Instruct: Given a statement, retrieve articles that support it.
Query: 
In cases where a guarantor has given a guarantee as entrusted by the principal obligor, if he/she has, without negligence, had a judgment ordering him/her to perform the obligation to the obligee, such guarantor shall have a right to obtain reimbursement from the principal obligor.


Article 459
(1) If a guarantor gives guarantee as requested by the principal obligor, and performs the obligation on behalf of the principal obligor or performs any other act that causes the obligation to be extinguished in exchange for the guarantor's own property (hereinafter referred to as an "act for extinguishment of obligation"), the guarantor has a right to reimbursement from the principal obligor for the amount of property expended for that act (if the amount of property exceeds the amount of the principal obligation extinguished by the act for extinguishment of obligation, the amount thus extinguished).
(2) The provisions of Article 442, paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis to the cases set forth in the preceding paragraph..


Article 447
(1) The guarantee obligation includes interest, penalty and compensation for loss or damage in connection with the principal obligation, and all other charges secondary to that obligation.
(2) A guarantor may stipulate the amount of penalty or compensation for loss or damage with regard to the guarantor's own guarantee obligation only..


Article 457
(1) The postponement of expiry of prescription period and the renewal of prescription period due to grounds such as a request for performance in relation to the principal obligor are also effective in relation to the guarantor.
(2) A guarantor may assert against the obligee a defense that can be raised by the principal obligor.
(3) If the principal obligor has a right to set-off, right to rescind or right to cancel against the obligee, the guarantor may refuse to perform the obligation to the obligee to the extent that the principal obligor should have been released from the obligation by exercising these rights..


Article 707
(1) If a person that is not an obligor has performed an obligation by mistake and the obligee, acting in good faith, has allowed the instrument to be lost, has damaged the instrument, has waived the security, or has lost the claim by prescription, the person performing the obligation may not demand the return of subject matter of the performance.
(2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude the person performing an obligation from exercising the right to reimbursement against the obligor..


Article 445
Even if one of the joint and several obligors is released from the obligation or the prescription period expires for one of the joint and several obligors, other joint and several obligors may exercise the right to reimbursement referred to in Article 442, paragraph (1) against that one joint and several obligor..


Article 493
The tender of the performance must be made actually consistent with the main purport of the obligation;provided, however, that if the obligee refuses to accept that performance in advance or if any act is required on the part of the obligee with respect to the performance of the obligation, it is sufficient for the obligor to request the acceptance thereof by giving a notice that the tender of the performance has been prepared.
Article 492
Upon tendering the performance, the obligor is relieved from any and all responsibilities which may arise from the non-performance of the obligation..


Article 400
If the subject matter of a claim is the delivery of a specific thing, the obligor must retain the thing with the due care of a prudent manager, which is determined in light of the contract or other sources of claims and the common sense in the transaction, until the delivery.
Article 413
(1) If the obligee refuses, or is unable, to accept the tender of the performance of an obligation, and the subject matter of the obligation is the delivery of a specific thing, it is sufficient for the obligor to retain the thing by exercising care identical to that the obligor exercises for the obligor's own property, during the period from the time of the tender of the performance until the delivery of the thing.
(2) If the obligee's refusal or inability to accept the performance of an obligation results in increasing the expenses for the performance, the amount of increase is borne by the obligee..


Article 366
(1) A pledgee may directly collect the claim that is the subject matter of the pledge.
(2) If monies are the subject matter of a pledged claim, the pledgee may collect the same to the extent of the portion that corresponds to the amount of the pledgee's own claim.
(3) If the due date of the pledged claim referred to in the preceding paragraph arrives prior to the due date of the claim of the pledgee, the pledgee may have the third party obligor deposit with official depository that amount to be paid to the pledgee.In this case, the pledge exists over the amount so deposited.
(4) If the subject matter of the pledged claim is not monies, the pledgee has the pledge over the thing received for the satisfaction of the claim..


