text:
East Coast Diversified Announces Strong Revenue Growth for 2012 -- ATLANTA, April 18, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
Discusses 2012 Revenue growth and other business activities
ATLANTA, April 18, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- East Coast Diversified Corporation (OTC.BB:ECDC), announces today that its revenue growth for 2012 is outpacing 2011 revenue. The Company further announces that its year to date revenue already exceeds all of 2011 revenue. For the first quarter ending March 31, 2012, the Company will report sharp revenue increases over same quarter 2011. Revenues for the first quarter of 2012, which outpaced 2011 growth rate was from two divisions of our business "EarthSearch Communications" and "Rogue Paper." Positive results were from sales to our partner network and success in the US market.
First Quarter Performance For the first three months of 2012, the Company experienced a sharp increase in new purchase orders and revenues, both from our partner network and corporate clients. We had significant successes in our efforts to integrate our technology into legacy software systems already on the market. We expect this to open up new opportunities for us in the North American market that has been elusive to us. We successfully showcased StudentConnect technology to several school districts. During the first quarter, Rogue Paper began expanding its software offering to its clients and we expect to see revenue continue to grow for the social media area of our business. Second Quarter Outlook
Our revenue grew significantly in the early part of second quarter when compared to same quarter 2011. Driven by strong partner activities and a more aggressive delivery of customized solutions to clients using wireless communication between GPS and RFID integrated with other sensor technologies including biometrics; we expect to see accelerated revenue growth throughout the 2012 fiscal year. Recent trips by our CEO to several markets has triggered a more active partner network and allow us to better understand local needs of our partners in various markets. We intend to use this knowledge to create solutions that meet local needs that will drive our revenue growth.
The official promotion of our interactive Social Media division "WetWinds" to reach our 1 million user registration goal will begin in late April. User registration at WetWinds continues to grow impressively since we made the announcement to launch the social media site. We successfully showcased StudentConnect to several school districts in North America and intend to continue in that effort. We look forward to implementing pilot projects that will launch the StudentConnect in school districts across the country.
Kayode Aladesuyi, the Chairman and CEO of ECDC, commented, "Our first quarter performance and the successes we already experienced at beginning of this second quarter is encouraging and is indicative of what we expect from our business in 2012." About East Coast Diversified Corporation
See more news releases in Internet Technology Social Media Banking & Financial Services OTC, SmallCap Earnings Forecasts & Projections Journalists and Bloggers
See more news releases in Internet Technology Social Media Banking & Financial Services OTC, SmallCap Earnings Forecasts & Projections 2016

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text:
Blair (Daughters of Darkness: Blair's Journey, #1) by Chrissy Peebles | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble®
Two stories in one book! Read Immortal (Prequel to Blair) & Blair - Book 1Chrissy Peebles takes on one of the daughter's of Vlad. This is the story of Blair, his hybrid daughter. 4 authors will each take a different daughter born from the Prince of Darkness, Vlad Montour. (Also known as Vlad the Impaler, an evil villain from
Two stories in one book! Read Immortal (Prequel to Blair) & Blair - Book 1Chrissy Peebles takes on one of the daughter's of Vlad. This is the story of Blair, his hybrid daughter. 4 authors will each take a different daughter born from the Prince of Darkness, Vlad Montour. (Also known as Vlad the Impaler, an evil villain from history) Blair – Chrissy PeeblesJezebel – Kristen MiddletonVictoria – W.J. MayLotus – C.J. PinardBlair is half witch and half vampire. She lives with a coven of witches and hasn't had any contact with her vampire heritage. Blair is living the perfect life until one day, everything crashes down around her. She is forced to leave everything she knows and loves, and must go on the run to save her life. ***This is an adult book series and this series does contain scenes for readers that are 18+***
2940152218343
Blair (The Daughters of Darkness Saga, #1) 3.6 out of 5 based on 0 ratings.
Got thru the first chapter skipped to end only to discover it was a sample! No mention or clue that this was not a full story. Really is annoying when authors and vendors and publishers dont disclose all the facts. Also, first chapter wasnt bad but wasnt great. For an almost 200 year old witch/vampire she's sounds like a teenager. Whiny and clinging with no self confidence at all
I cant wait to read part 2!!!
Only 50 pages. The best of Peebles' stories I've read thus far. 2.5 stars
Good start to what could be an amazing series

type: global

value: This website is an American bookseller. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.


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B.J. Machen Commits to Georgia Tech - Georgia Tech - Scout
B.J. Machen Commits to Georgia TechRyan Bass07/05/2007Linebacker B.J. Machen, from Hilliard, Ohio, has just become the 6th player to commit to Georgia Tech for the 2008 class. "I guess you're calling about the good news," he just said to GoJackets.com when reached for comment. "I committed today around 12 or 12:30 to G-Tech."Linebacker B.J. Machen, from Hilliard, Ohio, has just become the 6th player to commit to Georgia Tech for the 2008 class. "I guess you're calling about the good news," he just said to GoJackets.com when reached for comment. "I committed today around 12 or 12:30 to G-Tech."
Machen, who just finished a countrywide tour of schools, visited Tech last and had to think about all he had just seen in his visits before coming up with the right school for him. "It was one of the toughest decisions I've ever had to make," said Machen. "I looked at all of the pluses and minuses for all of the schools and Georgia Tech came out on top."
Other schools in the mix in the end included Maryland – about which he said, "was close," Stanford, Duke, West Virginia and Syracuse.
"Georgia Tech was a good balance of school wise and football wise," said Machen. "I made the right decision and the coaches said I made the right decision."
B.J. is ready to make himself noticed on the football field as a Yellow Jacket. "I look to make an early impact and to help out the team a lot," said Machen. "And I'm looking to win a National Championship with Tech."
The first Tech coach to hear the good news from B.J., he said, was another known as B.J. – Linebacker Coach Brian Jean-Mary. Coach BJ suggested he give Coach Chan Gailey a call next. "Coach Gailey was very happy and excited to have me join the team," said Machen.
I wondered at what point he told cousin and current GT player DeRon Jasper, whom he spent time with last weekend after his visit. "I wanted to tell the coaches first and then let DeRon know, but he knows now and he's very excited," said Machen. "He wanted me to commit while I was here, but I told him I still needed to think about it."
B.J. is planning on returning to campus to attend some games this year and will also schedule an official visit. He doesn't know the other current commits yet but I'm sure it won't take long for him to catch up with the likes of Chris Jackson and Sean Renfree. With Renfree and now Machen in the fold to start the month, could GT go on another big recruiting run like they did in July of last year? This weekend will offer more opportunities for commitments as several other guys who are strongly considering the Yellow Jackets will be in town for a big camp being help at the school. Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutInside the Insider -02/27/17Giants place $17M franchise tag on JPPA Cut Above: Coach Cremins' ACC memoriesGT Beesball Falls 12-3 to Youngstown StateGT vs ND Basketball HighlightsShare & EmbedA Cut Above: Anderson - Lefrak City's Hero Full StoryGoJackets.com Top Stories2/27 Post-Practice Basketball InterviewsCoach Josh Pastner met with the media today following practice and discussed yesterday's loss to Notre Dame as well as the home finale matchup against Pitt.by Rod MackenzieGoJackets.comYesterday at 2:29 PMA Cut Above: Anderson - Lefrak City's HeroKenny Anderson was one of the most prolific, and exciting players to ever play in the ACC. Mr Chibbs, as he is known, brought the street game to the hardwoods, and never missed a…by Jonathan Leifheit GoJackets.comYesterday at 7:02 AMA Cut Above: Coach Cremins' ACC memoriesBobby Cremins reminisces on his favorite moments in the ACC, as a coach, and as a player. While you may know his favorite coaching moments, do you know his favorite playing moment?…by Jonathan Leifheit GoJackets.comYesterday at 6:56 AMGT vs ND Basketball HighlightsGeorgia Tech vs. Notre Dame: Bonzie Colson notched his ACC leading 17th double-double with 20 points and 11 rebounds, as the No. 21 Fighting Irish defeated the Yellow Jackets, 64…by Jonathan Leifheit GoJackets.comYesterday at 6:53 AMInside the Insider -02/27/17GoJackets.com keeps yOu updated on GT targets visiting elsewhere as well as weekend visitors to GT.by Rod MackenzieGoJackets.comYesterday at 5:05 AMGT Beesball Falls 12-3 to Youngstown StateGeorgia Tech dropped game 3 of the weekend series to Youngstown State. The Jackets gave up a big inning early and never really recovered. Coach Danny Hall discussed the game with…by Rod MackenzieGoJackets.comSunday at 4:26 PMGT Beesball drills Youngstown State 14-6The Georgia Tech baseball team followed up its 15-6 Friday night victory with equally impressive 14-6 victory over Youngstown State at Russ Chandler Stadium Saturday afternoon.…by Rod MackenzieGoJackets.comSaturday at 2:58 PMGT blasts YSU 15-6 in Game 1Georgia Tech easily handled Youngstown State 15-6 Friday evening at Russ Chandler Stadium. Coach Danny Hall and player Coleman Poje answered questions from the media following the…by Rod MackenzieGoJackets.comSaturday at 8:24 AM2/24 Post-Practice Basketball InterviewsCoach Josh Pastner comments on preparations for the upcoming matchup with Notre Dame in South Bend, IN. Senior Quinton Stephens also discusses Sunday's game.by Rod MackenzieGoJackets.comFriday at 2:27 PMBurns enjoying his visitsRock Hill, South Carolina 2019 post player D.J. Burns is finishing up his sophomore season at York Preparatory Academy. His sophomore season has led to increased interest in Burns.by Dale McDuffieGoJackets.comFriday at 8:01 AMInside the Insider - 02/28/17Offers continue to go out and Georgia Tech continues to host recruits. Get the latest at GoJackets.comby Rod MackenzieGoJackets.com5:01 AMHagans not ready to name favoritesNewton High School, GA 2019 guard Ashton Hagans is drawing attention from schools around the country. His double-digit offer list is heavily flavored with ACC and SEC schools.…by Dale McDuffieGoJackets.comFriday at 6:55 AMLoad More

value: This website is an integrated sports publishing company that produces Internet content covering hundreds of professional and college teams across America. The company was founded in 2001 and was acquired by Fox Sports in 2005.


