expectations and look absolutely incredible on the wall! Super high quality! The customer service was excellent and she sent me a completed picture of them before she sent them. Highly recommend!
Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Paper Poppy Wall Flowers, Baby Shower Backdrop, Nursery Art, Nursery Name SIgn Flowers, Luxurious Storefront Prop
Ruby Philip Aug 11, 2019
Absolutely wonderful! It will look great in my daughter’s room.
Large Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Birthday Party Decorations, Wedding Wall Decor, Kate Spade Inspiration, Pink Gold Bachelorette Party
Large Paper Flowers Wall Decor Blush Grey Nursery Girl 3D Floral Art Wedding Flower Backdrop Pink Baby Shower
Large Paper Flowers, Paper Flower Wall Decor, Rose Peony Flower Backdrop, Pink Baby Shower, Nursery Wall Art, Pink Ombre, Nursery Decor
Large Paper Flowers, Nursery Wall Decor, Baby Shower Flower Decor, Wedding Flower Wall, Paper Flower Decor, Pink Nursery, 3D Wall Art
Large Paper Flower Wall Decor - Blue Wedding Flower Wall - Bridal Shower Decor - Large Paper Peony - Paper Roses - Blue Flower Arrangement
Paper Flowers Wall Decor Set of 11, Pink and Purple Paper Flowers, Nursery Flower Arrangement, Nursery Wall Flowers, Flower Name Sign Decor
Shop policies for IvaCraftsUS
Large Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Nursery Wall Flowers, Summer Floral Arrangement, Nursery Wall Art, Bridal Backdrop, Wedding Floral Decor
Large Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Wedding Floral Arrangement, Navy Blue Silver Decor, Navy Blue Wedding Decor, Navy Blue Nursery
Large Paper Flower Arrangement, Purple Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Nursery Name Sign Flowers, Wedding Flower Wall
Large Paper Flower Wall Decor, Peach Nursery Decor Girl, Wedding Backdrop, Boho Flowers, 3D Wall Art, Nursery Paper Flowers
Large Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Nursery Decor for Girl, Bedroom Wall Decor, Nursery Wall Art, Pink Yellow Flower Backdrop, Baby Photo Shoot
Set of 15 Large Paper Flowers, White Blue Cream Floral Arrangement, Wedding Backdrop, Bedroom Wall Art, Nursery 3D Decor, Bridal Ceremony
Large Paper Flowers Wall Decor, White Paper Flower Backdrop for Wedding, Bridal Shower Flower Wall, Girl Baby Shower Decor
Large Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Bedroom Flower Art, Wedding Backdrop, Giant Rose Arrangement, Luxurious Window Display, Bedroom Decor
Paper Flowers Wall Decor, Nursery Wall Flowers, Girl Room Decor, Baby Shower Backdrop, Name Sign Decoration, Headboard Flowers
Pink Flower Backdrop
Wedding Paper Roses

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


text:
Canari Men's Long Sleeve Cycling Jerseys | eBay
Canari Men's Long Sleeve Cycling Jerseys
Brand: CanariSize: LGender: Men
Canari Men's Large Cycling Shirt Cold Weather 1/2 Zip Blue Long Sleeve
Canari Solar Flare Shell Cycling Jacket Wind-Water Resistant Men Medium
From United StatesBrand: CanariSize: MFeatures: Full Zipper
Canari Cycling Jersey Large L LG Brand New Long Sleeve Full Zip UPF 30
CANARI AVALANCHE CYCLING JERSEY - UPF 30 , FULL ZIP, LONG SLEEVE. Canari Avalanche Cycling Jersey - UPF 30 , Full Zip, Long Sleeve. UPF 30 protection from sun's harmful rays. Three rear pockets.
Ending 26 Mar at 17:26 EDT4d 10h
From United StatesBrand: CanariSize: LFeatures: Race FitCustoms services and international tracking provided
Mens Canari Winter Cycling Jersey Long Sleeve Blue with black Large full zipper
Sleeve from stiching to end of sleeve = 24.5 ". Shoulder to bottom of shirt = 24 ".
