Instruct: Given a legal statement, retrieve articles that support the statement.
Query: 
A subagent's acts are equivalent to an agent's acts because he/she does not act in agency for the agent, but in agency for the priciple, so it is sufficient if he/she indicates that his/her acts are made on behalf of the principle.


Article 99
(1) A manifestation of intention that an agent makes indicating that they will be making a manifestation of intention on behalf of the principal within the scope of the agent's authority binds the principal directly.
(2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis to a manifestation of intention that a third party makes to an agent.
Article 106
(1) A subagent represents the principal with respect to acts within the scope of the authority thereof.
(2) A subagent has the same rights and obligations as an agent in relation to the principal and third parties within the scope of that subagent's authority..


Article 99
(1) A manifestation of intention that an agent makes indicating that they will be making a manifestation of intention on behalf of the principal within the scope of the agent's authority binds the principal directly.
(2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis to a manifestation of intention that a third party makes to an agent..


Article 101
(1) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that an agent has made to the other party is to be influenced by the absence of intention; by mistake, fraud, or duress; or by the knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance; whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent.
(2) If the validity of a manifestation of intention that the other party has made to the agent is to be influenced by the recipient's knowledge of or negligence in not knowing of a particular circumstance, whether or not any such fact was present is decided as it concerns the agent.
(3) If an agent who has been entrusted with performing a specific juridical act performs that act, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know of any particular circumstance of which the principal knew. The same applies to any circumstance of which the principal did not know due to the principal's own negligence..


Article 108
(1) An act that a person performs as an agent of the counterparty or as agent of both parties for the same juridical act is deemed to be an act performed by a person without authority to represent;provided, however, that this does not apply to the performance of an obligation or to an act authorized by the principal in advance.
(2) Beyond what is provided for in the main clause of the preceding paragraph, an act for which the interest of the agent conflicts with the interest of the principal is deemed to be an act performed by a person without authority to represent;provided, however, that this does not apply to an act authorized by the principal in advance.
Article 113
(1) A contract concluded by a person who acts as the agent of another person but has no authority to represent does not bind the principal unless the principal ratifies it.
(2) The ratification or refusal to ratify may not be duly asserted against the counterparty unless it is made to that counterparty;provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty has come to know the ratification or refusal to ratify..


Article 110
The provisions of the main clause of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis if an agent performs an act exceeding the agent's authority to represent and a third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the agent has the authority as an agent..


Article 107
If an agent performs an act that falls within the scope of that agent's authority to represent for the purpose of benefiting the agent's own interests or the interests of a third party, and the other party knew of or could have ascertained that purpose, that act is deemed to be an act performed by a person without authority to represent.
Article 109
(1) A person who indicates to a third party that the person granted certain authority to represent to another person is liable for an act performed between that other person and that third party within the scope of the authority to represent;provided, however, that this does not apply if the third party knew or did not know due to negligence that the other person has not been granted the authority to represent.
(2) If a person who indicates to a third party that the person granted authority to represent to another person is, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, liable for acts performed by that other person in relation to the third party within the scope of the authority to represent, and the other person performs in relation to the third party an act beyond the scope of the authority to represent, the person who makes the indication is liable for that act only if the third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the other person has authority to represent in that act.
Article 110
The provisions of the main clause of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis if an agent performs an act exceeding the agent's authority to represent and a third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the agent has the authority as an agent..


Article 106
(1) A subagent represents the principal with respect to acts within the scope of the authority thereof.
(2) A subagent has the same rights and obligations as an agent in relation to the principal and third parties within the scope of that subagent's authority..


Article 109
(1) A person who indicates to a third party that the person granted certain authority to represent to another person is liable for an act performed between that other person and that third party within the scope of the authority to represent;provided, however, that this does not apply if the third party knew or did not know due to negligence that the other person has not been granted the authority to represent.
(2) If a person who indicates to a third party that the person granted authority to represent to another person is, pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, liable for acts performed by that other person in relation to the third party within the scope of the authority to represent, and the other person performs in relation to the third party an act beyond the scope of the authority to represent, the person who makes the indication is liable for that act only if the third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the other person has authority to represent in that act..


