America has often been described as a Christian nation, and whatever currency the title holds presently, it was certainly applicable during the first century and a half of the nation’s life. This is not to say that it was not a Christian nation before 1776 or 1789, as it indeed was, nor does this imply that the Founding Fathers held orthodox Christian beliefs, as many of them did not, but it does suggest that the United States was born and nurtured in a thoroughly Christian religious environment. It was a religiously unique nation Tocqueville found in the early nineteenth century: “America is still the country in the world where the Christian religion has retained the greatest real power over people’s souls?” Although, at least for Perry Miller, Tocqueville’s writings on religion in Democracy in America were “probably the least perceptive [writings] he ever wrote,” Tocqueville’s misunderstanding of the complexity of America’s religious environment do not undercut his commentary on the nation as a whole. Tocqueville’s observation leads one to ask, how much power, if any, did the Christian religion hold over exceptional individuals such as Benjamin Franklin or Ralph Waldo Emerson? Their differences represent the complex nature of succeeding in America, but can we extract important connections through examining religion’s role, or its lack thereof, in their lives and legacies?
It is possible to overstate religion’s impact on these Americans, but Christianity, broadly speaking, provides a meaningful framework through which we can examine certain aspects of their successes. At times religion may have informed the way they lived their lives, or perhaps more often, the way they lived their lives informed their views of religion. They all came in contact with Calvinist doctrine, including original sin, human depravity, and the problem of evil, and they responded variously to these beliefs and the questions they raised. There is no doubt Calvinist doctrine was, with seasons of revival, declining in its power over American Christians throughout the nineteenth century. In some cases, as with early nineteenth-century Christian Restorationist movements, groups were indeed reacting against the Calvinist beliefs their Puritan ancestors left them. In different ways, Franklin and Emerson responded negatively to the idea that humans were naturally evil, or that evil, whatever it was, necessarily and independently had any deep hold on humankind. Similarly, and perhaps more to the point, they strayed from the mainstream American views about God. Thus, the following analysis attempts to discern the characteristics, virtues, and perceived religious beliefs which influenced or were shaped by their decisions and lifestyle.
Who’s God and Whose God: Benjamin Franklin on Particular Providence
Benjamin Franklin’s status as a successful American is undoubted, but to what can we attribute his success, and does religion fit into the conclusion? There are both similarities and differences in how he won while living, and how he has continued to win in American minds for nearly two centuries. Franklin’s ability to understand people and their desires seems key to his mortal success. Perhaps equally important was his capacity to speak for people, whether they were Pennsylvanians or Americans. In some cases this may have meant sacrificing what Franklin really wanted, or what he really believed, but as he stated he was a reasonable person and consequently, maybe it was not much of a sacrifice. With regard to religion, and belief in God specifically, Franklin did indeed withhold some of his thoughts, partly because he thought the public would find them uninteresting. In some of Franklin’s metaphysical writings, he critiqued both deistic and orthodox Christian explanations of God, but to some extent tempered his promotion of his ideas.
Franklin’s spiritual journey is marked by change, and for all his comical commentary, he was serious about religion in some sense. As Jerry Weinberger noted, “Franklin moved from agnostic and almost atheistic immorality to pragmatic morality and pragmatic religion.” Weinberger stated that Franklin’s metaphysical writings both argued for and against a “particular providence”–the notion that God intervenes in human affairs. In 1725 Franklin published his most famous metaphysical piece, A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain, “a radical Deist treatise” that mocks even the Deist belief that all human experience (including what we normally call evil) is just and good because an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God is perfectly just. In summarizing this work, Weinberger suggested that for Franklin, “There will be no persuasive defense of God’s wisdom, goodness, and power without an equally persuasive account of particular providence,” i.e., “if God must be just, then he cannot be all-powerful.” As noted in his autobiography, Franklin felt the publication of this work was an error, and he claimed to have burned copies of it. It is unsure why he did so, but it seems obvious that he was worried about public reception and comprehension, although whether he was worried they would or would not understand, or both, is hard to say.
Another metaphysical work, the Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion (cir. 1728)–Franklin’s purported personal code of worship—“presumes a just but less-than-all-powerful God.” This piece, like the Dissertation, is comic in its mockery of the conclusion that because the Supreme Being is beyond the need of worship, and man naturally must worship an unseen power, the Supreme Being created a good and powerful God to worship. In Franklin’s argument for particular providence he uses the primary rationalist argument against particular providence. Perhaps it was this sort of discussion which, as noted in his autobiography, had led others to call him an infidel and an atheist. Consequently, it is not surprising he composed Articles of Belief for personal use. Franklin reaffirmed his “radical” beliefs in an address, “On the Providence of God in the Government of the World” (1732). Again, Franklin critiques Christians and also Deists who “want God to be infinitely good and thus necessarily just–they want God’s power to be bound by the demands of justice.” Thus, from 1725 to 1732 the young Franklin was interested in critiquing a society that believed in a perfectly just God despite the abundance of pain. Franklin believed original sin was a horrible fraud, but he did find evil in the world, and thought Christianity’s all-powerful God to be an undeserving object of worship. Franklin proceeded to give up metaphysical speculations as he became “disgusted by the great uncertainty of metaphysical reasoning.” Perhaps an increasingly diplomatic and political Franklin also found his metaphysical attempts inconvenient, especially as he became a spokesman for a people who’s religious sentiments were often based in the omnipotent God he critiqued. Thus, prudence was central to Franklin’s success in dealing with theology.
Franklin’s success is found, at least to some extent, in his conscious cosmopolitan universality. Franklin was both a nationalist, and an internationalist. His fame among European nations increased Americans’ interests in claiming him as one of their own. In a similar way, because Franklin filled so many roles, such as printer, public servant, politician, diplomat, and scientist, among others, many different groups have found Franklin accessible, and consequently have utilized his words. For example, in the film A More Perfect Union: America Becomes a Nation, the climatic scene shows a venerable Benjamin Franklin address the constitutional convention:
I’ve lived, Sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing Proofs I see of this Truth– That God governs in the Affairs of Men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his Notice, is it probable that an Empire can rise without his Aid? We have been assured, Sir, in the Sacred Writings, that except the Lord build the House they labor in vain who build it. I firmly believe this–and I also believe that without his concurring Aid, we shall succeed in this political Building no better than the Builders of Babel: We shall be divided by our little partial local interests; our Projects will be confounded, and we ourselves shall become a Reproach and Bye word down to future Ages.
While his earlier writings suggest that Franklin did believe that a “God governs in the Affairs of Men,” it is almost certain that his god was not the same god of the people for which he spoke, then and now. A More Perfect Union, produced by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), evidences the ways in which Franklin has been and is used. For Mormons, Franklin’s words give weight to their belief that America is a “promised land” and that the Constitution is a sacred document. Franklin wins, in part, because he continues to help other people, with different interests, win. In other words, many people continue to use Franklin as a spokesman for their cherished ideas or beliefs.
Is the Problem of Evil a Problem? Ralph Waldo Emerson on Evil and Sin
At the start of the recently LDS-produced film, Joseph Smith: Prophet of the Restoration, the narrator quotes relevant lines from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Divinity School Address:
Men have come to speak of the revelation as long ago given and done, as if God were dead. It is the office of a true teacher to show us that God is, not was; that he speaketh, not spake..The need was never greater of new revelation than now.
This carefully redacted quote, or set of quotes, employs the words of a universally respected American (Emerson), to set the stage of the Mormon restoration story, and the revelation of God through Joseph Smith. Emerson, like Franklin, is quoted and cited by myriad organizations, religious and otherwise, seemingly in all and through all, a “transparent eyeball.”  Yet, Emerson’s usefulness today does not always directly correspond with his successful life. Mormonism, which grew and gained form in Emerson’s America, was not the new revelation Emerson spoke of, and the God Emerson revealed was not the anthropomorphic being Joseph Smith described. Thus, Emerson’s transcendent presence in Americans minds is in some ways very different from his mortal success.
Emerson’s religious views, specifically those that address human capability, provide interesting insights into his achievements in a progression-based early nineteenth-century context. Emerson believed that the various self-identified Christians failed to grasp true Christianity in their emphasis on the depravity of humankind and redemption through a perfected Christ and an inerrant Bible. Emerson found salvation not in biblical texts or historic figures, but rather in the human soul. As biographer Robert D. Richardson, Jr. noted, Emerson held “a belief not so much in pantheism as hypertheism, a declaration of the divinity of the human.” Some have argued that early Christian heretics Arius and Pelagius, who deemphasized Christ’s oneness with God and focused on the human capability to choose good independently, were predecessors to Emerson. Richardson described Emerson as an “Erasmian-Arminian,” further emphasizing Emerson’s focus on tolerance, belief in free will, reform, and love of learning. Emerson’s emphasis on human possibility correlates to his denouncement of human depravity and corresponding Calvinist doctrines.
Emerson was never aligned with Calvinism and for him evil was swallowed up in possibility. In F.O. Matthiessen’s American Renaissance he addressed Emerson and evil. In his summary of Emerson’s philosophy, Matthiessen presented Emerson’s seemingly innocent stance in the words of Henry James, Sr. who found Emerson “unconscious of evil.” This did not mean Emerson was apathetic, quite the opposite, but as a transcendentalist he could not find corruption in man. Matthiessen placed Emerson’s optimism in mankind and disenchantment with evil within the context of Jacksonian America. He believed there was too much evidence in Emerson’s writings to adopt the view that he was unconscious of evil, but his “prevailing tone” emphasized man’s grandeur, and played down sin’s terror. In analyzing Emerson’s polemic against tragedy in literature, Matthiessen wrote that “[Emerson] knew that tragedy consists in division, and he was always striving for reconciliation.”
Emerson spoke of sin and evil, and at times, perhaps unwittingly, he and American Christians used the terms in similar ways. Yet, when he specifically addressed Calvinist conceptions of evil in his essay on “Spiritual Laws,” he clearly denounced evil as an independent force: “Our young people are diseased with the theological problems of original sin, origin of evil, predestination, and the like. These never presented a practical difficulty to any man, “never darkened across any man’s road, who did not go out of his way to seek them.” Thus, for Emerson, human depravity and sin seem to be fables, for “The only sin,” as he wrote in “Circles,” “is [self-]limitation.” While Emerson frequently mentioned the existence of good and evil, of opposites, his view was not Manichaeistic–good and evil exist independently–but evil may exist in human actions, though individuals are not inherently sinful. In his “Divinity School Address,” Emerson placed virtue, a “rapid intrinsic energy,” at the heart of human action, good or evil: “By it [inner virtue], a man is made the Providence to himself, dispensing good to his goodness, and evil to his sin. Character is always known,” and “Thus of their own volition, souls proceed into heaven, into hell.” So, while Emerson believed in types of evil, sin, heaven, hell, and Providence, his definitions and understandings of such were far different from the explanations of contemporary Christian theology. Consequently, a nation bent on progress found Emerson’s ideas on human capacity attractive and liberating, while Christian abolitionists readily accepted his denunciations of slavery as evil.
Whatever Christianity’s role in (positively or negatively) shaping the life philosophies of Franklin and Emerson, it is certainly relevant to the language they employed to promulgate their views, as well as their reception among both contemporary and descendant Americans. Franklin explored particular providence in his early comic writings, but due to metaphysical uncertainties he discarded the topic, and yet at the Constitutional Convention he firmly argued for particular providence with a keen awareness of his audience and those for whom he spoke. Emerson frequently used religious language, but he redefined key terms Christianity laid claim to, and utilized them to emphasize human capacity and divinity in an age that emphasized individual progress. When Christianity influenced their ideas and ideals, especially and perhaps only with regards their religious thought, it seems they were responding to, or reacting against, specific Calvinist doctrines.
Franklin and Emerson either grew up in religious households which emphasized God’s omnipotence and human depravity, usually tied to original sin. Consequently, it is no surprise that they reacted against or responded to these fundamental Calvinist doctrines. Franklin struggled with the notion that God was omnipotent and omnibenevolent when the world he supposedly created is full of pain. Franklin believed original sin was a fraud, while Emerson called it a disease. For Emerson, the source of human weakness is not in depravity, but in the erroneous belief that we cannot live as Christ did; the human is divine. Their views and reactions highlight the persistent role of Calvinist doctrine in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, but they also illuminate Franklin and Emerson’s capacity, and even virtue, to relate with and to the American public, then and now.
These responses do not completely illuminate the legacies of these Americans, nor does this analysis fully explain their successes, but American Christianity provides a framework through which we can measure their mortal fame and staying power in American memory. It is quite probable that America is a less orthodox Christian country than in the days of Franklin and Emerson, and their continued success suggests that perhaps this religious framework is less revealing than other frameworks. Yet, as is evidenced with the LDS use of Franklin and Emerson, continued success is not always directly linked to mortal appeal, as their words are immortalized in ways they never meant. Thus, while these figures continue to prove important as American figures, religion also continues to utilize these individuals, and so a religious discussion remains relevant.
 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London, England: Penguin Books, 2003), 340.
 Perry Miller, “From the Covenant to the Revival,” in The Shaping of American Religion, edited by James Ward Smith and A. Leland Jamison (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961), 365.
 Jerry Weinberger, Benjamin Franklin Unmasked: On the Unity of His Moral, Religious, and Political Thought (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2005), xii.
 Weinberger, 156.
 Weinberger, 162.
 Weinberger discusses the possible reasons for Franklin’s feeling that he should not have published this work. Weinberger, 6, 21-22, 138, 157-159.
 Weinberger, 162.
 Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New York, Simon & Shuster: 2004), 16.
 Weinberger, 172.
 For Franklin’s views on original sin see Weinberger, 280-281.
 Weinberger, 139.
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson: Essays and Lectures, edited by Joel Porte (New York: Library of America, 1983), 83, 88.
 Emerson, 10.
 Robert D. Richardson, Jr., Emerson: The Mind on Fire (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1995), 125; Irene S.M. Makarushka, Religious Imagination and Language in Emerson and Nietzsche (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 16-17; Richard A. Grusin, Transcendentalist Hermeneutics: Institutional Authority and the Higher Criticism of the Bible (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), 74-78.
 Richardson, 291-292.
 Richardson, 288.
 Makarushka, 21.
 Richardson, 291. Richardson contrasted the Erasmian-Arminian strain with the Augustinian strain and its emphasis on confession and guilt. These ideas stem further back than Calvinist doctrine, but Calvinist doctrine intimately related to Augustinian thought.
 Richardson, 197.
 F.O. Matthiessen, American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 4.
 Ibid, 183-184.
 Emerson, 305. Similarly, in his “Lecture on the Times,” Emerson stated, “Our forefather walked in the world and went to their graves, tormented with the fear of Sin, and the terror of the Day of Judgment” (165).
 Emerson, 406.
 Emerson, 77.