NEW NWOT Unworn LUXE CANARI EVOLUTION CONVERTIBLE CYCLING JACKET VEST Jersey XL
Made by Canari with lettering printed onto the material on the front. The front has a full zipper and the back has pockets. The material is 100% lightweight Polyester. 28 from top to bottom on the front.
Brand: CanariSize: XLFeatures: Full Zipper
Paceline 2. MODEL: Paceline 2 Longsleeve. --Super bright neon yellow (Canari calls it Killer Yellow) with black flatlock stitching--a great looking, highly visible jersey. Longsleeve Cycling Jersey. Ultra-Bright Neon Yellow with Reflective Logos.
Brand: CanariSize: SGender: Men
Canari Cycling Jersey Shirt Top Mens Long Sleeve Full Zip Medium Yellow/Black
Brand: CanariSize: MFeatures: Half ZipperCustoms services and international tracking provided
NEW Canari Solar Flare Cycling Jersey Men's Large, Killer Yellow Full Zip Large
From United StatesBrand: CanariSize: LFeatures: Full ZipperCustoms services and international tracking provided
Canari Blue Long Sleeve Cycling Jersey Mens size Medium
From United StatesBrand: CanariSize: MGender: MenCustoms services and international tracking provided
About Canari Shift Cycling Jersey -. Full front zipper with rear draft flap. Wind and Water resistant Micro poly vector Pro fabric. Fully sublimated Shift print. Rear center zip storage pocket with Reflective trim.
Brand: CanariSize: MFeatures: Full ZipperCustoms services and international tracking provided
Canari Cycling Bike Jersey GOOD & PLENTY candy Black Licorice Men's Medium
Canari Cycling Jersey. 'Good & Plenty Candy'. MINT CONDITION. Length (shoulder to hem) - 24" in front, 28" in back. Chest (laying flat, armpit to armpit) - 22".
From United StatesBrand: CanariSize: MFeatures: High VisibilityCustoms services and international tracking provided
Canari L Cycling Running Long Sleeve Shirt Mesh Accent Dark Red Black Polyester
Canari Cycling Shirt. I guess it is a cycling shirt but it doesn't have the normal pockets in back so this must. Dark red with little tiny white'silver?. Long sleeve. be more for casual wear - it does have one zippered pocket on the back though.
Canari Solar Flare Cycling Jersey Zip Neck Men’s Long Sleeve Yellow Large
New with tags Canari killer yellow cycling jersey for men
Brand: CanariSize: LGender: MenCustoms services and international tracking provided
Canari Long Sleeve Cycling Jersey Sz M Half Zip w Back Pockets BLUE
Up for sale is a great looking cycling jersey from Canari. Condition : The jersey is gently pre-owned and in great condition. The only issue is that there are a couple small holes on the back left sleeve (approx. ).
Canari (L) cycling jersey Women's
Brand new with tags. ONLY DEFECTS are shown in 2nd photo where my kitten snagged in couple spots ever so slightly. Only reason I listed new with defects but this is a brand new gorgeous jersey. Smoke free environment 😁
Brand: CanariSize: LFeatures: Full ZipperCustoms services and international tracking provided
Canari Mens Thermal Cycling Jersey Small Full Zip Long Sleeve Road Bike Bicycle
Canari Cycling Jersey M Yellow Poly Nylon 1/4 Zip LS Back Pockets MintYGI A9-396
Canari Cycling Jersey M Yellow Poly Nylon 1/4 Zip LS Back Pockets MintYGI A9-396 Excellent condition, no flaws Photos tell the story best ... See detailed measurements of the item in photos using a tape measure — check them carefully as sizes vary! Check out our amazing inventory of other items by including the three letters YGI in your search. For example, type in your search ““ickey Freeman YGI ““to see all of our Hickey Freeman items. STOP! Before leaving anything other than positive feedback, please contact us to work out an amicable solution. At YGI, we honor our return policy 100 percent. So, if you are unsatisfied for any reason, simply return the item for a full refund. Our feedback speaks for itself and we want to earn your repeat business.
