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John R Smith (1910-1983) - Find A Grave Memorial
2 May 1983 (aged 72)
100116676 · View Source
Find A Grave Memorial 100116676
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for John R Smith (20 Sep 1910–2 May 1983), Find A Grave Memorial no. 100116676, citing Evergreen Cemetery, Everett, Snohomish County, Washington, USA ; Maintained by Reverend Larry (contributor 47563154) .

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Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Israeli Civilian Gas Mask w/ Nato Filter
4.4 out of 5 stars (425 customer reviews)
5.0 out of 5 stars An economical, efficient, comfortable, overall GREAT Gas Mask!
Allow me to start off by saying that I absolutely love this mask. I have really ZERO COMPLAINTS about it. There are a few things that may bother others slightly, but not me. Nothing worth worrying about if you are ever in a situation where you need to use it. I will break my review down into categories:-FIT/SEAL- 5/5This mask fits very well to various...
Read the full review › Published on May 11, 2011 by Kyle CR
3.0 out of 5 stars Test the mask as soon as you receive it!!
I received my first mask on 06/23/2012. I immediately performed a postive pressure test and a negative pressure test. The mask failed the negative pressure test. Upon inpsection, I found that the exhaust vent was missing the rubber flap/disc/seal that prevents air from coming in through the exhaust.UPDATE:After returning the defective mask, I...
Read the full review › Published 17 months ago by Alejandr0
3.0 out of 5 stars Test the mask as soon as you receive it!!, June 23, 2012
By Alejandr0 - See all my reviews
This review is from: Israeli Civilian Gas Mask w/ Nato Filter
I received my first mask on 06/23/2012. I immediately performed a postive pressure test and a negative pressure test. The mask failed the negative pressure test. Upon inpsection, I found that the exhaust vent was missing the rubber flap/disc/seal that prevents air from coming in through the exhaust.UPDATE:After returning the defective mask, I placed an order for 2 more masks. Both masks were free of defects and passed the negative and positive pressure tests. Overall, 2 out of 3 ain't bad. But, you really don't want to have that 1 out of 3 if you need to depend upon this mask for your life. TEST YOUR MASK as soon as you receive it.Steps for performing the positive pressure test and negative pressure test:You do NOT need to attach the filter canister to perform these tests. Do NOT open your filter canister until the time of emergency.Negative Pressure Test:1. Do NOT attach the filter canister to the mask. Put the mask on and adjust straps until mask fits securely.2. Use your hand to cover the intake area. This is the circular area where the filter attaches to the mask.3. Inhale.4. Air should not be able to enter the mask. You should feel reduced air pressure within the mask. The mask should feel like it is being sucked towards your face.Positive Pressure Test:1. Do NOT attach the filter canister to the mask. Put on the mask and adjust straps until mask fits securely.2. Use your hand to cover the exhaust area located directly beneath the filter attachment area.3. Exhale.4. Air should not be able to exit the mask. You should feel increased air pressure within the mask. The mask should feel like it is trying to pull away from your face to let the air out.
5.0 out of 5 stars An economical, efficient, comfortable, overall GREAT Gas Mask!, May 11, 2011
By Kyle CR - See all my reviews
Allow me to start off by saying that I absolutely love this mask. I have really ZERO COMPLAINTS about it. There are a few things that may bother others slightly, but not me. Nothing worth worrying about if you are ever in a situation where you need to use it. I will break my review down into categories:-FIT/SEAL- 5/5This mask fits very well to various adult head sizes. I have tried it on myself and several others. Everyone who tried it said it fit perfectly and had no complaints. This is due to the elastic straps that are used to tighten the mask. They are very easy to adjust while wearing and will not loosen while worn. It creates an airtight seal no matter if you are clean shaven or have facial hair. An easy way to test this for yourself is to put it on, adjust it to fit snugly, then cup your hand on the part where the filter attaches. Try to breathe, you will not be able to.-LENS- 4/5Let me start off by saying that the lens on this mask is made of a very sturdy, hard plastic. They are round however and do obscure your peripheral vision. Other than that, I have no complaints. Obviously, since they two eyepieces are sperated (its not one big mask lens) it does create an ever so slight cut off of your vision. Hardly noticable at all. Put your index finger parallel with your face along your nose, between your eyes. Thats how little it obscures your vision. Also, there is a rubber flap that goes across the bridge of the nose under the eyes that prevents the lens from fogging up. This is especially handy.-EASE- 5/5This mask is EXTREMELY easy to put on. It is also very easy to adjust the elastic straps around the head to tighten it and creat a seal. It has 5 elastic straps and one plastic strap that I suppose you tighten against your chin. I see little point in this plastic strap as it is extremely long and seems unnecessary. The 5 elastic straps are more than efficient to create a seal. it is also easy to get off once it has been fited, as it is elastic, as you have to do is pull it from your face and off. Perhaps the plastic chin strap is to have it hang from your neck down your back? xD-COMFORT- 5/5Not much to say here. As stated above, the mask fits well and is comfortable. It is made of rubber and does conform to your facial structure while creating a seal. It does not chaffor cause irritation. Also as I said before, you do not have to be clean shaven to wear this mask efficiently or comfortably.-PROTECTION/FILTER- 5/5 *IMPORTANT*This mask DOES CREATE AN AIR-TIGHT SEAL. It does not seem to allow leaks at all, so in that sense it provides supreme protection. HOWEVER, it is worth noting that the filter (40mm NATO filter) it comes with is quite old. The mask itself was made in the 80's and I can only imagine how old the filter is. Although, the filter does come completely sealed which means, even though it is past its expiration date by most likely about 20 years (I can't read the writing on the canister) it should be effective if used right when opened. However, once it is opened do not expect it to be usable several months from now. It will continue to absorb chemicals and particles in the air around it. If you use the filter right away, it should provide about 8 hours of protection depending on the level of contamination you are breathing in.I have tested the filter. It does successfully filter low-scale toxins (Obviously). I do not adivse or recomend testing this for yourself. If you want an idea of how well the filter works and the seal of the mask, perhaps wear it around gasoline, fresh paint or sulphur from a just lit match.Obviously I have not tested this on its NBC (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) protection, so I am not sure if this filter will provide sufficient protection for that purpose. Again, for low-scale toxins and gases, for example, Tear Gas, this will provide excellent protection. Since the filter is quite old, and I couldn't find much info on it, I can't speak on its use for NBC protection.***While this mask does provide protection as far as breathing goes, if the filter DOES in fact provide NBC protection, this mask and filter alone would be near useless without a full body protective suit. Your skin would still absorb radiation and chemicals from any biological weapons. *To be sufficiently protected in an NBC situation you will need a full body NBC protective suit ALONG with this mask.Overall, I am very satisfied with this product and it does do everything it is supposed to. It is economical, comfortable, efficient, possibly scary looking to children, and just an overall great product! I highly recomend this mask!Hope this review was helpful to you!
2.0 out of 5 stars Expired Filters, September 7, 2011
By Bear Grylls (Nashville, TN) - See all my reviews
The three masks I ordered had expired filters as of 2005. I wish this was disclosed in the description because people are staking their lives on this product if they actually needed to use it (NBC attack or pandemic). I wish people were informed that these filters have a shelf life of 5 years, some better filters have 10 years. Unfortunately new filters are double the cost of this mask, almost $35 each. I will have to buy 3 new filters for $110 for these masks, otherwise they are basically useless and even dangerous, false sense of security.They are a good deal though, considering just the mask is more expensive elsewhere and the mask itself seems quality, good fit and comfortable. I just can't give it more than 2 stars because I am disappointed there is not full disclosure in the description- I would not expect to ever receive an expired (shelf life) item when it is sold as "NEW".If you decide to buy this mask I would still recommend it, however just expect to have to buy new filters also (true with all the masks/filters I have seen on Amazon- I would not buy any others without verifying the expiration date). You can buy new filters with a 10 year shelf life at approvedgasmasks.comAlso, unrelated to this product or review but important to mention: be aware that most filters will last 8-12 hours once opened (depending on type and concentration of chemical/bio) so, in some sort of attack or extended pandemic you will need to keep 3-5 filters per mask!
5.0 out of 5 stars NBC Mask, February 1, 2011
This thing is wonderful! it is very comfortable, and it separates your mouth from your eyes so the lenses don't fog up. Not heavy on the head at all, and it has great visibility! After awhile you forget it is on.Very easy to breath in.Would highly recommend.btw it has a canteen connector for water intake on one side and comes with the tube.
4.0 out of 5 stars Comparison of Israeli civilian and military masks, March 19, 2011
By Alene "Alene" (Manchester, WA United States) - See all my reviews
I bought this a week ago (for $18.95 - the prices are rising!) and think it's very good, with qualifications noted below. I also bought a military gas mask, comparing them to see which to choose for members my family on the West Coast (vulnerable to a variety of disasters) - and I'd like to share what I've learned:BOTH KINDS have steel buckles joining the straps to the mask, which are really hard to force on, but you only have to attach them once - then make adjustments to fit with the straps themselves.BOTH KINDS have drinking tubes, which I consider essential, letting you drink uncontaminated water from a canteen or bottle without removing the mask.THE CIVILIAN MASK has elastic straps, which are more readily adjustable at the buckles. Once they're adjusted to fit, the elastic allows you to easily pull the mask on and off over your head. The mask is snug around my face, at least (as I tested by putting my hand over the air intake and trying to inhale). The nosepiece is a bit loose on me, which means the air I breathe can fog the lenses. You could apply anti-fogging liquid or make the nosepiece tighter by adding cloth tape inside the curved facing to round it out more. This mask also has a neck strap, to keep it with you when you don't have it on.From what I've read, "adult" civilian masks are supposed to fit teenagers as well as adults. "Youth" masks are supposed to fit children from 3 to 12. (I'd like to see how that works!)THE MILITARY MASK also needs the stiff strap buckles attached only once. It is a little more difficult to adjust and remove because the rubber straps (not elastic) have a ratcheting surface to make the tightened mask stay in place. To loosen the straps, just pull the buckle tabs forward with your thumbs. The mask fits snugly (with the help of extra material turning inward around the edges), and so does the nosepiece, which prevents my breath from fogging the lenses. There is no neck strap.(To me the military version looks less scary - actually sort of cute, with its big eyes and "nose," and the filter canister fitting below, closer to the chin. This may be a factor if you end up working with children.)COMPARATIVE WEIGHTS with drinking tube: Civilian: 15.95 oz. - 452 g Military: 20.1 oz. - 574 gFilter in canister: 7.7 oz. - 218 gNeither mask feels heavy while worn, since the weight is distributed around the head.As other reviewers have noted, the Israelis have really given this a lot of thought and worked out good models (because they feel under greater threat than most of us).FILTER: According to an eHow article, you can tell the manufacture date of the filter from the serial number stamped on the top or side--the first two digits giving the year. See [...]An Israeli manufacturer, Shalon Chemical Industries, gives the filter's shelf life as "exceeding fifteen years."I'm anxious to find unexpired filters (with dates 1997 or later) that don't cost a fortune! Can anyone advise me?
4.0 out of 5 stars good deal, January 10, 2011
By rakkasan 84 - See all my reviews
these seal faster and better than the us military issue, with them you need to be clean shaved to guarantee a seal, with the israeli model i don't have to be clean shaved, I'm sure someone will disagree, but i was in the us army and i know from exp, if u do disagree, go pay 100 more for what you feel you need or works best, i took a chance ON this but it was a relatively small chance for 30 bucks that payed of, i would trust my safety to this, the filter is new the mask was new and it came with drinking straw, u will need a carrying pouch, if your going to add it to your bob bag setup. buy 4 for the price of a us issue, and keep them at work home or car, in my opinion it's insurance,in these times u never know when these will be needed to survive, don't open filter until ready to use, buy spares if u wanna last longer than 5-6 hrs there are different filters for protection from diff things, some protect from, chemical some biological, others airborne disease. Some last longer than others so pay attention to what yours are rated for research will go a long way, these masks accept only NATO style filters so, pay attention to what ones you buy. GOD BLESS THE USA, AND OUR TROOPS
5.0 out of 5 stars Great Gas Mask, October 5, 2010
By Captain Crush "USA GOLD" (usa) - See all my reviews
This is a really good looking, high quality gas mask. It is also VERY comfortable to wear. It comes with nylon straps on the head, and the rubber mask fits great on your face. Wonderful mask! i think the United States should hand these out to us like the Israeli government did for them.
5.0 out of 5 stars Fantastic, reliable mask, May 14, 2011
By Mouse Squeez - See all my reviews
Purchased this on May 10th, and recieved it on May 14th with standard shipping, I was very impressed with that.About the mask:Seals VERY well, no leaksEasy to put on, comfortable to wearDrinking tube works just fineThe eyeholes are small, but close enough to the wearers face, it doesnt restrict visionWeighs about the same as a bicycle helmetDoesn't slide, slip, or move when tightened correctlyOne-handed adjustment is possible5/5, excellent product, fast delivery, great seller.
1.0 out of 5 stars Expired, May 14, 2012
By BB Fan - See all my reviews
Ordered two masks. They both expired in 2008. This is really immoral practice considering the nature of the product. Seller really has an obligation to state that these are for novelty or costume use only.
5.0 out of 5 stars A great product to get a good night's sleep, June 20, 2011
By C. Castro - See all my reviews
I don't know about you guys, but I sometimes have trouble sleeping at night when my girlfriend gets a case of wicked night farts. You know the kind I'm talking about...the ones that will wake you from the deepest of sleeps while simultaneously singeing all of your nose hairs. This used to be a huge problem for me until I decided to give the Israeli Civilian Gas Mask w/ Nato Filter a shot. I had my reservations at first, but upon the first night sleeping I couldn't believe how well I slept. It was chili night at our house that evening, so I was ready for a true test. I could hear bombs going off, but nothing was getting through the impenetrable fortress that was my new sleeping mask.I wish I would've found this product sooner! My hairs outside of this mask still get singed on occasion, but at least I can sleep through the torture now. I feel like I have a new lease on life!

