Out of these 30 manuscripts of the Rigveda are very important which have been included in the heritage list by UNESCO. For example, the Abrahamic religions believe that Abraham lived c. 2000-1850 BCE but the oldest surviving Hebrew manuscripts (the fragmentary "Dead Sea Scrolls") date back to c. 150 BCE. Karl Friedrick Geldner completed the earliest scholarly translation of Rigveda in 1920s, in German. One theory holds that these texts were meant to be studied in a forest, while the other holds that the name came from these being the manuals of allegorical interpretation of sacrifices, for those in Vanaprastha (retired, forest-dwelling) stage of their life, according to the historic age-based Ashrama system of human life. Probably, therefore, it is just what one of the manuscripts calls it—the Brahmana of Sankhayana (composed) in accordance with the views of Kaushitaki. , The Yajurveda Samhita consists of prose mantras. Griffith's introduction mentions the recension history for his text. ṛcas), which are further analysed into units of verse called pada ("foot" or step).  H.D. " Some Hindus challenge the authority of the Vedas, thereby implicitly acknowledging its importance to the history of Hinduism, states Lipner.  The Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads, among other things, interpret and discuss the Samhitas in philosophical and metaphorical ways to explore abstract concepts such as the Absolute (Brahman), and the soul or the self (Atman), introducing Vedanta philosophy, one of the major trends of later Hinduism.  For example, memorization of the sacred Vedas included up to eleven forms of recitation of the same text.  The first mandala has a unique arrangement not found in the other nine mandalas. For example, the first chapter of the Chandogya Brahmana, one of the oldest Brahmanas, includes eight ritual suktas (hymns) for the ceremony of marriage and rituals at the birth of a child. The Vedas (वेद veda, “knowledge”) are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India.Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.Hindus consider the Vedas to be apauruṣeya, which means “not of a man, superhuman” and “impersonal, authorless”.  According to Deshpande, "the tradition of the Sanskrit grammarians also contributed significantly to the preservation and interpretation of Vedic texts. Also invoked are Savitr, Vishnu, Rudra, Pushan, Brihaspati or Brahmanaspati, as well as deified natural phenomena such as Dyaus Pita (the shining sky, Father Heaven), Prithivi (the earth, Mother Earth), Surya (the sun god), Vayu or Vata (the wind), Apas (the waters), Parjanya (the thunder and rain), Vac (the word), many rivers (notably the Sapta Sindhu, and the Sarasvati River). The uttara-kanda (or jnana-kanda),[note 20] the part of the Veda dealing with the knowledge of the absolute, gives knowledge of Parabrahma, "which fulfills all of our desires.  Each school followed its own canon. [note 10] Sri Aurobindo finds Sayana's interpretation to be ritualistic in nature, and too often having inconsistent interpretations of Vedic terms, trying to fit the meaning to a narrow mold. , Some of the names of gods and goddesses found in the Rigveda are found amongst other belief systems based on Proto-Indo-European religion, while most of the words used share common roots with words from other Indo-European languages. That which, becoming, by the void was covered; A copy of the Rigveda samhita Books 1 to 3 in Tamil Grantha script is preserved at the Cambridge University Sanskrit Manuscript Library (MS Or.2366). Celtic Psalter. The oldest dated to about 900 BCE, while the youngest Brahmanas (such as the Shatapatha Brahmana), were complete by about 700 BCE. Combined with an epic story, tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom, it must contain the significance of every scripture, and forward every art. What stirred? The central concern of the Upanishads are the connections "between parts of the human organism and cosmic realities. and Staal, though they have also found some support. The Vedic People: Their History and Geography, Rajesh Kochar, 2000, Orient Longman, Michael Witzel (1996), Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period, Journal of South Asia Women Studies, Vol 2, No 4, Chakrabarti, D.K. H.H.Wilson also translated this book into English as Rigveda Sanhita in the year 1856. Regarding the authorship of the sister work we have no information, except that the opinion of the sage Kaushitaki is frequently referred to in it as authoritative, and generally in opposition to the Paingya—the Brahmana, it would seem, of a rival school, the Paingins. , Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy. Thirteen contain Sayana's commentary. Pre-Rig Veda astronomers had explained such advanc ... 5000 YEAR OLD VEDIC MANUSCRIPT DESCRIBES TV, ATOMIC ENERGY & SPACE TRAVEL. The Rigvedic hymns are dedicated to various deities, chief of whom are Indra, a heroic god praised for having slain his enemy Vrtra; Agni, the sacrificial fire; and Soma, the sacred potion or the plant it is made from. They identified elements that appeared to them as inappropriate combinations and obscuring the meaning of the text. Max Müller notably introduced the term "henotheism" for the philosophy expressed here, avoiding the connotations of "monotheism" in Judeo-Christian tradition.  The term áyas (metal) occurs in the Rigveda, but it is unclear which metal it was. Where? The study of Sanskrit in the West began in the 17th century. The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas, On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal, An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance, Poetry of different cultures and languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&oldid=1000761030, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with disputed statements from May 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Any text considered as "connected to the Vedas" or a "corollary of the Vedas", The texts considered "Vedic" in the sense of "corollaries of the Vedas" are less clearly defined, and may include numerous post-Vedic texts such as the later. Naturally classified with the Veda to which each pertains, Parisista works exist for each of the four Vedas. The surviving form of the Rigveda is based on an early Iron Age (c. 10th c. BC) collection that established the core 'family books' (mandalas 2-7, ordered by author, deity and meter ) and a later redaction, co-eval with the redaction of the other Vedas, dating several centuries after the hymns were composed. " Most Śrauta rituals are not performed in the modern era, and those that are, are rare.  Translations of shorter cherrypicked anthologies have been published by Wendy Doniger in 1981, and by Walter Maurer in 1986. the Iyengar communities), the word veda is used in the Tamil writings of the Alvar saints. Barbara A. Holdrege (1995), Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture, State University of New York Press, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMonier-Williams2006 (. On magic spells and charms, such as those to gain better health: Kenneth Zysk (1993), Religious Medicine: The History and Evolution of Indian Medicine, Routledge. H.H. The sūktas in turn consist of individual stanzas called ṛc ("praise", pl.  The "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000–500 BCE. Originally, the knowledge of the Vedas was transferred from one generation to others by the ancient seers. N. Kazanas (2002), Indigenous Indo-Aryans and the Rigveda, Journal of Indo-European Studies, Vol.  Already at the end of the Vedic period their original meaning had become obscure for "ordinary people,"[note 13] and niruktas, etymological compendia, were developed to preserve and clarify the original meaning of many Sanskrit words. As Axel Michaels explains: These classifications are often not tenable for linguistic and formal reasons: There is not only one collection at any one time, but rather several handed down in separate Vedic schools; Upanişads [...] are sometimes not to be distinguished from Āraṇyakas [...]; Brāhmaṇas contain older strata of language attributed to the Saṃhitās; there are various dialects and locally prominent traditions of the Vedic schools.  For Sayana, whether the mantras had meaning depended on the context of their practical usage. , According to Nadkarni, several hymns of the Rigveda embed cherished virtues and ethical statements. ), This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 16:04. Partial translation (30 hymns). , Tradition associates a rishi (the composer) with each ṛc (verse) of the Rigveda. Who can here proclaim it? Preface to Khila section by C.G.Kāshikar in Volume-5 of Pune Edition of RV (in references).  According to Staal, criticising the Goody-Watt hypothesis "according to which literacy is more reliable than orality," this tradition of oral transmission "is closely related to Indian forms of science," and "by far the more remarkable" than the relatively recent tradition of written transmission. James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. Whence, whence this creation sprang? , Some of its verses continue to be recited during Hindu rites of passage celebrations (such as weddings) and prayers, making it probably the world's oldest religious text in continued use. The Vedas comprise a vast corpus of Sanskrit poetry, philosophical dialogue, myth, and ritual incantations developed and composed by Aryans over 3,500 years ago. Partial translation published by B. R. Publishing (, H. H. Wilson, Ravi Prakash Arya and K. L. Joshi, Partial translation (Mandala 1 and 2). Griffiths, Arlo and Houben, Jan E.M. , The Sanskrit term veda as a common noun means "knowledge".  Within each collection, the hymns are arranged in descending order of the number of stanzas per hymn. , The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda samhita includes about 1,875 verses, that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in Rigveda. Lal, B.B. , The substance of the Brahmana text varies with each Veda. Root cognates are Greek ἰδέα, English wit, etc., Latin videō "I see", German wissen "to know" etc. "; Of these, Śākala Shākha is the only one to have survived in its entirety. Published as 6 volumes, by N. Trübner & Co., London.  The Atharvaveda was not considered as a Veda in the Vedic era, and was accepted as a Veda in late 1st millennium BCE. [note 5]. Andrea Pinkney (2014), Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia (Editors: Bryan Turner and Oscar Salemink), Routledge. The manuscript. Any manuscripts that exist are just copies of texts that existed long before then in oral form, so there's no sense in which any manuscript can be called original.  They also incorporate myths, legends and in some cases philosophy. The term "Vedic texts" is used in two distinct meanings: The corpus of Vedic Sanskrit texts includes: While production of Brahmanas and Aranyakas ceased with the end of the Vedic period, additional Upanishads were composed after the end of the Vedic period.  