Part 7 – The “Real” Mrs. Paige
The brothers of Mr. SB Paige were suspicious of his new wife from the beginning. She was 30 years his junior and seemed to have materialized out of nowhere after the death of the first Mrs. Paige. The wedding was done in a rush in a very private ceremony in New York with none of the Paige family present. After the marriage, the newlyweds made their home in Davenport, Iowa. Two months later, Mr. Paige was dead by apparent suicide.
The brothers, JA Paige and CC Paige, could not believe that their brother committed suicide. Mr. Paige was a very wealthy man in good health and had no reason that they could see to end his life in such a way. They immediately moved to block Mary Paige’s attempt to be the executor of his estates in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Mrs. Paige did not attend the funeral of her husband.
Within days the Paige brothers had a detective working on digging into Mrs. Paige’s past. Two days after the funeral of Mr. Paige, Mary Paige’s mother was interviewed by a reporter from the Chicago Tribune. She was quick to deny any allegations that her daughter was “an adventuress” and that she tricked Mr. Paige into marriage. At the end of June 1883, Mary Paige announced that she was writing a novel.
In July 1883, rumors began to circulate that Mrs. Paige was not divorced from her first husband at the time of her marriage to Mr. Paige. Mrs. Paige began to play defense in the newspapers by telling the story of her first marriage. In her interview with the Quad-City Times on July 6, she was sixteen when she married Mr. Fagin who was a traveling salesman. She said he was well mannered when home, but she later found that he was often drunk and would have affairs while out on the road. She said he had left unpaid bills at several hotels and that he was arrested three times before she decided on divorce. Mary said she applied for divorce, but with court delays, the divorce wasn’t final until after she had met Simon Bailey Paige. She said that she had told Mr. Paige about Mr. Fagin and that Mr. Paige had even helped her to secure the divorce.
In September 1883, Mrs. Paige was interviewed by the Quad-City Times and told the story of her first marriage again. This time she said that she was born in 1855 in Massachusetts and that her father was a physician. Mary’s family lived in Davenport where she met William Fagin at the age of fourteen. Two years later, they were married and then she realized that he had disguised his true character. Mary and William moved to Cincinnati and had two children. Mary said that after five years of marriage, she left William. Mary said that she supported herself and her children while the divorce was pending and that the divorce was final in November 1882 – two months before she married Simon B Paige in New York. At the end of this interview, Mary mentions that she is writing a novel based on her life.
It should also be mentioned that in July and September of 1883, two letters of support from “A Relative of Mrs. SB Paige” appeared in the Oshkosh Northwestern. These letters were both sent from Brooklyn, New York. (It is my belief that the letters were most likely written by Mary’s mother) The first letter states that Mrs. Paige had been abandoned by her first husband in 1876 and had thought him killed in the southwest around that time. The second letter details Mary’s quest for a divorce from Mr. Fagin in 1881 in Ohio. The author wrote that Mary’s family “were not wealthy – but they were honest.” Oddly, at the end of the letter there is mention that Mary had always wanted to be a writer. The author enclosed some newspaper clippings from articles that Mary wrote to the papers in Davenport and St. Louis and asked that they be returned after reading as the author was in possession of a large collection of her writing.
On December 16, 1883, the Commercial Gazette in Cincinnati printed a 3 column article with the findings of JC Grannon, a police detective hired by the administrators of Simon Bailey Paige’s estate. The story was printed across the country in newspapers such as The Boston Globe, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Chicago Tribune, and The New York Times. Unfortunately the original publication is not available online, however the Boston Globe seems to have printed the most complete version of any of the available papers.
Detective Grannon’s findings can be summarized as follows:
Mary’s mother was Elizabeth Libbey, an “Irish woman, small and red haired, with a violent temper and an appetite for intoxicants”
Mr. Libbey was from New England and claimed to be “something of a doctor” and who invented a potion called “Raven Oil” that was sold as a cure-all
Mary Libbey pedaled pop on the streets of Davenport as a child to help earn money – she was called “Pop Mary”
Mr. Libbey died and Mrs. Libbey found a partner to help sell “Raven Oil” – William Fagin from Indianapolis -who would be Mary’s first husband
Mary left her husband after they moved from Illinois to Pittsburgh with the help of her mother
Mary and her family (children, mother, and sister) moved from Allegheny, PA, to Cleveland, OH, and then to Cincinnati by 1879.
Mary and her sister, Laura, became “ballet dancers” at the Grand Opera House in Cincinnati under the name of the Pierrepont sisters – Mary going by the name of Alice Pierrepont
Mary saw the news of the Beckwith fire and read about Mr. Paige and the death of his wife and was intrigued by the now bachelor millionaire
Mary followed the Paige story closely and learned everything she could about both Mr. and Mrs. Paige eventually learning enough to write a letter to Mr. Paige in the guise of an old school friend of Mrs. Paige having dated the letter ahead and having it mailed from Brooklyn, New York
Mary claimed to be a widow, offered to be the governess to Mr. Paige’s children, and continued to write to Mr. Paige with stories about her former friend, his wife, which were put together by details Mary found in newspapers
Mr. Paige promised to meet Mary when he next traveled to New York and so Mary’s family moved east
Mary met Mr. Paige in January 1882 in a rented house with rented furniture and in a borrowed dress so as to appear as though the family were well off
Mr. Paige proposed to Mary but she had to delay because she was not divorced
Mary returned to Ohio to obtain her divorce in fall of 1882 – knowing her first husband was alive – and received news via mail December 1882 that the divorce was granted
Mr. Paige returned to New York and the couple was married January 9, 1883 – he believing that she was a widow for the previous five years
After the suicide, Mary did not attend the funeral but spent time with her mother and lawyer
Mary took any jewelry, money, and valuables from the room after the suicide
Mary sold her husband’s gold watch and valuable racing stallion for “ready cash”
Mary received her widow’s allowance of $200 a month from Iowa and then attempted to collect the same in Wisconsin
Mrs. Paige made no immediate response in the newspapers except to mention that her novel was nearing completion.
On December 29,1883, the judge in Mrs. Paige’s case for her widow’s allowance from the SB Paige estate in Wisconsin ruled against Mrs. Paige. She was cut off from any further support from the estate. It was stated that she had received $1800 from the estate since the death of her husband.
In January 1884, Mary Paige announced several libel suits against the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, the Milwaukee Sentinel, the Evening Wisconsin, and the New York World for printing the “Pop Mary” story. She returned to New York in April to pursue her case and mused to a reporter there about building a grand hotel on Coney Island and a making a tour of Europe once she collected her share of her husband’s estate.
In June 1884, Mary Paige publishes her novel, “A Lovely Girl’s Fetters”. You can still read her “spicy novel” here. She mentioned Charles Reif on page 172 – not by name- but Mary implied that his suit was the cause of her husband’s death. The novel sold in Oshkosh for $1 per copy. Mrs. Paige shortly after announced her plans to start a magazine.
Throughout 1884, Mrs. Paige manages to keep her name in the papers intermittently. She is the subject of the gossip columns of Brooklyn, New York and appears in the Oshkosh papers as her various law suits against her late husband’s estate continue.
I was so intrigued by the story of Mary Libbey Fagin Paige that I had to dig into the historical record to see if I could determine anything about her true background story. In the next chapter, I will share the details of her life that I could find.
The story continues –Part 8
This story was put together after researching my husband’s great great grandfather Johann Karl Friedrich “Charles” Reif. The story can be found primarily in the Oshkosh Northwestern newspaper beginning on 3 December 1880 (although parts of the story were published in papers across the US and Canada) and continuing into the 1920s and beyond.