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SAMPLE PLAY AUDIO SAMPLE http%3A%2F%2Fsamples.audible.com%2Fbk%2Facx0%2F002233%2Fbk_acx0_002233_sample.mp3+flashcontent067BYMQX5CEQ1NAD67T60 The Shibumi Strategy: A Powerful Way to Create Meaningful Change
3.80 (12 ratings) A personal leadership fable on applying principles of Zen to work personal zen principles, coming to understand that it is often the involuntary challenge, the setbacks, that harbor the power to transform. When approached as an opportunity no easy task when simple survival is the first order of business unforeseen trials can sometimes result in an altogether new lease on life. Shows how personal leadership can lead to real (and not always easy) breakthroughs.

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Alphane UPDATED 2018: 1 Bedroom Villa in Marigot - TripAdvisor
Intimate, inviting and downright dreamy, Villa Alphane (APN) was designed with couples in mind. Whether youâre in St. Barth for a honeymoon, anniversary, proposal or no reason at all beyond being in love with the island and your companion, the property is a romantic cocoon of comforts and lets you focus on each other.
The luxury rental home was recently renovated. Itâs decorated in a modern-Caribbean style, with clean-lined furnishings, muted tones and exotic woods, similar to the look of the much larger Villa Arrow Marine (ARN) next door, with which it can be rented together. Of course, the real decoration is the scene outside, seen through the broad glass doors on two sides of the bedroom, the azures and turquoises of the sky and seaâyouâll wake up to sunlight dancing on the water of Marigot Bay. Villa Alphaneâs (APN) locati... Read more
The luxury rental home was recently renovated. Itâs decorated in a modern-Caribbean style, with clean-lined furnishings, muted tones and exotic woods, similar to the look of the much larger Villa Arrow Marine (ARN) next door, with which it can be rented together. Of course, the real decoration is the scene outside, seen through the broad glass doors on two sides of the bedroom, the azures and turquoises of the sky and seaâyouâll wake up to sunlight dancing on the water of Marigot Bay. Villa Alphaneâs (APN) location in the exclusive enclave of Mont Jean enhances its privacy.
Along with the beguiling bedroom, the villa includes a cozy living area with a sleek kitchen and barstools on one side. But life here unfolds mainly outdoors: in the long infinity-edge pool, lounging on chaises in the sun, relaxing on the daybed or dining at the table on the broad terrace. Sibarthâs concierge can arrange romantic activities such as wine tasting or couples massage, or most anything that would make your time together all the more special.
Sibarth Bespoke Villa Rentals is proud to offer the comfort, views and privacy of Villa Alphane.
Listing #FKN1907502
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View all 260 Marigot rentals