Article 423
(1) An obligee may exercise the right of the obligor (hereinafter referred to as the "subrogor's right") when it is necessary to do so in order to preserve the obligee's own claim; provided, however, that this does not apply to rights which belong exclusively to and are personal to the obligor or rights which are immune from attachment.
(2) The obligee may not exercise the subrogor's right unless and until the obligee's claim becomes due;provided, however, that this does not apply to an act of preservation.
(3) The obligee may not exercise the subrogor's right if the obligee's claim is not enforceable by compulsory execution..


Article 446
(1) A guarantor has the responsibility to perform the obligation of the principal obligor when the latter fails to perform that obligation.
(2) No guarantee contract becomes effective unless it is made in writing.
(3) If a guarantee contract is concluded by electronic or magnetic record which records the terms thereof, the guarantee contract is deemed to be made in writing, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph apply..


Article 196
(1) If a possessor returns a thing in the possession thereof, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for the costs the possessor has paid for its preservation and other necessary expenses;provided, however, that if the possessor has acquired fruits, ordinary and necessary expenses are borne by the possessor.
(2) With respect to the costs paid for by a possessor to improve the thing in the possession thereof and other beneficial expenses, the possessor may have the person recovering the thing reimburse the possessor for either the costs the possessor has paid or the amount of the increased value, whichever the person recovering the thing chooses, but only if there is a current increase in value;provided, however, that with regard to a possessor in bad faith, the court may, at the request of the person recovering the thing, grant a reasonable period of time for the same..


Article 468
(1) An obligor may duly assert against the assignee any event that has taken place with regard to the assignor by the time of completion of the perfection.
(2) For the purpose of the application of the provisions of the preceding paragraph in the case referred to in Article 466, paragraph (4), the phrase "at the time of the completion of the perfection" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "at the time when a reasonable period of time referred to in Article 466, paragraph (4) has elapsed"; and to apply the provisions of that paragraph in the case referred to in Article 466-3, the phrase "at the time of the completion of the perfection" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "at the time when the obligor receives a request from the assignee referred to in Article 466-3 to make a deposit with an official depository pursuant to the provisions of that Article"..


Article 462
(1) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis if a person, that has given guarantee without the request of the principal obligor, performs an act for extinguishment of obligation.
(2) A person that has become a guarantor against the will of the principal obligor has the right to reimbursement only to the extent currently enriched.In this case, if the principal obligor asserts to have grounds for set-off against the obligee prior to the day of the demand for reimbursement, the guarantor may demand that the obligee perform the obligation which would have been extinguished by that set-off.
(3) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the exercise of the right to reimbursement if the guarantor referred to in the preceding two paragraphs performs an act for extinguishment of obligation before the due date of the principal obligation..


Article 591
(1) If the parties do not define the time for return of borrowed things, the lender may demand their return, specifying a reasonable period of time.
(2) The borrower may return the borrowed thing at any time, irrespective of whether the parties have defined the time of return of the thing.
(3) If the parties defined the time of return of the borrowed thing, and the lender sustains any damage because the borrower returns the thing prior to the time of return, the lender may claim compensation therefor from the borrower..


Article 537 (1) If one of the parties promises in a contract to render a certain performance to a third party, the third party has the right to claim that performance directly from the obligor.
Article 538 (1) After rights of the third party have accrued pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the parties may not modify or extinguish those rights.
(2) If, after rights of the third party accrue pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the obligor does not perform the obligation to the third party, the other party to the contract referred to in paragraph (1) of that Article may not cancel the contract without the consent of the third party.


Article 462
(1) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis if a person, that has given guarantee without the request of the principal obligor, performs an act for extinguishment of obligation.
(2) A person that has become a guarantor against the will of the principal obligor has the right to reimbursement only to the extent currently enriched.In this case, if the principal obligor asserts to have grounds for set-off against the obligee prior to the day of the demand for reimbursement, the guarantor may demand that the obligee perform the obligation which would have been extinguished by that set-off.
(3) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the exercise of the right to reimbursement if the guarantor referred to in the preceding two paragraphs performs an act for extinguishment of obligation before the due date of the principal obligation..