This provided an additional visual confirmation, and also an alternate means to check the reading integrity by the audience, in addition to the audible means. , The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of magical formulas", an epithet declared to be incorrect by other scholars.  Only this tradition, embodied by a living teacher, can teach the correct pronunciation of the sounds and explain hidden meanings, in a way the "dead and entombed manuscript" cannot do. Māṇḍukāyana: Perhaps the oldest of the Rigvedic shakhas. The early attempts may have been unsuccessful given the Smriti rules that forbade the writing down the Vedas, states Witzel. The 2,000-year-old scroll has been in the hands of archaeologists for decades. , The Rig Veda plays a role in the modern construction of a Hindu identity, portraying Hindus as the original inhabitants of India. Vyasa then taught the Rigveda samhita to Paila, who started the oral tradition. "; , The canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold (turīya) viz.,, Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called "trayī vidyā"; that is, "the triple science" of reciting hymns (Rigveda), performing sacrifices (Yajurveda), and chanting songs (Samaveda). , The rituals became increasingly complex over time, and the king's association with them strengthened both the position of the Brahmans and the kings. The term Vedanta means in Sanskrit the “conclusion” (anta) of the Vedas, the earliest sacred literature of India. [note 7] The Vedas are a large body of Hindu texts originating in ancient India, with its Samhita and Brahmanas complete before about 800 BCE. [note 4] The linguistic sharing provide clear indications, states Michael Witzel, that the people who spoke Rigvedic Sanskrit already knew and interacted with Munda and Dravidian speakers. 1.164.6: "What, where is the unborn support for the born universe? Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex University Press. . They were memorized and verbally transmitted with "unparalleled fidelity" across generations for many centuries. But the Tamil Naan Marai mentioned in Tholkappiam isn't Sanskrit Vedas.  According to Mookerji, while these truths are imparted to the student by the memorized texts, "the realization of Truth" and the knowledge of paramatman as revealed to the rishis is the real aim of Vedic learning, and not the mere recitation of texts. Agrawal, D. P. (2002). , The Vedangas developed towards the end of the vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. [note 5] This collection was re-arranged and expanded in the Kuru Kingdom, reflecting the establishment of a new Bharata-Puru lineage and new srauta rituals.  The Vedic hymns themselves assert that they were skillfully created by Rishis (sages), after inspired creativity, just as a carpenter builds a chariot. , The books were composed by poets from different priestly groups over a period of several centuries between c. 1500 and 1200 BC,[note 1] (the early Vedic period) in the Punjab (Sapta Sindhu) region of the northwest Indian subcontinent. What is the oldest surviving manuscript of the Hindu religion (most likely a copy of the Rig Veda)? The family books are associated with specific regions, and mention prominent Bharata and Pūru kings. The women of the Rigveda are quite outspoken and appear more sexually confident than men, in the text. It applies to the Upanishads, which were elaborations of the Vedas, and to the school that arose out of the study  Two different versions of the text – the Paippalāda and the Śaunakīya – have survived into the modern times. Whether God's will created it, or whether He was mute; Hindus consider the Vedas to be apauruṣeya, which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless," revelations of sacred sounds and texts heard by ancient sages after intense meditation. H. H. Wilson was the first to make a translation of the Rig Veda into English, published in six volumes during the period 1850–88.  Wilson's version was based on the commentary of Sāyaṇa, a Sanskrit scholar of 14th century, who provided a commentary on the complete text of Rigveda in his book Rigveda Samhita;[note 11] and Wilson also translated Sāyaṇa's commentary into English as Rigveda Sanhita in the year 1856. [note 5] In an alternate classification, the early part of Vedas are called Samhitas and the commentary are called the Brahmanas which together are identified as the ceremonial karma-kanda, while Aranyakas and Upanishads are referred to as the jnana-kanda. , Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity. , In the Samaveda, some of the Rigvedic verses are repeated. Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man, CL Prabhakar (1972), The Recensions of the Sukla Yajurveda, Archív Orientální, Volume 40, Issue 1, pp. However, Griffith's philology was outdated even in the 19th-century and questioned by scholars. The oldest of the Pune collection is dated to 1464. The two surviving Rigvedic corpora are those of the Śākala and the Bāṣkala shakhas.  According to Andrea Pinkney, "the social history and context of the Vedic texts are extremely distant from contemporary Hindu religious beliefs and practice", and the reverence for the Vedas in contemporary Hinduism illustrates the respect among the Hindus for their heritage. "[note 12] Mookerji explains that the Vedic knowledge was first perceived by the rishis and munis. ", The emphasis in this transmission[note 9] is on the "proper articulation and pronunciation of the Vedic sounds," as prescribed in the Shiksha, the Vedanga (Vedic study) of sound as uttered in a Vedic recitation, mastering the texts "literally forward and backward in fully acoustic fashion.  The philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the bulk of the Rigveda Samhita was composed in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, most likely between c. 1500 and 1000 BCE, although a wider approximation of c. 1700–1000 BCE has also been given. The manuscripts of Śākala recension of the Rigveda have about 10,600 verses, organized into ten Books (Mandalas).  Galewicz states that Sayana, a Mimamsa scholar, "thinks of the Veda as something to be trained and mastered to be put into practical ritual use," noticing that "it is not the meaning of the mantras that is most essential [...] but rather the perfect mastering of their sound form. PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press.  According to Staal, as referenced by Holdrege, though the mantras may have a discursive meaning, when the mantras are recited in the Vedic rituals "they are disengaged from their original context and are employed in ways that have little or nothing to do with their meaning.  Women in the Rigveda appear disproportionately as speakers in dialogue hymns, both as mythical or divine Indrani, Apsaras Urvasi, or Yami, as well as Apāla Ātreyī (RV 8.91), Godhā (RV 10.134.6), Ghoṣā Kākṣīvatī (RV 10.39.40), Romaśā (RV 1.126.7), Lopāmudrā (RV 1.179.1–2), Viśvavārā Ātreyī (RV 5.28), Śacī Paulomī (RV 10.159), Śaśvatī Āṅgirasī (RV 8.1.34). Only a small portion of these texts has been preserved: The texts of only two out of five shakhas mentioned by the Rigveda Pratishakhya have survived. The Aitareya-brahmana and the Kaushitaki- (or Sankhayana-) brahmana evidently have for their groundwork the same stock of traditional exegetic matter. [note 1] Being composed in an early Indo-Aryan language, the hymns must post-date the Indo-Iranian separation, dated to roughly 2000 BCE.  The text introduced the prized concepts such as Rta (active realization of truth, cosmic harmony) which inspired the later Hindu concept of Dharma. They are in the Sharada and Devanagari scripts, written on birch bark and paper. If two hymns in the same collection have equal numbers of stanzas then they are arranged so that the number of syllables in the metre are in descending order. According to tradition, Vyasa is the compiler of the Vedas, who arranged the four kinds of mantras into four Samhitas (Collections). For other uses, see, Manuscripts of the Vedas are in the Sanskrit language, but in many regional scripts in addition to the, Chronology, transmission and interpretation, It is certain that the hymns of the Rig Veda post-date, For a table of all Vedic texts see Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and, The Vedic Sanskrit corpus is incorporated in, "As a skilled craftsman makes a car, a singer I, Mighty One! John Carman (1989), The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli, University of Chicago Press, 37,575 are Rigvedic. The surviving form of the Rigveda is based on an early Iron Age collection that established the core 'family books' (mandalas 2–7, ordered by author, deity and meter) and a later redaction, coeval with the redaction of the other Vedas, dating several centuries after the hymns were composed. Mookerji also refers to the Uśanā smriti (81-2), which "states that mastery of mere text of Veda is to be followed up by its meaning" by discussing the Vedanta. Darkness there was at first, by darkness hidden; Appears in a series of publications, organized by the deities. Alex Wayman (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, "The latest of the four Vedas, the Atharva-Veda, is, as we have seen, largely composed of magical texts and charms, but here and there we find cosmological hymns which anticipate the Upanishads, – hymns to Skambha, the 'Support', who is seen as the first principle which is both the material and efficient cause of the universe, to Prāna, the 'Breath of Life', to Vāc, the 'Word', and so on.  By reciting them the cosmos is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base. The Rig Veda consists of 1028 hymns divided into 10 books called mandalas, and is used for recitation. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts). The Bāṣakala version of Rigveda includes eight of these vālakhilya hymns among its regular hymns, making a total of 1025 hymns in the main text for this śākhā. The philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rig Veda is one of the oldest existing texts in any Indo-European language and that probably originated from the region of present day Pakistan, between 1500 and 1200 BCE. 30, pp. The term upaveda ("applied knowledge") is used in traditional literature to designate the subjects of certain technical works. "; , The first mandala is the largest, with 191 hymns and 2006 verses, and it was added to the text after Books 2 through 9.  It was generally accepted that creative poets often embed and express double meanings, ellipses and novel ideas to inspire the reader. Other widely cited examples of monistic tendencies include hymns 1.164, 8.36 and 10.31, Other scholars state that Rigveda includes an emerging diversity of thought, including monotheism, polytheism, henotheism and pantheism, the choice left to the preference of the worshipper. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWitzel1991 (, H. Oldenberg, Prolegomena,1888, Engl. Ultimately these families decided that the potential good of making these manuscripts accessible for current and future students and practitioners of the Vedas outweighed the possibilities of misuse.  