I can't believe this one went so long unanswered.
First as to viewing manuscripts in poets handwriting. There is in fact quite a bit of work published with reproduction of holographic manuscripts. Though with poets, esecially, it is hard to tell what the actual manuscript is. For instance, you can find on line reproductions of the Walt Whitmans first edition of Leaves of Grass, and for all intents and purposes this is a manuscript, for several reasons. First, Whitman's handwriting is worse than my own, if the reproduction of his original MS is any example, but, Whitman, like Sam Clemens was a printer's devil, and edited his poetry from galley proofs and by hand on the table. Whole sections of his poetry was set by himself. If you wish, it is possible to find quite a bit of manuscript reproduced on line, and there are very pricy special editions. I reccomend you find the William Blake Songs of Innocence [ http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/work.xq?workid=songsie ]
I write in pen myself or straight into the keyboard. And there is no such thing as a final version of anything I write. When I write a poem in pen I have to always make a faircopy, because the original is so marked up by my editing. And I am glad I write in pen because I can usualy find the original if I don't like the revision. I find in making a fair copy, I edit without mercy so the faircopy is now the manuscript version, and then when I transcribe the poem into the computer, it can sometimes be a whole third version. And on printing it out, I find that I mark up that printed version so much, that I need to create still a fourth version in inserting the edits I have made on the printout. So I don't know what version of akl that you would call the manuscript. And I have sometimes made a faircopy of the printout if I wish to give the poem to someone.


Archive for December 2016
We continue with our discussion of Think And Grow Rich, by Napoleon Hill. This week in our third episode, it's Chapter 4: Autosuggestion.
In some ways this is the most important chapter in the book because it ties the two previous chapters together and provides the foundation for how the TAGS (Think And Grow Rich) program really works.
Think and Grow Rich, Episode 2. That's the topic of this week's show as we continue our exploration of the classic book by Napoleon Hill.
This week, we focus on Chapter 3: Faith. Walt tells a story about how this chapter directly impacts his life as recently as the night before we recorded the episode.
We also explore in detail the close relationship between Desire and Faith in attracting great wealth and success into your life.
Napoleon Hill's classic book, Think And Grow Rich, will be the topic of the next few episodes. We start it with this week's show. The book is now in the public domain, so there are a number of places online you can get it for free, including at FreePDFs.org. So grab a copy and read the chapters with us as we discuss the books highlights over the next few week.
The holidays are a time for bonding, among other things, and this week we focus on bonding and the role it plays in getting the Law of Attraction to work to our highest and greatest benefit in life.
Plus it's a great opportunity for Joel to brag about his new foster son!


7 Resources for Finding Out About the Secret Lives of Your Stuff
ORIGINALLY POSTED BY THE INSTITUTE FOR HUMANE EDUCATION
From the time we arise in the morning until after we fall asleep, we participate in a continuous cycle of using stuff that affects ourselves, other people, animals and the planet. We do what we can to buy products and use stuff that do more good and less harm, but it can be a real challenge to uncover the details of how these gadgets and goodies that we buy to meet our wants and needs are produced, transported, and disposed of and whether the secret lives of our stuff reflect our deepest values. Industry and government don’t make it easy to find out. Fortunately, people passionate about creating a better world are creating more resources to help us. Here are 7 resources for finding out more about the impact of your stuff on people, animals and the earth:
- How Bad Are Bananas?: The Carbon Footprint of Everything by Mike Berners-Lee (2011)
From sending a text message to buying shoes to having a child to going to war, Berners-Lee’s book calculates the carbon footprint of many of our most (and lesser) common activities and product purchases. The book isn’t meant to nit-pick our every choice, but to help us get a feel for how to decide which choices tend to do more good & less harm.
- Ecological Intelligence: The Hidden Impacts of What We Buy by Daniel Goleman (2010)
The author not only offers a life-cycle analysis of a range of stuff, but he also offers strategies and ideas for increasing transparency and power in what we buy and who and what it affects.
- Stuff: The Secret Lives of Everyday Things by John C. Ryan and Alan Thein Durning (1997)
An exploration of the impact on people and the planet of your everyday choices, from your shoes, your coffee and your computer, to your fast food burger and your car. A curriculum guide is available for educators who want to extend the learning into their classrooms.
- Good Guide
While you shouldn’t rely on this website as your only source of information when considering what products to buy (or avoid), you can get a basic idea of how some products rate in relation to others.
- Green America’s Responsible Shopper
Compare the corporate responsibility records of companies in relation to the environment, human rights, labor, ethics & governance, and health & safety.
- The Story of Stuff
In addition to the general video about where our stuff comes from & what happens when it goes away, there are short videos about electronics, cosmetics, and bottled water.
- Worldwatch Life Cycle Assessments
While the magazine is no longer being published, you can still find out more about what it takes to create and dispose of 15 different objects, from chopsticks to batteries to candy bars to lipstick and diapers.
Unfortunately, most of these resources don’t include animals in their circle of concern, so you’ll need to do some additional investigating. (And none of these resources is comprehensive, so deeper digging is recommended anyway.)
Finding out more about the secret lives of our stuff is one of the required assignments for our graduate students. As they’ve discovered, the key is to ask lots of questions and to be persistent.


