Instruct: Given a statement, retrieve legal articles that support it.
Query:  A lease becomes effective only when in writing. 

Article 601
A lease becomes effective if one of the parties promises to make a certain thing available for the other party to use and make profit, and the other party promises to pay rent for the leased thing and return the delivered thing when the contract is terminated..


Article 593
A loan for use becomes effective if one of the parties promises to deliver a certain thing, and the other party promises to return the thing when the contract is terminated after the other party gratuitously uses and makes profit of the borrowed thing..


Article 605
A lease of immovables, when registered, may be duly asserted against a third party such as a person that subsequently acquires real rights with respect to the immovables..


Article 587
A loan for consumption becomes effective when a first party receives money or any other thing from a second party, having promised to return a thing of the same type, quality, and quantity.
Article 587-2
(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Article, a loan for consumption made in writing becomes effective when a first party promises to deliver money or any other thing and a second party promises to return a thing of the same type, quality, and quantity as the thing delivered.
(2) The borrower of a loan for consumption made in writing may cancel the contract until the borrower receives the money or other thing from the lender. In such a case, if the lender sustains any damage from the cancellation of the contract, the lender may claim compensation therefor.
(3) A loan for consumption made in writing ceases to be effective if either of the parties receives an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings before the borrower receives the thing such as money from the lender.
(4) If a loan for consumption is made by means of an electronic or magnetic record in which its content is recorded, the loan for consumption is deemed to have been made in writing, and the provisions of the preceding three paragraphs apply thereto..


Article 446
(1) A guarantor has the responsibility to perform the obligation of the principal obligor when the latter fails to perform that obligation.
(2) No guarantee contract becomes effective unless it is made in writing.
(3) If a guarantee contract is concluded by electronic or magnetic record which records the terms thereof, the guarantee contract is deemed to be made in writing, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph apply..


Article 446
(1) A guarantor has the responsibility to perform the obligation of the principal obligor when the latter fails to perform that obligation.
(2) No guarantee contract becomes effective unless it is made in writing.
(3) If a guarantee contract is concluded by electronic or magnetic record which records the terms thereof, the guarantee contract is deemed to be made in writing, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph apply..


Article 213
(1) If the partition of land creates a parcel of land that has no access to public roads, the owner of that parcel of land may pass to the public roads only through the lands owned by another person that participated in the partition.In this case, it is necessary to pay compensation.
(2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the owner of land transfers part of the land to another person..


Article 597
(1) If the parties specify a period of a loan for use, the loan for use is terminated upon the expiration of the period.
(2) If the parties do not specify a period of a loan for use, but they specify the purpose of using and making profit from the borrowed thing, the loan for use is terminated when the borrower finishes using and making profit from the thing in line with the purpose.
(3) A loan for use is terminated upon the death of the borrower..


Article 339
Statutory liens registered in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two Articles may be exercised prior to mortgages.
Article 338
(1) In order to preserve the effectiveness of statutory liens for construction work for immovables, the budgeted expenses of the construction work must be registered prior to the commencement of the same.In this case, if the expenses of the construction work exceed the budgeted amount, a statutory lien does not exist with respect to the amount in excess of the same.
(2) The amount of increase in value of immovables that resulted from construction work must be evaluated by an appraiser appointed by the court at the time of the participation in the distribution..


Article 113
(1) A contract concluded by a person who acts as the agent of another person but has no authority to represent does not bind the principal unless the principal ratifies it.
(2) The ratification or refusal to ratify may not be duly asserted against the counterparty unless it is made to that counterparty;provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty has come to know the ratification or refusal to ratify.
Article 115
A counterparty may rescind a contract that a person without the authority to represent has concluded until the principal ratifies it;provided, however, that this does not apply if the counterparty knew at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the agent had no authority to represent..


Article 333
Statutory liens may not be exercised against the movables that are the subject matter of the same after the obligors have delivered those movables to third party acquirers..


Article 606
(1) A lessor assumes an obligation to effect repairs necessary for using and making profit of the leased thing;provided, however, that this does not apply if repairs are necessary due to any grounds attributable to the lessee.
(2) A lessee may not refuse if the lessor seeks to engage in an act that is necessary for the preservation of the leased thing..