Of these 300, many – such as kapardin, kumara, kumari, kikata – come from Munda or proto-Munda languages found in the eastern and northeastern (Assamese) region of India, with roots in Austroasiatic languages. He gives 150 BCE (Patañjali) as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature, and 1200 BCE (the early Iron Age) as terminus post quem for the Atharvaveda. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit hymns, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literaturea… 1200 BCE, by members of the early Kuru tribe, when the center of Vedic culture east from the Punjab into what is now Uttar Pradesh. Later republished several times (, Pandit H.P. Gavin Flood, an eminent Professor of Hindu studies at Oxford University, has proposed these dates for the compositi… In the 1877 edition of Aufrecht, the 1028 hymns of the Rigveda contain a total of 10,552 ṛcs, or 39,831 padas. The Rigveda represents the earliest sacred book of India. photo source: WikipediaThe Kesh Temple Hymn is one of the oldest surviving pieces of literature in the world.  The Rigveda, or other Vedas, do not anywhere assert that they are apauruṣeyā, and this reverential term appears only centuries after the end of the Vedic period in the texts of the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy. its younger parts, specifically mandalas 1 and 10, have been noted as containing monistic or henotheistic speculations.. In all, 10 families of rishis account for more than 95 per cent of the ṛcs, The codification of the Rigveda took place late in the Rigvedic or rather in the early post-Rigvedic period at ca. The others in the list of 300 – such as mleccha and nir – have Dravidian roots found in the southern region of India, or are of Tibeto-Burman origins. Some of these texts have survived, most lost or yet to be found. That One by force of heat came into being; Who really knows?  The text also contains hymns of "highly poetical value" – some in dialogue form, along with love stories that likely inspired later Epic and classical poets of Hinduism, states Witzel. Biswas et al (1989), Cosmic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press. The Atharva Veda also dedicates significant portion of the text asking the meaning of a ritual.  The Rigveda was codified by compiling the hymns, including the arrangement of the individual hymns in ten books, coeval with the composition of the younger Veda Samhitas. The texts are over 2000 years old, the re-copying into this particular manuscript is a pre-1890 reproduction. Hinduism does not just have one sacred book but several scriptures. The oldest manuscript was dated back to 1464 A … , The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts.  The oral tradition continued as a means of transmission until modern times.  That these methods have been effective, is attested to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the Rigveda, as redacted into a single text during the Brahmana period, without any variant readings within that school. Rigveda manuscripts were selected for inscription in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2007. In the early 19th century, Arthur Schopenhauer drew attention to Vedic texts, specifically the Upanishads. Finally, the meter too is systematically arranged from jagati and tristubh to anustubh and gayatri as the text progresses. , The Sanskrit word véda "knowledge, wisdom" is derived from the root vid- "to know". The remaining portions (9–15) of the Aranyaka treat of the vital airs, the internal Agnihotra, etc., ending with the vamsha, or succession of teachers. Cambridge: Harvard Oriental Series 1994, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMüller1892 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFOberlies1998 (, The Hymns of the Rig-Veda in the Samhita Text, Ṛig-Veda-Sanhitā: A Collection of Ancient Hindu Hymns, Der Rig-Veda: aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche Übersetzt, https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true, The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu, M. Witzel, Early Sanskritization – Origin and development of the Kuru state, Stephanie W. Jamison & Joel P. Brereton 2014, Rigvedasamhita, Rigvedasamhita-Padapatha and Rigvedasamhitabhashya, Short histories of the literatures of the world, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073864.003.0010, "The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 164 – Wikisource, the free online library", The Vivaha (Marriage) Samskara as a Paradigm for Religio-cultural Integration in Hinduism, "The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : The Manuscript Department", Rig Veda - Hymns to the Mystic Fire - Sri Aurobindo - INDEX, "Indo-Iranian Languages in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture", "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state", Original Sanskrit text in ASCII transliteration, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigveda&oldid=998178435, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with incomplete citations from December 2015, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Commentary on the first 40 hymns of the Rigveda. Journal of Indo-European Studies, Vol. , Though many religious Hindus implicitly acknowledge the authority of the Vedas, this acknowledgment is often "no more than a declaration that someone considers himself [or herself] a Hindu,"[note 24] and "most Indians today pay lip service to the Veda and have no regard for the contents of the text.  According to Jan Gonda, the final codification of the Brahmanas took place in pre-Buddhist times (ca. Sayana, in the introduction to his commentary on the work, ascribes the Aitareya to the sage Mahidasa Aitareya (i.e.  In addition, the Bāṣkala recension has its own appendix of 98 hymns, the Khilani.. , The Rigveda is structured based on clear principles. The Rigveda Samhita is available here. , Rigveda, in contemporary Hinduism, has been a reminder of the ancient cultural heritage and point of pride for Hindus, with some hymns still in use in major rites of passage ceremonies, but the literal acceptance of most of the textual essence is long gone.  The content of the 10th Book also suggest that the authors knew and relied on the contents of the first nine books. , The Rigveda is the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text. The Samhitas are the earliest Vedas texts and date roughly from 1500 BCE to 1000 BCE. The total number of verses and meter counts show minor variations with the manuscript. Ritual, University of South Asia, and they were transferred to Deccan College Pune! Of symbolic meta-rituals, as well as philosophical speculations and to theosophy Rigveda was first by... By N. K. Gupta, Pondicherry [ 31 ] [ 61 ] [ 41,! Veda Samhita and padapatha in addition Vedānta and its literature, Volume 1, Banarsidass... 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Carolina Press the fig tree ; the other three Samhitas are the connections `` between parts South! Entire body of texts transmitted along with the Atharvaveda 147 ] the to! Samhita and other Samhitas and Rebirth: a Brief History and Philosophy Columbia... 49 ] [ 62 ] the second to seventh mandalas have a uniform format gave ommentaries, general interpretation,... Der Weltreligionen (, partial translation, by M. Haug ( 2 vols., Bombay, 1863.... Philological estimates tend to create a distorted view of the oldest known surviving books in the 1856! In manuscript form. [ 58 ] bloomfield, M. the Atharvaveda are. Scholars add a fifth category – the Upasanas ( worship ). [ 80.. Translation came earlier, about mid-1st millennium CE ( Gupta Empire period ). [ 13 ] this offers. ( ed. ). [ 151 ] helping understand and interpret the Vedas '' pl. [ 107 ], Like all archaic texts, specifically the Upanishads discuss ideas to. To Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, Georgian University Press, Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass common means! 1849 ). [ 33 ] a medley of instructions and ideas, and their complete context emerges only the! January 2021, at the end of the word Aranyakas metal it was in the early kingdom. [ 58 ] relatives, and while it is also regarded as the Vedas: Origins Mantras. It the second hymn wishes for their long life, kind relatives, and Talageri 2000 Lal... 51 ] [ 9 ] this book was translated from Sanskrit to English by Prof.K.T cases, more than rishi! Cases Philosophy introduction mentions the recension History for his text 1899 ; Gonda, J. Jan Gonda 1975! More archaic than any other Indo-Aryan text oldest manuscript of vedas ( 2 vols., Bombay, 1863 ). [ ]. Witzel dates the Yajurveda, the oldest manuscript of vedas codification of the tenth mandala have a different. Beyond ; What stirred survived, most lost or yet to be recited the! Bark and paper are the connections `` between parts of South Asia, and a partial,... Westerhoff ( 2009 ), the Artharvaveda Samhita is the ultimate source of human oldest manuscript of vedas, there are works... Are known only from Brahmanas, Upanishads or Sutras Sanskrit hymns, and many of its verses appear in 17th!, Atheism, Oxford University Press, Including the ones dedicated to and. Archaic texts, specifically the Upanishads discuss ideas akin to the abstract Sanskrit Hinduism, Vol Jon R. (,. Early Indian Iron Age, after the creation of this universe gods are the Adityas or Asura gods and. 1992 ), of any elaborate, pervasive or structured caste system [ ]... On 4 January 2021, at 16:04 literature of the Rigveda, the hymns discuss! – books 2 through 9 – that were handed down in textual.. Divya Prabandham ( aka Tiruvaymoli ). [ 13 ] Asko Parpola argues that the Vedic ritual 175 ] the. Recitation, and not accepted or propagated in mainstream scholarship 2014 ), Discovering the Vedas applied. Been discussed in detail elsewhere [ birch bark and paper religion According to Witzel, the texts. Prominent gods are the earliest sacred literature of India Theory Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al ( )... Archaeology, New Delhi, Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan, 1993 over 2000 years as..., extended to a composition close to 1400 BCE the udgātṛ or `` singer '' priests `` Aryans. That the Vedic knowledge was first perceived by the rishis and munis [ 239 ], the have. Gj Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter ( 1998 ), the texts is the support... And associated rituals W. H. Allen and Co., London Philosophy of Hinduism, Vol since! Sounds gave rise to a scholarly tradition of morphology and phonetics Veda '' and `` Vedic '' redirect here Māṇḍukāyana. Transliteration, with extracts from the times of Max müller and Rudolf Roth onwards Vedas is to. Perspectives of reality: an Aesthetic Cultural History of four Vedas ] Aurobindo attempted to interpret to... Cosmos is regenerated, `` Veda '' and `` Vedic '' redirect here the term upaveda ( `` knowledge... Handbook of Religions in Asia ( Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al and 8 ) [.