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Youth Librarian - Central Library
What You'd Do
Under the direction of Central Youth Services Manager (CYS), provides and promotes library services to children, teens, teachers, families, and other caring adults. Provides and promotes story times and other programming and services to meet the needs of youth and the important adults in their lives; works with other CYS staff to ensure quality service for youth according the Library's philosophies; and serves as supervisor for CYS in the absence of the Manager.
This position also initiates and maintains contact with schools, child-care providers, and community organizations; leads tours and presents sessions on how to search the catalog and use digital resources; participates in planning and implementing of system-wide programming for youth; communicates effectively with the CYS Manager to discuss concerns and ideas.
Requirements include the demonstrated ability to create a welcoming environment for youth and their families and to provide effective library services; outstanding customer service and engagement skills; demonstrated excellence in story time planning and presentation; ability to initiate and organize new programs for children, teens, and families while maintaining current programs and handle multiple projects simultaneously.
The successful candidate will also have demonstrated flexibility and ability to readily respond to changing circumstances and expectations; the ability to work with diverse populations (i.e. age, gender, class, sexual orientation, ethnicity, etc.); and a working knowledge of children’s and teen literature and online resources and the demonstrated ability to promote usage of these materials.
Minimum requirements include Master’s degree, and public library work experience with an emphasis on youth and teen services, or the equivalent combination of education and experience.
Other Things You Should Know
This is a full-time exempt position. The starting salary is $44,810 including excellent benefits. This position is open until filled.
Please apply for this position through our web application system at www.kclibrary.org/jobs. Kansas City Public Library is an equal opportunity employer and is committed to creating an inclusive environment for all employees.
Job Type: Full Time
Salary Range: $30,000 - 49,999


The beloved “Big Enchilada” library in downtown San Antonio is undergoing a multi-million dollar facelift — literally, improvements include a new paint job.
The San Antonio Public Library system on Wednesday gave an update on the major renovations on the first and third floors as well as the building’s first fresh coat of paint in 11 years.
“Painting the library’s façade is a technical process that must be completed with a high level of precision to ensure the building is restored to its original brilliant red hue,” SAPL said in a news release. “The facility’s color is one of its most recognizable architectural details.”
The repainting is underway and is scheduled for completion in the spring. It was funded through the city’s Fiscal Year 2022 budget process.
The renovations on the first floor include a redesign of the main entrance for improved accessibility and security, the release states. The main service desk will also be redesigned.
On the third floor, the children’s area will be redesigned to include a new story room, early literacy play area, flexible programming space and computer lab for families.
The indoor renovations, totaling $3 million, were funded through the 2017-2022 bond program and also include improvements to the existing Texana/Genealogy Department on the sixth floor.
Work inside the building already started and should be finished by late 2022.
“Our services extend far beyond the walls of our Libraries, but our facilities are the home base,” Library Director Ramiro S. Salazar said in the release. “For over 25 years, Central Library has been the crown jewel of our Library system. These facility improvements will maintain Central Library’s status as a dynamic destination for information, imagination, and ideas for everyone.”
While construction is underway, a select browsing collection and computer access will be available on the first floor. The teen library on the third floor is available to teenagers, and the used book store in the basement is still open.
For more information, call 210-207-2500 or visit ask.mysapl.org or mysapl.org.
Read also: First draft of 2022 bond program heavy on basics: streets, sidewalks, bridges, drainage


Study of attrition in ITES / BPO Sector
Research Question/Issue: This paper analyses the factor affecting the attrition from HR perspective.
Research Findings/Insights: Based on the attrition rate of some of the major IT companies, the problem is treated as HR issue but it should be treated as business problem.
Theoretical/Academic Implications: This paper adds to the conceptual literature of on the relation between attrition rate and HR policies. An implication of this study is the HR policies of the IT companies is not appropriate for keeping the attrition rate low.
Practitioners/Policy Implications: This conceptual paper demonstrates that HR policies of the companies are inefficient in keeping the attrition rate low for this sector. This study offers insight into the attrition rate with respect to the HR policies.
Download Study of attrition in ITES / BPO Sector.pdf


I love the topic Carole came up with for this week's 10 on Tuesday; it's an easy one for me! I love reading children's books. I enjoyed reading them with my daughter and now I'm lucky enough to be able to read them with my granddaughter.
10 Favorite Children's Books
(in no particular order)
1. The Runaway Bunny by Margaret Wise - Such a sweet story!
2. Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Seuss - I would love this book in a box; I would love this book with a fox...
3. The Old Man and the Afternoon Cat by Michaela Muntean - this is one of Clover's favorites about a grumpy old man who ends up being a nice guy because of a cat. Clover loves to sing his song "I hate birthdays, I hate Spring; I hate almost everything."
4. Marvin K Mooney Will you Please Go Now by Dr. Seuss - Clover has loved this since she was just tiny. She'd shake her little finger and say "Mooney Go Now!"
5. Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein - Just a great book of children's poems and drawings.
6. The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle - A great little board book - colorful and fun.
7. The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry - This book was a gift to me from my 8th grade English teacher. It's so much more than just a children's book.
8. The Velveteen Rabbit by Margery Williams - I love this story
9. Goodnight Moon by Margaret Wise Brown - A great bedtime book.
10. The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter - Who doesn't love Peter Rabbit?
I could go on and on; I love kids' books! What are some of your favorite children's books?


The Library at Shrewsbury House is the perfect venue for your meeting. Opening out to the main garden, the beautiful oak panelling and wooden flooring provide an ideal background for your event.
Hirers have access to the whole grounds.
The library has a drop-down screen, other equipment, such as flip charts, can be provided.
The Library is our designated room for any person using a wheelchair as we can provide a ramp and there is full access to the garden and facilities.
Dimensions: 21ft x 28ft(Library)
Dimensions 16ft x 15ft (recess)


Charlie Javice, a name synonymous with groundbreaking initiatives in the education sector, has captivated the public’s attention not only for her professional achievements but also for the enigma surrounding her personal beliefs. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of Charlie Javice’s religion, exploring the early influences, career milestones, and the intersection of faith and professional success.
A brief overview of Charlie Javice
Charlie Javice, an entrepreneur and education advocate, rose to prominence as the founder of a revolutionary organization dedicated to transforming the student loan industry. Her journey has been marked by innovation and a relentless pursuit of positive change in education.
Significance of exploring Charlie Javice’s religion
As public figures continue to navigate the delicate balance between personal and professional life, understanding their beliefs becomes crucial for a holistic understanding. In the case of Charlie Javice, the curiosity surrounding her religion adds a layer of complexity to her public persona.
Early Life and Background
Birth and upbringing
Charlie Javice’s early life played a pivotal role in shaping her worldview. Born in Westchester County, she experienced a childhood that laid the foundation for her future endeavors.
From a young age, Javice displayed a passion for education. Her educational journey, marked by notable achievements, set the stage for her later contributions to the sector.
Influential factors shaping beliefs
Exploring the influences that shaped Javice’s beliefs provides insight into the factors that have contributed to her unique perspective on life.
Charlie Javice’s Career
Founding of a notable organization
Javice’s foray into the education sector began with the founding of CEO of Frank, a game-changer in the student loan industry. The organization’s mission reflected Javice’s commitment to addressing challenges in education financing.
Impact on the education sector
The transformative impact of Javice’s organization cannot be overstated. As the organization gained recognition, so did Javice’s influence in shaping the future of education financing.
Public persona and achievements
Javice’s public persona, intertwined with her career achievements, highlights the intersection of personal and professional success.
Public Perceptions and Curiosities
Media portrayal often shapes public perceptions. Examining how Javice has been portrayed in the media provides context for the curiosity surrounding her personal beliefs.
Public speculation on Charlie Javice’s religion
Speculation regarding Charlie Javice’s religion has been a topic of discussion among the public. Unraveling the reasons behind such speculation offers a nuanced perspective on the public’s fascination.
Handling of personal beliefs in the spotlight
Navigating the spotlight requires finesse. How Javice manages her personal beliefs amid public scrutiny sheds light on her resilience and adaptability.
Rumors often accompany public figures. Javice’s approach to addressing misconceptions provides insight into her transparency and commitment to authenticity.
Charlie Javice’s statements on faith
In her own words, Javice has shared insights into her faith. Analyzing these statements contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of her religious beliefs.
Balancing personal and professional life
The delicate balance between personal and professional life is a challenge many face. Javice’s strategies for maintaining this equilibrium offer valuable lessons.
The Intersection of Religion and Professional Success
Examining the influence of religion on career choices
For Javice, the intersection of religion and career choices is a fascinating aspect of her journey. Exploring how her beliefs have influenced pivotal decisions provides a deeper understanding.
How personal beliefs shape professional decisions
Javice’s professional decisions are intricately linked to her personal beliefs. Understanding this connection provides a nuanced perspective on her leadership style.
Impact on the organization’s ethos
The influence of Javice’s beliefs on the ethos of her organization underscores the interconnectedness of personal values and professional endeavors.
Diversity and Inclusion Initiatives
Charlie Javice’s stance on diversity
Javice’s commitment to diversity and inclusion is evident in her organization’s initiatives. Examining her stance on these issues contributes to a broader understanding of her values.
Integrating inclusive practices in the workplace
Practical steps taken by Javice to promote inclusivity within her organization demonstrate a commitment to creating a diverse and equitable work environment.
Championing diversity comes with challenges. Javice’s approach to navigating these challenges provides insights into her leadership and problem-solving skills.
Perplexity in the Public Eye
Unusual aspects of Charlie Javice’s public image
Certain aspects of Javice’s public image may be considered unusual. Exploring these facets adds a layer of perplexity to her persona, sparking further interest.
Balancing privacy and public interest
The challenge of balancing personal privacy with public interest is a recurring theme in Javice’s life. Analyzing how she navigates this delicate balance offers valuable insights.
Dealing with unexpected controversies
Public figures often face unexpected controversies. How Javice addresses and overcomes these challenges contributes to the multifaceted nature of her public image.
Burstiness in Career Milestones
Javice’s career has been marked by unexpected breakthroughs. Examining these pivotal moments provides a glimpse into the burstiness of her professional trajectory.
Pivotal moments in Charlie Javice’s career
Identifying key moments that shaped Javice’s career trajectory highlights the dynamic nature of her professional journey.
Managing rapid success
The ability to manage rapid success is a skill Javice has honed. Understanding her strategies for navigating sudden acclaim adds depth to her professional profile.
Personal reflections on the journey
Reflecting on her journey, Javice shares personal insights into the lessons learned along the way. These reflections offer wisdom and inspiration to aspiring professionals.
Professional growth and adaptability
Javice’s professional growth and adaptability are key factors in her success. Exploring how she embraces change contributes to a comprehensive understanding of her leadership style.
Looking ahead, Javice’s future aspirations provide a glimpse into her ongoing commitment to making a positive impact. Understanding her vision for the future adds anticipation to her evolving narrative.
In conclusion, Charlie Javice’s journey is a tapestry woven with personal beliefs, professional accomplishments, and the challenges of public scrutiny. Understanding the complexities of her life contributes to a more nuanced appreciation of this influential figure. The intertwining of personal and professional facets in Javice’s life emphasizes the complexity inherent in navigating the public eye while staying true to one’s beliefs. Visit Our website Time Speed Magazine.
Is Charlie Javice open about her religious beliefs?
Charlie Javice has been relatively private about her religious beliefs, but she has made statements acknowledging the importance of faith in her life.
What is the main focus of Charlie Javice’s organization?
Charlie Javice’s organization focuses on transforming the student loan industry, aiming to make education financing more accessible and equitable.
How does Charlie Javice handle controversies in the media?
Javice addresses controversies with transparency, addressing misconceptions and maintaining a focus on her organization’s mission.
What role does diversity play in Charlie Javice’s professional philosophy?
Diversity is a crucial element in Javice’s professional philosophy. Her organization actively promotes diversity and inclusion initiatives.
Can we expect more groundbreaking initiatives from Charlie Javice in the future?
Charlie Javice has expressed a commitment to ongoing positive impact. Her future aspirations suggest that she will continue to spearhead transformative initiatives.