Article 302
A right of retention is extinguished if the holder of the right of retention loses possession of the thing retained;provided, however, that this does not apply if the thing retained is leased or it is made the subject of a pledge pursuant to the provisions of Article 298, paragraph (2)..


Article 120 (2) An act that is voidable on the grounds of a mistake, fraud or duress may be rescinded only by the person who made the defective manifestation of intention, or an agent or successor thereof.


Article 313
(1) The statutory lien of a lessor of land exists against movables furnished to that land or buildings for the use of that land, movables provided for the use of that land, and fruits of that land in the possession of the lessee.
(2) The statutory lien of a lessor of a building exists against movables furnished to that building by the lessee..


Article 624
(1) An employee may not demand remuneration until the work the employee promised to perform has been completed.
(2) Remuneration specified with reference to a period may be claimed after the passage of that period..


Article 612
(1) A lessee may not assign the lease or sublease a leased thing without obtaining the approval of the lessor.
(2) If the lessee allows any third party to make use of or take the profits of a leased thing in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the lessor may cancel the contract..


Article 613
(1) If a lessee lawfully subleases a leased thing, the sublessee is liable to perform an obligation based on the sublease directly to the lessor, to the extent of the scope of the lessee's obligation based on the lease between the lessor and the lessee. In such a case, advance payment of rent may not be duly asserted against the lessor.
(2) The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not preclude the lessor from exercising rights against the lessee.
(3) If the lessee lawfully subleases a leased thing, the lessor may not duly assert against the sublessee the cancellation by agreement of the lease with the lessee;provided, however, that this does not apply if, at the time of the cancellation, the lessor has a right to cancel due to non-performance on the part of the lessee..


Article 333
Statutory liens may not be exercised against the movables that are the subject matter of the same after the obligors have delivered those movables to third party acquirers..


Article 344
The creation of a pledge becomes effective through delivery of the subject matter of the pledge to the obligee.
Article 345
A pledgee may not allow a pledgor to possess the thing pledged on behalf of the pledgee..


Article 506
(1) Set-offs are effected through the manifestation of one party's intention to the other. In such a case, no condition or time limit may be added to the manifestation of intention.
(2) A manifestation of intention as referred to in the preceding paragraph is effective retroactive to the time when the obligations of both parties became eligible to be set-off..


Article 446
(1) A guarantor has the responsibility to perform the obligation of the principal obligor when the latter fails to perform that obligation.
(2) No guarantee contract becomes effective unless it is made in writing.
(3) If a guarantee contract is concluded by electronic or magnetic record which records the terms thereof, the guarantee contract is deemed to be made in writing, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph apply..


Article 201
(1) An action for maintenance of possession must be filed during the obstruction or within one year after the obstruction stops;provided, however, that if the possessed thing has been damaged due to construction work and either one year has passed from the time when the construction was started or the construction has been completed, the action may not be filed.
(2) An action for preservation of possession may be filed so long as the danger of obstruction exists.In this case, the provisions of the proviso to the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if the possessed thing is likely to be damaged by the construction work.
(3) An action for recovery of possession must be filed within one year from the time when a possessor was forcibly dispossessed..


Article 587
A loan for consumption becomes effective when a first party receives money or any other thing from a second party, having promised to return a thing of the same type, quality, and quantity.
Article 588
If any person has an obligation to pay money or deliver other thing under any arrangement, and the parties agree to regard such thing as the subject matter of a loan for consumption, it is deemed that this establishes a loan for consumption..


Article 335
(1) Holders of general statutory liens cannot be paid out of immovables unless they are first paid out of property other than immovables and a claim that is not satisfied remains.
(2) With respect to immovables, holders of general statutory liens must first be paid out of those that are not the subject matters of special security.
(3) If holders of general statutory liens fail to participate in distributions in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, they may not exercise their statutory liens against registered third parties with respect to amounts that would have been paid to them if they had participated in the distribution.
(4) The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs do not apply if the proceeds of immovables are distributed prior to the proceeds of assets other than immovables, or if the proceeds of immovables that are the subject matter of a special security are distributed prior to the proceeds of other immovables..