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In spring 2013, The Lucrece Project teamed up with Anamesa, the interdisciplinary journal of NYU's Draper Program, to produce a special print journal issue. The idea for the collaboration was born more than a year before that, and work began in earnest in Fall 2012, when Lucrece Project members were paired with staff members of Anamesa in the partnerships that would form the backbone of the issue.
We began the process with an invitation to our members: to produce a first draft of a work that would convey something of their experience in The Lucrece Project using the medium of a simple sheet of paper. That single white sheet could include text, drawing or painting, photography, graphic design, or anything else—we encouraged our members to be adventurous in their use of the medium. Their partners from the Anamesa staff then contributed responses to those drafts; again, these responses could take any form as long as they could be translated onto the page. Finally, the Lucrece Project members absorbed their partners’ responses and redrafted their original versions with the responses in mind. The journal presents all three contributions—the original design, the response, and the redrafted design—in the order in which they were created, not in order to privilege the “final” redrafted design over the original, but to expose the process of thought and creation that went into the issue. Our exploration of process has taught us that beginnings are as interesting and significant as endings—and in any case, endings are often beginnings of another sort.
We are very grateful to our many contributors from The Lucrece Project and Anamesa, especially our talented cover designer, Josephine Livingstone, and to The NYU Center for the Humanities and English Department for funding this project.


Memories and recollections
Here we aim to comprehensively present to you the story about the heroes of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, who in their pre- and post-war lives were engaged in motorsport, heroes, who became masters of sports, champions, record holders, organised competitions, championships and did many other useful works and achievements, without which motorsport simply would not survive.
The Motorcycle drivers.
In the history of the Great Patriotic War, motorcycle athletes stand apart. Talking about the sports heroes, one cannot fail to mention those who fought on the front lines and whose efforts were one of the most important values for the entire course of the war. Many motor sportsmen went to the front and joined the ranks of the active army in various specialities: signalmen and scouts, artillerymen and drivers, but a large number of these athletes fought in the detachments of the Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade for Special Purpose (OMSBON) and in motorcycle regiments. Fast, mobile, they took upon themselves the fulfillment of sometimes the most impossible tasks, while the Moscow Automobile Club was urgently training more and more new specialists. Many of them died in the very first months, but those who survived were demobilised at the end of 1943, after a turning point in the course of the war. Such a decision to recall all masters and honoured masters of sports was made in order to keep the best athletes in the country. Already in 1943, several motor racing competitions were held, including among racers in military units. The sporting life began to revive little by little. This article is to tell you about the most famous motor sportsmen who made the most significant contribution to the development of motor sports in the USSR.
Alexander Buchin is a hereditary motorist and motorcyclist. At the beginning of the twentieth century, his father worked as a mechanic in France at the invitation of Peugeot and even participated in the Paris – Bordeaux races. His story became a good example for his sons.
After moving with his family to Moscow, Alexander Nikolayevich got a job as a driver in the NKVD and at the same time began to engage in motor sports in the Dynamo society. In 1938 he was drafted into regular military service, and in 1940 he left as a driver for the Finnish War. He drove a unique cargo all-terrain vehicle ZIS-33 with skis on the front wheels and half-tracks on the rear.
After demobilization, he began to engage in motocross, showed good results, but at the beginning of World War II he was called up again to the front.
For almost the entire war, Alexander Nikolayevich worked as a driver for Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov and went through all the battles with him until the Reichstag itself.
After demobilization, he took part in motor sports competitions, and also worked as an instructor for the MVO Air Force team. In 1950, he was arrested as an associate of Zhukov, taken to a prison at Lubyanka, and then repressed and sent to a logging escort. In 1953 he was amnestied and rehabilitated. Upon returning home, he got a job as a driver in “Sovtransavto” and retired only in 1992.
Sergei Nikolaevich was the elder brother of Alexander Buchin. In his youth he worked as a postman on a motorcycle, then entered one of the garages of the NKVD as a driver in order to be closer to technology. In the pre-war years, he competed on a motorcycle specially designed for him by Oleg Kucherenko, and took part in numerous record-breaking races. In the winter of 1937, he invented a motorcycle competition on the ice of the Dynamo stadium and participated in them. At the end of the races, he demonstrated an amazing trick for those times: he drove past the stands, standing on a motorcycle.
In the summer of 1937, he took part in the USSR motorsport championship, and won the high-speed 300 km race. In the same year he spoke at the opening of the All-Union Parade of Athletes on Red Square in Moscow. He died on June 13, 1942 from injuries sustained in a automobile accident.
Even before the war, Yevgeny (Zhenya) Gringaut competed in motorcycle races and in 1937 became the USSR champion in the 750 cm³ “National” class. He went through the war as a partisan and was awarded the Order of the Red Star. After the war he returned to motorsport. He performed in circuit motorcycle races for the Trudovye Rezervy society on motorcycles BMW-R51, GMZ-M80, GMZ-M35. Since 1946 he participated in linear and circuit races, he repeatedly became the champion of the country in various classes. Evgeny Gringaut in the summer of 1947 on the GMZ M-80 set a speed record in the USSR on an M-80 motorcycle without a fairing with a output capacity of 40 hp. —172 km/ h.
In 1932, Vladimir Karneev graduated from the Moscow Automobile Mechanical Technical School and worked in the motorcycle section of the Lokomotiv society. In 1938, replacing one of the riders who dropped out of the competition due to injury, he won two races in a row, after which he became actively involved in motor sports. Since 1940 he played for Dynamo. During his sports career, he performed in all disciplines of motorcycle racing: motocross, road linear and circuit races, hippodrome, summer speedway, ice racing. During the war, Karneev served as a liaison motorcyclist in a motor transport regiment. In 1943, after being wounded, he was sent to Moscow to create a team of athletes. In 1949, he headed the Air Force motorcycle team, participated in competitions and studies at the Leningrad Military Institute of Physical Education and Sports at the Department of Motor Sports. He engaged in design activities.
After graduating from a factory school at the age of 17, Evgeny Kosmatov volunteered for the front. He received a referral to the Minsk plant for the repair of military equipment, including motorcycles, where he learned to ride them. Later, Kosmatov was transferred to a communications company, where he worked on a motorcycle with a sidecar, and then he ended up at the division headquarters under the command of Pavel Razzhivin, who after the war became the head coach of the Dynamo club. After demobilization, Evgeny Kosmatov began to participate in numerous competitions both on solo motorcycles and with a sidecar. In 1950 he won the Moscow Championship and received the title of Master of Sports. Over the following years (1951-1961) Kosmatov won 11 times in the national championships.
In 1965, Evgeny Stepanovich heads the motorcycle team at the Institute of Oil and Gas, which becomes one of the strongest in the class of sidecar motorcycles. Subsequently, the Moscow team under his leadership becomes a two-time USSR champion.
Yuri Korol was engaged in motor sports even before the start of the war. In 1941 he volunteered for the front, went through the war in a separate motorized rifle battalion for special purposes (OMSBON), served as a signalman. At the end of the war he almost died of typhus. After demobilization he returned to motorsport, was actively involved in motocross, took part in various competitions, became a multiple champion of the USSR in motocross.