Throne of Jade, by Naomi Novik
Black Powder War, by Naomi Novik
Empire of Ivory, by Naomi Novik
Little Brother, by Cory Doctorow
Emma, by Jane Austen
This is the first book I've read start to finish in e-book format, on my iPhone. Very handy for reading on the treadmill at the gym. Or at the doctor's office when I forgot my hardcopy book. Or on the ferry when I finished the paperback I was reading and hadn't thought to bring an extra one. I suspect the iPhone screen is a bit harder on the eyes than the Kindle. But I can't afford the extra cost of the Kindle just for reading - I can only afford one handheld device.
Sweetness in the Belly, by Camilla Gibb
Remember Me?, by Sophie Kinsella
The Book of Negroes, by Lawrence Hill
"No moons as beautiful as yours have crossed the Atlantic," he said. "All these years, when I was missing you, I would wait for the thinnest sliver of the crescent moon to come out at night. On those nights, just once or twice a month if the skies were clear, I felt that you were with me."
The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society, by Mary Ann Shaffer and Annie Barrows
I didn't expect to include this one in the January log, but I read it so fast (started at 3:30 PM on Saturday and finished around midnight) that I didn't even get a chance to put it up on my Currently Reading widget. Really good. A tear-jerker though.


Introducing the Library
The Prometheus Research Library is a working research facility for a wide range of Marxist studies and also the central reference archive of the Spartacist League of the U.S., section of the International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist). Library holdings include substantial materials on the organizations inspired and led by Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Trotsky, as well as works on related topics, sometimes remote.
The purpose of the PRL is to collect, preserve, and make available the historical record of the international workers movement and to assist Marxist scholarship. It is both a strength and weakness of the PRL that it is necessarily centered upon the work and interests of the American Communist and Trotskyist movement.
The Library’s collection, which does not circulate, grew out of the forty-year accumulated and organized holdings of James Robertson, both correspondence and printed materials. The collection now includes over 6,700 books and periodical volumes, 130 reels of microfilmed documents and periodicals, and 175 linear feet of archival documents and bulletins. Particular emphasis is on minutes of leading committees and internal discussion material. Approximately three-quarters of the holdings are in English. There are significant materials in Russian: over 300 titles covering much of the record of the Bolshevik Party in the form of stenographic records of Congresses and Conferences, public leaflets, internal party documents, early Cheka reports, memoirs, as well as publications and exile correspondence of the Left Opposition. Holdings in German, French, Spanish, Polish, and other languages are also significant. Books and pamphlets are catalogued in a card file with 120 subject headings; periodicals are indexed separately. An extensively cross-referenced, electronic version of the card file and document holdings facilitates research.
The Library also contains the published works of many non-Marxist authors who strike our interest. Since 1979, the PRL has circulated lists of recent acquisitions to interested libraries and individuals. These circulars are available upon request.
The Prometheus Research Library evolved over the last 30 years and works under the auspices of the Central Committee of the Spartacist League/U.S. The PRL has 24 staff and individual associates in the U.S. and 9 other countries. The PRL is a member of the American Library Association. The PRL seeks to assist serious efforts to publish histories of Trotskyist sections around the world, both by providing documentation and where appropriate financial support, without regard for our particular agreement with the views of the authors. The PRL occasionally collaborated with Louis Sinclair, the noted bibliographer of Leon Trotsky’s work. George Breitman, editor of Trotsky’s Writings, advised the PRL in the early stages of the production of our first book, James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American Communism. The Library strongly supports the collaboration and exchange of historical material with individuals and libraries of kindred purpose around the world. It has deposited archival records of the Spartacist League/U.S., Spartacus Youth League, and ICL in the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University and the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam.
The Prometheus Research Library seeks to collect, preserve, and make available the documentary record of the international communist movement. The PRL’s publishing program makes available rare materials that are an indispensable part of the documentary history of the Trotskyist movement. We are very interested in obtaining originals or photocopies of relevant minutes, bulletins, or correspondence to ensure that such historically valuable documents are not lost. Persons who have such archival papers are encouraged to contact the PRL.
The Prometheus Research Library is open to qualified scholars needing our specialized collections. Since the Library operates on a limited schedule, researchers are required to send written requests about specific projects and for appointments. The PRL has microfilm and fiche readers. The Library is located in lower Manhattan. Visit us on the Web at www.prl.org.
James P. Cannon
and the Early Years of American Communism: Selected Writings and Speeches,
James P. Cannon vs. Max Shachtman in the Communist League of America, 1931-1933
The Communist International
by Leon Trotsky (First Russian-
language edition) PDF
Prometheus Research Series Bulletins
PRS No. 1: Guidelines on the Organizational Structure of Communist Parties, on the Methods and Content of Their Work
PRS No. 2: Documents on the
“Proletarian Military Policy”
PRS No. 3: In Memoriam, Richard S. Fraser:
An Appreciation and Selection of His Work
PRS No. 4: Yugoslavia, East Europe and the Fourth International: The Evolution of Pabloist Liquidationism
PRS No. 5: Marxist Politics or Unprincipled Combinationism? Internal Problems of the Workers Party
PRS No. 6: Selected
Speeches and Writings
in Honor of Three Women Leaders of the International Communist League
(Fourth Internationalist): Martha Phillips, Susan Adams, Elizabeth King Robertson
Prometheus Research Library
Box 185, Canal St. Station
New York, NY 10013
Tel: (212) 966-1866
Prometheus Research Library
Box 32463, Civic Center Station
Oakland, CA 94604
Tel: (510) 839-0853
Photo of Leon Trotsky in Prinkipo by Jean Weinberg
Prometheus graphic from a woodcut by Fritz Brosius


Know your Spain
The following text is an amateur attempt to give the visitor to Spain a brief glimpse of the dramatic past history of this wonderful country. There are, quite possibly, many errors and omissions for which I apologise. I have, however, added many web site addresses for the enthusiast who wishes to investigate further this phenomenal history. I shall be pleased to hear your comments by email and to correct any specific errors.
AD or CE?
In the late 19th century, a movement started to relabel dates in a culturally neutral fashion. Though it has taken over a century, this is now globally recognised, and so CE (Common Era) is used in place of AD (Anno Domini) and BCE in place of BC.
Spain has traces of some of the most ancient human and neanderthal occupancy
Read more about the prehistory of Spain
Carthage and Rome
Spain during the Punic Wars and Roman conquest
Read about Carthagian and Roman Spain
The First Millenium
From the end of the Roman age and invasions of the Visigoths to the Moorish occupation
Read about Spain in the 1st millenium
The Second Millenium
From the Christian reconquest of Spain to Columbus' and Magellan's voyages of discovery
Read about Spain in the first half of the 2nd millenium
From the art of El Greco and the literature of Cervantes to the Spanish Armada
Read about 16th and 17th Century Spain
The wars of the Napoleonic era, Picasso and the end of empire
Read about Spain in the 18th and 19th Centuries
The Twentieth Century
Despotism, Civil War and Democracy - a time of social upheaval and hardship leading to an enlightened modern state
Read about 20th century Spain
Into the Third Millenium
From Al-Qaeda to the America's Cup - Spain shares the tribulations of the modern age, with the promise of good things for the future.
Read about Spain in the 21st century


In 2011, Olive Tree Media released the Australian Communities Report, carried out by McCrindle Research, to inform the series Towards Belief. While the research was originally completed for the series, it has become a very significant resource for a number of ministries in understanding what the Australian community thinks of Christianity and the Church.
At the end of 2016, several ministry leaders approached Olive Tree Media and McCrindle Research with the desire for this research to be repeated to provide an updated perspective.
This new research, Faith and Belief in Australia: A national study on religion, spirituality and worldview trends, is now completed and has generously been made publically available. More info at www.faithandbelief.org.au/
Designed and illustrated by Strategic Minds Communications.