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Transforming the security classification system : report to the President (bksurl, 2012) [WorldCat.org]
Název: Transforming the security classification system : report to the President
Vydavatel: Washington, D.C. : Public Interest Declassification Board, [2012]
1 online resource (iv, 48 p.) : ill.
Přidat štítky pro "Transforming the security classification system : report to the President".
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820835989>library:oclcnum"820835989"library:placeOfPublicationrdf:typeschema:Placeschema:name"Washington, D.C."library:placeOfPublication<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/countries/dcu>rdf:typeschema:Countryowl:sameAs<info:oclcnum/820835989>rdf:typeschema:Bookrdfs:seeAlso<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/820835989>rdf:typej.0:InformationResourcerdf:typej.0:ContentTypeGenericResourceschema:about<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820835989>void:inDataset<http://purl.oclc.org/dataset/WorldCat>schema:aboutrdf:typeschema:Intangibleschema:name"Information policy--United States."schema:sameAs<http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008123667>schema:aboutrdf:typeschema:Intangibleschema:name"Security classification (Government documents)--United States."schema:sameAs<http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008111466>schema:aboutrdf:typeschema:Placeschema:name"United States"schema:sameAs<http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204155>schema:aboutrdf:typeschema:Placeschema:name"United States."schema:sameAs<http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204155>schema:about<http://id.worldcat.org/fast/972596>rdf:typeschema:Intangibleschema:name"Information policy"schema:name"Information policy."schema:about<http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1110873>rdf:typeschema:Intangibleschema:name"Security classification (Government documents)"schema:author<http://viaf.org/viaf/153991158>rdf:typeschema:Organizationschema:name"United States. Public Interest Declassification Board."schema:sameAs<http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2008030518>schema:bookFormatschema:EBookschema:datePublished"2012"schema:description"Recommendations for transforming the security classification system. -- Letter to the President. -- Exwecutive summary. -- Introduction. -- The classification system. -- recommendations for transforming classification. -- the declassification system. -- Recommendations for transforming declassification. -- Using technology to aid classification and declassification. -- Conclusion. -- A vision for a classification and declassification system of the future. -- Endnotes. -- Appendices."schema:description"This report centers on the need for new policies for classifying information, new processes for declassifying information, and the imperative for using and integrating technology into these processes. Policymakers have the opportunity to transform the classification and declassification system. Their actions will improve security, increase democratic discourse, and conserve valuable resources. To make classification and declassification functional for the future, respected by users, and trusted by the public, longstanding policy and practice must change. To meet contemporary challenges, the Government needs a fresh approach. Abandoning outdated attitudes and embracing a new vision will transform the Government's ability to manage secrecy, accomplish the national security mission, and appropriately inform the public."schema:exampleOfWork<http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/1744940624>schema:inLanguage"en"schema:name"Transforming the security classification system report to the President"schema:numberOfPages"48"schema:publisherrdf:typeschema:Organizationschema:name"Public Interest Declassification Board"schema:url<http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo32150>Content-negotiable representationsTurtle (text/turtle)JSON-LD (application/ld+json)RDF/XML (application/rdf+xml)N-TRIPLES (text/plain)HTML+RDFa (text/html)

value: This website is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 15,637 libraries in 107 countries that participate in the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc.


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Handmade Morel brooch pin from sculpey
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RedWalrusShoppe on Etsy
› RedWalrusShoppe's profile
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Located in Oak Park, Illinois, the home of Hemingway and Frank Lloyd Wright, I'm very much influenced by old world sensibilities and culture. The pieces that I choose to share on Red Walrus are elegant and chic. They have intrinsically historical contexts that make them really quite special! I'm dedicated to finding one-of-a-kind, unusual vintage items that will enrich your home and self. Each piece conjures up a story and a sense of the past. When each item crosses the threshold and enters into your home, you continue to tell this tale and contribute your own chapter. Follow us on Pinterest to see where we get our inspiration!
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EDUCATION for Education for Modern Man
P. 1Education for Modern ManEducation for Modern ManRatings: (0)|Views: 1,911|Likes: 67Published by poweroftanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_HookMore info: categoriesBooks - Non-fiction, HistoryPublished by: poweroftan on Jul 06, 2010Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee MoreSee lesshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/33947767/Education-for-Modern-Man02/14/2013pdftextoriginal SIDNEY

value: This website is an American e-book and audiobook subscription service that includes one million titles.


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FREE EVENT - reThink Theatrical presents, STAGES: a Legacy in Revue Tickets, Sat, Oct 14, 2017 at 2:00 PM | Eventbrite
Sat, October 14, 2017, 2:00 PM – 4:30 PM EDT

value: This website is an American event management and ticketing website. The service allows users to browse, create, and promote local events.


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Staples - Madison, NJ | Groupon
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I thought my Christmas cards came out great! It took 1 day and the quality definitely seemed like I paid a lot more than I did! I will be using Staples again next year. Thanks!
Our cards look great!
Store staff was excellent - was ready and I PICKED UP at printing and already to go so off I went to get them out in xMAS MAIL!
the team in the morristown nj store is terrific. helpful and knowledgeable.
Easy way to get shredding done and excellent service.
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Sale $143.48 Remove
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Patent US7422637 - Processing chamber configured for uniform gas flow - Google Patents
An apparatus and method for performing uniform gas flow in a processing chamber is provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus is an edge ring that includes an annular body having an annular seal projecting therefrom is provided. The seal is coupled to a side of the annular body opposite a side adapted...http://www.google.com/patents/US7422637?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7422637 - Processing chamber configured for uniform gas flow
Publication number US7422637 B2
Application number US 11/552,727
Also published as US20040069227, US20070044719
Publication number 11552727, 552727, US 7422637 B2, US 7422637B2, US-B2-7422637, US7422637 B2, US7422637B2
Inventors Vincent Ku, Ling Chen, Howard Grunes, Hua Chung
Patent Citations (102), Referenced by (9), Classifications (24), Legal Events (5)
Processing chamber configured for uniform gas flow
US 7422637 B2
US5571577 Apr 7, 1995 Nov 5, 1996 Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University Method and apparatus for plasma treatment of a surface
US5688359 Jul 20, 1995 Nov 18, 1997 Micron Technology, Inc. Muffle etch injector assembly
US6590186 Jan 28, 2002 Jul 8, 2003 Tokyo Electron Limited Heat treatment apparatus and method
US8268184 * Jun 29, 2010 Sep 18, 2012 Tokyo Electron Limited Etch process for reducing silicon recess
US8501630 Sep 28, 2010 Aug 6, 2013 Tokyo Electron Limited Selective etch process for silicon nitride
US20110100552 * Aug 31, 2010 May 5, 2011 Rajinder Dhindsa Radio frequency (rf) ground return arrangements
US20110318936 * Jun 29, 2010 Dec 29, 2011 Tokyo Electron Limited Etch process for reducing silicon recess
U.S. Classification 118/728, 118/729, 156/345.52, 156/345.53, 156/345.54, 118/730, 156/345.55, 156/345.51
International Classification H01L21/306, C23F1/00, C23C16/455, C23C16/458, C23C16/00, C23C16/44
Cooperative Classification C23C16/4412, C23C16/4409, C23C16/4585, C23C16/45521, C23C16/45544
European Classification C23C16/458D2D, C23C16/44A12, C23C16/455E2, C23C16/44H, C23C16/455F2D
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KU, VINCENT;CHEN, LING;GRUNES, HOWARD;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:018435/0056;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020917 TO 20021007

value: This website is a search engine provided by Google. Handling over 3.5 billion searches per day, it has a 92% share of the global search engine market.


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Retz - definition of Retz by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Retz
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 10,204,988,973 visitors served
(French rets)
(Biography) Gilles de Retz See Rais
de Retz and the parliament had not sent them wood and bread.
Retz, will be handling the marketing for The Bridges at Whitestone.
DGSIR to market The Bridges: JMA
In a report before the Saudi French Business Opportunities Forum, held at Retz Carlton hotel in Riyadh, Eng.
Modon (cities authority) establishes three new industrial cities annually, report says
Subcritical water extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Terminalia chebula Retz.
But locals say the search teams face a mammoth task in hunting their prey in the Foret de Retz.
BLOODBATH BROTHERS MANHUNT; TERROR IN PARIS Special forces track Charlie Hebdo killers TERROR IN PARIS MASSIVE OPERATION CLOSES IN ON BLOODBATH BROTHERS TERROR IN PARIS MASSIVE OPERATION CLOSES IN ON BLOODBATH BROTHERS THE LAST STAND THE LAST STAND Second hunt after rookie policewoman is gunned down

value: This website is an American online dictionary and encyclopedia that aggregates information from various sources.