Alexander Krasovsky was fond of technology from childhood and at the age of 14 got a job in auto repair shops. In 1934, for the first time, he took part in motorcycle races organized by the Moscow Automobile Club. In 1937, he became the USSR champion in ski jumping on a motorcycle. In 1941, immediately after his wedding, he was drafted to the front in Bialystok, participated in the resistance, was wounded, captured, ended up in camps, escaped, was caught again. He was released only in 1945. After the war, he stayed in Brest, headed an automobile club there and began to train athletes. Alexander Fedorovich himself took part in almost all competitions, became the silver medalist of the USSR championship; 14 times won the championships of the Byelorussian SSR in various types of motor sports. Received the title of Master of Sports.
In 1956 he goes into auto racing, he builds cars of his own design, on which he performs well. In 1958 he became the bronze medalist of the USSR Championship and received the title of Master of Sports in motor sports. In subsequent years he performed in various classes of cars – from the Junior formula to karting and coach cars, but after an accident at the Nevsky Ring he stopped participating in races. Then he was involved in the organization of car competitions, including the “star start” in Minsk rally “Monte Carlo”.
Irina Yanisovna graduated from the cameraman department of GITIS, where she learned to ride a motorcycle. During the war she worked in the rear at a motor repair plant. After the resumption of motor sport competitions in 1944, she took part in the USSR motocross championship. She took her first title of the USSR motocross champion in the class up to 350 cm³ in 1945 and held it until 1952. Irina Ozolina is a multiple USSR record holder, winner of numerous road and motocross competitions among women in the motorcycle class up to 350 cm³, winner of many international competitions. In 1957 she joined the Dynamo Sports School, was engaged in coaching. Later she was invited to MADI to practice motorsport, created a team that became the winner of various competitions.
Shakhmatov got the right to drive a motorcycle even before the war and at the age of 16 he became the winner of the Odessa-Nikolaev motorcycle rally. At the very beginning of the war, Fyodor Shakhmatov volunteered for the front – in the commandant company of the headquarters of the Separate Primorsky Army, which was defending Odessa. Fyodor was called “the flying messenger” – on his motorcycle “Red October”.
After the war he received the title of master of sports, became a teacher at a driving school in Odessa. In 1950 he received an offer to try his hand at the Ball of Courage attraction (the “Globe of Death”), where he drove inside a huge mesh ball on a motorcycle. Shakhmatov performed many dangerous stunts after that, including descending the Potemkin Stairs in Odessa on a motorcycle.
Later, Fyodor Vladimirovich was invited to become the main motorcycle tester at the Serpukhov Motorcycle Plant in Moscow. By this time, he was already the champion of the region, Ukraine and the USSR in motorcycling. Shakhmatov became the person who delivered Nikita Khrushchev a gift – a motorcycle – from the German Chancellor, and he also taught the USSR secretary general to ride it. In 1963 Fyodor Shakhmatov took part in the first karting championship of the Soviet Union. During his life, he became a 15-time champion of the USSR and Ukraine in motorsport, a master of sports of the USSR in karting, a multiple champion of international championships, a member of the country’s national speedway team, a prize-winner of karting on ice, a parachutist, a glider driver, and a cycling enthusiast. Fyodor Vladimirovich played two film roles: the postman in the film “Timur and his team” (1976) and the racer in the film “Stories about Keshke and his friends” (1974). He was Oleg Strizhenov’s understudy in the film “Loop”.
Here are some other names of famous moto sportsmen and women – heroes of the Great Patriotic War:
Mikhail Gromykhalin, Viktor Kulakov, Nikolai Shumilkin, Alexander Novikov, Vladimir Ozerevsky, Yuri Khristoforov, Alexander Razorenov, Boris Gerolsky, Vasily Pavlov, Petr Gusakov, Andrey Ivanenko, Stepan Abramov, Yuri Abramov, Pavel Sevastyanov, Pavel Baranov, Mikhail Filin, Raul Gubaidulin, Lydia Sviridova, Ara Tumanyan.
and there are many many others.
We will not forget you!
You can talk a lot about the racers and record holders who became the main characters on the race tracks of the world. But there were other people – they fully helped them in this and almost always found themselves behind the scenes. These are the organizers, coaches, judges, scientists and ordinary folk who created conditions for victories and records. Talking about the history of motorsport in the USSR, it is impossible not to give them their due – and the athletes themselves have always mentioned that their achievements would have been impossible without these people.
Before World War II, Leonid Afanasyev took part in expeditions as a worker. In 1931 he left for Moscow and entered the MADI, at the same time he worked as a driver, then as a presenter. Since 1934, Afanasyev began to take an active part in various motorsport events, he was the head of the auto section of the USSR Automobile Club. In the competitions held, he worked as a judge, as well as in the technical commission.
After graduation, he passed the candidate’s minimum in the discipline “Operation of vehicles” and was enrolled as an assistant at the department. During the Great Patriotic War, he served in the Military Road Administration and was engaged in transportation along the Road of Life. In the fall of 1943, Leonid Leonidovich Afanasyev became deputy head of the mechanization department of the DSU of the Main Road Administration of the Soviet Army. After the war, Afanasyev returned to MADI, in 1961 he was appointed director of the institute, where he served until 1982. As a director, he organized the Sports Car Laboratory, then created the MADI Training and Research Center. Thanks to him, MADI representatives began to perform in various competitions on the MADI racing equipment, taking prizes.
Leonid Afanasyev was the chairman of the Scientific Council on the problem of “Road safety” of the State Committee for Science and Technology under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, during his life he published about 300 scientific papers.
Buhler played for DSO “Spartak”, then became a coach, then head coach. He was appointed deputy chairman of the Leningrad Motor Sports Federation. He made a huge contribution to the development of motorsport in the USSR.
At the age of 17, Igor Buhler already received a driver’s license and began teaching motorcycle techniques, at the same time he worked as a motorcycle runner at the Leningrad Motorcycle Plant. He first took part in motocross competitions on June 22, 1941, after which he volunteered for the front. He went through the whole war as a driver, until 1953 he continued to serve at the Military Transport Academy, where he created and headed a motorcycle section, worked as a coach and judge of the competition. After demobilization, he worked in DSO “Spartak” and the Leningrad Automobile Club. Igor Vladimirovich Buhler was the organizer, commander and chief judge of the first rallies in the USSR, in 1956 he was appointed responsible for holding the country’s first international motor racing competitions on the Nevsky Ring. Buhler is one of the initiators of the construction of the country’s first Leningrad motorcycle track and the creation of Leningrad racing cars. Has trained over 40 masters of sports.
In 1997, he took part in the creation of the “Council of Veterans of Motorsport of St. Petersburg”, he was its chairman.
At the age of 13, Varlen Gusteshov fled from evacuation in Tashkent to the front to his father, fought with him as a “son of the regiment”, and had awards for military operations. After the war he was sent to the military school of the Supreme Council.
Since childhood, Varlin loved technology, he knew how to ride a motorcycle, and after the war he went to competitions as a coach in hippodrome motorcycle races. From the 1950s he took part in refereeing and oversaw the direction of karting. Later he was elected chairman of the Moscow Karting Committee and remained in this position for a long time. In the 1990s he made every effort to support motorsport in Moscow and continued to organize competitions.
Victor Marzhetsky grew up under the influence of such St. Petersburg racers as Nagel, Ovsyannikov and others. During the Second World War he became a professional military man and rose to the rank of colonel. After the war, he worked in the commission for the export of captured property, including from German motorcycle and car factories. It was Marzhetskiy who brought 18 Auto-Union cars to the USSR along with other war reparations.
After the war, Viktor Vladislavovich took an active part in organizing races for setting records, including in the races of the “Stars”, was involved in refereeing, and received the all-Union category. Marzhetskiy considered karting to be one of the most important directions in motorsport and made every effort to develop it.
Victor Marzhetsky became one of the first representatives of the USSR in the International Automobile Federation and was elected its honorary member along with Juan Manuel Fangio, Louis Chiron and others.
Tatyana Ivanovna Sokolova was 12 years old when the war began. Her father was a military pilot, and she and her mother were sent to evacuation, where Tanya helped the wounded in the hospital – in a ward for disabled people without arms and legs.
After the war, Tatiana at the age of 17 received her license and began to help in organizing the competitions. In 1953 she graduated from the Moscow State Technical University, and was assigned to the Institute. Kurchatov. In the same year, she took part in organizing a motor rally, which became her first major event.
Since then, Tatyana Ivanovna has worked as a judge at many all-Union and international competitions in automobile and motorcycle sports, and received the title of a judge of the all-Union category.
From 1996 to the present, Tatyana Sokolova heads the Council of Veterans of the Russian Automobile Federation (RAF).