Some of the information or material on this site is subject to copyright and the Company retains rights for reproduction or redistribution. Though most of the information available is within the public domain and may be freely downloaded and reproduced. However, it is requested that in any subsequent use of this work, the Pioneer Group of Industries be given appropriate acknowledgement.
All persons reproducing or redistributing this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by the copyright holder. Such protected material, however, may be used under the terms of 'fair use' as defined in the copyright laws, which generally permit use for non-commercial educational purposes, such as research, criticism and reporting.


This site used to house a small online library. It contained all Sherlock Holmes stories readily avaliable from online sources, plus a few miscellaneous works which I added for testing purposes and then saw no good reason to remove.
The central feature of the site was its search engine, written specifically for this application. All users had a personal bookshelf on which they could place volumes in which they were interested. Passages located through the search engine could be bookmarked and these too could be accessed via the bookshelf. You had the option to register. Registration was simple and free; it probably took less than two minutes of your time; its main purpose was to allow the system to recognize you next time you visited and to give you access to your previous bookshelf; no password was required.
The code for this server was written in early 2000 and it ran faithfully for over seven years before I finally pulled the plug -- it was getting less than one hit per month and that wasn't worth the bother of keeping it running. If you have a reason for seeing it running please get in touch. The source code for the FastIndex site has been released under the Lesser General Public License.


The Brand New Shepherd's Rod for 2020.
Shepherd’s Rod - Volume XXV 2020
WALKING ON THE WINGS OF THE WIND!
FIRM FOUNDATION Top Priority: Building on a Solid Scriptural Foundation
Prophetic Perspective and Purpose, “Equip and prepare God’s People to Soar higher! Instruct them on how to Walk on the Wings of The Wind. Teach them how to soar above the chaos and confusion of these days!”
Who lays the beams of the upper room of His abode in the waters [above the firmament], Who makes the clouds His chariot, Who walks on the wings of the wind. —Psalm 104:3 (AMPC)
Yes, we all should desire to soar higher and higher; however, the most important thing at this point in our journey is building upon a firm foundation. It is so very crucial that we understand this essential principle. Before you can soar higher in the heavenly realm, you must first and foremost be stable on a firm Bible-based foundation.
By the amazing Sovereign grace of Almighty God, for 25 years, Bobby Conner has experienced vivid visitations and prophetic encounters on Yom Kippur, the “Day of Atonement.” You will be enlightened and greatly encouraged by God’s revelatory truths revealed in this 2020 Shepherd’s Rod “WALKING ON THE WINGS OF THE WIND.” Within this book, you will discover how to soar above the confusion and chaos of these days.


Songtsen Gampo - Tibetan King
Songtsen Gampo - Tibetan King
Songtsen Gampo, the 33rd ruler of the Tubo Regime in Tibet, is an important Tibetan King in Tibet history and is considered to be the real founder of the Tibetan Empire ( known as Tubo Regime in Tibet history). His contribution to the unity of the Chinese nation and his influence in establishing lines of communication between Tibet and China are part of his great legacy.
It is said that Songtsen Gampo was born at Gyama in 617, in Maldro (a region to the northeast of modern Lhasa), the son of the Yarlung king Namri Songtsen. The book The Holder of the White Lotus says that it is believed that he was an incarnation of the Buddhist Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, of whom the Dalai Lama are similarly believed to be a manifestation of. He is also said to have had webbed hands and feet, a deformed face and odd skin; the early Tibetans saw him as a god and enthroned him. His identification as a cakravartin or incarnation of Avalokiteśvara began in earnest in the indigenous Buddhist literary histories of the 11th Century.
Greatly influenced by his father, Songtsen Gampo has shown the singular gift since childhood. At the age of thirteen, he acceded to the throne after his father was poisoned. He established Tubo slavery regime and moved the capital to Luosuo (today's Lhasa) after he quelled the rebellions from all parts of the region. Because of his efforts, Tibet was finally unified. By making laws, regulations and tax systems, and by fostering the development of farming and stockbreeding, Tibet prospered.
At the time he took the throne, the Tibetan people did not have a writing system and kept records by tying knots. To address this, Songtsen Gampo sent sixteen nobles including the minister Thonmi Sambhota to India to study Sanskrit and writing. They created a spoken and written language, and translated the Buddhist doctrines into this new language. This contribution helped to preserve, transmit and develop the Tibetan culture.
Songthen Gampo celebrated successes in battle expanded the Tibetan empire deep into Nepal and Tang Dynasty, and it was during these battles that he gained an appreciation of the neighbouring cultures. As a reminder of the great empire that Songtsen Gampo ruled, a large pillar still stands before the Potala palace in Lhasa, erected during his reign, on which is inscribed the agreement between the Tibetan and Chinese rulers to respect each other's borders. He studied Chinese, became skilled in the art of leadership, and most importantly, he adopted sacred codes of conduct from Buddhist scripture. Under his rule, sacred practices began to replace the shamanistic practices of the Bonpos.
This great Tibetan King's marriage to two Princesses respectively from Nepal and Tang Dynasty was widely circulated. In 639, after he married Princess Chizun of Nepal, he proposed a marriage to the Tang Dynasty. In 641, the Emperor Tang Taizong sent Princess Wencheng to marry this great Tibetan king. Both the two princesses were said to introduce Buddhism to Tibet. Princess Wencheng also brought with her a wide array of advanced cultural and technological ideas of Tang Dynasty, which further promoted the economic and cultural development in Tibet.
Unfortunately, this great Tibetan King died of an illness in 650, at the age of thirty-four. Emperor Tang Gaozong, the son of the Emperor Tang Taizong, bestowed upon him the honorary title of "The King of Xihai Jun". A stone statue of him was placed next to Zhao Ling, the Mausoleum of the Emperor Tang Taizong. This high honor commemorates the friendly relationship between the Tang and Tubo Empires. It is said that Songtsen Gampo was buried in Yumbu Lakhang in southeast Tibet.


Books from R. L. Waterman
Details of the books written by R. L. Waterman, including where to get your hands on them
The debut novel of R. L. Waterman, A Year in the Life of Jack Meadows, was published in 2017. You can pick up a copy today on Amazon.
Tom Mitchell has no job, no prospects, not even a place to call home, other than the Cornish cottage of his parents where he’s forced to scrounge from the bank of Mum & Dad. With his dreams in tatters, Tom has no idea that one ordinary morning walk will introduce him to a peculiar people who will change his life forever.
Through the course of one year, Tom finds himself re-evaluating everything he thought he knew, learning about friendship that spans generations, appreciating the beauty of the world and discovering that heroes and villains are as real as the race he’ll be forced to protect.


In an inspiring tribute to a remarkable athlete, Twin Cities PBS is set to premiere a documentary that delves into the life and legacy of Henry Boucha, a Warroad hockey icon whose contributions went far beyond the ice rink. "The Electric Indian" not only celebrates Boucha's sporting achievements but also his profound impact on Native American representation in sports.
The Significance of Henry Boucha
Henry Boucha's story is one of resilience, identity, and the breaking of barriers. A proud member of the Ojibwe Nation, Boucha carried the spirit of his heritage into every game, making the headband he wore not just a personal trademark but a symbol of pride in his Native roots. His journey from leading his high school team to a state championship to his professional career with the Minnesota North Stars and Detroit Red Wings illustrates the profound challenges and triumphs he faced.
A Career Cut Short, A Legacy Long-lasting
Boucha's promising career in the NHL was tragically cut short at 23 due to an on-ice attack that impaired his vision. Despite the end of his professional playing days, Boucha's influence continued to grow. His story is a testament to the power of resilience and identity, showcasing his journey back to his roots and his efforts to inspire future generations of Native athletes.
What the Documentary Reveals
Directed by Leya Hale, "The Electric Indian" offers an intimate look into Boucha's life, highlighting how he overcame adversity, reconnected with his heritage, and paved the way for Native Americans in a predominantly white sport. The film is a celebration of Boucha's enduring spirit and his significant contributions to his community and the world of sports.
How to Engage with Boucha's Story
For those looking to witness this powerful story, "The Electric Eagle" will premiere at 8pm on TPT Ch. 2 and will also be available for streaming on the Twin Cities PBS website. You can access the streaming content directly through the link below. This documentary is more than just a sports story; it's an inspiring narrative of cultural pride, perseverance, and the indomitable spirit of a man who refused to let adversity define him.
In closing, I encourage everyone to dive into the remarkable life and legacy of Henry Boucha by watching "The Electric Indian." This documentary is a fitting homage to a true trailblazer and an opportunity to reflect on the impact of representation in sports and society at large.