Canari Cycling Pullover M Yellow 1/4 Zip Long Sleeve Back Pockets EUC YGI X8-250
Brand: CanariSize: MGender: MenCustoms services and international tracking provided
Trimalchio Long Sleeve Cycling Jersey, Cornflower
Brand: CanariGender: MenColor: Blue
Trimalchio Long Sleeve Cycling Jersey, Wheat
Brand: CanariSize: XLFeatures: Race Fit
Ginghamo Century LS Jersey Cosmic Blue
This is a Mens Canari Long Sleeve biking jersey. It has a half zipper and is Blue and Black. This was worn a few times but look like new.
Ending 25 Mar at 18:57 EDT3d 12hFrom United StatesBrand: CanariSize: LFeatures: Race FitCustoms services and international tracking provided
Brand: CanariFeatures: Race FitGender: Men
Excellent quality jersey from Canari Cyclewear. Long Sleeve Cycling Jersey. Nice, warm, comfortable middleweight cycling jersey fabric. Three rear pockets for carrying snacks, keys, wallet. Golden yellow, gray and black.
Top Rated SellerFrom United StatesBrand: CanariSize: MGender: Men
Canari Milano. Excellent quality jersey from Canari Cyclewear. Hi-Viz neon piping on sleeves and torso (doesn't show up too well in photos). Long Sleeve Cycling Jersey. Three rear pockets for carrying snacks, keys, wallet.
From United StatesBrand: CanariSize: SGender: Men
C $18.654d 10h


text:
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SnapshotPeople OverviewBoard MembersCommittees	BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH David F. Marquardt *David F. Marquardt Return to MICROSOFT CORPGeneral Partner and Founding Partner2424AgeTotal Annual Compensation66-- Albert A. PimentelXilinx, Inc.Board AffiliationsNetCell CorporationRobert R. AckermanAllegis CapitalBoard AffiliationsNetCell Corporation R. Gary McCauleyOPENLANE, Inc.Board AffiliationsOPENLANE, Inc.Paul S. MaderaMeriTech Capital PartnersBoard AffiliationsOPENLANE, Inc. Robert MacHlinSkyPilot Networks, Inc.Board AffiliationsSkyPilot Networks, Inc.Michael SteinOPENLANE, Inc.Board AffiliationsOPENLANE, Inc. Eric A. YoungCanaan PartnersBoard AffiliationsXirrus, Inc.Aaron CheathamHVVi Semiconductors, Inc.Board AffiliationsSkyPilot Networks, Inc. Khaled A. NasrInterWest Partners LLCBoard AffiliationsXirrus, Inc.Steven M. KrauszU.S. Venture PartnersBoard AffiliationsXirrus, Inc. Dirk I. GatesXirrus, Inc.Board AffiliationsXirrus, Inc.Bruce C. EdwardsSemtech CorporationBoard AffiliationsXirrus, Inc. Shane J. BuckleyXirrus, Inc.Board AffiliationsXirrus, Inc.William J. SchroederOxford Semiconductor, Inc.Board AffiliationsXirrus, Inc. John GardnerNokia Growth PartnersBoard AffiliationsNetpulse, Inc.Marc J. RandallAvaya Inc.Board AffiliationsXirrus, Inc. Mark S. MastrovFitness Holdings Worldwide, Inc.Board AffiliationsNetpulse, Inc.Jed M. KatzJavelin Venture PartnersBoard AffiliationsNetpulse, Inc. Ashwin NavinFree Stream Media Corp.Board AffiliationsFree Stream Media Corp.Thomas A. ProulxNetpulse, Inc.Board AffiliationsNetpulse, Inc. Christopher ScogginsFree Stream Media Corp.Board AffiliationsFree Stream Media Corp.David HarrisonFree Stream Media Corp.Board AffiliationsFree Stream Media Corp. Tripp JonesAugust CapitalBoard AffiliationsQuandl Inc.Narendra K. GuptaNexus Venture PartnersBoard AffiliationsQuandl Inc.