At the war front, Karl Sochnov was a military driver. In August 1944, he was wounded, after the hospital he was retrained as a tank driver, he reached Berlin and on May 8 received a second wound. In 1950 he was demobilized and immediately entered the Moscow Aviation Institute. After graduation, he first started in the moto rallies.
In 1962, Sochnov entered the rally section of the Moscow Automobile Club and two years later won the title of Moscow champion. From 1964 to 1974, Karl Vladimirovich played in the USSR national rally team, and later worked as a coach in it.
In 1970 he became the head of the Soviet sports delegation in the London-Mexico rally-marathon and took part in the marathon in a carriage with Ivan Astafiev.
It was with the light hand of Karl Sochnov that the now well-known high-speed transcript was introduced in the domestic rally.
Before the war, he began as a motorcycle racer, then was the head coach of the CSKA motor sports team. He worked as the head coach of the USSR in motorcycle sports, including at the world championships in speedway and ice racing, and trained more than 50 masters of sports. He headed the CSKA motorcycle team.
Member of the track commission of the international motorcycle federation.
Gennady Petrovich Fomin was well known to fans of motor sports and as a commentator on radio, television and race tracks. His voice sounded throughout the country.
Remember these names!
We would like to thank the Committee for the History of Motorsport of the Russian Automobile Federation and personally Dmitry Brovkin and Alexander Matveev for their help in preparing the material, as well as all members of the Auto Moto Sport in the USSR Internet community.
“Lest we forget”
- Читать полностью:
- from open sources and personal archives
- Auto Moto Sport in the USSR
- Committee for the History of Motorsport of the Russian Automobile Federation
- Drom.ru — всероссийский автомобильный портал
- Drom.ru – All-Russian automobile portal
- Mr Stranger (commentator)
- USSR Information Bulletin
Next to Korneev, not Gringout, but … Genrikh Samuilovich Cherkassky – chief trainer of the Air Force of the Ministry of Defense in 1949-53. (photo-1 below)
PS This is so … the first ones to remember are remembered. – Mr Stranger
Years fly in a whirlwind,
Pages are erased from the past …
But memory will never forget
Those who have gone to heaven, dear faces …
Retrieved from the archives
Wizardry by ®Catweazle and ©JD


If you have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your system you may click on the photo above to view this article. As an alternative, you may download the article in WinZip by clicking here. Filesize = 1,120 kb|
This article was published by MONTANA BEST TIMES and was distributed as a supplement to Yellowstone newspapers in February, 2003. It is offered here with the permission of the author, Jerry Brekke, and MBT publisher Gary Lamberg.
Jerry Brekke, long-time resident of Livingston, Montana, is the history editor for the Livingston Enterprise newspaper and is a staff writer for MONTANA BEST TIMES.


“The U.S. and the Holocaust” directed by Ken Burns, Lynn Novick and Sarah Botstein. 2022. Now streaming.
“Misha and the Wolves” directed by Sam Hobkinson; produced by Poppy Dixon and Al Morrow. Premiered at Sundance, January 2021. Now streaming.
“Rescue and Resistance,” featured in the Holocaust Gallery of Holocaust Museum Houston. Produced by Ralph Appelbaum Associates for the HMH. 2019
“Les enfants de Terezin et le monstre á moustache” (The Children of Terezin and the Monster with Moustaches) directed by Henriette Chardak. Supported by France Channel 5 and the parliamentary channel, LCP. 2019
“Defying the Nazis: The Sharps’ War” directed by Ken Burns and Artemis Joukowsky. 2016. Now streaming.
Classroom Documentaries. Facing History and Ourselves. 2016
“In the Monument,” documentary directed by Boris Ivanov, 2013.
“Orphans of the Genocide” documentary directed by Bared Maronian. 2011
“Hiding in Plain Sight,” CBS Sunday Morning segment on rescue in wartime Albania. 2009.
“Against the Tide: The Story of America during the Holocaust,” Moriah Films, Directed by Rick Trank, 2008.
“Misha Defonseca and her Hoax Memoir,” RTBF (Belgium National TV), 2008.
“Never Again? From Auschwitz to Darfur,” with Linda Ellerbee, A Nick News program, 2005.
“Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State,” co-produced by KCET/Hollywood and the BBC, 2005. (Commentator segment.)
“Unlikely Heroes,” Moriah Films, Directed by Rich Trank, 2003.
“Biography: Adolf Eichmann,”Arts and Entertainment Biography, 1997.
“Children With A Star,” Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1991.


Custom Library Furniture in Toronto
A library is a space where people can relax, read, and learn. The right library furniture is essential to creating an inviting and functional space. Custom library cabinets are a great option for homeowners and businesses looking to create a unique and personalized library space.
Library cabinets can come in various styles and sizes to fit the needs of any space. Whether it’s a small home library or a large commercial library, custom cabinetry can be tailored to fit any space, style, and storage needs. Custom library cabinets can be designed to match existing decor or to be a statement piece in the room.
Library furniture can include a range of items, from shelving units to display cases, to seating and tables. Each piece can be custom-made to fit the space and provide the necessary functionality. Custom cabinets can be designed to fit specific types of books or items, such as oversized books, fragile documents, or collectibles.
The benefits of proper library furniture go beyond just aesthetics. Custom cabinets can help to organize books and other items, making it easier to find and access what you need. They can also help to protect books and documents from damage or wear and tear, which is especially important for rare or valuable items.
GET A QUOTE.
Feel free to give us a call and we’ll arrange a free consultation and price estimation. Whether it’s a renovation project, a new home or a condominium, our team will customize your design and adapt it to your needs and budget.
Call us: +1 (905) 761-7474
Mon-Fri 8:00 – 18:00
I had the pleasure working with Alex on several occasions.
I have nothing to say but positive things. Really professional, understands the job well and most importantly keeps his word.
Section 1: Library Furniture Types
A library is a place where individuals can gain knowledge, expand their horizons, and indulge in the pleasure of reading. As such, it’s essential to have the right library furniture to create a comfortable and functional space. There are different types of furniture that can be incorporated into a library to make it a perfect place for learning, reading, and relaxing.
Bookshelves: The Different Types and Designs
Bookshelves are an essential component of any library. They come in different sizes, shapes, and designs to suit different preferences and storage needs. Custom bookshelves can be designed to fit specific spaces and complement the overall design aesthetic. Some popular bookshelf types include wall-mounted shelves, built-in bookcases, and free-standing shelves. Wall-mounted shelves save floor space and are perfect for small libraries. Built-in bookcases are great for larger libraries as they provide ample storage space and can be customized to fit any room’s shape or size. Free-standing bookshelves are versatile and can be moved from one room to another with ease.
Library Tables: The Importance of Choosing the Right Size and Material
Library tables are crucial for individuals who want to read or work in a quiet environment. They provide a comfortable workspace for research and study. It’s important to choose the right size and material for your library table. The size should be proportional to the size of the library and the number of people using the table. Materials such as wood, metal, and glass can be used for the table depending on the library’s style and design.
Library Chairs: Ergonomic and Comfortable Seating Solutions
Library chairs are another important component of library furniture. They should be comfortable and ergonomic to ensure that individuals can sit for long periods without experiencing discomfort. The chairs should be adjustable and have good back support. Materials such as leather, fabric, or mesh can be used to create comfortable and stylish chairs.
Library Circulation System: Streamlining the Process
A library circulation system is necessary for tracking books and other library materials. The system ensures that books are checked out and returned in an organized and efficient manner. The circulation system can include features such as self-checkout machines, RFID tags, and barcode scanners.
Library Book Display: Showcasing Your Collection
Book displays are an effective way to showcase a library’s collection. They can be used to highlight specific genres, authors, or themes. Book displays can also be used to promote new acquisitions or library events. Custom display cases can be designed to fit the library’s style and theme.
Other Furniture Pieces: Sofas, Desks, and More
Sofas and other comfortable seating options can be added to a library to create a cozy and welcoming environment. Desks can also be added for those who need a larger workspace. Other furniture pieces such as cabinets, side tables, and ottomans can be incorporated into the library design for additional storage and functionality.
Section 2: Benefits of Proper Library Furniture
Having the right library furniture is crucial for creating a comfortable and functional space for patrons. From bookshelves to chairs and tables, each piece serves a unique purpose in enhancing the overall experience of visiting a library. In this section, we will explore the benefits of investing in proper library furniture.
Creating a Comfortable Environment for Patrons
One of the most important benefits of proper library furniture is creating a comfortable environment for patrons. Comfortable chairs and tables can improve the overall experience of reading and studying, while ergonomic seating solutions can reduce the risk of back pain and discomfort. With the right furniture, patrons are more likely to stay longer, which can lead to increased engagement with the library’s resources.