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Words containing barchstu | Words that contain barchstu
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-barchstu
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 11,209,871,115 visitors served
Found 1 words containing barchstu. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain barchstu. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that start with barchstu
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9780297817604: Alice in Exile - AbeBooks - Piers Paul Read: 0297817604
Fiction Piers Paul Read Alice in Exile
ISBN 13: 9780297817604
ISBN 10: 0297817604 ISBN 13: 9780297817604
This wonderful novel, set in England and Russia at the time of the Great War, tells the story of Alice Fry - an independent woman in a world ruled by men - and the two men who love her. In 1913, Alice meets Edward Cobb, eligible young son of a baronet, at an avant-garde party in Chelsea. They fall in love and get engaged, but Edward's family thinks Alice 'fast'. When Alice's father becomes involved in a sexual scandal, Edward has to choose between Alice and his political career. He breaks off the engagement, not knowing that Alice is expecting his child. Desperate, Alice accepts the offer of a rich Russian, Baron von Rettenberg, to go to Russia as a governess for his children, while Edward enters an unhappy marriage. Alice gives birth to a son and yearns for Edward though the Baron von Rettenburg loves her. The Great War takes its terrible toll and the Russian Revolution explodes. Trapped by the Red Army in the Black Sea port of Novorossiik, Alice, her son and Rettenberg are saved by a member of the British Military Mission - Edward Cobb.
"Profoundly conventional, absolutely old-fashioned, and I confess to having missed a highly advertised fiesta in a Mexican mountain town just so I could stay in the hotel and find out what happened." Carolyn See, Washington Post
"Beautifully and vividly told, grippingly paced. . . . [Read] is a joy to read, and one comes to the end of his tale with both fulfillment and sadness." Los Angeles Times
ISBN 10: 0753167417 ISBN 13: 9780753167410
Publisher: ISIS Large Print Books, 2005
Phoeni..., 2002
1. Alice in Exile
Published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (2001)
Book Description Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2001. HARDCOVER. Book Condition: New. Dust Jacket Condition: New. 1st Edition. 1st printing. Large Octavo size (8vo) in blue faux cloth, silver lettering to spine. 344pp . . . . . [ CONDITION : NEW copy in NEW complete Dust Jacket (pages very slightly tanned) ] . . . . . . . . . We always ship in strong card packing. Bookseller Inventory # T76348
2. Alice in Exile
Book Description Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # M0297817604
3. Alice in Exile
Book Description Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0297817604
4. Alice in Exile
Book Description Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Hardcover. Book Condition: Brand New. In Stock. Bookseller Inventory # zk0297817604