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Patent US3987242 - Automatic dc restorer and gain control - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsApparatus for stabilizing the range of black to white level in a signal to a cathode ray tube, especially a signal produced by a detector in a charged particle microscope system. The stabilizing apparatus includes electronic circuitry for remembering the most negative (blackest) excursion of the signal...http://www.google.com/patents/US3987242?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US3987242 - Automatic dc restorer and gain controlAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS3987242 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/463,496Publication dateOct 19, 1976Filing dateApr 24, 1974Priority dateApr 24, 1974Also published asCA1041216A, CA1041216A1, DE2515322A1Publication number05463496, 463496, US 3987242 A, US 3987242A, US-A-3987242, US3987242 A, US3987242AInventorsJames J. GoldOriginal AssigneeAmerican Optical CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (6), Referenced by (13), Classifications (10), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAutomatic dc restorer and gain control
US 3987242 AAbstract
Apparatus for stabilizing the range of black to white level in a signal to a cathode ray tube, especially a signal produced by a detector in a charged particle microscope system. The stabilizing apparatus includes electronic circuitry for remembering the most negative (blackest) excursion of the signal for a predetermined time period, means for stabilizing all video input to that level and means for controlling the range of the signal (black to white) to remain within predetermined limits.
1. In apparatus including means for generating an electrical signal of varying amplitude wherein a specimen is scanned in a raster pattern such as an electron microscope having means for detecting secondary electron emissions, which is supplied to recording means for a duplication of the raster image such as the video input to a cathode ray tube for ultimately presenting a visual display of the amplitude information of said signal, the improvement of standardization of the generated signal to a reference level such as "black" input to the visual display and the range of white to a predetermined level including means for controlling the bias and amplitude range of said signal to form a varying amplitude signal biased to a predetermined level and controlled to a predetermined A.C. dynamic range comprising:means for monitoring said varying amplitude signal over a continuing predetermined time period and remembering the maximum amplitude of said varying amplitude signal in a selected direction over said time period such as the remembering of the blackest black for the frame of the raster; means operably connected to said remembering means for generating a second electrical signal proportional to the remembered maximum amplitude of said varying amplitude signal such as generating a black signal which is ground biased, said means setting the bias of said varying amplitude signal and being selectively connected to said monitoring means such as during the video retrace of the cathode ray tube; means for selectively connecting the output of said varying amplitude signal generating means to said means for generating said second electrical signal for continually biasing said varying amplitude signal relative to the maximum remembered amplitude wherein an instantaneous value of said varying amplitude signal maintains direct relation to said maximum rembered amplitude; means for selecting a predetermined level of said continually biased varying amplitude signal thereby predetermined an A.C. dynamic range for said varying amplitude signal such as setting a "white" level; means for comparing the predetermined level of said A.C. dynamic range of said varying amplitude signal to an actual level of A.C. dynamic range of said continually biased varying amplitude signal; and means for adjusting said actual level of said A.C. dynamic range of said continually biased varying amplitude signal when said compared level departs from said predetermined level. 2. The improvement according to claim 1 wherein said means for biasing said varying amplitude signal includes means for biasing at a predetermined reference voltage.
3. The improvement according to claim 1 wherein said means for biasing said signal includes means for referencing said biasing to ground potential.
4. The improvement according to claim 1 wherein said means for monitoring and remembering includes a resistance capacitance network means having a discharge time constant of substantially longer duration than its charging time constant whereby said network charges to and retains a charge substantially corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the varying amplitude signal supplied to said network.
5. The improvement according to claim 1 wherein said means for biasing said varying amplitude signal includescapacitance network means having reference voltage supply means; first switch means to alternately couple the output side of said capacitor to said reference voltage supply and to said cathode ray tube; second switch means, synchronized with said first switch means, to alternately couple the input of said capacitor to said varying amplitude signal generating means when said first switch means couples said capacitor output to said cathode ray tube and to couple said monitor means to the input of said capacitor when the output of said capacitor is coupled to said reference voltage supply means, whereby said video signal has a DC component restored it to produce a reference biased varying amplitude voltage. 6. The improvement according to claim 1 wherein in said means for comparing the predetermined level of A.C. dynamic range of the biased varying amplitude signal said predetermined level is a range, the upper level of which is the maximum level of acceptable A.C. dynamic range and the lower level of which is the minimum level of acceptable dynamic range, comprising:comparator means for comparing the maximum dynamic A.C. range of said biased varying amplitude signal to said predetermined level; and means for adjusting the A.C. dynamic range of said varying amplitude signal to cause the maximum amplitude of said biased varying amplitude signal to conform to said predetermined level. 7. The improvement according to claim 5 wherein said recording means is a cathode ray tube means and switches are synchronized to the blanking signal of cathode ray tube synchronization and scan control such that said capacitor is connected to said reference voltage supply and said monitor means during the blanking portion of said cathode ray tubes horizontal and vertical retrace.
The present invention relates generally to the display of information on raster scanned cathode ray tubes. A preferred embodiment of the invention is incorporated in a scanning electron microscope. While the features of applicant's invention are subject to a wide range of application, they will be specifically illustrated herein in the context of their application within the display system of a scanning electron microscope, and in particular, a field emission scanning electron microscope.
One of the very significant advantages of scanning electron microscopy systems is the inherent ability to directly view the investigated portion of a specimen on a cathode ray tube type monitor. This real time viewing of the specimen permits the practitioner to gain much valuable information. It may be appreciated that there will be many instances when it is not only desirable to view a selected specimen in real time, but also concurrently preserve the viewed image for investigation in greater detail at susequent times. In this latter regard, conventional scanning electron microscope systems offer camera attachments to the cathode ray tube monitors so that photographic records of the viewed images may be obtained.
It should be appreciated that in the preparation of a photographic record of an image being viewed that the highest degree of resolution be maintained. This is advantageous since the photographs are often further enlarged to take advantage of the high resolution of the photographic film. It should be further appreciated that in order to accomplish high resolution in the ultimate photograph, the visual presentation on the cathode ray tube from which the photographic record is prepared should be as stable and as free of "noise" as possible. This stability includes a satisfactory signal to noise ratio for intelligible transmission of information, a stability of picture information on the screen directly coordinated and synchronized with the scan of the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope across the surface of the specimen, and a stability in the contrast and brightness of the corresponding similar gray levels of different spots on the specimen's surface when interrogated by the electron beam. It is particularly with the latter in mind that the present invention was conceived.
Briefly, as illustrated in the figures and subsequently described in the specification, applicant's invention contemplates improvements to a field emission scanning electron microscope display system. A field emission gun generates a beam of charged particles which are accelerated and focused to impinge upon a specimen undergoing investigation. A detector suitably located with respect to the surface of the specimen produces an image signal relative to the impingement of the beam upon the specimen and the scattering of reflected electrons, secondary electrons and X-rays from the surface of the specimen. A viewing tube operatively associated with the detector displays an image of the specimen upon the sensitized face of the tube. This image is produced by the modulation of the viewing tube electron beam in accordance with the varying amplitude of the image signal being provided by the detector. A control synchronously deflects the charged particle beam of the electron microscope with the viewing tube beam in a predetermined scanning pattern. In the case of the systems where a photograph record is desired and wherein simultaneous real time viewing is preferred, the display system may include two cathode ray tube-type viewing tubes, the electron beams of which are both synchronously deflected in accordance with the charged particle beam of the electron microscope.
Among the features of the present invention is the electronic circuitry which is operatively associated with the viewing tube from which a photographic record of the image being investigated is produced. It is the function of this electronic circuitry to insure that the blackest or darkest portions of the specimen investigated by the charged particle beam of the electron microscope are correspondingly presented as the blackest or darkest portions on the viewing tube and correspondingly that the whitest portions of the investigated specimens are recorded on the viewing tubes as the whitest portions of the presented image.
It is also an object of the invention that the "blackest black" which is observed on the specimen's surface is continually remembered and observed on the viewing tube as the blackest black, and that all shades or gray levels above the black are simultaneously and immediately represented by a signal value corresponding to their relative relationship to the blackest black and further that the range from black to white as presented on the surface of the specimen is continually ranged during the period of investigation over the black to white range presented on the viewing tube.
In accordance with certain features of the invention, applicant describes improvements to electrical apparatus wherein a signal of varying amplitude such as the video input to a cathode ray tube which is supplied to recording means (such as the cathode ray tube) is biased and controlled so as to stabilize the display of information contained in the varying amplitude of said signal on the recording means. Included within the scope of the invention are means for monitoring the varying amplitude signal over a predetermined period of time, means for remembering the maximum amplitude of that signal within that period of time, means for generating a signal representing the maximum remembered value of the varying amplitude signal, means operatively coupled to the above-described means for biasing the varying amplitude signal relative to this maximum remembered amplitude signal so as to cause the instantaneous value of the varying amplitude signal to maintain a direct relation to the maximum remembered amplitude of the monitoring means. The invention also includes means for selecting a predetermined desired level of AC dynamic range of the varying amplitude signal, means for comparing the actual range of the varying signal to the predetermined desirable level and means for adjusting the dynamic range of the varying amplitude signal to conform to the predetermined desired level.
For better understanding of the present invention together with other further objects thereof, reference may be made to the following description of the preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a scanning electron microscope including a cathode ray tube type display system;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the scanning electron microscope display system incorporating the gain control circuit of applicant's invention; and
FIG. 2a is a diagrammatic representation of a portion of the circuitry of FIG. 2.
Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1, a combined scanning electron microscope and display system including photographic recording apparatus is illustrated, in the usual arrangement of such a system as embodied within the field emission type scanning electron microscope. Reference numeral 10 indicates a field emission electron gun which is interconnected with a specimen chamber 20. Necessary operating voltages for the electron gun 10 are supplied by tip voltage unit 17 and accelerating and focusing voltage unit 16. Scan and synchronization control unit 32, detector 22, amplifier 31, and viewing tube monitors 30 and 30' comprise the usual remaining portions of the display system.
Field emission gun 10 in the illustrated embodiment is typical of those presently found in the art and reference may be made to an article appearing in "The Review of Scientific Instruments," Volume 39, No. 4, April 1968 entitled Electron Gun Using a Vield Emission Source, authored by A. V. Crewe, D. N. Eggenberger, J. Wall and L. M. Welter. For a more complete explanation of the operating characteristics and parameters of such a field emission gun in further reference to this type of microscopy instrument further reference may be had to U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,333 entitled FIELD EMISSION ELECTRON GUN and various continuation applications filed thereon. By way of general description, a field emission tip 11 is a suitable shaped cathode of appropriate metal such as tungsten as described in the aforementioned article and patent. Tip 11 thus produces a beam of charged particles when placed in a sufficiently high electric field and vacuum. In the scanning electron microscopy systems charged particles are, of course, electrons. However, in field ion type devices, the tip may act as a source for ions issuing from a virtual source within the structure of the field emission tip 11.
Tip voltage unit 17 is interconnected between the field emission tip 11 and the first anode structure 12 and supplies the necessary electric field strength for production of the charged particles. The acceleration and focusing voltage unit 16 interconnected between the field emission tip and the second anode 13 further downstream provides the necessary accelerating and focusing voltages in conjunction with anode 12 to cause the particles to form a beam of desired size. The type of gun structure described, essentially constitutes a focusing unit without need for further lensing systems unless peculiar resolution requirements are imposed. Additional embodiments of field emission electron microscope systems are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,766,427 and 3,784,815 both of which are assigned to the Assignee of the present application.
Since it is a scanning type device in which the present invention is particularly advantageous, reference may be made to the charged particle beam which is deflected in a predetermined pattern in order to appropriately scan a selected portion of a specimen undergoing investigation. Deflection coils 15 are driven by the scan synchronization control unit 32 to deflect the charged particle beam in an appropriate manner. In such a scanning system, the beam scans horizontally across the specimen and then rapidly returns to the starting point (being vertically displaced from the initial point of the horizontal scan) and subsequently scans horizontally in a similar manner. Each such subsequent line scan is equally displaced from the previous by a predetermined amount. As the horizontal beam is thus scanned across the specimen, it is continuously vertically displaced. Thus, eventually, the specimen surface selected for investigation is entirely scanned. This type of scanning pattern is well-known to those familiar with the scanning electron microscopy art and is quite similar to that normally used in the production and imaging of television pictures.
By way of further explanation, again with reference specifically to a field emission scanning electron microscope system, the beam after deflection by the coil 15, is passed through a connecting aperture 18 between the gun 10 specimen chamber 20. The specimen 21 is located in the physical path of the electron beam and the portion to be investigated is scanned in a manner heretofore described. The impingement of the beam upon the specimen causes particles to be returned from the surface of the specimen, such as the emission of secondary particles, in the specific instance of this embodiment secondary electrons. Additionally, the impingement of the beam upon the specimen may also cause electrons to be reflected or x-rays to be emitted. It is these secondary and reflected electrons and x-rays which may be detected by a detector 22. The detector 22 is a sensing device of the scintillation type which is also well known to those skilled in the microscopy art. This detector 22 converts the signals derived from the secondary electrons from the specimen 21 to a varying amplitude signal which may be amplified and utilized by the display circuitry. The detector unit 22 in addition to the scintillation detector described above normally includes a photomultiplier tube. The amplifier 31 further conditions the signal from the combined scintillation detector photomultiplier 22 and forwards the signal to viewing tube 30 and 30' which may be quite similar to the standard monitoring-type cathode ray tube.
In the usual viewing tube 30 and 30', the viewing surface 35 is provided with a sensitized surface which emits light upon the impingement of the tube's self-contained electron beam. Normally, the sensitized surface is coated with a phosphor or other similar light-emitting material. The beam of the viewing tube is usually generated internally from a thermionic type cathode and deflected by electrostatic plates illustrated typically as 33 of the viewing tube 30. If the image formed on the face of the viewing tube 30 is to have coherency with the signals detected from the specimen 21, it is essential that a fixed and known relationship in both time and space be maintained between the field emission gun 10, electron beam and the electron beam of viewing tube 30. Normally, it is found suitable to have both beams in the exact synchronization with the signal produced by synchronization control 32. Thus, the output synchronization signals keep both vertical and horizontal scanning lines of view tube 30 and the path of the electron beam on the specimen 21 in the exact phase relationship. The output of the amplifier 31 is applied to a signal grid 34 of the viewing tube 30. This signal modulates the electron beam of the cathode ray tube responsive to specimen signal strength and thereby affects the light-emitting capability of the viewing tube surface 35 according to the emitting capability of the specimen to produce the image on the viewing surface 35 which is a recognizable picture of specimen 21.
As previously discussed, to insure the production of a high resolution photograph in photographing apparatus 36, it is important that the representation of the specimen 21 on viewing surface 35' be as stable and uniform as possible. Among the important influences which may be exerted upon the signal from amplifier 31 which serves to modulate the electron beam of the viewing tube 30' are the reduction or removal of the noise component of the signal supply to grid 34 (which is a substantial portion of the signal supplied and conditioned by detector 22 and conditioned by amplifier 31). Also, a further important influence is the causing of the signal of amplifier 31 to be stabilized to a specific voltage range for the white to black contrast information and the establishment of a zero or predetermined reference level for this voltage information.
Accordingly, the invention illustrated in FIG. 2 as embodied in apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 provides these important influences on the signal of conditioning amplifier 31 and to viewing tube 30. In a broad functional sense, the apparatus of the invention may be said to include automatic gain control of the signal beam produced by detector/photomultiplier 22 with respect to the signal or representation of the specimen on viewing surface 35'. By way of an overview of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 2, the electronic circuitry has two major feedback loops to provide the desired conditioning of the signal being supplied to grid 34'. The first loop is the loop consisting of the photomultiplier tube 22, preamplifier 31' which generally responds to scan and synchronization control 32', the visual or monitoring tube 30, the operator (indicated generally at 42) having at his access the photomultiplier gain control at the position 42. The second loop of the gain control circuiting includes the items beginning at an input of the first control loop at terminal 44 and includes a variable gain amplifier 46, a DC restorer 48, two fixed gain amplifiers 49 and 50, one being disposed on each of the input and output sides of DC restoring circuit 48, high speed comparators 52 and 54 inputting to one-shot multivibrators 56 and 58. In the disclosed embodiment, the input of the comparators to multivibrators is through noise filters 60 and 62. The one-shot multivibrators 56 and 58 feed an operational amplifier/integrator 64 which, in turn, feeds back to the control portion of the variable gain amplifier 46.
The function of the first loop of the gain control circuit is two-hold. The first function is to present to the operator of the scanning electron microscope instrument an image which represents the video output from the detector 22. The second function of the first loop of the gain control circuit is to provide the second loop of the circuit with a signal having a controllable dynamic range less than that output by the multiplier tube of the detector 22 under the influence of operator control of the photomultiplier gain. A problem arises under operator control of photomultiplier gain when the operator compensates for a dark image in the visual monitor. Due to his desire to observe dark objects and images on the surface of the monitor, the tendency is for the operator to raise the photomultiplier gain when viewing a dark object in order to observe the full image detail at such a dark spot. Likewise, when viewing bright objects or bright areas on the visual monitor, the tendency is for the operator to decrease photomultiplier gain to prevent overdriving of the viewing tube surface and obscuration of image characteristics. As will be explained below, the first loop of the gain control circuit identifies the blackest picture point on the specimen within the field of view of the electron beam and provides the second loop of the circuit with an indication of what this black level is within the field of view.
The second loop of the disclosed gain control circuit has two primary functions. First of these is the acceptance of the black level information mentioned above and which is coded into the video signal by the first loop and then manipulation of the circuit output (the DC restorer) such that this black level is presented at a constant DC level to the monitor 30' from which the photographic records are made. The second function of the gain control circuit is to present the whitest portion or white representation being the maximum positive amplitudes of the dynamic range of the video signal at a predetermined constant DC level to the visual monitor 30' and consequently the photographic representations made from the visual monitor. The white level control of the gain control circuit is accomplished through control of comparators 52 and 54 and multivibrators 56 and 58 by a contrast control circuit 70 which includes a voltage dividing circuit 72 including resistors 73 and 74 coupled across a DC supply 76 and a variable contrast level control 78 which is coupled to ground at 79.
It is to be noted, at this point, that the function of the two loops of the gain control circuit must be performed in the presence of large quantities of ambient electrical noise and over an extreme bandwidth, (for example 30 megahertz) without distortion on phase-shifting of the video signal.
Turning now to the operation of the gain control circuit and referring specifically to the first loop, video preamplifier 31' is a fixed gain amplifier of the type which is well known in the art. This amplifier converts the output of the detector 22 (photomultiplier tube) from the milivolt signal level to a signal level usable in a visual monitor 30. In the embodiment disclosed, a photomultiplier signal in the order of 2 to 3 milivolts is supplied to the video preamplifier 31' which outputs a signal in the range of three-quarters of a volt for utilization as a modulation signal of the electron beam at electrode 34 of the visual monitor. The video preamplifier 31' output is monitored by a circuit arbitrarily called a "blackcatcher" 38 which essentially includes a resistive-capacitive circuit which has the characteristic of being chargeable at a rate faster than the rate at which it discharges. A wide variety of circuitry is known to the art which satisfies this criteria, however, reference to FIG. 2a will illustrate one embodiment of such a blackcatcher 38. Referring to FIG. 2a, the signal from video preamplifier 31' is supplied to the base of a PNP transistor, the collector of which is coupled to a negative voltage supply. The emitter of this transistor is coupled to capacitor C which, in turn, is coupled to a positive voltage supply or ground. The emitter and negative side of the capacitor is also connected to a large resistor R to the positive supply which also forms the output terminal of the backcatcher circuit 38 when suitably shifted by a DC voltage B to compensate for base-emitter voltage drop of the transistor (which in FIG. 2 is represented by the conductor 41). In operation, the blackcatcher detects the black going or negative going excursions of the video amplifier's 31' output signal and charges capacitor C during these black or negative going excursions. During the portion of time that the video preamplifier's 31' output signal ceases to be negative going, the charging of capacitor C ceases (since the transistor is turned "off") and the capacitor, in turn, slowly discharges through resistor R. The resulting voltage output indicating charge level on capacitor C provides an indication of the extent to which the video signal has swung in a negative direction. The biasing of the transistor is such that on subsequent swings of the video output in a negative direction, so long as the swing is more negative than the charge currently indicated on the capacitor, the transistor will conduct and effectively further charge the capacitor. In such manner, the circuitry (capacitor) will remember the furthest negative going or black excursions and output a signal indicating this negative extent. It is preferable that the time constant of the resistance/capacitance circuit be one which extends over several video frames of video monitor 30'. If the time constant is thus sufficiently long, the output of blackcatcher circuit 38 will represent the signal level which is the blackest observed for an entire scene or image generated on the screen 35, before material discharge or decline of the stored charge value has occurred.