Article 494
(1) In the following cases, a performer may deposit the subject matter of the performance with an official depository for the benefit of the obligee. In such a case, the claim is extinguished when the performer makes the deposit:
(i) the performer tenders the performance, and the obligee refuses to accept it; or
(ii) the obligee is unable to accept the performance.
(2) The preceding paragraph also applies if the performer is unable to ascertain the obligee;provided, however, that this does not apply if the performer is negligent in this respect.
Article 474
(1) A third party may also perform an obligation.
(2) A third party that has no legitimate interest in performing an obligation may not perform the obligation against the will of the obligor;provided, however, that this does not apply if the obligee did not know that the performance is against the will of the obligor.
(3) The third party prescribed in the preceding paragraph may not perform the obligation against the will of the obligee;provided, however, that this does not apply if the third party performs the obligation as requested by the obligor, and the obligee knew this.
(4) The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not apply if the nature of an obligation does not permit the performance by a third party or if a party manifests the intention to prohibit or restrict the performance by a third party..


Article 519
If an obligee manifests the intention to release an obligor from an obligation to that obligor, the obligee's claim is extinguished..


Article 296
A holder of a right of retention may exercise that holder's rights against the whole of the thing retained until the relevant claim is satisfied in its entirety.
Article 301
An obligor may demand that a right of retention be terminated by providing a reasonable security.
Article 350
The provisions of Articles 296 through 300 and those of Article 304
apply mutatis mutandis to pledges..


Article 492
Upon tendering the performance, the obligor is relieved from any and all responsibilities which may arise from the non-performance of the obligation.
Article 493
The tender of the performance must be made actually consistent with the main purport of the obligation;provided, however, that if the obligee refuses to accept that performance in advance or if any act is required on the part of the obligee with respect to the performance of the obligation, it is sufficient for the obligor to request the acceptance thereof by giving a notice that the tender of the performance has been prepared..


Article 514
(1) A novation by substitution of obligor may be effected by a contract concluded between the obligee and a person that becomes the obligor after the novation. In such a case, the novation becomes effective when the obligee notifies the obligor prior to the novation of the conclusion of the contract.
(2) The obligor after the novation by substitution of obligor does not acquire a right to reimbursement from the obligor prior to the novation..


Article 362
(1) A pledge may have a property right for its subject matter.
(2) Beyond what is provided for in this Section, the provisions of the preceding three Sections (General Provisions, Pledges on Movables and Pledges of Immovables) apply mutatis mutandis to pledges referred to in the preceding paragraph, provided that it is not inconsistent with the nature of the same.
Article 364
The creation of a pledge over a claim (including a pledge over a claim which has not yet arisen) may not be duly asserted against a third party obligor and other third parties unless notice of the creation of the pledge is given to that third party obligor in accordance with the provisions of Article 467, or unless that third party obligors gives consent to the same.
Article 588
If any person has an obligation to pay money or deliver other thing under any arrangement, and the parties agree to regard such thing as the subject matter of a loan for consumption, it is deemed that this establishes a loan for consumption..


Article 346
A pledges secures the principal, interest, penalties, expenses of enforcing the pledge, expense of preserving the thing pledged and the compensation of loss or damage arising from failure to perform obligations or latent defects in the thing pledged;provided, however, that this does not apply if the act establishing the pledge provides otherwise..


Article 400
If the subject matter of a claim is the delivery of a specific thing, the obligor must retain the thing with the due care of a prudent manager, which is determined in light of the contract or other sources of claims and the common sense in the transaction, until the delivery..


Article 366
(1) A pledgee may directly collect the claim that is the subject matter of the pledge.
(2) If monies are the subject matter of a pledged claim, the pledgee may collect the same to the extent of the portion that corresponds to the amount of the pledgee's own claim.
(3) If the due date of the pledged claim referred to in the preceding paragraph arrives prior to the due date of the claim of the pledgee, the pledgee may have the third party obligor deposit with official depository that amount to be paid to the pledgee.In this case, the pledge exists over the amount so deposited.
(4) If the subject matter of the pledged claim is not monies, the pledgee has the pledge over the thing received for the satisfaction of the claim..