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Patent US4972477 - Encoder/decoder - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsThe encoder/decoder comprises a spherical body on which is provided a plurality of different letters and/or numerals. Connecting means in the form of three circular members sharing the same axis encompass the sphere, two defining two parallel sighting hoops and the third defining a sighting ring. The...http://www.google.com/patents/US4972477?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4972477 - Encoder/decoderAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4972477 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/188,055Publication dateNov 20, 1990Filing dateApr 26, 1988Priority dateJun 15, 1984Fee statusLapsedAlso published asCA1265109A1, EP0185724A1, WO1986000162A1Publication number07188055, 188055, US 4972477 A, US 4972477A, US-A-4972477, US4972477 A, US4972477AInventorsRobert J. Campbell, Nicholas J. M. PellingOriginal AssigneeCampbell Robert J, Pelling Nicholas J MExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (8), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetEncoder/decoderUS 4972477 AAbstract The encoder/decoder comprises a spherical body on which is provided a plurality of different letters and/or numerals. Connecting means in the form of three circular members sharing the same axis encompass the sphere, two defining two parallel sighting hoops and the third defining a sighting ring. The connecting means are mounted on a support body so that the relative rotation of the connecting means and the body can be effected. In use, the body is rotated until two specified indicia lie usually between the two sighting hoops in a specified order. Then, one or more indicia are read from the sighting ring. The encoder/decoder may be used to protect computer software against copying, and may also be used to hinder unauthorized access to remote computer systems. Thus, the number of individuals using a system can be limited to the number interrogating the user, can determine whether he has in his possession a suitable encoder/decoder such as outlined above.
We claim: 1. An encoder/decoder, comprising:(a) an uninterrupted non-Euclidian surface; (b) indicia means carried by said surface and defining a plurality of visually distinct non-trivially related areas; and, (c) first and second locator means overlying and movable relative to said surface so that superposition of said first locator means with one area causes said second locator means to be superposed with a second non-trivially related area. 2. An encoder/decoder according to claim 1, wherein the surface is at least a portion of a closed surface.
3. An encoder/decoder according to claim 2, wherein said surface is at least a portion of a sphere.
4. An encoder/decoder according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said locator means comprises a first elongate member conforming to said surface and movable relative to said surface so that said elongate member can move over said surface.
5. An encoder/decoder according to claim 4, wherein at least one of said locator means comprises a plurality of intersection elongate members which are fixed relative to each other, are shaped to conform to said surface and are movable relative to said surface, so that said elongate members can move over said surface to enable at least one of the position and orientation of said surface relative to said elongate members to be determined by reference to said visually distinct areas of said surface.
6. An encoder/decoder according to claim 5, wherein at least one of said locator means comprises a further member or plurality of further members fixed relative to said first mentioned plurality of elongate members and shaped to conform to said surface, so that, in use, when at least one of the position and orientation of said surface relative to said first mentioned plurality of elongated members has been selected by relative movement of said surface and said first mentioned plurality of elongate members, said further member or plurality of further members provides a reference point on said surface.
7. An encoder/decoder according to claim 6, wherein each further member comprises a sighting ring.
8. An encoder/decoder according to claim 5, wherein said first mentioned plurality of elongate members are arranged to be non-intersecting.
9. An encoder/decoder according to claim 8 wherein said first mentioned plurality of elongate members are parallel to one another.
10. An encoder/decoder according to claim 5, wherein said first mentioned plurality of elongate members intersect one another.
11. An encoder/decoder according to claim 10, wherein first mentioned elongate members are mutually perpendicular.
12. An encoder/decoder according to claim 5, wherein each elongate member carries a sighting ring.
13. An encoder/decoder according to claim 5, wherein each elongate member is substantially in the form of a circular member.
14. An encoder/decoder according to claim 13 wherein said surface and said locator means are mounted on a support body allowing relative rotation of said surface and said locator means.
15. An encoder/decoder, comprising:(a) a body having a continuous surface; (b) a plurality of visually distinct non-trivially related code areas disposed on said surface; and, (c) identifying means comprising at least first and second locators overlying said surface and movable relative thereto for generating coded output information by movement of said surface relative to said locators in response to input information defining a selected code area or areas. 16. An encoder/decoder according to claim 15, wherein said surface is comprised of a plurality of intersecting surfaces.
17. An encoder/decoder according to claim 16, wherein said surface being defined by at least a portion of a polyhedron.
18. An encoder/decoder according to claim 15, wherein the visually different areas on the body are differentiated visually by different indicia on the body.
19. An encoder/decoder according to claim 18, wherein the indicia include at least one of letters and numerals.
20. The encoder/decoder of claim 15, wherein:(a) said surface is a non-Euclidian surface. 21. The encoder/decoder of claim 15, wherein:(a) said body comprised of a plurality of intersecting surfaces defining a polyhedron. 22. The encoder/decoder of claim 15, wherein:(a) each of said locators comprising an elongate member conforming to said surface and carrying a sighting ring. 23. The encoder/decoder of claim 22, wherein:(a) said elongate members being operably interconnected. 24. The encoder/decoder of claim 15, wherein:(a) a housing surrounding said body and having a plurality of windows for dividing said surface into a plurality of segments; and, (b) each of said locators being operably associated with at least one of said windows. Description
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 063,782, filed as PCT GB85/00268 on Jun. 14, 1985, published as WO86/00162 on Jan. 3, 1986, now abandoned, which is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 840,564, filed as PCT GB85/00268 on June 14, 1985, published as WO86/00162 on Jan. 3, 1986, now abandoned.
DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION THIS INVENTION relates to an encoder/decoder, in particular an encoder/decoder for use in preventing or at least hindering use of copied computer programs.
With the increasing use of computers, illegal copying of computer programs or `Software Piracy` has become a severe problem, particularly with computer programs recorded on audio cassette tape for use with home computers. Another major problem is the use of remote computer systems by unauthorised users--"Hackers"--able to get easy access to sensitive computer information, protected only by inflexible passwords, in essence a very primitive `key`.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an encoder/decoder which finds particular application in preventing or at least hindering software piracy.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an encoder/decoder consisting of a body such that manipulation of that body in isolation yields a describable result, necessarily derived in part from the spatial relationship between areas of the body's surface not trivially related at some moment during the manipulation.
As used herein the phrase `in isolation` means without recourse to further unspecified devices and the phrase `trivially related` is defined such that two areas on the surface of the body are trivially related if there exists at least one pair of points, one in each area, for which the planes tangential to the surface at those points are parallel.
Preferably, the areas of the body's surface are visually distinct and means are provided for identifying the spatial relationship between the visually distinct areas of the body.
The invention also provides an encoder/decoder, comprising a three-dimensional body having a plurality of visually distinct areas and means for identifying the spatial relationship between visually distinct areas of the body.
Thus, the spatial relationship between the visually different areas on the body and the identifying means uniquely define an information lattice which comprises the "key" of the encoder/decoder.
Preferably, the identifying means are provided to identify a visually distinct area of the body having a predetermined spatial relationship with one or more selected visually distinct areas of the body.
In one arrangement, the body may comprise a plurality of independent subsidiary bodies having a defined spatial relationship with one another.
Preferably, the body is a non-Euclidean surface which may be a closed surface or part of a closed surface. Usually, the surface is an ellipsoid or part of an ellipsoid or toroid or part of a toroid and in a preferred arrangement, the surface is a sphere or part of a sphere.
Alternatively, the body may comprise a plurality of intersecting surfaces. It should be understood that, as used throughout the present Specification, the word "intersecting" is to be taken to encompass the case where non-parallel surfaces contact each other but do not actually pass through one another. The intersecting surfaces may or may not form a closed body. In particular, the body may comprise a polyhedron or part of a polyhedron. Preferably, in such a case the body has eight or more surfaces.
In a preferred arrangement, the identifying means comprises means movable relative to the surface for connecting a selected one of the visually different areas with one of the visually different areas which have a predetermined spatial relationship therewith.
Generally, the connecting means comprises an elongate member which is shaped to conform to the body and is movable over the body. Conveniently, the connecting means comprises a plurality of intersecting elongate members which are fixed relative to each other, are shaped to conform to the body and are movable relative to the body, so that the elongate members can move over the body, to enable the position and/or orientation of the body relative to the elongate members to be determined by reference to the visually distinct areas of the body. The connecting means may also comprise a further member or plurality of further members fixed relative to the plurality of elongate members and shaped to conform to the body, so that, in use, when the position and/or orientation of the body relative plurality of elongate members has been selected by relative movement of the body and the plurality of elongate members, the further member or plurality of further members provides a reference point on the body. In one preferred arrangement the or each further member comprises a sighting ring.
The plurality of elongate members may be arranged to be nonintersecting and preferably parallel to one another. Alternatively, the elongate members may be arranged to intersect one another and preferably be mutually perpendicular.
Each elongate member may be in the form of an elliptical member where the body is an ellipsoid or part of an ellipsoid. In a preferred arrangement where the body is a sphere or part of a sphere, the elongate members may be circular. Usually, each reference area comprises a sighting ring and the body and the connecting means may be mounted in a support body allowing relative rotation of the body and the connecting means.
Conveniently, the visually different areas on the body are differentiated visually by different indicia on the body which may be letters and/or numerals.
The present invention also provides an encoder/decoder in accordance with the first aspect in combination with a recording medium carrying software for use with a computer, the software comprising a section for preventing the use of a further section of the software on the medium until a key or code determined from the encoder in accordance with instructions given by the first section of the software is input to the computer.
It should be understood that the term "non-Euclidean surface" is used in its normal sense to define any surface which will not map by a one-to-one relationship onto a Euclidean plane, that is, any surface which cannot be flattened out into a Euclidean plane without deformation of the surface.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an encoder/decoder embodying the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the encoder/decoder;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrammatic views illustrating two different ways of providing visually different areas on the surface of the encoder/decoder.
FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a further alternative embodiment of the encoder/decoder.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a decoder/encoder comprising a three-dimensional body, in particular a non-Euclidean surface, in the form of a spherical surface 1 which may be either solid or hollow. The spherical surface 1 has on its surface a plurality of visually different areas, each area being visually differentiated by means of a distinct indicia, for example, a letter and/or numeral. The visually differentiated areas are arranged so that the spatial relationships therebetween uniquely define an information lattice or "key".
Connecting means are provided for associating a selected indicia on the surface 1 with another indicia on the surface 1 having a predetermined spatial relationship with the selected indicia. As shown, the connecting means comprises three mutually perpendicular circular members 2 extending circumferentially round the sphere. Each circular member 2 has a reference region, in the form of a sighting ring 3, for location over an indicia on the surface 1. The circular members 2 are connected together so that relative movement between the members 2 is prevented.