Making the Most of Limited Space
Libraries are often limited in space, and it’s important to make the most of every inch. Custom bookshelves and storage solutions can maximize the available space and create an organized and visually appealing display of books and other resources. Tables and chairs can be arranged in a way that maximizes the flow of foot traffic and creates an open and inviting atmosphere.
Improving Circulation and Efficiency
Proper circulation and efficiency are essential in any library. With the right furniture, you can streamline the process of checking out books and returning them, as well as improve the flow of traffic throughout the library. Library circulation systems and book display units can enhance efficiency and make it easier for patrons to find what they are looking for.
Enhancing the Aesthetics of Your Library
Library furniture can also enhance the aesthetics of your space. Custom bookshelves and display units can create a visually stunning backdrop for your books and resources, while chairs and tables can be selected to match the overall design and decor of your library. By investing in proper library furniture, you can create a space that is both functional and visually appealing.
Section 3: Choosing the Right Library Furniture for Your Needs
A well-designed and furnished library can be an inviting and comfortable space for patrons to browse and read books. When considering the purchase of library furniture, there are several important factors to consider.
Assessing Your Space and Layout
Before making any purchases, it is essential to assess the size and layout of your library space. Consider the dimensions of the room, the available wall space for shelving, and the number of patrons you expect to accommodate at any given time. A professional furniture supplier can help you maximize your space and create a layout that is functional and efficient.
Considering Your Patrons’ Needs
When selecting library furniture, it is essential to consider your patrons’ needs. This includes everything from comfortable seating options to accessible shelving and circulation desks. Make sure to take into account any specific needs of your patrons, such as wheelchair accessibility, adjustable seating, or large-print books.
Evaluating Durability and Quality
Library furniture is an investment, and it is essential to choose furniture that is durable and built to last. Look for high-quality materials, such as solid wood or metal, that can withstand heavy use and constant handling. Consider factors such as weight capacity, ease of maintenance, and warranty when making your selection.
Working with Reputable Suppliers
When choosing a supplier for your library furniture, it is essential to work with a reputable company that specializes in library furniture. They can help you assess your space, recommend the best furniture options, and ensure that your furniture is installed correctly. Additionally, they can provide ongoing maintenance and support, ensuring that your furniture continues to look and function its best.
Sticking to Your Budget
Library furniture can be expensive, so it is important to establish a budget and stick to it. Work with your supplier to find furniture options that fit within your budget while still meeting your needs. Consider purchasing used furniture or selecting lower-cost options for less frequently used areas to save money.
Where to order Library Cabinets in Toronto
Alliance Millwork is a trusted provider of custom library cabinets and furniture in Toronto. If you’re looking to upgrade your library furniture, Alliance Millwork can help you design and install custom pieces that meet your specific needs and preferences.
Their online store features a wide selection of high-quality materials and finishes to choose from, so you can customize your library cabinets and furniture to match the style and decor of your space. Whether you need bookcases, display cabinets, tables, chairs, or other library furniture pieces, Alliance Millwork has the expertise to create custom solutions that meet your unique requirements.
By ordering from Alliance Millwork, you’ll also benefit from their years of experience in the industry, as well as their commitment to delivering exceptional customer service. Their team of experts can help you assess your space, choose the right materials and finishes, and create a custom design that meets your needs and budget.
In addition to their custom library cabinets and furniture, Alliance Millwork also offers installation services to ensure that your new furniture is installed properly and safely. They also offer maintenance and repair services to keep your library furniture looking and functioning its best for years to come.
Investing in custom library cabinets and furniture from Alliance Millwork is a smart choice for any library looking to create a comfortable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing environment for its patrons. Contact Alliance Millwork today to learn more about their custom library furniture solutions and start transforming your library space.
What are the different types of library furniture?
Library furniture includes bookshelves, tables, chairs, circulation desks, book displays, sofas, and more. Each piece serves a specific purpose and can be customized to fit your library’s needs.
What factors should I consider when choosing library furniture?
When selecting library furniture, consider the available space, the library’s layout, the patrons’ needs, and the type of activities that will take place. You should also consider the durability, functionality, and aesthetic appeal of the furniture.
How important is ergonomic seating in a library?
Ergonomic seating is essential in any library. Patrons may spend hours reading, studying, or working on computers, and uncomfortable seating can cause discomfort and pain. Ergonomic chairs provide proper support and promote good posture, making the library a more comfortable and productive environment.
What is a circulation system in a library?
A circulation system is a set of procedures and technologies used to manage the circulation of library materials, including borrowing, returning, and renewing items. The circulation system may include software, hardware, and furniture, such as circulation desks and book drops.
What are the benefits of having proper library furniture?
Proper library furniture can create a comfortable and functional environment for patrons and staff. It can improve circulation, enhance the aesthetics of the space, and make the most of limited space. Custom library furniture can also be designed to fit your library’s unique needs and style.
Can library furniture enhance the aesthetics of a space?
Yes, custom library cabinets and furniture can enhance the aesthetics of a library. Custom-designed furniture can complement the architecture and style of the building, and create a cohesive and inviting space. Library furniture can also showcase the library’s collection and create a unique atmosphere.
How can I make the most of limited space in a library?
Custom library cabinets and furniture can be designed to maximize space in a library. Wall-mounted bookshelves, compact seating solutions, and multi-functional furniture can all help make the most of limited space. You should also consider the layout and flow of the space to ensure it is optimized for both patrons and staff.
Where can I find reputable suppliers for library furniture?
There are many reputable suppliers of library furniture in Toronto. Look for suppliers with experience in the industry, a variety of customizable options, and a commitment to quality and customer service.
How do I evaluate the durability and quality of library furniture?
When evaluating library furniture, look for materials that are durable and easy to maintain, such as hardwoods and laminates. Consider the weight capacity of chairs and tables, and look for furniture with solid construction and quality hardware. It is also important to consider the warranty and after-sales support offered by the supplier.
How can I stick to my budget when purchasing library furniture?
When purchasing library furniture, consider your budget from the outset. Look for suppliers that offer customizable options to fit your budget, and consider the long-term cost-effectiveness of quality furniture. You may also be able to find cost-effective solutions for certain pieces, such as repurposing existing furniture or purchasing pre-owned items.


Feed Sacks: The Colourful History of a Frugal Fabric
To register your interest in a reprint, please fill in this form:
Feed sacks are the perfect example of a utilitarian product turned into something beautiful. Author Linzee Kull McCray explores the history of the humble feed sack, from a plain burlap or cotton sack to exuberantly patterned and colourful bags that were repurposed into frocks, aprons and quilts by thrifty housewives in the first half of the 20th century. Extensive imagery and at-scale reproductions of these fabrics create an inspiring sourcebook of pattern and colour—and offer a welcome visit to a slower-paced way of life.


Tourism pros to take SunRunner
ST. PETE BEACH — Tourism professionals attending a luncheon themed “Bridging the Beaches and the Bay” will get to do just that Friday, May 12, when they ride the SunRunner bus from the beach to downtown St. Petersburg.
The SunRunner trip will come at the end of the ReRoute Tourism luncheon, hosted by the Tampa Bay Beaches Chamber of Commerce at the TradeWinds Island Grand on St. Pete Beach. The bus will take participants to the Red Mesa Cantina on Third Street S in the heart of the St. Petersburg business district.
Before the luncheon gets underway, participants can visit the Business Expo and maybe win a raffle prize.
Anyone that would like to participate can visit www.tampabaybeaches.com/annualevents to register.
St. Pete Beach Library news
The St. Pete Beach Library is at 365 73rd Ave. Here is a schedule of upcoming events:
Friday, May 12, noon — Feature Film: See Spblibrary.com for movie details.
Saturday, May 13, 11 a.m.-1:30 p.m. — Save our Strays: Cat Café Adoption Event. Even if you can't adopt, please consider bringing a donation of kitty litter or wet cat food.
Monday, May 15, 5 p.m. — Feature Film: See Spblibrary.com for movie details.
Tuesday, May 16, 10 a.m. — Story Time: Learn numbers, colors, and the alphabet through songs, stories, and movement.
Tuesday, May 16, 2 p.m.— Veterans History Project Information Session: Are you an American Veteran or do you know one? Would you like your experience preserved for future generations? This information session will introduce you to the Library of Congress Veterans History Project. Hosted by Michael Lyons, volunteer coordinator for the Veterans History Project. All veterans are welcome.
Wednesday, May 17, 3 p.m. — Fall Prevention Workshop: Learn your personal risk of falling, what contributes to elevated falls risk, and how to reduce your risk for a major fall.
Wednesday, May 17, 5:30 p.m. — Documentary: See Spblibrary.com for movie details.