The first loop of the gain control circuit includes the switching mechanism 47 disposed following the video preamp 31', the input 34 to visual monitor 30 and blackcatcher 38 and immediately prior to terminal 44. Switch 47 is controlled by the blanking signal in scan and synchronization control 32'. The switch is illustrated as a single pole/double throw switch but, in fact, it is convenient to use arrangements of field effect transistors and associated drive components which are well known in the art. The scan and synchronization control 32', during the horizontal and vertical retrace of the raster associated with the video signal, causes the switch 47 to output the black level generated by the blackcatcher 38 to the DC restorer circuit 48. At all other times, the switch 47 outputs the video signal from the video preamp 31' to the second loop of the gain control circuit. The DC restoring circuit 48 also contains a switch 48' similar to that previously described at 47 which is triggered by the scan and synchronization control 32' in accordance with the blanking signal. Subsequent reference to switch 48' will be made with respect to later description of the DC restoring circuit 48.
Turning now to the second loop of the gain control circuit, the variable gain amplifier 46 is a differential amplifier whose voltage gain is controlled by varying the current through it. Accordingly, a gain control voltage may be provided which varies the gain of amplifier 46 from approximately 0 to about 15x. This amplifier is followed by an amplifier of fixed gain for convenience purposes in the illustrated embodiment. A gain of 10x is convenient and this amplifier is capacitively coupled through capacitor 49' to the DC restoring switch. The function of the fixed gain amplifier is to provide a low impedance path to ground during portions of time when switch 48' is in the condition wherein the capacitor 49' is connected to ground. Thus, at the same time the black level signal is imposed on the fixed gain amplifier 49, a low impedance path is provided from the amplifier through the capacitor 49' to ground thereby allowing the capacitor 49' to be charged with the voltage necessary to shift the video signal to a ground based black level at the DC restorer's output. By such circuitry, the video signal becomes a ground based black level signal or a reference biased varying amplitude signal at the DC restorer's output level, when blanking ceases and the normal video signal is restored at the termination of retrace. The circuit is thus arranged so that the capacitor charge at 49' will not discharge appreciably while retrace is not taking place.
The DC restorer circuit 48 is connected therethrough a constant gain amplifier 50 (approximately 1x) and ultimately to the modulation input 34' of the photographic visual monitor 30'. This constant gain amplifier 50 has a high input impedance which the DC restorer demands and a low output impedance which is necessary to drive the relatively long transmission lines to the visual monitor 30'. The output of the DC restorer circuit 48 and the constant gain amplifier 50 is fed back to the variable gain amplifier 46 through a contrast controlling circuit 70, integrator 64 and related comparators and one-shot multivibrators 52, 54, 56 and 58. The output of the amplifier 50 is fed to a noise filter 51 to remove those noise spikes from the signal prior to the signal's entry into two high speed comparators 52 and 54. It is the function of the high speed comparators 52 and 54 to determine whether or not the white level or predetermined maximum and minimums of the biased video signal is within the limits set (as on contrast control 70). Comparator 1 determines whether or not the output is too large or above the desired maximum amplitude levels. Comparator 2 determines whether or not the output is too small or the maximum amplitudes of the video signal do not reach the set minimum. The control 70 is composed of a voltage dividing circuit including resistors 73, 74 and variable resistor 78. The control 70 adjusts and predetermines the voltage for the white levels W1 and W2 and correspondingly sets the voltages applied to comparators 1 and 2 through this resistive divider circuit. By a predetermined selection of the contrast 70, the ideal maximum white level to be presented to the visual monitor 30' is located between W1 and W2 and is determined by an operator setting of the variable voltage (contrast) control 78. This variable control may be located at any convenient point of the overall scanning microscope display system, such as on a control panel for the visual monitors 30 or 30'. The output of comparators 52 and 54 (1 and 2 respectively) are fed to noise filters 60 and 62 which in the particular embodiment are employed to restrict the outputs of the comparators to areas of interest greater than approximately 200 nano-seconds wide. Such filters cause a noise signal indicated as white rapidly positively going signal smaller than about 1/2 percent of the picture width, to be viewed by the filter as too white and thus filtered out of the comparator output. This, in effect, is a form of noise filtering, and causes the control to be responsive to the relatively slower frequency of the video signal. The one-shot multivibrators 56 and 58 receiving the output of noise filters 60 and 62 respectively and responsive thereto have a time constant of approximately 1/50 of a second. In the illustrated embodiment, the combination of the noise filter and multivibrators make the circuit respond identically to both short duration (200nS) and long (15mS) white areas. The one-shot multivibrators are connected to be retriggerable (i.e., if there is a white area which is sufficiently bright to activate either comparator (2) in every field of video, then its pulse does not return to rest condition but rather remains in this quasistable state). The comparators are biased such that in the ideal case of the whitest part of the picture being located between W1 and W2, the input comparator 2 is being retriggered every 1/60 of a second. The multivibrator's 58 output is thus always in the "one state" or conducting state, and the diode (59) illustrated at its output is forward biased. Similarly, multivibrator 1 is not triggered due to the white level never exceeding the level W1 at any time in this described instance. The diode 57 at its output is reverse biased as the output of multivibrator 1 is in the 0 state or non-conducting state. The amplifier integrator 64 is connected parallel with capacitor 64' and during the above-described optimum condition its charge state remains unchanged. Since the output supplied by amplifier 64 does not vary, the variable gain amplifier gain remains unchanged.
If for any reason the white level of the resulting output increases beyond W1 comparator 1 detects the increase and multivibrator 1 output changes to the 1 state thus forwarding biasing its diode 57 and causing the integrator output to increase. This action reduces the gain of the variable gain amplifier and, consequently, output white level.
If alternatively, the white level output decreases for any reason and comparator 2 is not triggered for one or more fields of video (1/60 of a second fields in the illustrated embodiment of the circuit described), multivibrator 2 returns to its stable 0 state, its diode thus being reverse biased and the output voltage of the amplifier 64 caused to drop thus increasing the gain of the variable gain amplifier. Consequently, with a rise in the gain of the variable gain amplifier, the video signal passing through the amplifier 46 is caused to increase. This provides the desired result of white level output increase. When the signal returns to the desired point between W1 and W2 (the ideal case abovementioned), the comparators and one-shot multivibrators are both caused to return to the first condition hypothesized, and the gain of the variable gain amplifier 46 remains constant and thus the white level of the video signal remains at the selected value.
It should be recognized that the time constants of the various circuit components of the illustrated embodiment were chosen for the particular signal characteristics and requirements of the various circuit components (i.e. the visual monitors 30 and 30'). It should be recognized that a variety of changes and modifications in circuit components may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention described and subsequently claimed.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS2850627 *Dec 8, 1952Sep 2, 1958Philco CorpSystem for maintaining predetermined portions of a signal at a predetermined valueUS3179743 *May 15, 1962Apr 20, 1965Rca CorpTelevision brightness and contrast control circuitUS3515803 *Jun 28, 1967Jun 2, 1970Magnavox CoContrast range controlUS3578908 *Dec 5, 1968May 18, 1971Cohu Electronics IncAutomatic peak video control systemUS3597540 *Apr 1, 1969Aug 3, 1971Motorola IncAutomatic brightness control responsive to black level of video signalUS3804981 *Nov 2, 1972Apr 16, 1974Rca CorpBrightness control* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5146337 *Aug 6, 1990Sep 8, 1992Thomson Consumer Electronics, IncUsing a first IF of 43.5 MHZ or less in an FM radio in a television tunerUS5146338 *Aug 6, 1990Sep 8, 1992Thomson Consumer Electronics, Inc.Fixed rf agc of a television tuner for fm reception in a television receiverUS5148280 *Aug 6, 1990Sep 15, 1992Thomson Consumer Electronics, Inc.Stereo fm radio in a television receiverUS5390020 *Sep 14, 1992Feb 14, 1995Eastman Kodak CompanyVideo amplifier stabilization for CRT printingUS7847266 *Sep 1, 2006Dec 7, 2010ICT Integrated Circuit Testing Gesellschaft f�r Halbleiterpr�ftechnik mbHDevice and method for selecting an emission area of an emission patternUS7940105May 10, 2011Beckman Coulter, Inc.High-resolution parametric signal restorationUS8149041Apr 4, 2011Apr 3, 2012Beckman Coulter, Inc.High-resolution parametric signal restorationUS8362426 *Jan 29, 2013Hitachi High-Technologies CorporationScanning electron microscope and image signal processing methodUS20070064100 *Sep 14, 2006Mar 22, 2007Atsushi KobaruScanning electron microscope and image signal processing methodUS20070085018 *Sep 1, 2006Apr 19, 2007Fang ZhouDevice and method for selecting an emission area of an emission patternUS20100033231 *Aug 8, 2008Feb 11, 2010Quesada Valentin THigh-Resolution Parametric Signal RestorationUS20110175661 *Jul 21, 2011Beckman Coulter, Inc.High-Resolution Parametric Signal RestorationEP0348992A2 *Jun 30, 1989Jan 3, 1990Hitachi, Ltd.Apparatus and method of pattern detection based on a scanning transmission electron microscope* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification348/673, 348/691, 348/681International ClassificationH03G3/20, H01J37/28, H01J37/15Cooperative ClassificationH03G3/20, H01J37/28European ClassificationH03G3/20, H01J37/28Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 20, 1982ASAssignmentOwner name: WARNER LAMBERT COMPANY, 201 TABOR ROAD, MORRIS PLAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN OPTICAL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004034/0688Effective date: 19820513Owner name: WARNER LAMBERT TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 6373 STEMMONS FFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WARNER LAMBERT COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:004034/0707Effective date: 19820514Apr 4, 1983ASAssignmentOwner name: NANOMETRICS, INC., SUNNYVALE, CA A CORP. OF CAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WARNER LAMBERT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004113/0670Effective date: 19821109RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Revision as of 16:44, 1 October 2012 (view source)Jaburgess (talk | contribs) (Suffolk, Mass)← Older edit
−''[[United States]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[Massachusetts]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]]'' '''Suffolk County''' +''[[United States]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[Massachusetts Genealogy Guide|Massachusetts]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]]'' '''Suffolk County''' − −== County Courthouse == − −Suffolk County Courthouse
1 City Hall Square
Boxton, Ma 02201
Phone: 617-725-8000