The spherical surface 1 and the members 2 are mounted in a support body 4 so that the spherical surface 1 is rotatable relative to the members 2. As shown FIG. 1, the support body 4 comprises a cuboid body, slightly larger than the spherical surface 1. The body 4 has an oval or circular window 5 in each face through which part of the spherical surface 1 and the members 2 project enabling relative movement of the spherical surface 1 and the members 2 to be effected manually.
In order to decode or encode a message with the encoder, a first one of the sighting rings 3 is placed over a selected letter or numeral on the surface 1 and the encoded letter or numeral is read from the sighting ring 3 of one of the other two rings. In such a case, only two circular members 2 need be provided. The circular members 2 need not, of course, necessarily be a mutually perpendicular but may intersect at any angle. Alternatively, two letters or numerals, one determined by the location of one sighting ring and the other by the location of the second sighting ring, may be encoded or decoded as a single letter or numeral determined by the other sighting ring 3 or vice versa.
FIG. 2 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the encoder/decoder.
As shown in FIG. 2, the encoder/decoder comprises a spherical surface 1' carrying indicia arranged so that the spatial relationships between the indicia uniquely define an information lattice. The connecting means for connecting indicia comprises a first elongate member 6 in the form of a circular hoop having a sighting ring 7 and a second elongate member 8, which may be a semi-circular or fully circular hoop. The second elongate member 8 carries two sighting rings 9 and 10 which have a pre-determined spatial relationship with one another. The second elongate member 8 is pivotally connected to the first elongate member 6 by two hinges 11 so that the second elongate member 8 can be moved along the arrowed paths 12 as shown in FIG. 2.
In order to decode or encode a message with the encoder shown in FIG. 2, the sighting ring 7 is first placed over a selected letter or numeral on the surface 1 and the second elongate member 8 is then pivoted to position one of the two sighting rings carried thereby, for example, sighting ring 9 over a second related letter or numeral on the surface and the encoded letter or numeral is read from the other sighting ring carried by the second member 8, for example, sighting ring 10.
FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of an encoder/decoder in accordance with the invention.
The encoder/decoder shown in FIG. 4 comprises a non-Euchidean surface in the form of a spherical body 14 which may be either solid or hollow. The spherical body 14 contains a plurality of visually distinct areas 15, each area 15 being visually differentiated by means of a distinct indicium, for example, a letter and/or numeral. The visually distinct areas 15 are arranged so that the spatial relationships therebetween uniquely define part of an information lattice or `key`.
Two substantially parallel spaced-apart circular or semi-circular sighting hoops 16 extend circumferentially around the sphere and have a fixed spatial relationship relative to each other and to a sighting or reading ring 17 which has an axis which coincides with the axis of the circumference of the sphere lying between the two sighting hoops 16. The sighting hoops 16 and the sighting ring 17 are movable over the surface, for associating a selected pair of indicia having a predetermined spatial relationship with one another to provide connecting means for defining a positioning and orientation of the spherical body 14 relative to the sighting ring 17.
In order to use the encoder/decoder shown in FIG. 4, the user moves the spherical body 14 relative to the connecting means until two or more selected indicia lie between the hoops 16 in a selected order. Then, the user reads out the indicium that lies nearest the centre of the sighting ring 17. Movement of the spherical surface 14 relative to a mounting (not shown) containing the hoops 16 and the ring 17 is effected manually.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate schematically two different ways in which the visually different areas may be provided on the surface of the encoder/decoder. Thus, in FIG. 3A the visually different areas are provided by irregularly shaped areas 13, with on the surface each identified by a letter or numeral, while in FIG. 3B merely the letters or numerals are provided on the surface. Of course, the letters or numerals may be augmented by other visually distinguishable symbols for example differently colored dots or differently shaped symbols, for example circles, squares etc. each having a known relationship to a letter or numeral.
Conveniently, the visually distinct areas on the three-dimensional body are recognised as letters or numerals, (preferably in a customised style of lettering so as to make reproduction yet harder). They may further may be covered by well-known symbols without resorting to obscure charactersets.
Although, as will be understood from the foregoind dicussion, the encoder/decoder can be used in any situation where a coded message is desired, the encoder/decoder finds particular application in preventing or hindering software piracy and the like. Thus, whenever access to the use of a computer program is required to be authorised or restricted, an encoder/decoder in accordance with the invention may be used to act as a `key` into a software `lock`. This seems to be especially useful for remote systems such as may be accessed by terminals down bidirectional communication lines, such as telephones, and is also extremely useful when reproduction of the three-dimensional body, whose surface contains the information that defines the `key`, should deter the copying, since the program medium may be changed, with the use of the computer program still restricted by the software `lock`.
In order to use the encoder/decoder to prevent software piracy, a computer program being sold to a consumer, for example for use with a home computer, will be sold with an encoder/decoder. The computer program, which will generally be recorded using an audio cassette tape as the recording medium, will be preceded on the tape by a preliminary section which either prevents access to the main program section on the tape by preventing loading of the main program section or, alternatively, prevents use of the main program section by preventing the program being run, until a particular code has been input to the computer. When the preliminary section of the program is run, it will ascertain the user's possesion of a copy of a particular encoder/decoder by asking the user to carry out a number of operations using the encoder/decoder and then request that the user enter the result revealed by those operations. For example, in the case of an encoder/decoder of the type shown in FIG. 1, the preliminary section of the program may give the user instructions as to the positioning of two of the sighting rings and then ask for the number or letter located in the third sighting ring to be entered into the computer. Thus, if the result obtained using the encoder/decoder coincides with that expected by the computer, the existence of the `key` is virtually certain, and hence the `lock` may confidently open, and permission to use of the main program, or system may be granted. The operation can, of course, be repeated a number of times to increase the security of the `lock`. It should be appreciated that the program contains a random number generator so that the instructions given to the user and hence result returned will (probably) be different each time access is requested.
As will be understood from the above, an encoder/decoder in accordance with the invention usually has connecting means comprising a number of elongate members shaped to conform to the three-dimensional body and able to move freely across the surface of the three-dimensional body. On the understanding that the elongate members and the three-dimensional body interrelate in a consistent fashion such that their spatial positioning may be predicted as being (close to) one of a finite set of possibilities, then it is possible with such a body to extract information from this lattice by aligning the elongate member and the body into a particular arrangement, either by using the information on the body or by other means, and using one of the said members of direct the eye to a locality on the surface of the body, where one or more visually distinct indicia may be found. Reporting back these indicia would be a clear proof of the existence of a body correlating to the expected model, stored in the computer and hence the existence of a key (since the body is not easily reproducible). Alternatively, the proof may consist of reporting back some spatial relationship between the component members of the connecting means and the surface of the body over which they span, having been configured by use of the visually distinct indicia on the surface of the three-dimensional body. Or, more simply, the proof may consist of inspection of the three-dimensional body, accessing the information lattice by visual means only, thus finding an identifier that correlates with the stored model of the body. It should be understood that this last possibility is a much weaker form of protection, since it lends itself to optical reproduction (photographic or similar) as a form of simple `key`-simulation.
As will be understood from the above, the non-Euclidean surface acts as a multi-dimensional information lattice which, because it cannot be mapped by a one-to-one relationship onto a Euclidean plane, is extremely difficult to reproduce without copying the surface precisely in three dimensions. It will however be appreciated that other three-dimensional bodies could also be used. In particular, a three-dimensional body in the form of a polyhedron or part of a polyhedron, or part of a polyhedron formed of eight or more Euclidean surfaces or faces could also be extremely difficult to copy because such a three-dimensional body cannot be mapped onto a Euclidean surface without changing some spatial relationships between non-trivially related points.
It should be appreciated that the encoder/decoder can be used to hinder unauthorised access to a remote computer system. Thus, the number of individuals using a system can be limited to the number of `key`s in existence, by a preliminary section of program that, by interrogating the user, can determine whether he has in his possession a suitable encoder/decoder such as outlined above.
Thus, an encoder/decoder embodying the invention provides a low-cost means of protecting a computer program against piracy or preventing access to remote systems which is easy to use, and mass produce and, in particular, is independent of the specific type or make of computer with which the program or system to be protected is to be used.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS387957 *Oct 1, 1887Aug 14, 1888 Piebbe bfigis mobeolsr aistd claude dueaistdUS2296312 *May 12, 1941Sep 22, 1942Sheehy Edward JVariable authenticatorUS2624958 *Sep 6, 1951Jan 13, 1953Fine HarryCryptogrammic deviceUS2668369 *Mar 13, 1951Feb 9, 1954Philip G HilbertCipher deviceUS2941313 *May 9, 1958Jun 21, 1960Levin Saul RMagnifying attachment for a world globeUS4373281 *Jul 9, 1980Feb 15, 1983Sebastian James ADevice for displaying indiciaUS4415158 *Sep 21, 1981Nov 15, 1983General Symmetrics, Inc.PuzzleUS4473228 *Jun 29, 1981Sep 25, 1984Hart John RThree-dimensional combinatorial linkageUS4560164 *Jun 13, 1984Dec 24, 1985Darling Phillip HManually manipulated mechanical deviceUS4599489 *Feb 22, 1984Jul 8, 1986Gordian Systems, Inc.Solid state key for controlling access to computer softwareUS4625967 *Jun 4, 1985Dec 2, 1986Yu Chin LaiMovable surface global puzzle* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Encyclopedia Americana, "Geometry", (vol. 12, pp. 471-483, 494-499; 1978).2 *Encyclopedia Americana, Geometry , (vol. 12, pp. 471 483, 494 499; 1978).3 *McGraw Hill Encycl. of Science and Tech., Non Euclidean Geometry , (vol. 12, pp. 33 38; 1987).4McGraw-Hill Encycl. of Science and Tech., "Non-Euclidean Geometry", (vol. 12, pp. 33-38; 1987).* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6590995Apr 2, 1999Jul 8, 2003Deutsche Telekom AgMethod of inserting manipulation-proof digital fingerprints into electronic documentsUS6636613Oct 8, 1999Oct 21, 2003Deutsche Telekom AgMethod for embedding manipulation-secure digital fingerprints into electronic documentsUS7406174 *Oct 21, 2003Jul 29, 2008Widevine Technologies, Inc.System and method for n-dimensional encryptionUS8683218Jul 23, 2008Mar 25, 2014Google Inc.System and method for N-dimensional encryptionDE19750779C1 *Nov 10, 1997Jan 14, 1999Deutsche Telekom AgTraitor tracing or unauthorised user identification method for proprietary dataDE19816356A1 *Apr 3, 1998Oct 7, 1999Deutsche Telekom AgVerfahren zum Einbringen manipulationssicherer digitaler Fingerabdr�cke in elektronische DokumenteDE19816356C2 *Apr 3, 1998Jan 25, 2001Deutsche Telekom AgVerfahren zum Einbringen manipulationssicherer digitaler Fingerabdr�cke in elektronische DokumenteDE19847942A1 *Oct 9, 1998Apr 13, 2000Deutsche Telekom AgInserting security fingerprint into electronic documents by allocating point in hyperplane to each marking point in document* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification380/28, 380/59, 713/184, 340/5.74, 380/58International ClassificationG09C1/00, G06F1/00, G09C1/04, G06F21/22Cooperative ClassificationG09C1/04European ClassificationG09C1/04Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJan 31, 1995FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19941123Nov 20, 1994LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJun 28, 1994REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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LumiQuest SoftBox LQ-107: Digital Photography Review
Manufacturer description: The SoftBox diffuses the light with the flash in the direct flash position. The light is softened and more evenly distributed as it passes through a center-weighted, frosted diffuser, enlarging the light source to roughly 10 times the size of the flash head itself. The unique design does not block either exposure sensors or auto focus assist beams on most flashes. Unless otherwise noted, all LumiQuest accessories fit most standard bounce flashes.