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text:
Loretta Young (January 6, 1913 – August 12, 2000) was an American actress. Starting as a child actress, she had a long and varied career in film from 1917 to 1953. She won the 1948 best actress Academy Award for her role in the 1947 film The Farmer's Daughter, and received an Oscar nomination for her role in Come to the Stable, in 1949. Young moved to the relatively new medium of television, where she had a dramatic anthology series, The Loretta Young Show, from 1953 to 1961. The series earned three Emmy Awards, and reran successfully on daytime TV and later in syndication. In the 1980s Young returned to the small screen and won a Golden Globe in Christmas Eve in 1989. Young, a devout Roman Catholic,[1][2] worked with various Catholic charities after her acting career.[1][3]
She was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, as Gretchen Young, the daughter of Gladys (Royal) and John Earle Young.[4][5] At confirmation, she took the name Michaela. When she was two years old, her parents separated. She and her family moved to Hollywood when she was three years old. She and her sisters Polly Ann and Elizabeth Jane (screen name Sally Blane) worked as child actresses, but of the three, Loretta was the most successful.
Young's first role was at the age of three, in the silent film The Primrose Ring. During her high school years Young was educated at Ramona Convent Secondary School. She was signed to a contract by John McCormick (1893-1961), husband and manager of actress, Colleen Moore, who saw the young girl's potential.[6] The name "Loretta" was given to her by Colleen, who later would explain that it was the name of her favorite doll.[7]
In 1930 when she was 17, she eloped with 26-year-old actor, Grant Withers; they were married in Yuma, Arizona. The marriage was annulled the next year, just as their second movie together (appropriately titled Too Young to Marry) was released.
In the 1962–1963 television season, Young appeared as Christine Massey, a free-lance magazine writer and mother of seven children, in CBS's The New Loretta Young Show. It fared poorly in the ratings on Monday evenings against ABC's Ben Casey. It was dropped after one season (26 episodes).[citation needed]
In the 1990s selected episodes from Young's personal collection, with the opening and closing segments (and original title) intact, were released on home video, and frequently were shown on cable television.[citation needed]
Young has two sta

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text:
Get Helpful Tips About Reputation Management That Are Simple To Under…
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Knowing your customers is a good way to protect the reputation of your business. Be sure to talk and poll your customers. Find out what they love and don't love about your company. Being aware of what they love will help you talk about those things. Knowing what they dislike gives you the chance to address it or fix it. It also makes you more prepared in case your reputation is attacked.
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2. Management reputation Business management reputation is not the simplest thing to learn when it comes to running your business. However, it is definitely one of the most important. Be sure you are paying attention to the following ideas because implementing the right ideas might just save your business. You must be working towards business reputation management at all times. ● ● Try using a social network like LinkedIn to help your reputation management. This social network can rank a bit higher than some of the other ones. It is also an important tool for B2B companies. This is because many people like to search for professional services on LinkedIn instead of the search engines.
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5. Way to protect the reputation of your business ● You should place a complaint form on your site and encourage customers to use them if they are not happy with your products and services. This will give them the idea that it is best to talk things out with you instead of leaving negative feedback all over the Web. Make sure that you try your best to address all of the issues that are presented to you. ● ● Knowing your customers is a good way to protect the reputation of your business. Be sure to talk and poll your customers. Find out what they love and don't love about your company. Being aware of what they love will help you talk about those things. Knowing what they dislike gives you the chance to address it or fix it. It also makes you more prepared in case your reputation is attacked.
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7. Positive reviews When you find negative content and comments on your website, you should contact the person who left information. Try to work through any problem they may be having with you or your website. If you are unable to resolve the issue, leave a response explaining that you have tried to resolve the matter without success. Maintain a polite tone throughout. ● ● Always go the extra mile when you deal with your customers. Good customer service leads to good reviews. The more positive reviews you get, the better your business reputation becomes. When you have a lot of 5-star reviews, the occasional one-star review becomes less significant to your overall corporate rating. ● ● Do not get angry at negative feedback on the web. Do not let emotions be a factor in your response. Don't ever let your firm seem unprofessional.