Town and City Clerks have birth, marriage and death records
Clerk Court has divorce records, Register of Probate has probate
and court records; Register of Deeds has land records; part of
1800 Census is missing<ref name="HB">''The Handybook for Genealogists : United States of America'', 10th ed., (Draper, UT: Everton Publishers, 2002)Suffolk County, Massachusetts, p.330.</ref> − +This is a historical and genealogical guide to the county of Suffolk. You will find help with town histories, vital records, deeds and land records, city directories, cemetery records and cemeteries, churches, town records, newspapers, maps, and libraries. == Brief History == == Brief History ==
−Probate and Family Court is organized on a county level in Massachusetts since the creation of the counties. The main records genealogists seek are testate (wills), intestate (administrations), guardianships, and divorces (since 1922), though there are many more that are valuable to any researcher, too. See a further discussion of the topic in general on the Massachusetts page. +Probate and Family Court is organized on a county level in Massachusetts since the creation of the counties. The main records genealogists seek are testate (wills), intestate (administrations), guardianships, and divorces (since 1922), though there are many more that are valuable to any researcher, too. See a further discussion of the topic in general on the [[Massachusetts Genealogy Guide#court11|Massachusetts page]]. [http://www.mass.gov/courts/courtsandjudges/courts/suffprobmain.html '''Suffolk County Probate and Family Court''']
PO Box 9667
24 New Chardon Street - 3rd Floor
Boston MA 02114
Phone 617-788-8300