value: This website is a website about digital cameras and digital photography, established in November 1998. The website provides comprehensive reviews of digital cameras, lenses and accessories, buying guides, user reviews, and forums for individual cameras, as well as general photography forums.


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Bottom burps, stinky feet and other poems | Books | The Guardian
Bottom burps, stinky feet and other poems
Old Etonian, friend of David Cameron, the (very) wealthy man behind the Purple Ronnie franchise ... there are numerous reasons not to like Giles Andreae. But, warns Jon Henley you should never judge a book by its cover
'These were the greetings card answer to alternative comedy, really' ... Giles Andreae. Photograph: Martin Argles
He makes that much money writing ditties such as this: "You're a very special person/And you mean a lot to me/When you're around you make the world/A better place to be." Or this: "I know that it sounds cheesy/But I'm telling you it's true/It's fab to have a Mum/Who is as marvellous as you." Then he illustrates them with stick-figures a five-year-old might be proud of, puts them on a greeting card or into a Little Book, and sells them. So far, he has sold 80m cards, and five million books.
In the week before Valentine's Day, four of Andreae's Purple Ronnie books, including those for the World's Best Boyfriend, the World's Best Girlfriend and the Perfect Lover, could be found in the top 15 of the Sunday Times non-fiction bestseller list. In 2008, at Father's Day, the Little Books for a Smashing Dad and a Smashing Grandad occupied the top two spots in the same chart.
This year, his latest, the Little Book for the World's Best Dad (sample line: "Although Mums hardly ever fart, Dads hardly ever stop"), was well up there too. Since last month, his work has had an even wider audience: millions of Google Mail subscribers can now personalise their emails with one of Andreae's Edward Monkton characters, created specially for the service.
And then you meet him, and he turns out to be the kind of man you might run into in the pub and get on with well enough to consider inviting round to supper the week after next, perhaps with his wife, who works - you couldn't make this up - for Boden, the catalogue company favoured by Cameron and run by fellow Old Etonian Johnnie Boden. Infuriating, really.
It doesn't do, though, to question the merit of his work. "What's the function of poetry?" he asks, with that Cameroonian mix of earnestness and enthusiasm. "It's to express general truths, to connect with the reader and make him think: Wow, I've experienced that, but you've expressed it so much better. I've got whole folders of letters from people, servicemen for example, who've told me they have used my cards to express their feelings, or read my poems out at their weddings."
Purple Ronnie's poetry? "'How many ways do I love you?'" he recites. "'I think there are probably two/The rumpety pump way is all very well/But I like the soppy way too.' There's the allusion to Elizabeth Barrett Browning in the first line; it's fun to play with that. There's 'rumpety pump': good Anglo-Saxon words, a bit of a laugh. And there's the sentiment at the end. Purple Ronnie has those two sides: the playful side, the willies, bums and burps, but also the sentiment - love, and happiness."
That poem, Andreae analyses, is saying: "I value you not just as a lover, but as a friend. And it's pretty tight. It's fluid, well-constructed verse. It rhymes, it scans, it has a certain charm. Yes, it's poetry. At its best, Purple Ronnie puts little thoughts out there, on very high-volume selling items, that people use to make very personal connections with one another. And I'm actually very proud of that." As well he might be. Poetry or no, two years ago he sold the rights to Purple Ronnie in a deal worth a potential £4.8m.
Yet the whole story very nearly never happened, for a reason that may, one suspects, have something to do with why it eventually did succeed so spectacularly. Purple Ronnie began as a stage act for an Oxford revue in 1987. "He was a street poet, alongside comedians, jugglers, musicians, what have you," Andreae says. "The show's compere came up with the name, and the poems were much more bizarre and left-field than they are now."
He thought his odes might work on greeting cards. His mum, he says, was "an inveterate sender, to me and my four brothers. I chose the poems with a friend, and he illustrated them in a very basic fashion, and we printed up 200 or so of them and biked them round the Oxford stationers."
At the time, the cards were "surprising, engaging, unusual. There was nothing else like them out there. Everything was old-fashioned and crusty. These were the greetings card answer to alternative comedy, really." Andreae and his friend, the future novelist James Lovegrove, flogged the cards at 10p a pop. "And they sold. Not in huge amounts, but they sold."
Shortly after, it emerged that "a housemate's girlfriend's parents' next-door neighbour-but-one" was actually a greetings card publisher (the housemate was Cameron; they're still good friends and godfather to each other's children). "He got his reps to go into all these shops and see how many of our cards were left, and they said, 'Hardly any.' So he took them on."
Which, more or less, was when Andreae nearly died. "I was in my last term," he explains, "and I started feeling tired, sweaty. I was losing weight. So I went to the Radcliffe hospital and the oncologist thought that he'd found the first man to grow a gill. I was the Fish Man! He thought I'd make him famous. I thought I probably had Hodgkin's disease, but by the time I had a biopsy and it was diagnosed, it was so advanced that I had to start treatment the next day. That was two weeks before my finals. My first proper shot of chemo was on the morning of my first exam."
He sat his finals while undergoing chemotherapy. Before that, though, he spent a fortnight back and forth between Oxford and Bristol nearly every day. "The specialist had told me, almost as an afterthought, that the chemo could leave me infertile," he says. "I asked him if it was possible to store sperm, which it wasn't, really, in those days. But he found an agricultural facility that was good with prize bulls. So I went along, and they pointed me to the staff loo. My dad had come with me. He stood outside the door the whole time."
Given the all-clear, Andreae had - like many an 80s arts graduate - just started work as a trainee account manager at an advertising agency when a chance meeting between his mother and a leading cancer specialist led to him getting a second opinion. "Turns out I was riddled with it," he says. A further eight months of heavy-duty chemotherapy left him "certainly grateful to be alive". Is that what is really behind Purple Ronnie's irrepressible - some might say excruciating - joie de vivre? "Maybe it is. Maybe he's a part of me expressing my joy at having simply survived that. And a very secure and happy childhood. That's probably more important than anything."
Purple Ronnie started to take off in the early 90s, writ large on products such as mugs and toiletries. Andreae's other creation, the altogether more whimsical/philosophical Edward Monkton (sample thought: "Buy me, Lady," said the frock, "and I will make you into a beautiful and whole and complete human being." "Do not be silly," said the Man, "for a frock alone cannot do that." "True," said the Lady. "I will have the shoes and the bag as well") proved no slouch, either. In 2000, Andreae went determinedly mainstream, switching the cards business to Hallmark and the books to Macmillan, since when "we've been selling about 15 times as many of both".
But is Purple Ronnie recognisable from the alternative, off-the-wall student creation Andreae hawked round Oxford 22 years ago? "I'm aware," he says carefully, "that with Hallmark it's probably better to write cards about Happy Birthday than about Karl Marx. But in essence he's the same." Now, with his work proudly displayed on merchandise ranging from beachtowels to Post-its to mugs to jewellery to shower gels, Andreae is sitting on the proceeds of a 2007 deal that saw the intellectual property rights firm Coolabi acquire the rights to all his characters, and his children's books - with titles such as Rumble in the Jungle and Commotion in the Ocean - for a heartwarming £3.3m, with an extra £1.5m in the offing depending, as they say, on "future performance".
The deal includes a commitment to explore possibilities for Purple Ronnie abroad. The character fares well, Andreae says, in Australia, and has hopes in the US. Personally, I think Purple Ronnie's appeal will probably always be greatest in a nation whose celebrated capacity for expressing emotion is summed up by Purple Ronnie in his Little Book of Love Poems: "I sometimes find it rather hard/To say I really care/And that I like you quite a lot/But I've said it now - so there."
At the end of the day, it's about "knowing what people really want to say, and saying it for them", Andreae reckons. Distressingly, it seems that what we really want to say is stuff like: "This poem says I love you/And you make my life complete/Except for all your bottom burps/And your stinky feet." But you can't really blame Andreae for that, can you?

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text:
SVD-phy: improved prediction of protein functional associations through singular value decomposition of phylogenetic profiles. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 26614125
Franceschini A1, Lin J2, von Mering C1, Jensen LJ3.
Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
Department of Computer Science, University of Milan, via Comelico 39, Milan, 20135, Italy and.
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark.
The software is available under the open-source BSD license at https://bitbucket.org/andrea/svd-phy
PMC4896368
10.1093/bioinformatics/btv696
. Performance comparison of SVD-Phy and three other methods. We ran SVD-Phy (red), SVD-Phy without the truncated SVD step (gray), the Marcotte () (black) and the Tabach (a,) (blue) algorithms. Graphs show the precision [TP/(TP+FP)], which we measured by scanning the sorted lists with a sliding window of 400 interactions
Bioinformatics. 2016 Apr 1;32(7):1085-1087.

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text:
3 bedroom semi-detached house to rent in Churchill Road, Shrewsbury, SY3
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This property is marketed by Holland Broadbridge, Shrewsbury - Lettings at £725 per month. Rightmove has calculated the price per week for comparison purposes only.
Property reference 677. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Holland Broadbridge, Shrewsbury - Lettings.

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text: Patent US4744780 - For interconnecting hollow toy building blocks - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn adapter for interconnecting hollow toy building blocks having a generally cylindrical primary projection extending outwardly therefrom comprises a housing which is generally square in cross section, having two interconnected pairs of generally parallel sidewalls defining first and second open ends...http://www.google.com/patents/US4744780?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4744780 - For interconnecting hollow toy building blocksAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4744780 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/826,826Publication dateMay 17, 1988Filing dateFeb 6, 1986Priority dateFeb 6, 1986Fee statusPaidPublication number06826826, 826826, US 4744780 A, US 4744780A, US-A-4744780, US4744780 A, US4744780AInventorsLeo S. VolpeOriginal AssigneeTyco Industries, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (20), Referenced by (32), Classifications (6), Legal Events (13) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFor interconnecting hollow toy building blocksUS 4744780 AAbstract An adapter for interconnecting hollow toy building blocks having a generally cylindrical primary projection extending outwardly therefrom comprises a housing which is generally square in cross section, having two interconnected pairs of generally parallel sidewalls defining first and second open ends for receiving the blocks to be interconnected. The adapter further includes one generally cylindrical tubular member substantially within the center of the housing, the cylindrical tubular member extending generally parallel to the sidewalls and being supported by at least one flange member extending inwardly from one of the sidewalls, the flange member being generally parallel to and of substantially the same height as the sidewalls. The projections on the blocks to be interconnected are inserted into the space between the sidewalls and the cylindrical tubular member from each end, respectively, so that the sidewalls and cylindrical tubular member cooperate to grip and hold the projection to interconnect the two blocks facing each other.