8. Good reputation as an employer is also good for your business. Having a good reputation as an employer is also good for your business. Your employees are often in the first line of contact with your customers. An employee with a positive attitude about his job shows through in the service that he offers to customers. Therefore, treat your employees well. ● ● To stay on top of your online reputation, set up a Google alert. You simply specify the keywords for the search engine to monitor, such as "Bob's Store" and you will receive an email alert whenever it is discussed. You can follow the trail of talk to the source and introduce yourself, if appropriate and necessary. BEST BUSINESS SOLUTIONS By: Online Marketing Strategy 123 ● http://bestbusinesssolutions.org ● admin@bestbusinesssolutions.org
9. Maintain a good professional reputation Be prepared for anything when it comes to managing the reputation of your business. From nasty made-up rumors to seriously upset customers, you never know what may suddenly come up and harm your ability to conduct business. A good crisis management plan should be in place at all times and handled by a very competent team. ● ● If your business has a lot going on and really needs to constantly address issues with customers, start a company forum. Allow people to post freely about whatever problems they may have. If you can solve problems for them and resolve the issues that are frustrating them, you should be able to maintain a good professional reputation. BEST BUSINESS SOLUTIONS By: Online Marketing Strategy 123 ● http://bestbusinesssolutions.org ● admin@bestbusinesssolutions.org
10. Plan to better manage your business reputation ● Remember all the strategies that have been detailed here for you so that you can formulate a plan to better manage your business reputation. It's time to really not only protect your name but do so by getting it out there to more targeted customers. You can improve your business reputation with the skills that have discussed. To your Success Renata BEST BUSINESS SOLUTIONS By: Online Marketing Strategy 123 ● http://bestbusinesssolutions.org ● admin@bestbusinesssolutions.org

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haskell - Inverting a fold - Stack Overflow
Suppose for a minute that we think the following is a good idea:
data Fold x y = Fold {start :: y, step :: x -> y -> y}
fold :: Fold x y -> [x] -> y
Under this scheme, functions such as length or sum can be implemented by calling fold with the appropriate Fold object as argument.
Now, suppose you want to do clever optimisation tricks. In particular, suppose you want to write
unFold :: ([x] -> y) -> Fold x y
It should be relatively easy to rule a RULES pragma such that fold . unFold = id. But the interesting question is... can we actually implement unFold?
Obviously you can use RULES to apply arbitrary code transformations, whether or not they preserve the original meaning of the code. But can you really write an unFold implementation which actually does what its type signature suggests?
haskell fold share|improve this question asked Oct 18 '12 at 8:17
2 have you seen conal.net/blog/posts/more-beautiful-fold-zipping ?
You can, but you need to make a slight modification to Fold in order to pull it off.
All functions on lists can be expressed as a fold, but sometimes to accomplish this, extra bookkeeping is needed. Suppose we add an additional type parameter to your Fold type, which passes along this additional contextual information.
data Fold a c r = Fold { _start :: (c, r), _step :: a -> (c,r) -> (c,r) }
Now we can implement fold like so
fold :: Fold a c r -> [a] -> r
fold (Fold step start) = snd . foldr step start
Now what happens when we try to go the other way?
unFold :: ([a] -> r) -> Fold a c r
Where does the c come from? Functions are opaque values, so it's hard to know how to inspect a function and know which contextual information it relies on. So, let's cheat a little. We're going to have the "contextual information" be the entire list, so then when we get to the leftmost element, we can just apply the function to the original list, ignoring the prior cumulative results.
unFold :: ([a] -> r) -> Fold a [a] r
unFold f = Fold { _start = ([], f [])
, _step = \a (c, _r) -> let c' = a:c in (c', f c') }
Now, sadly, this does not necessarily compose with fold, because it requires that c must be [a]. Let's fix that by hiding c with existential quantification.
data Fold a r = forall c. Fold
{ _start :: (c,r)
, _step :: a -> (c,r) -> (c,r) }
fold :: Fold a r -> [a] -> r
fold (Fold start step) = snd . foldr step start
unFold :: ([a] -> r) -> Fold a r
unFold f = Fold start step where
start = ([], f [])
step a (c, _r) = let c' = a:c in (c', f c')
Now, it should always be true that fold . unFold = id. And, given a relaxed notion of equality for the Fold data type, you could also say that unFold . fold = id. You can even provide a smart constructor that acts like the old Fold constructor:
makeFold :: r -> (a -> r -> r) -> Fold a r
makeFold start step = Fold start' step' where
start' = ((), start)
step' a ((), r) = ((), step a r)
No, it's not possible. Proof: let
f :: [()] -> Bool
f[] = False
f[()] = False
First we must, for f' = unFold f, have start f' = False, because when folding over the empty list we directly get the start value. Then we must require step f' () False = False to achieve fold f' [()] = False. But when now evaluating fold f' [(),()], we would again only get a call step f' () False, which we had to define as False, leading to fold f' [(),()] ≡ False, whereas f[(),()] ≡ True. So there exists no unFold f that fulfills fold $ unFold f ≡ f. □
Conclusion 1: you can't
What you asked for originally isn't possible, at least not by any version of what you wanted I can come up with. (See below.)