Older records are held by:
[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arccol/colidx.htm#court '''Supreme Judicial Court Archives''']
(administration - records stored in several off-site facilities and the Mass. Archives)
16th Floor, Highrise Court House
3 Pemberton Square
Boston MA 02109
Phone 617-557-1082
Email [mailto:Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us] [http://www.mass.gov/courts/courtsandjudges/courts/suffprobmain.html '''Suffolk County Probate and Family Court''']
PO Box 9667
24 New Chardon Street - 3rd Floor
Boston MA 02114
Phone 617-788-8300

Older records are held by:
[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arccol/colidx.htm#court '''Supreme Judicial Court Archives''']
(administration - records stored in several off-site facilities and the Mass. Archives)
16th Floor, Highrise Court House
3 Pemberton Square
Boston MA 02109
Phone 617-557-1082
Email [mailto:Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us] −'''Original records'''+'''Original records''' −*First series, 1636-1893:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1636 to and including the year 1893'' (Boston, 1895), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9517018 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|228269|item|disp=FHL Large Q book 974.46 S2g v. # or film 496888}}.
+*First series, 1636-1893:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1636 to and including the year 1893'' (Boston, 1895), 3v.
Digital version of volumes 2 and 3 only at [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008729804 Hathi Trust].
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9517018 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|228269|item|disp=FHL Large Q book 974.46 S2g v. # or film 496888}}.
 −*Second series, 1894-1909:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1894 to and including the year 1909'' (Boston, 1911-1913), 2v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32536678 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|228282|item|disp=FHL Large Q book 974.46 S2ga v. # or film 1597848 Items 4-5}}.
+*Second series, 1894-1909:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1894 to and including the year 1909'' (Boston, 1911-1913), 2v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32536678 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|228282|item|disp=FHL Large Q book 974.46 S2ga v. # or film 1597848 Items 4-5}}.
 −*Third series, 1910-1922:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1910 to and including the year 1922'' (Boston, 1927), 2v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29208950 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|608133|item|disp=FHL film 1492663 Items 1-2}}.
+*Third series, 1910-1922:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1910 to and including the year 1922'' (Boston, 1927), 2v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29208950 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|608133|item|disp=FHL film 1492663 Items 1-2}}.
 −*Fourth series, 1923-1935:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1923 to and including the year 1935'' (Boston, 1941), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34173689 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|712360|item|disp=FHL book 974.46 P22i}}.
+*Fourth series, 1923-1935:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1923 to and including the year 1935'' (Boston, 1941), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34173689 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|712360|item|disp=FHL book 974.46 P22i}}.
 −*Fifth series, 1936-1947:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1936 to and including the year 1947'' (Boston, 1951), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35852399 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|712360|item|disp=FHL book 974.46 P22i}}.
+*Fifth series, 1936-1947:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1936 to and including the year 1947'' (Boston, 1951), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35852399 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|712360|item|disp=FHL book 974.46 P22i}}.
 −*Sixth series, 1948-1958:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1948 to and including the year 1958'' (Boston, 1961), 2v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36367800 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|712360|item|disp=FHL book 974.46 P22i}}.
+*Sixth series, 1948-1958:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1948 to and including the year 1958'' (Boston, 1961), 2v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36367800 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; {{FHL|712360|item|disp=FHL book 974.46 P22i}}.
 −*Seventh series, 1959-1968:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1959 to and including the year 1968'' (Boston, 1969), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35779129 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; Not at FHL, but at [http://www.americanancestors.org/home.html NEHGS] (Boston).
+*Seventh series, 1959-1968:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Index to the Probate Records of the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts from the year 1959 to and including the year 1968'' (Boston, 1969), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35779129 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; Not at FHL, but at [http://www.americanancestors.org/home.html NEHGS] (Boston).
 −*Eighth series, 1969-1979:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Suffolk County Probate Court 10 Year Index, 1969-1979'' (Boston, 1995?), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35852444 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; Not at FHL, but at [http://www.americanancestors.org/home.html NEHGS] (Boston).
+*Eighth series, 1969-1979:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Suffolk County Probate Court 10 Year Index, 1969-1979'' (Boston, 1995?), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35852444 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; Not at FHL, but at [http://www.americanancestors.org/home.html NEHGS] (Boston).
 *Nineth series, 1980-1997:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Public Index of Matters Concerning Probate, 1980-1987 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Suffolk Probate & Family Court'' (Boston, 2000), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47993990 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; Not at FHL, but at [http://www.americanancestors.org/home.html NEHGS] (Boston).
 *Nineth series, 1980-1997:
'''Record books''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''File papers''':
[Contact Court Archivist]
'''Published Index''':
''Public Index of Matters Concerning Probate, 1980-1987 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Suffolk Probate & Family Court'' (Boston, 2000), 3v.
[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47993990 WorldCat (Other Libraries)]; Not at FHL, but at [http://www.americanancestors.org/home.html NEHGS] (Boston).