text:
Patent US4643705 - Positive drive knife folder - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn improved knife folder includes a blade adapted to collapse a sheet a predetermined amount in order to allow nip rollers to buckle the sheet into a pair of folding cylinders. In this manner, potential for blade damage to the sheet and a critical set up are eliminated while at the same time insuring...http://www.google.com/patents/US4643705?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4643705 - Positive drive knife folderAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4643705 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/759,707Publication dateFeb 17, 1987Filing dateJul 29, 1985Priority dateJul 29, 1985Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE3669487D1, EP0211562A2, EP0211562A3, EP0211562B1Publication number06759707, 759707, US 4643705 A, US 4643705A, US-A-4643705, US4643705 A, US4643705AInventorsHenry T. BoberOriginal AssigneeXerox CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Referenced by (57), Classifications (6), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPositive drive knife folderUS 4643705 AAbstract An improved knife folder includes a blade adapted to collapse a sheet a predetermined amount in order to allow nip rollers to buckle the sheet into a pair of folding cylinders. In this manner, potential for blade damage to the sheet and a critical set up are eliminated while at the same time insuring positive paper acquisition.
What is claimed is: 1. A knife folder adapted to fold a sheet after it exits a previous working station, said folder having a pair of folding cylinders that place final folds in sheets and a blade that guides sheets toward said cylinders, the improvement comprising:nip means positioned adjacent to said folding cylinders and for non-relative movement with respect to said blade; and support means for supporting said blade and said nip means, said support means being adapted for movement through a predetermined distance such that as said support means is moved said blade contacts the sheet and causes it to collapse toward said folding cylinders and continued movement of said support means brings said nip means into engagement with said folding cylinders and the sheet, whereby the sheet is driven into a nip formed between said folding cylinders by said nip means and folded. 2. The knife folder of claim 1, including said guide means for adjusting said knife folder to accommodate a wide variety of sheet sizes.
4. A knife folder adapted to fold sheets exiting an output station, comprising:a pair of folding cylinders; registration stops for registering the sheets over said folding cylinders; a bucking blade for buckling sheets toward a nip formed between said folding cylinders; a pair of nip rollers positioned above said folding cylinders and adapted for non-relative movement with respect to said buckling blade; and support means for supporting said buckling blade and said nip rollers, said support means being adapted for movement through a predetermined distance causing said buckling blade to buckle the sheets into the nip formed between said folding cylinders and mating of said nip rollers with the sheets and said folding cylinders whereby sheets are driven into said folding cylinders, folded and exited therefrom for further processing. 5. The knife folder of claim 4, wherein said folding cylinders are driving cylinders and said nip rollers are idler rollers.
8. A knife folder, comprising:a set of folding cylinders; a set of nip rollers; and a blade positively secured to said set of nip rollers and adapted to collapse a sheet into position to be gently buckled by said nip rollers into a nip formed by said folded cylinders that apply a final fold to the sheet, thereby insuring positive control of the sheet while minimizing the possibility of blade damage to the sheet. 9. The knife folder of claim 8, wherein said blade is adapted for movement and said movement is terminated a distance removed from said nip formed by said folding cylinders.
10. A knife folder for applying final folds to sheets, comprising:a plurality of folding cylinders; a plurality of nip rollers; a registration means; a knife mounted for movement toward and away from said folding cylinders and for non-relative movement with respect to said plurality of nip rollers; support means for supporting said knife and said nip rollers; and control means adapted for actuation once a sheet contacts said registration means to move said support means through a predetermined distance toward said folding cylinders whereby said knife applies a buckle toward said folding cylinders in the sheet and afterwards said nip rollers are brought into contact with the sheet and said folding cylinders such that the sheet is completely buckled into a nip formed between said folding cylinders. 11. In a copier having a means for reproducing images of original documents onto copy sheets, and means for folding the copy sheets, the improvement in the means for folding the copy sheets, characterized by: a set of folding cylinders, a blade adapted to collapse a copy sheet, and a set of nip rollers, said nip rollers being adapted for non-relative movement with respect to said blade while said blade is adapted to be moved toward said folding cylinders in order to collapse the copy sheet into position to be gently buckled by said nip rollers into a nip formed by said folding cylinders that apply a final fold to the copy sheet, thereby insuring positive control of the copy sheet while minimizing the possibility of blade damage to the copy sheet.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS538609 *Apr 13, 1894Apr 30, 1895 dexteeUS1124375 *Feb 11, 1910Jan 12, 1915Wood Newspaper Mach CorpFolding and stapling device.US4419088 *Jun 19, 1981Dec 6, 1983Nemec David GGate folding apparatusUS4508527 *Sep 12, 1983Apr 2, 1985Tadao UnoMethod and apparatus for quantitatively dividing zigzag folded sheet of paper* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5158524 *Jul 12, 1991Oct 27, 1992Kabushiki Kaisha Tokyo Kikai SeisakushoApparatus for restraining a paper web to be subjected to chopper-fold in rotary printing pressUS5364332 *Jul 1, 1993Nov 15, 1994Xerox CorporationSoft nip folderUS5377965 *Nov 8, 1993Jan 3, 1995Xerox CorporationAutomatic on-line signature booklets finisher for electronic printersUS5547176 *Dec 15, 1994Aug 20, 1996Xerox CorporationIn a printing systemUS5788130 *Jan 21, 1997Aug 4, 1998Todd Motion Controls, Inc.Sock processing apparatus and methodUS6042529 *Mar 12, 1997Mar 28, 2000Francotyp-Postalia Ag & Co.Configuration for folding sheetsUS6192655 *Aug 31, 1999Feb 27, 2001Todd Motion Controls, Inc.Hosiery manipulation device and methodUS6309336 *Apr 1, 1999Oct 30, 2001Texpa Maschinenbau Gmbh & Co.Apparatus for folding a portion of a textile lengthUS6592506 *Jun 25, 2002Jul 15, 2003Pitney Bowes Inc.Folder apparatusUS6623415 *Dec 21, 2001Sep 23, 2003First Data CorporationSheet folding systems and methodsUS6673002Oct 5, 2001Jan 6, 2004Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Sheet folding apparatus with pivot arm fold rollersUS6730010 *Aug 14, 2002May 4, 2004Konica CorporationSheet folding method, sheet folding apparatus, sheet finisher equipped therewith and image forming apparatus for used with the sheet finisherUS6773388Jun 28, 2002Aug 10, 2004Pitney Bowes Inc.Folder apparatus with transverse loadingUS6808479Oct 5, 2001Oct 26, 2004Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Thick media folding methodUS6829519Apr 14, 2003Dec 7, 2004First Data CorporationSystems for assembling mailings and methods for external control thereofUS6837841Sep 30, 2002Jan 4, 2005Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Method and apparatus for sheet foldingUS6846280 *May 22, 2003Jan 25, 2005Nisca CorporationSheet post-processing device and image forming apparatus having the sameUS6855101Oct 5, 2001Feb 15, 2005Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Sheet folding apparatusUS6878104Oct 5, 2001Apr 12, 2005Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Variable media thickness folding methodUS6895302Sep 5, 2003May 17, 2005First Data CorporationSystems and methods for allocating excess space associated with mailingsUS6939284Oct 5, 2001Sep 6, 2005Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Sheet folding apparatus with rounded fold bladeUS6991224Oct 30, 2003Jan 31, 2006Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Method and apparatus for making bookletsUS6997450Oct 9, 2003Feb 14, 2006Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Sheet folding and accumulation system for a booklet makerUS7040612 *Mar 28, 2002May 9, 2006Morgana Systems LimitedFolding apparatus and methodUS7121992Aug 22, 2003Oct 17, 2006Vijuk Equipment, Inc.Informational item forming machine and methodUS7121993 *Feb 16, 2005Oct 17, 2006Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.Sheet folding apparatusUS7182723 *Sep 14, 2004Feb 27, 2007Vijuk Equipment, Inc.Informational item final folding apparatusUS7216012Apr 25, 2005May 8, 2007First Data CorporationAuction systems and methods for selecting inserts for direct mailingsUS7247129Sep 17, 2004Jul 24, 2007Neubauer William COutsert-forming methodUS7396322Nov 14, 2005Jul 8, 2008Vijuk Equipment, Inc.Informational item forming machine and methodUS7438677 *Jul 14, 2004Oct 21, 2008Komori CorporationChopper tableUS7454266Apr 25, 2007Nov 18, 2008First Data CorporationAuction systems and methods for selecting inserts for direct mailingsUS7470227 *Aug 23, 2005Dec 30, 2008Ricoh Company, Ltd.Paper folding apparatus and image forming apparatus using the sameUS7476193Sep 14, 2004Jan 13, 2009Vijuk Equipment, Inc.Modular folding and pressing apparatusUS7516949Aug 10, 2005Apr 14, 2009First Data CorporationSideways sheet feeder and methodsUS7537556 *Oct 25, 2007May 26, 2009Xerox CorporationHigh capacity knife folding systemUS7585267Sep 12, 2008Sep 8, 2009Komori CorporationChopper tableUS7621862Jul 24, 2007Nov 24, 2009Vijuk Equipment, Inc.Outsert-forming methodUS7628748Sep 12, 2008Dec 8, 2009Komori CorporationChopper tableUS7896796May 20, 2008Mar 1, 2011Vijuk Equipment, Inc.Methods of forming outserts and outserts formed therebyUS7962355Jun 30, 2004Jun 14, 2011First Data CorporationPresentation instrument production equipment and methodsUS8002256 *Jul 15, 2008Aug 23, 2011Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaSheet processing apparatus and sheet processing methodUS8029430Nov 23, 2009Oct 4, 2011Vijuk Equipment, Inc.Outsert-forming methodUS8273004 *Feb 26, 2009Sep 25, 2012Duplo Seiko CorporationPaper folding mechanism and paper folding apparatusUS8439340 *Aug 4, 2011May 14, 2013Canon Kabushiki KaishaSheet processing apparatus and image forming systemUS8485558Jun 22, 2009Jul 16, 2013G&K-Vijuk Intern. Corp.Informational item forming methodUS8606670Jan 2, 2007Dec 10, 2013First Data CorporationIntegrated communication solutionUS8662346 *Sep 28, 2005Mar 4, 2014Infostop, B.V.Apparatus and method for dispensing and folding of sheets from a stackUS8777824 *Feb 1, 2011Jul 15, 2014Ricoh Company, LimitedSheet folding device, image forming apparatus, and sheet folding methodUS20100222195 *Feb 26, 2009Sep 2, 2010Duplo Seiko CorporationPaper folding mechanism and paper folding apparatusUS20110190109 *Feb 1, 2011Aug 4, 2011Ricoh Company, LimitedSheet folding device, image forming apparatus, and sheet folding methodUS20120043713 *Aug 4, 2011Feb 23, 2012Canon Kabushiki KaishaSheet Processing Apparatus and Image Forming SystemDE102008039049A1Aug 21, 2008Apr 16, 2009Bdt AgFolding unit for use in folding device for folding i.e. sheet of paper, has folding rollers driven in rotating manner such that pre-folded substrate is driven-out from rollers by rotating motion of rollers in folding positionEP1348664A1 *Feb 28, 2003Oct 1, 2003MASCHINENBAU OPPENWEILER BINDER GmbH & Co. KGFolding machine with a side-lay deviceEP1348665A2 *Feb 26, 2003Oct 1, 2003MASCHINENBAU OPPENWEILER BINDER GmbH & Co. KGFolding machine comprising a module for folding sheets transversly to the cross fold lineEP2100841A1Mar 10, 2008Sep 16, 2009Neopost TechnologiesFolder for folding paper sheetsWO2003031304A1 *Oct 4, 2002Apr 17, 2003Hewlett Packard CoSheet folding apparatus* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification493/444, 493/443International ClassificationB65H45/18, G03G15/00Cooperative ClassificationB65H45/18European ClassificationB65H45/18Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 31, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, TEXASFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015134/0476Effective date: 20030625Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT LIEN PERFFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION /AR;REEL/FRAME:015134/0476AFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:15134/476Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT,TEXASJun 28, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: BANK ONE, NA, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT, ILLINOISFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013153/0001Effective date: 20020621Jun 15, 1998FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Jun 17, 1994FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jun 20, 1990FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jul 29, 1985ASAssignmentOwner name: XEROX CORPORATION STAMFORD CONNECTICUT A CORP OFFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BOBER, HENRY T.;REEL/FRAME:004437/0362Effective date: 19850724RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