If change your data type to allow me to store intermediate calculations, I think I'll be fine, but even then,
the function unFold would be rather inefficient, which seems to run counter to your clever optimisation tricks agenda!
Conclusion 2: I don't think it achieves what you want, even if you work around it by changing the types
Any optimisation of the list algorithm would be subject to the problem that you've calculated the step function using the original unoptimised function, and quite probably in a complicated way.
Since there's no equality on functions, optimising step to something efficient isn't possible. I think you need a human to do unFold, not a compiler.
Could fold . unFold = id ?
No. Suppose we have
isSingleton :: [a] -> Bool
isSingleton [x] = True
isSingleton _ = False
then if we had unFold :: ([x] -> y) -> Fold x y then if foldSingleton was the same as unFold isSingleton would need to have
foldSingleton = Fold {start = False , step = ???}
Where step takes an element of the list and updates the result.
Now isSingleton "a" == True, we need
step False = True
and because isSingleton "ab" == False, we need
step True = False
so step = not would do so far, but also isSingleton "abc" == False so we also need
step False = False
Since there are functions ([x] -> y) that cannot be represented by a value of type Fold x y, there cannot exist a function unFold :: ([x] -> y) -> Fold x y such that fold . unFold = id, because id is a total function. Edit:
It turns out you're not convinced by this, because you only expected unFold to work on functions that had a representation as a fold, so maybe you meant unFold.fold = id.
Could unFold . fold = id ?
Even if you just want unFold to work on functions ([x] -> y) that can be obtained using fold :: Fold x y -> ([x] -> y), I don't think it's possible. Let's address the question by assuming now we have defined combine :: X -> Y -> Y
initial :: Y
folded :: [X] -> Y
folded = fold $ Fold initial combine
Recovering the value initial is trivial: initial = folded []. Recovery of the original combine is not, because there's no way to go from a function that gives you some values of Y to one which combines arbitrary values of Y. For an example, if we had X = Y = Int and I defined     combine x y | y < 0 = -10
| otherwise = y + 1
then since combine just adds one to y every time you use it on positive y, and the initial value is 0, folded is indistinguishable from length in terms of its output. Notice that since folded xs is never negative, it's also impossible to define a function unFold :: ([x] -> y) -> Fold x y that ever recovers our combine function. This boils down to the fact that fold is not injective; it carries different values of type Fold x y to the same value of type [x] -> y.
Thus I've proved two things: if unFold :: ([x] -> y) -> Fold x y then both fold.unFold /= id and now also unFold.fold /= id
I bet you're not convinced by this either, because you don't really care whether you got Fold 0 (\_ y -> y+1) or Fold 0 combine back from unFold folded, seeing as they have the same value when refolded! Let's narrow the goalposts one more time. Perhaps you want unFold to work whenever the function is obtainable via fold, and you're happy for it not to give you inconsistent answers as long as when you fold the result again, you get the same function. I can summarise that with this next question:
Could fold . unFold . fold = fold ?
i.e. Could you define unFold so that fold.unFold is the identity on the set of functions obtainable via fold?
I'm really convinced this isn't possible, because it's not a tractible problem to calculate the step function without retaining extra information about intermediate values on sublists.
Suppose we had unFold f = Fold {start = f [], step = recoverstep f}
recoverstep f x1 initial == f [x1]
so if there's an Eq instance for x (ring the alarm bells!), then recoverstep must have the same effect as
recoverstep f x1 y | y == initial = f [x1]
recoverstep f x2 (f [x1]) == f [x1,x2]
so if there's an Eq instance for x, then recoverstep must have the same effect as
recoverstep f x2 y | y == (f [x1]) = f [x1,x2]
but there's a massive problem here: the variable x1 is free in the right hand side of this equation.