Article 166
(1) A claim is extinguished by prescription in the following cases:
(i) if the obligee does not exercise the right within five years from the time when the obligee came to know that it was exercisable; or
(ii) if the obligee does not exercise the right within 10 years from the time when it became exercisable.
(2) A claim or property right other than ownership is extinguished by prescription if not exercised within 20 years from the time when the right became exercisable.
(3) The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not preclude the commencement of acquisitive prescription for the benefit of a third party that possesses the subject matter of a right with a time of commencement or a right subject to a condition precedent, at the time of commencing the possession;provided, however, that the holder of the right may demand acknowledgment from the possessor at any time to renew the prescription period.
Article 412
(1) If a fixed due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time that due date arrives.
(2) If an uncertain due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time when the obligor receives the request for performance after the due date arrives or the time when the obligor becomes aware of the arrival of that due date, whichever comes earlier.
(3) If no time limit is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor is liable for delay from the time the obligor receives the request for performance..


Article 20
(1) After a person with qualified legal capacity who is involved in dealings with another party becomes a person with the legal capacity to act (meaning a person whose legal capacity to act is not subject to restrictions; the same applies hereinafter), the other party to those dealings may fix a period of one month or longer and demand that the person give a definite answer within that period of time as to whether the person will ratify an act that the person may rescind. In such a case, if the person fails to send a definite answer within that period of time, the person is deemed to have ratified that act.
(2) The second sentence of the preceding paragraph also applies if, before the person with qualified legal capacity becomes a person with the legal capacity to act, the other party to dealings involving the person with qualified legal capacity lodges the demand prescribed in the preceding paragraph with the legal representative, curator, or assistant of that person with respect to an act within the scope of their authority, and they fail to send a definite answer within the fixed period of time referred to in that paragraph.
(3) If a person does not send notice within the period of time set forth in the preceding two paragraphs indicating that the person has completed any special formalities that an act requires, the person is deemed to have rescinded that act.
(4) The other party to dealings involving a person with qualified legal capacity may lodge a demand with a person under curatorship or with a person under assistance who is subject to a decision as referred to in Article 17, paragraph (1) to demand that the person get the curator or assistant to ratify an act within the fixed period referred to in paragraph (1). In such a case, if the person under curatorship or person under assistance does not send notice within that period indicating that the person has gotten the curator or assistant to ratify the act in question, the person is deemed to have rescinded that act..


Article 132
A juridical act subject to an unlawful condition is void. The same applies to a juridical act subject to the condition that an unlawful act not be performed..


Article 424-7 (1) In an action concerning demand for rescission of fraudulent act, the person specified in each of the following items according to the categories set forth in the respective items stands as a defendant:
(i) an action concerning demand for rescission of fraudulent act against the beneficiary: the beneficiary; or
(ii) an action concerning demand for rescission of fraudulent act against the subsequent acquirer: the subsequent acquirer that is the other party to the demand for rescission of fraudulent act.
(2) If the obligee files an action concerning demand for rescission of fraudulent act, the obligee must give notice of suit to the obligor without delay.


Article 613
(1) If a lessee lawfully subleases a leased thing, the sublessee is liable to perform an obligation based on the sublease directly to the lessor, to the extent of the scope of the lessee's obligation based on the lease between the lessor and the lessee. In such a case, advance payment of rent may not be duly asserted against the lessor.
(2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude the lessor from exercising rights against the lessee.
(3) If the lessee lawfully subleases a leased thing, the lessor may not duly assert against the sublessee the cancellation by agreement of the lease with the lessee;provided, however, that this does not apply if, at the time of the cancellation, the lessor has a right to cancel due to non-performance on the part of the lessee..


Article 462
(1) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis if a person, that has given guarantee without the request of the principal obligor, performs an act for extinguishment of obligation.
(2) A person that has become a guarantor against the will of the principal obligor has the right to reimbursement only to the extent currently enriched.In this case, if the principal obligor asserts to have grounds for set-off against the obligee prior to the day of the demand for reimbursement, the guarantor may demand that the obligee perform the obligation which would have been extinguished by that set-off.
(3) The provisions of Article 459-2, paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the exercise of the right to reimbursement if the guarantor referred to in the preceding two paragraphs performs an act for extinguishment of obligation before the due date of the principal obligation..