text: Airport shuttle service (surcharge) is offered to guests. Complimentary valet parking is available on site. The property may provide extended parking privileges to guests after check-out (surcharge). The Leela Palace New Delhi has designated areas for smoking. 24-hour front desk Babysitting or childcare (surcharge) Airport transportation (surcharge) Total number of rooms - 254 Number of floors - 10 Bar/lounge Breakfast available (surcharge) Coffee shop or café Free newspapers in lobby Concierge services Conference space Dry cleaning/laundry service Elevator/lift Express check-in Express check-out Full-service spa Gift shops or newsstand Health club Designated smoking areas WiFi (surcharge) Wired (high-speed) Internet access - surcharge Tours/ticket assistance Laundry facilities Spa treatment room(s) Meeting rooms 4 Multilingual staff Rooftop terrace Porter/bellhop Safe-deposit box at front desk Free self parking Number of restaurants - 4 24-hour business center Conference space size (feet) - 1100 Conference space size (meters) - 102 Number of meeting rooms - 4 Sauna Garden Number of buildings/towers - 1 Spa tub Steam room Outdoor pool Free valet parking Luggage storage Conference center Show all hotel amenities

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text:
Sp600 l4
Grammar books newest one emily its ...
by Emily Schuvart
by joyaburns
by Jeff Santana
The Past Tenses of Spanish E. Siler
Review Point• In the context of the two forms of “to be” (ser/estar) we have already noted that there are two past tenses: the preterite and the imperfect.• We have also looked at the imperfect past tense of “haber” in the context of the compound tenses (yo había hablado con él > I had spoken with him).
Focus• The expression of the past in Spanish routinely includes use of the preterite and the imperfect.
The Preterite A Past Tense
English• English has the world’s simplest past tense.• We remove the “to” of the infinitive.• For a great number of the verbs all we do is add “ed” to the remaining simple verb form.• Sometimes we also make a small spelling change of a doubled final consonant.• Examples:watched; talked; romanticized; theorized; regretted; played; melted. (note: regretted)
English continued• We also have a number of verbs that have an irregular past tense form.• They don’t follow the “add –ed” rule. Examples: Read; sang; found; lost.• But one nice thing about English past tense forms: in any given verb, with ONE exception (the verb “to be”), the same form is used with all persons/numbers of the subject.
English Past Tense• Notice how neat and simple the English past tense is.• Learn ONE form and you’ve learned the form for all the possible subjects you can imagine. I walked to the store. We walked to the store. You walked to the store. You walked to the store. He/she/ or it walked to the They walked to the store. store.
Spanish• If only Spanish were so simple!• The Spanish past tense is called the preterite.• The verb form changes for EVERY subject pronoun AND the form changes are different according to the original infinitive (-ar/er/ir).• This amounts to more than 18 different endings in the preterite paradigm.
Spanish Preterite – AR verbs• Hablar (to speak): Remove the –ar and add these endings. Note the accents. These are important! Person Singular Plural First Yo habl[é] Nosotros/nosotras habl[amos] Second Tú habl[aste] Ustedes habl[aron] Usted habl[ó] Third Él/ella habl[ó] Ellos/Ellas habl[aron]
Spanish Preterite – ER Verbs• Comer (to eat). Remove the – er and add these endings. Note the accents. They are important. Person Singular Plural First Yo com[í] Nosotros/nosotras com[imos] Second Tú com[iste] Ustedes com[ieron] Usted com[ió] Third Él/Ella com[ió] Ellos/Ellas com[ieron]
Spanish Preterite – IR Verbs• Vivir (to live). Remove the –ir and add these endings, which are the same as those for –er verbs. Note the accents. Person Singular Plural First Yo viv[í] Nosotros/Nosotras viv[imos] Second Tú viv[iste] Ustedes viv[ieron] Usted viv[ió] Third Él/Ella viv[ió] Ellos/Ellas viv[ieron]
Irregular Preterites• Just as in English, there are irregular preterites.• Because of the added complication of a different ending for each person/number, it’s important to review them.• It is OUTSIDE the limits of a lecture to review every irregular Spanish preterite, but the following is a list of some of them. http://www.drlemon.com/Grammar/irreg-pret.html• The most important irregular preterites to remember are the ones for the verbs ir (to go), ser (to be), estar (to be), tener (to have/possess), hacer (to make/do), and decir (to say).• There are also “classes” of irregular preterites, preterites which take minor spelling changes (often in the first person singular or the third person). It is worth at least looking at this in the grammar: pp. 61-69.• Other irregulars are not as important, but I suggest you make a verb flash card for each of these VERY important irregular verbs.
Translation of the Preterite• The Spanish preterite translates (in most cases) quite nicely as the past tense of the English form.• There are a few Spanish verbs where the preterite meaning is somewhat different than the meaning of the verb in other tenses. For more on this see this link: http://www.drlemon.com/Grammar/pret- meaning.html as well as the bottom of p. 70 in the grammar.
The ImperfectAnother Type of Past Tense
Spanish• Spanish has another way of expressing the past -- the imperfect.• Again, endings for the imperfect vary by the form of the original infinitive and according to the person and number of the subject.• However, thankfully, the imperfect is MUCH more regular than the preterite.
Spanish Imperfect – ar Verbs• Hablar. Remove the –ar and add the endings. Note the accents! Person Singular Plural First Yo habl[aba] Nosotros/nosotras habl[ábamos] Second Tú habl[abas] Ustedes habl[aban] Usted habl[aba] Third Él/Ella habl[aba] Ellos/Ellas Habl[aban]
Spanish Imperfect – er verbs• Comer. Remove the –er ending, add the endings shown. Note the accents! Person Singular Plural First Yo comía Nosotros comíamos Second Tú comías Ustedes comían Usted comía Third Él/Ella comía Ellos/Ellas comían
Spanish Imperfect – ir verbs• Vivir. Remove the –er ending, add the endings shown (same as for the –er verbs). Note the accents! Person Singular Plural First Yo vivía Nosotros vivíamos Second Tú vivías Ustedes vivían Usted vivía Third Él/Ella vivía Ellos/Ellas vivían
Imperfect Irregulars• There are three Spanish irregular imperfects: ser (to be), ir (to go), and ver (to see).• These are high frequency verbs and should be learned cold.• The imperfect irregulars can be found here: http://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/ spanish_imperfect_tense_2 and/or p. 58 in the grammar.
Translating the Spanish Imperfect• The Spanish imperfect translates best as either the English past progressive or as a stative verb of indeterminate duration or as a “situation setting” past tense verb or as “used to.”• Examples: – Yo iba al mercado. (I was going to the store). – Juan hablaba inglés.(Juan used to speak English). – Había una vez una muchacha muy inteligente. (There was once a very intelligent girl).
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