This means that logically, we can't tell what value the step function should have on an x unless we already know what values it has been used on. We would need to store the values of f [x1], f [x1,x2] etc in the Fold data type to make it work, and this is the clincher as to why we can't define unFold. If you change the data type Fold
to allow us to store information about intermediate lists, I can see it would work, but as it stands it's impossible to recover the context.
share|improve this answer edited Oct 19 '12 at 2:56
1 "Since there are functions that cannot be represented by a value of type Fold x y, there cannot exist a function unFold." Or rather, there cannot exist a total function. My question is whether you can write an unFold that works for every possible Fold, not necessarily every possible general list function.
@MathematicalOrchid This isn't really a fair criticism since you stated fold . unFold = id, and id is total (I edited my answer to explain so). Did you mean unFold.fold = id?
1 @MathematicalOrchid I've edited now to try to prove it's not possible for all the reasonable interpretations I can think of.
Similar to Dan's answer, but using a slightly different approach. Instead of pairing the accumulator with partial results which will be thrown away at the end, we add a "post-processing" function which will convert from the accumulator type to the final result.
The same "cheat" for unFold just does all the work in the post-processing step:
{ _start  :: c
, _step   :: a -> c -> c
, _result :: c -> r }
fold (Fold start step result) = result . foldr step start
unFold f = Fold [] (:) f
makeFold start step = Fold start step id
share|improve this answer answered Oct 19 '12 at 1:58
1 Your inclusion of f on the right hand side of unFold amused me, so I've got the following joke suggestion: I could simplify your solution somewhat by further redefining the data structure Fold, in which you have included two fields I think complicate the solution somewhat and necessitate existential types. Why not define unFold f = Fold f and fold (Fold f) = f. It would work more efficiently!
1 @AndrewC: Haha! I guess it just illustrates what most of the answers here are already saying. You can't do it without cheating - badly.
More seriously, despite the unavoidable existential type, this is a very elegant bit of code that made me smile, so +1.

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Mr Lee - The Bobettes Song - BBC Music The BBC has updated its cookie policy. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This includes cookies from third party social media websites if you visit a page which contains embedded content from social media. Such third party cookies may track your use of the BBC website. We and our partners also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Change settings Find out more ]]> Accessibility links Skip to content Accessibility Help BBC iD Notifications
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multithreading - Multi-threaded access to C# dictionary - Stack Overflow
Multi-threaded access to C# dictionary
I understand that C# dictionaries are not thread-safe when it comes to adding, reading and removing elements; however, can you access the Count Property of a C# dictionary in a thread safe way if another thread is writing, reading, and removing from the dictionary?
c# multithreading dictionary
edited Mar 30 '12 at 22:15
Do you expect it to return the correct value? – Brian Rasmussen Mar 30 '12 at 22:15
Or just use a ConcurrentDictionary... msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd287191.aspx – David Peden Mar 30 '12 at 22:17
It should be threadsafe in that it won't blow up, but I'm fairly sure it is not threadsafe in that it might not give you the correct count due to other threads manipulating the dictionary.
[Edit: as usr points out, just because it's currently threadsafe at this level does not mean that it will continue to be so. You have no guarantees]
edited Mar 30 '12 at 22:31
Since property is a method call under the hood hood so really situation is not such simple as at first glance.
T1: Accessing Count property
T1: get_Count() call (some kind of JMP/GOTO ASM instruction)
T1: read variable which represents a number of items == 1
T2: addign a new item, real count becomes 2
T1: returns 1 but really there are already two items
So if an application logic relies on a Count property value - theoretically you could ends up with race condition.
edited Mar 30 '12 at 22:28
Because the property can not be directly written to it is not at all fine to read from it concurrently. The latter does not follow the former. This is dangerous thinking. – usr Mar 30 '12 at 22:24
right I was in process of writing my answer, initially my thinking was wrong, you are right – sll Mar 30 '12 at 22:25
First: This is dangerous thinking. Be very careful if you put such a thing into production. Probably, you should just use a lock or ConcurrentDictionary.
Are you comfortable with an approximate answer?
But: Reflector shows that count just reads some field and returns it. This is likely not to change forever. So you reasonably could take the risk in this case.
answered Mar 30 '12 at 22:25
You could create the dictionary as a static readonly object, and lock it when modifying it... that should deal with most problems, I would think.