American Headway 3 Second Edition: A Comprehensive and Balanced English Course
American Headway 3 Second Edition: A Review
If you are looking for a reliable and effective English course that can help you improve your grammar, vocabulary, and skills, you might want to consider American Headway 3 Second Edition. This is a popular and widely used course that has been designed by award-winning authors John and Liz Soars. In this article, we will review the main features, benefits, and drawbacks of this course, and answer some frequently asked questions about it.
American Headway 3 Second Edition
What is American Headway 3 Second Edition?
A brief introduction to the course and its authors
American Headway 3 Second Edition is part of a series of six levels that cover beginner to advanced levels of English. It is a revised and updated version of the original American Headway series that was first published in 2001. The course aims to provide a comprehensive and balanced syllabus that covers grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, listening, speaking, and pronunciation. It also offers a variety of digital resources that enhance the learning experience and prepare students for success in high-stakes tests.
The authors of the course are John and Liz Soars, who are well-known experts in English language teaching. They have written several best-selling courses, such as Headway, New Headway, and New English File. They have also received many awards for their contributions to the field, such as the Duke of Edinburgh English Language Book Award and the British Council ELTons Award.
The main features and benefits of the course
Some of the main features and benefits of American Headway 3 Second Edition are:
It has a clear focus on grammar that helps students master the rules and structures of English.
It has a balanced, integrated-skills syllabus that develops all four skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking) as well as pronunciation.
It has more conversation and speaking opportunities that help students improve their fluency and confidence.
It has engaging and relevant topics that reflect the interests and needs of contemporary learners.
It has proven success beyond the classroom with online practice, self-assessment, and testing materials that support students' learning goals.
It has digital teaching and learning resources that make the lessons more interactive and flexible.
The level and target audience of the course
American Headway 3 Second Edition is suitable for intermediate-level students who have completed American Headway 2 or equivalent courses. It corresponds to level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which means that students can:
Understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc.
Deal with most situations likely to arise while traveling in an area where the language is spoken.
Produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest.
Describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes, and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.
The course is designed for adult and young adult learners who want to improve their English for personal, academic, or professional purposes. It can be used in various settings, such as general English classes, intensive courses, self-study, or blended learning.
How does American Headway 3 Second Edition work?
The structure and components of the course
American Headway 3 Second Edition consists of 12 units that cover different topics, such as travel, health, culture, technology, and education. Each unit has four main sections: A, B, C, and D. Section A introduces the topic and the grammar point of the unit. Section B focuses on vocabulary and reading skills. Section C develops listening and speaking skills. Section D reviews and consolidates the language and skills of the unit.
The course has several components that can be used together or separately, depending on the needs and preferences of the teacher and the students. These are:
The Student Book is the core component of the course. It contains the 12 units that provide the main input and practice of the language and skills. It also has a Grammar Reference section that explains the grammar rules and provides additional exercises. The Student Book comes with an access code that allows students to download the audio files for select activities in the book.
The Workbook is a supplementary component that provides extra practice of the language and skills covered in the Student Book. It has 12 units that correspond to the Student Book units, plus two review units that test the students' progress. It also has a Spotlight on Testing section that prepares students for standardized tests such as TOEFL and TOEIC. The Workbook comes with an access code that allows students to download all the audio files for the Workbook activities.
The Online Practice is a digital component that offers students targeted practice to improve their reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. It has 30 hours of interactive activities per level that can be accessed online or offline. The Online Practice also provides feedback and progress reports that help students monitor their performance and identify their strengths and weaknesses.
iChecker Online Self-Assessment
The iChecker Online Self-Assessment is another digital component that provides students with automatically graded online self-assessment to prepare for standardized tests. It has practice tests for TOEFL iBT and TOEIC Listening and Reading that simulate the format and content of the real exams. The iChecker also gives students tips and strategies to improve their test-taking skills.
The Testing Program is a downloadable component that provides teachers with ready-made tests to assess their students' progress and achievement. It has placement tests, unit tests, midterm tests, final tests, and exit tests that cover all the language and skills of the course. The Testing Program also has answer keys and audio scripts for easy marking and feedback.
The methodology and approach of the course
American Headway 3 Second Edition follows a communicative approach that emphasizes meaningful interaction and real-life situations. It also incorporates elements of other approaches, such as cognitive, lexical, task-based, and cooperative learning. Some of the key aspects of its methodology are:
Focus on grammar
The course has a clear focus on grammar that helps students master the rules and structures of English. Each unit introduces a grammar point that is relevant to the topic and level of the students. The grammar point is presented in context through a dialogue or a text, followed by an explanation and examples. Then, students practice the grammar point through controlled exercises that check their understanding and accuracy. Finally, students use the grammar point in freer activities that encourage them to express their own ideas and opinions.
Balanced, integrated-skills syllabus
The course has a balanced, integrated-skills syllabus that develops all four skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking) as well as pronunciation. Each unit covers a range of texts and tasks that expose students to different genres, registers, styles, and formats of English. The texts are authentic or semi-authentic materials that reflect the interests and needs of contemporary learners. The tasks are varied and engaging activities that require students to use different strategies and skills to complete them successfully.
More conversation and speaking opportunities
useful for everyday communication. The expressions are presented in context through a dialogue or a text, followed by a pronunciation practice and a role-play activity. Then, students practice the expressions in a variety of speaking tasks that stimulate their creativity and interaction. The speaking tasks include interviews, surveys, discussions, debates, presentations, and games.


My Little Pony: The Art of Equestria allows fans to experience, for the first time, a deeper exploration of the art and illustrations that comprise the enchanted land known as Equestria, as well as their favourite characters from the much loved television show, My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. The show, which debuted in 2010, created a new wave of wildly obsessed My Little Pony fans, both young and old. From the My Little Pony brand's inception in 1981, it has been a cultural staple-whether as a toy, a game, a television show, or a movie. This newest incarnation focuses on Twilight Sparkle as her mentor Princess Celestia guides her on a journey to learn about friendship, as well as a colourful, loveable cast of other ponies, including Rainbow Dash, Pinkie Pie, Applejack, and many more. Beginning with the show's premiere and taking readers through its fifth season, the book will feature an amazing collection of the art, writing and design pieces that help bring these wonderful stories of friendship to life. The book will not only take readers behind the scenes of this beloved show, but it will give readers an understanding of how their favourite characters and the landscape of Equestria came to look as they are today by examining the art of the show from incepton to its final form. Stepping outside of the television show, My Little Pony: The Art of Equestria will also examine the infectious fan culture-from fan art and contests to the amazing presence at conventions like ComiCon. Featuring conceptual art, episode storyboards, and scripts, My Little Pony: The Art of Equestria is the ultimate fan keepsake.
Between 1846 and 1940, more than 50 million Europeans moved to the Americas, irrevocably changing both their new lands and the ones they left behind. Their immigration fostered an idea of the "land of the free" and yet more than a third returned home again. In a ground-breaking study, Tara Zahra explores the deeper story of this movement of people. As villages emptied, some blamed traffickers in human labour. Others saw opportunity: to seed colonies like the Polish community in Argentina or to reshape their populations by encouraging the emigration of minorities. These precedents would shape the Holocaust, the closing of the Iron Curtain and tragedies of ethnic cleansing while also forming notions of social solidarity, human rights and freedom. His personal design principles echo an age before modern machine technology and mass production and are a reflection of his childhood spent growing up in a historic homestead in Melbourne's Yarra Valley. His passion for traditional design is evident in his interior decorating style, where his training at Melbourne's Swinburne University combines with skills developed over a lifetime of interest in design. Renowned for their sophisticated blend of vintage furniture and classic interior items, Justin's own home and designs have appeared in a variety of leading magazines and publications My Little Pony: The Art of Equestria download epub including 'Australian Country Style', Melbourne's 'The Age' newspaper and the UK's 'House' magazine. SELLING POINTS: - An invaluable sourcebook that will inspire those wanting to add a touch of the rural lifestyle to their living space - Beautifully photographed examples of French, British, American and Australian country-style architecture and interiors 500 col.
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High-definition video with 5.1 audio has been a fact of life in the more advanced parts of the global television industry for several years now, but as is usual with any transition to a new transmission format, the infrastructure at even the most progressive broadcasters is often not fully set up for seamless HD operation. On the audio side, many broadcasters still do not have established workflows for archiving or editing in 5.1, and there are still very few available effects and music libraries in ready-to-use true 5.1. Other broadcasters would like to provide audio in 5.1, but cannot yet make the considerable investment required to mix in discrete-channel 5.1, and are currently restricted to producing programme material in stereo.
Stereo workflows, equipment, files, libraries and infrastructure, in short, are likely to be around for many years, and indeed may never be completely superseded. Any audio accompanying archive video recorded before the 21st century will almost certainly remain in stereo but some means of rendering this in 5.1 will be needed by HD broadcasters for the foreseeable future.
SoundField has catered to this need since 2009 with the introduction of the UPM-1 upmix processor, a hardware device capable of creating a natural-sounding 5.1 soundscape from two-channel stereo, without adding unnecessary reverb or phase shifts. Since its release, the UPM-1 has proved very successful with major broadcasters who need to ensure that their 5.1 audio output is maintained at all times, even when playing back older material with a stereo-only soundtrack, or when incorporating legacy library material, jingles or sound effects that are only available in stereo.
However, the word from forward-thinking broadcasters over the past three years has been that still greater flexibility is required in this area. And so, in response to feedback from the industry, SoundField has created the X-1, a 1U rackmount device that combines broadcast-quality upmix and downmix processing in one box, and aims to smooth the transition for broadcasters upgrading from stereo to 5.1 workflows.