Article 499
A person that has performed the obligation for the benefit of the obligor is subrogated to the claim of the obligee.
Article 500
The provisions of Article 467
apply mutatis mutandis in the case referred to in the preceding Article (unless a person with a legitimate interest in making performance is subrogated to the claim of the obligee)..


Article 482
If a person that has right to perform an obligation (hereinafter referred to as a "performer") concludes a contract with the obligee to the effect that the person is to have the obligation extinguished by making, in lieu of the payment or delivery to be performed by the obligor, another type of payment or delivery, and the performer makes that other type of payment or delivery, the payment or delivery thus made has the same effect as that of the performance of the obligation..


Article 184
If a thing is possessed through an agent, the principal orders that agent to thenceforward possess that thing on behalf of a third party, and that third party consents thereto, the third party acquires the possessory rights..


Article 106
(1) A subagent represents the principal with respect to acts within the scope of the authority thereof.
(2) A subagent has the same rights and obligations as an agent in relation to the principal and third parties within the scope of that subagent's authority..


Article 449
If a guarantor that guarantees an obligation which may be voidable due to the principal obligor's limited capacity to act, is aware, at the time of entering into a guarantee contract, of the cause for its voidability, that guarantor is presumed to have assumed an independent obligation of the same subject matter in the event of non-performance by the principal obligor or rescission of the obligation..


Article 28
If an administrator needs to perform an act exceeding the authority provided for in Article 103, the administrator may perform that act after obtaining the permission of the family court. The same applies if it is unclear whether the absentee is dead or alive and the administrator needs to perform an act exceeding the authority established by the absentee.
Article 103
An agent who has no specifically defined authority has the authority to perform the following acts only:
(i) acts of preservation; and
(ii) acts with the purpose of using or improving a thing or right that is the subject matter of the agency, to the extent that this does not change the nature of that thing or right..


Article 478
Performance made to a person that does not constitute a person authorized to accept the performance (meaning the obligee or a third party authorized to accept performance based on the provisions of laws and regulations or the manifestation of intention of the parties; the same applies hereinafter) but that appears to be the person authorized to accept the performance in light of common sense in the transaction is effective only if the person effecting performance was acting in good faith and without negligence.
Article 479
Except as provided in the preceding Article, any performance made to a person other than the person with right to performance is effective only to the extent that the obligee is enriched as a result thereof..


Article 457
(1) The postponement of expiry of prescription period and the renewal of prescription period due to grounds such as a request for performance in relation to the principal obligor are also effective in relation to the guarantor.
(2) A guarantor may assert against the obligee a defense that can be raised by the principal obligor.
(3) If the principal obligor has a right to set-off, right to rescind or right to cancel against the obligee, the guarantor may refuse to perform the obligation to the obligee to the extent that the principal obligor should have been released from the obligation by exercising these rights..


Article 131
(1) If a condition has already been fulfilled at the time of a juridical act and that condition is a condition precedent, the juridical act constitutes an unconditional juridical act; if that condition is a condition subsequent, the juridical act is void.
(2) If it has already been established at the time of a juridical act that a condition will not be fulfilled and that condition is a condition precedent, the juridical act is void; if that condition is a condition subsequent, the juridical act constitutes an unconditional act.
(3) In the cases referred to in the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the provisions of Article 128
and Article 129
apply mutatis mutandis until the relevant party becomes aware that the condition has been or has not been fulfilled..


Article 115
A counterparty may rescind a contract that a person without the authority to represent has concluded until the principal ratifies it;provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty knew at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the agent had no authority to represent..


Article 423
(1) An obligee may exercise the right of the obligor (hereinafter referred to as the "subrogor's right") when it is necessary to do so in order to preserve the obligee's own claim; provided, however, that this does not apply to rights which belong exclusively to and are personal to the obligor or rights which are immune from attachment.
(2) The obligee may not exercise the subrogor's right unless and until the obligee's claim becomes due;provided, however, that this does not apply to an act of preservation.
(3) The obligee may not exercise the subrogor's right if the obligee's claim is not enforceable by compulsory execution..