11.7k2173179
Depending on what you want to achieve, you can protect the dictionary with a ReaderWriterLockSlim. This way you can have faster reads and only lock the dictionary when performing mutating operations.
Rather than assuming, I went and looked at it in reflector:
// count and freeCount are local fields
So yes, it is "thread safe" in that accessing it will not cause corruption in the dictionary object. That said, I am not sure that I can think of any use case where getting the count with any accuracy is important if the dictionary is being accessed by another thread.
if(dict.Count==1) would never safely work – L.B Mar 30 '12 at 22:34
@L.B did you read the paragraph at the end of my answer? – Chris Shain Mar 30 '12 at 22:35
Do you think I just write comments without reading whole answer? I can think of any use case where getting the count with any accuracy is important if the dictionary is being accessed by another thread. Correct but limited with your imagination. – L.B Mar 30 '12 at 22:44
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged c# multithreading dictionary or ask your own question.


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Calgary Flames goalie Joey MacDonald, right, makes a save despite being bumped by Phoenix Coyotes' Alexandre Bolduc during second-period NHL hockey game action in Calgary, Alberta, Friday, April 12, 2013. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Larry MacDougal) (The Associated Press)
Phoenix Coyotes' David Moss, right, screens a shot on Calgary Flames goalie Joey MacDonald during the first period of an NHL hockey game in Calgary, Alberta, Friday, April 12, 2013. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Larry MacDougal) (The Associated Press)
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JRK64 - Member Reviews - TripAdvisor
Search Profile Badge collection Travel map JRK64 Send Message Since Jun 2011 25-34 year old male Cornelius, North Carolina
3 Reviews 9 Forum Posts 6 Helpful votes JRK64's TripCollective Progress Total Points 486 Level 1 Contributor Badges (9 total)View Collection Passport 2 Cities Readership 1,000 Readers Helpful Reviewer 5 Votes Booked on TripAdvisor Reviewer 3 Reviews New ReviewerThis badge is earned after 1 review.ReviewerThis badge is earned after 3 reviews.Helpful ReviewerThis badge is earned after 1 helpful vote.Helpful ReviewerThis badge is earned after 5 helpful votes.PassportEarned after reviews in 2 separate cities.NegrilNiagara FallsReadershipThis badge is earned after a reviewer has 100 readers.ReadershipThis badge is earned after a reviewer has 500 readers.ReadershipThis badge is earned after a reviewer has 1,000 readers.Booked on TripAdvisorThis badge is earned after booking a hotel on TripAdvisor.
How do I earn points? Every time you contribute to TripAdvisor, you earn TripCollective points. Here’s a list of what you can contribute, and how much it’s worth. Review 100points Photo 30points Video 30points Forum Post 20points Rating 5points Traveler Article Creation 100points Traveler Article Edits 5points Trip Lists 50points Helpful Vote 1point Earn points, reach new levels. The more points you earn, the higher your level – and the more you’re recognized in the travel community for your contributions. Your TripCollective level appears in your traveler profile. Level6 10000points Level5 5000points Level4 2500points Level3 1000points Level2 500points Level1 300points Total Points 486JRK64's Contributions Reviews (3)Forum Posts (9)Filter by AllHotels (2)Restaurants (1)RatingHelpful Votes Points Negril: Grand Pineapple Beach Negril “4th time in Jamaica, best trip yet!”My wife and I just returned from six fun-filled da...Jun 28, 2013 4 104 Niagara Falls: DoubleTree Fallsview Resort & Spa by Hilton - Niagara Falls “Nice stay and good value”Stayed at the this hotel in early April to celebra...May 23, 2013 100 Niagara Falls: The Blue Line “Great service, great value, and great food!”Stopped by The Blue Line during a visit to Niagara...Apr 3, 2013 2 102PreviousNext1Bonus points are available on occasion across the site. Keep an eye out for opportunities to get extra points!

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Ates G. - Designers + Geeks (San Francisco, CA)
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Visiting Scholar @ Stanford University, H-STAR Institute; PhD Student @ Roskilde University, Dept. of Communication, Business & Information Technologies, Virtual Worlds Research Group (Denmark). Researching collaborative design and innovation in VWs.
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