Aerodynamic theory was not prepared to offer assistance in the early development of the airplane. The scientific community, most qualified for action at the forefront of human endeavor, often turns out in practice to be surprisingly conservative. ItMoreAerodynamic theory was not prepared to offer assistance in the early development of the airplane. The scientific community, most qualified for action at the forefront of human endeavor, often turns out in practice to be surprisingly conservative. It is recorded that Lord Rayleigh expressed not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation, except by balloon.
It was not until experiments such as those of Lilienthal and Langley and the successful powered flights of the Wright brothers that correct theories for the aerodynamic action of wings were developed. Following the successful demonstrations of the Wright brothers, aerodynamic theory developed rapidly, primarily in European laboratories.
These developments we associate with the names Joukowsky, Kutta, Prandtl and his students, Munk, Betz, and Von Karman. It should not be forgotten that the writings of F. W. Lanchester provide many of the physical insights that were elaborated in these mathematical theories. Throughout World War I, these developments in aerodynamic theory remained virtually unknown in the U.S. However, in the early 1920s, the U.S.
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics undertook to translate or otherwise make available important works on aerodynamic theory in the form of NACA Technical Reports, Notes, and Memoranda, and to encourage similar effort in its own laboratory. At the present time, many of these old NACA documents are no longer readily available and it seems worthwhile to collect the most important early works under the title Classical Aerodynamics. In most cases, the theories are explained in the authors own words and often with a degree of clarity unequalled in later interpretations.
R. T. Jones Senior Staff Scientist NASA-Ames Research Center June 18, 1979 CONTENTS Preface Applications of Modern Hydrodynamics to Aeronautics L. Prandtl The Mechanism of Fluid Resistance Th. v. Karman and H. Rubach Pressure Distribution on Joukowski Wings Otto Blumenthal Graphic Construction of Joukowski Wings E. Trefftz The Minimum Induced Drag of Aerofoils Max M. Mun K The Aerodynamic Forces on Airship Hulls Max M.
Munk Elements of the Wing Section Theory and of the Wing Theory Max M. Munk Remarks on the Pressure Distribution over the Surface of an Ellipsoid, Moving Translationally Through a Perfect Fluid Max M. Munk The Inertia Coefficients of an Airship in a Frictionless Fluid H.
Bateman Flow and Drag Formulas for Simple Quadrics A. F. Zahm Flow and Force Equations for a Body Revolving In a Fluid A. F. Zahm Behavior of Vortex Systems A. Betz General Potential Theory of Arbitrary Wing Sections T. Theodorsen and I. E. Garrick General Theory of Aerodynamic Instability and the Mechanism of Flutter Theodore Theodorsen


German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) declared the Enlightenment creed in 1784: Sapere aude! "Dare to Know!" The Enlightenment was a period of intense intellectual fervor and advancement that we can date from 1650 to 1800. During this period, philosophers, intellectuals, scientists, and laymen began to question and challenge the authority of the Church and State in a frenzied pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the world. The roots of the Enlightenment begin with the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, when scientists such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton made discoveries that shook the very foundation of Church dogma, creating a bitter, antagonistic relationship between religion and science that continues to this day. The Age of Exploration introduced Europeans to new cultures, new religions, and new ideas that opened the doors to innovative and novel ways of thinking. Also, the explorers brought back with them new plants and animals that added fuel to the scientific curiosity sweeping across Europe. These two factors led to the declining influence of the Church and to the rise of either religious reform or the abandonment of religion altogether. The Enlightenment saw the rise of Deism as an alternative to organized religions, differing from the Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam) in that it viewed God as a sort of "cosmic watchmaker" who created the universe and set it in autonomous motion and never again tampered with it. They fulminated against the dogma and doctrines of organized religion and believed god's revelation to mankind existed in man's communion with nature, not through the hearsay of prophets and the Bible. Contrary to popular belief, the founding fathers of the United States were Deists, not Christians.


Black representation matters when it pertains to the literature that our Black children are exposed to. Here are 10 Black children’s books that elevate our children.
I Dream of Africa
In Africa Dream by Eloise Greenfield, a little African-American girl falls asleep and dreams of ancient Africa. In this dream, she returns to her people exercising the principle of Sankofa, which means “to go back and fetch it.” This translates to the phrase “you cannot know where you are going unless you know where you have been.” She visits a village, its marketplaces and even meets her grandfather.
Black Is Beautiful in All Shades
The best way to tackle the issues of colorism is to affirm our Black children while they are young and educate them about the dangers of it. In The Colors of Us by Karen Katz, a little Black girl named Lena wants to paint a portrait of herself. After walking through her neighborhood with her mother, she discovers that Black people’s skin comes in numerous shades of brown.
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“I think age is an advantage to a writer/artist because there is a great pool of living to draw from.”
-- Erma J. Fisk, a lifelong birdwatcher, who wrote her first book about birds at age 78
Procrastination is not always a bad thing – if you time it right. When I was in college, I read a book on procrastination called “Procrastination Pays” that provided helpful advice on how long you could put off paying your electricity bill before you would get cut off for non-payment (beware when the little man shaking his finger at you disappears from the letterhead). Putting off a creative life also needs to be timed right. You can get too sick to dance, to make music or to paint or you may die before you get that book out. But age does give an artist one leg up on younger counterparts: Time gives you plenty of opportunity to accumulate great material for your work. Life is a terrific research tool.
Harriet Doerr followed her husband to Mexico where he ran his family-owned copper mine. When her husband died, she returned to finish her degree at Stanford and, at age 74, tapped into those experiences in Mexico to write her first novel, Stones for Ibarra. "The real events are like grains of sand on a huge beach of possible images," she told an interviewer when asked if the novel was based on her life. "The stories are all made up; they're not autobiographical. But I have lived them.” Stones for Ibarra won the National Book Award.
Penelope Fitzgerald raised a family and worked in a bookshop before publishing her first book, a biography, when she was 58. Two years later, she published her first novel, a murder mystery that she had written to amuse her husband. Her next four novels were all based on her life experiences, including one called The BookShop.
In her columns, anthologized in Post Scripts: A Writing Life After 80, Laverne Hammond (my mom) liberally used her life as a mother and wife as fodder, telling stories about having her baby in a Florida hurricane and giving advice on how to keep romance alive in a marriage.
These women were all classic late bloomers: Each wanted to be a writer when they were young, but put aside that dream to raise a family or work for a living. When they did begin to write -- in their late fifties, seventies and eighties -- they had a lifetime of research at their fingertips.
But even those who never dreamed of a creative career can tap into their lifetime of experiences and launch a creative career late in life. I like to think of them as "sudden late bloomers."
Erma J. Fisk, for example, never thought of writing a book. But she was a lifelong birdwatcher. When she was 73, with her husband gone and her children grown, she went to live alone for five months in a cabin in the foothills of Arizona's Baboquivari Peak, recording and banding birds for The Nature Conservancy. Her notes became the basis for her first book, Peacocks of Baboquivari, published when she was 78. She went on to write three more books about birds. Diana Athill edited the works of other writers, but never got around to writing her own. It was only after years in publishing when someone convinced her to write about her exciting career. And when someone urged her to write about growing old, the result, Somewhere Near the End, won the lucrative Costa Award for autobiography and was nominated for the National Book Critics Award for autobiography. She was 91.
So take heart. If you can't find enough time to write, paint or make music -- too busy with the kids or the job -- don't think you're wasting your time. You're doing research.


The Influences of Women's Dependence on Men
The Yellow Wallpaper , Women's Dependence , Gender Roles , Gender Stereotypes , Influences of Women's Dependence on Men , Societal Impacts on Women , Women and Society , The Babadook , The Witcher , Women's Literature
Society's Subliminal and Deliberate Coercion of Women's Dependence on Men
This delves into the historical and societal coercion that has perpetuated women’s dependence on men. Examining literary examples like “The Yellow Wallpaper” and “The Cure,” it exposes oppressive actions and societal expectations. The paper extends to modern media, highlighting biases in healthcare, expectations on single mothers, and evolving portrayals of women’s independence in most recent shows like “The Witcher.”
This exploration exposes society’s ingrained coercion, shaping women’s dependence on men throughout history. Analyzing literary examples and modern media, it scrutinizes oppressive actions and societal biases. From biased medical perspectives to societal expectations on single mothers, the narrative illustrates women breaking free from traditional roles and reclaiming their power, challenging historical norms.