−[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts#top|Top of Page]]+[[#top|Top of Page]] == Other Court Records == == Other Court Records ==
−The court system can appear to be complex. The system was reorganized in 1686/1692, 1859, and 1978. Described below are the most commonly used records for history and genealogy, but realize that this list is incomplete. For more detailed information regarding court structure, see [[Massachusetts Court Records|Understanding the Massachusetts Court System]].

Older records are held by:
[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arccol/colidx.htm#court '''Supreme Judicial Court Archives''']
(administration - records stored in several off-site facilities and the Mass. Archives)
16th Floor, Highrise Court House
3 Pemberton Square
Boston MA 02109
Phone 617-557-1082
Email [mailto:Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us] +The court system can appear to be complex. The system was reorganized in 1686/1692, 1859, and 1978. Described below are the most commonly used records for history and genealogy, but realize that this list is incomplete. For more detailed information regarding court structure, see [[Massachusetts Genealogy Guide#Court_System|Understanding the Massachusetts Court System]].

Older records are held by:
[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arccol/colidx.htm#court '''Supreme Judicial Court Archives''']
(administration - records stored in several off-site facilities and the Mass. Archives)
16th Floor, Highrise Court House
3 Pemberton Square
Boston MA 02109
Phone 617-557-1082
Email [mailto:Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us] −[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts#top|Top of Page]]+[[#top|Top of Page]] +=== Adlow Collection ===
−'''Microfilmed records''' +'''Microfilmed records'''  −This is an inventory of the microfilms held by the Judicial Archives and available at the [http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/ Massachusetts Archives Reading Room].
+This is an inventory of the microfilms held by the Judicial Archives and available at the [http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/ Massachusetts Archives Reading Room].
 *Suffolk Files, {{FHL|240378|item|disp=FHL film 909870 (first of 1639 reels)}}. *Suffolk Files, {{FHL|240378|item|disp=FHL film 909870 (first of 1639 reels)}}. Line 257:
−[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts#top|Top of Page]]+[[#top|Top of Page]] === Superior Court === === Superior Court ===
[http://www.sjccountyclerk.com '''Supreme Judicial Court for The County of Suffolk''']
John Adams Court House, 1st Floor
One Pemberton Square - Suite 1300
Boston MA 02108
Phone 617-557-1050
Email [mailto:sjccountyclerk@sjc.state.ma.us sjccountyclerk@sjc.state.ma.us]

Older records are held by:
[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arccol/colidx.htm#court '''Supreme Judicial Court Archives''']
(administration)
16th Floor, Highrise Court House
3 Pemberton Square
Boston MA 02109
Phone 617-557-1082
Email [mailto:Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us] [http://www.sjccountyclerk.com '''Supreme Judicial Court for The County of Suffolk''']
John Adams Court House, 1st Floor
One Pemberton Square - Suite 1300
Boston MA 02108
Phone 617-557-1050
Email [mailto:sjccountyclerk@sjc.state.ma.us sjccountyclerk@sjc.state.ma.us]

Older records are held by:
[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arccol/colidx.htm#court '''Supreme Judicial Court Archives''']
(administration)
16th Floor, Highrise Court House
3 Pemberton Square
Boston MA 02109
Phone 617-557-1082
Email [mailto:Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us Elizabeth.Bouvier@sjc.state.ma.us] −'''Microfilmed records''' +'''Microfilmed records'''  *Greenough Collection of old court records, 1647-1828.
At the [http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/ Massachusetts Archives]; {{FHL|307977|item|disp=FHL film 902795}}. *Greenough Collection of old court records, 1647-1828.
At the [http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/ Massachusetts Archives]; {{FHL|307977|item|disp=FHL film 902795}}. *Court records, 1686-1799 [was called the Superior Court of Judicature and includes the records from the Dominion of New England], Maritime Court records, 1779-1788, and Court minutes, 1702-1797.
{{FHL|301381|item|disp=FHL films 945842 (first of 62 reels)}}. *Court records, 1686-1799 [was called the Superior Court of Judicature and includes the records from the Dominion of New England], Maritime Court records, 1779-1788, and Court minutes, 1702-1797.
{{FHL|301381|item|disp=FHL films 945842 (first of 62 reels)}}. Line 317:
−[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts#top|Top of Page]]+|-

value: This website is a nonprofit organization and website offering genealogical records, education, and software. It is operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , and is closely connected with the church's Family History Department.


text:
'Dark Phoenix' review: the latest, and likely last, installment in the mutant-supwerfhero sage is a surprisingly somber affair. - The Washington Post
With ‘Dark Phoenix,’ the X-Men saga goes out with a whimper, not a bang
‘Dark Phoenix” isn’t kidding about the “dark” part. The latest, and probably final, chapter in the X-Men superhero saga is a somber, even funereal affair — not in a stylish, Christopher Nolan-esque way, or even a la “Logan,” the deliciously cynical comic-book-noir contribution to the mutant canon from 2017. Rather, if a movie can be said to suffer from low-grade depression, this one certainly seems to be, shuffling in its socks and bathrobe through a not-quite-two-hour running time with an attitude that is closer to grudging obligation than enthusiastic commitment.
The movie opens, with a literal bang, in a violent, 1975-set prologue that introduces us to the film’s protagonist Jean Grey, first seen as an 8-year-old girl (Summer Fontana) who is about to experience tragic loss, thanks to the unintended consequences of her telepathic and telekinetic abilities. Jumping ahead 17 years, we next meet Jean’s 25-year-old self (Sophie Turner), a young woman now more confident in her paranormal gifts, having been raised — with all the requisite self-esteem of modern pedagogy — in a school for mutant children run by Charles Xavier (James McAvoy). Jean is one of Charles’s X-Men, a band of superheroes with extraordinary physical and mental abilities — and a hotline to the president, from whom they receive their marching orders.
One of those presidential marching orders soon comes in. A spaceship full of astronauts has been damaged in Earth’s orbit. The X-Men, whose powers range from teleportation to controlling the weather, must save them. Their mission goes off with only one tiny hitch: While in space, Jean is irradiated with some kind of strange cosmic energy, rendering her even more powerful — and, unfortunately, more of a loose cannon — than before. She comes back perpetually P.O.’ed, a Popeye with a reserve of supernatural spinach that always lives inside her, and over which she has little control.
Sophie Turner, left, with Jessica Chastain in “Dark Phoenix.” (Doane Gregory/Courtesy Twentieth Century Fox)
Sure, there are some fights — most of them internecine, as various X-Men start to doubt the leadership of Charles, a powerful clairvoyant who is revealed to have tinkered with Jean’s mind as a child. Alliances shift, old resentments are stirred, and Charles’s sometime nemesis Erik Lehnsherr (Michael Fassbender) comes out of semiretirement in the agricultural commune where he lives with a band of renegade mutants. Half the people in the movie want to kill Jean, and half of them want to save her from herself. A handful of government stormtroopers just want to lock the whole crowd up after Jean’s misbehavior freshly demonizes the mutant community.
But despite what sounds like all-out war, “Dark Phoenix” mostly plays like turgid psychodrama, with characters throwing around cheesy lines like “I thought I’d lost you,” “Why can’t you admit you were wrong?” and “She’s not your little girl anymore.” By the time the X-Men finally get around to doing what they do best — levitating metal trains, shooting eyeball lasers, conjuring lightning and engaging in dueling mind-control — it all feels borderline tedious, like a game of superhuman rock-paper scissors.
There are some kicks, here and there. The character of Peter Maximoff — a super-fast mutant known as Quicksilver (Evan Peters), who stole the show in “Days of Future Past” — is mostly sidelined here, despite getting in a couple of mildly funny lines. That, in a nutshell, is the problem with “Dark Phoenix.” There’s way too much darkness, and not enough quicksilver wit.
PG-13. At area theaters. Contains intense sequences of sci-fi violence and action, including some gunplay, disturbing images and brief strong language. 114 minutes.

value: This website is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most-widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area, and has a large national audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.