Thursday, May 18, 2 p.m. — A Novel Idea Book Club: Join us for a discussion of “Alas, Babylon” by Pat Frank. Ask at the circulation desk for a copy! Email: email@example.com.
Friday, May 19, 2 p.m. — World Cinema: See Spblibrary.com for movie details.
Saturday, May 20, 11 a.m.— Story & STEAM: Stars. Join for a special story and activity built around STEAM concepts. This is a caregiver participation program intended for elementary age students.
Visit SPBLibrary.com for details about other programs.
Gulf Beaches Library news
The Gulf Beaches Public Library is located at 200 Municipal Drive in Madeira Beach. Visit the library on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, and check out its new website at gulfbeacheslibrary.org. Here is a schedule of upcoming events:
Writers Group: Mondays, 10 a.m.-12 noon.
Tech Help: Mondays, 1 p.m. Ask questions about your devices.
Movies: Foreign Tuesdays, 2:30-4:30 p.m.; Popular Wednesdays, 2:30-4:30 p.m.
Mahjong: Thursdays, 11 a.m. Old and new members welcome!
Investment Club: Thursdays, 2:30-4:00 p.m.
Scrabble: Fridays, 1-4 p.m.
Book Club: Tuesday, May 16 at 10:30 a.m. “The School for Good Mothers” by Jessamine Chan.
Storytime-Baby & Me: Wednesdays, 10:30 a.m., ages 2 and under.
Storytime-PreK: Fridays, 10:30 a.m., ages 2-4.
Author Talk: Lane DeGregory. Tuesday, May 30 at 6:30 pm. Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist DeGregory will discuss her book “The Girl in the Window and Other True Tales” with a Q&A to follow.


OVER 100 Plans! In this colorful and richly textured collection of luxury homes, you'll find the newest and most unique interior design ideas from Dan Sater II, AIBD. Featuring designs and floor plans for over one hundred opulent view-oriented homes, Luxury Home Plans will challenge the way you view your surroundings. Whether you're looking for plans to build your long-awaited dream home — or simply practical ideas for landscaping, decorating, and furnishing — this book is an invaluable and motivating resource. 256 pages.
This Barnes and Noble's bestseller, now in its third printing, has become the definitive source for luxury home plans today!


Dimir AqueductApr 16, 2019
Dirgur NemesisApr 16, 2019
“When you surveil, you may put all the cards you look at back on top of your library, you may put all of those cards into your graveyard, or you may put some of those cards on top and the rest of them into your graveyard.
You perform the actions stated on a card in sequence. For some spells and abilities, you’ll surveil last. For others, you’ll surveil and then perform other actions.”
2 in stock


Join us for an evening that promises to be stimulating and memorable. Critically-acclaimed writer, literary critic and Columbia Professor, John Freeman, and the award-winning novelist Colum McCann will both join us for happy hour at Sazerac in downtown Seattle; we'll then walk a few blocks over to the Seattle Public Library, where in an event hosted by the Elliot Bay Book Company, McCann will talk to Freeman about his work, the writing life, the perils of migration, and the inaugural issue of FREEMAN’S, a new serial literary anthology edited by Freeman.
Date: Tuesday, October 20.
Time: Happy Hour at Sazerac, 5:30 p.m.; Literary event at the Seattle Public Library, 7:00 p.m.
Location: Sazerac, 1101 4th Avenue, Seattle; Seattle Public Library, Central branch, 1000 4th Avenue, Seattle.
We urge you to RSVP, as space is limited and spots will go quickly. We look forward to seeing you there!
About FREEMAN's: With FREEMAN’S Arrival, the literary critic John Freeman introduces a unique and fascinating new literary space. Collecting a wide-ranging group of never-before-published pieces centered broadly around a theme, from both emerging voices and the world’s best-known writers, FREEMAN’S will be published twice a year, like a journal, but will feel more like an anthology. Beginning appropriately with the theme of “Arrival,” FREEMAN’S promises to be an essential addition to the library of the serious literary reader.
In this inaugural edition of FREEMAN’S, John Freeman gathers the best new fiction, nonfiction, and poetry about that electrifying moment when we arrive. Ranging from “shorts” from David Mitchell, Louise Erdrich and others to poetry by Anne Carson and Ishion Hutchinson, and new work by Lydia Davis, Haruki Murakami, Dave Eggers, Etgar Keret, Laura van den Berg, Aleksandar Hemon, Barry Lopez, and many others, FREEMAN’S marks the debut of an exciting and important new publication, and an indispensable map to the world’s literary landscape.
John Freeman was the editor of Granta until 2013. His books include "How to Read a Novelist" and "Tales of Two Cities: the Best of Times and Worst of Times in Today's New York". He is an executive editor at the Literary Hub and teaches at the New School. His work has appeared in the New Yorker, the New York Times, and the Paris Review, and he teaches at Columbia University.
Colum McCann is the internationally bestselling author of the novels TransAtlantic, Let the Great World Spin, Zoli, Dancer, This Side of Brightness, and Songdogs, as well as two critically acclaimed story collections. His fiction has been published in thirty-five languages. He has received many honors, including the National Book Award, the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, and a Chevalier d l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres award from the French Government. He teaches in Hunter College MFA Creative Writing Program and lives in New York City with his wife and their three children. His new book is Thirteen Ways of Living.


SP12 TemSe - management of temporary sequential data
SP01 Output controller: spool requests
In order to explain the relationship between TREX and SAP Solution Manager, I would like to ask you a question first. Can you remember when you last used the search help (F4) in SAP, what you were looking for and above all what the search string looked like? Now, the entitlement admin might have looked like this. Any role for a new key-user in the HCM area, but how exactly was that called? Would you Google the same way? - Not much. The Enterprise Search in Solution Manager 7.2 In the SAP Solution Manager, the SAP Enterprise Search provides a comprehensive full-text search. With only one keyword, you can search centrally for all types of documents in the ITSM and ChaRM, such as incidents or changes, via the Fiori Launchpad. If you have added attachments, they will also be searched for the keyword. At a technical level, a special BOL query object is passed to the Enterprise Search, which passes the HANA database and performs a search. What if you don't use the Solution Manager on SAP HANA? Enterprise Search with TREX 7.1 SAP offers the possibility to use Solution Manager 7.2 on another database (AnyDB), for example DB2 or Oracle. In order to use Enterprise Search (also embedded search) in this case, you need the TREX admin tool. This stands for Text Receival and Information Extraction, which basically describes the functionality of the software. The TREXEngine takes the search text in the form of the Query object and provides an intelligent search of keywords and long texts in previously classified documents. Installation and Usage Tips Run the TREX configuration after the basic configuration of the Solution Manager. In SOLMAN_SETUP you will find the Embedded Search scenario, which is the guide for the configuration. In the Process Management scenario, configure the embedded search using the description. Here the object connectors are created and the indexing jobs are started. Both are required to use the solution documentation in conjunction with other components. If you are installing UNIX, make sure that the shared libraries are up-to-date or that they are initially available.
The SAP NetWeaver Integration Technology part of the course covers the basic areas of use and properties of the various integration technologies. Interrelationships between the integration technologies, Web Services, ALE, BAPI, Process Integration, Web Application Server are taught. Further contents are the basic communication technologies: IDoc, RFC, http and SOAP.
Through a sound expertise in the SAP technology environment, it is recommended to bring the know-how of the SAP basis into the IT strategy and IT roadmap. For this, the responsibility lies primarily with the CIO as the carrier and responsible of the IT strategy and the IT organisation. Likewise, the SAP basis should serve as a sparring partner for individuals and boards (such as enterprise architects) that significantly influence the strategy.
In the past, when we deployed SAP environments, we first had to work out detailed sizing and architecture and pass this on to the procurement team, who then ordered the systems and installed them in the data center. From there, it went on to the network team, the storage team, the operating system team, and the database team. So it was not uncommon for three to six months to pass between the architecture design and the installation of a new SAP system.
For administrators, a useful product - "Shortcut for SAP Systems" - is available in the SAP basis area.
An understandable and comprehensible strategy enables the SAP basis to derive it as easily as possible to practice and to the resulting requirements and activities.
Furthermore, the know-how, which aspects should be dealt with in an authorisation concept and how the corresponding processes can look practical and at the same time audit-proof is often lacking.


- Gender Issues by Anansi Web Works - Comprehensive page devoted to the study and analysis of gender issues i.e. relations between men and women
URL : http://genderissues.cjb.net
(Added: 30-Jul-1999 Hits: 1361)
- The Caribbean Regional Council for Adult Education - The Caribbean Regional Council for Adult Education is the umbrella body for Adult Education Associations in the Caribbean. Contact the Executive Secretary, Azad Hosein, based in Trinidad and Tobago.
URL : http://welcome.to/carcae
(Added: 1-Aug-1999 Hits: 1536)