MLA format is one of the citation styles used to cite external sources in professional and academic writing, including essays and research projects. Students must include an in-text citation with their corresponding work cited list for external sources. MLA style is an important guideline in the writing process for literature, language, liberal art, and other human subjects.
Read through this blog to learn the MLA formatting guidelines and specific elements that must be included to set up your MLA paper format easily.
What is MLA format?
MLA stands for Modern Language Association which is an organization that focuses on language and literature. Depending on the subject, your professor may ask you to format MLA style. MLA format is often used for literature, language, liberal art, and other humanities subjects. The most recent and updated version of MLA citation is the 9th edition.
While doing a research paper, you should make in-text citations in the body of your paper, which points your reader to the corresponding full source in work cited list. The in-text citation is a concise note directly after the idea you are citing. At the end of the paper, you should create a work cited list that includes all sources you referenced in your writing.
Examples of MLA formatting
Below are the most common citations followed by the formatting guideline and examples for both work-cited lists and short in-text citations;
Work cited list: Author’s last name, first name, book title, publisher, year.
In-text: (Author last name page number)
Work cited list: Olsen, Dale A. music of El Dorado: The Ethnomusicology of Ancient South American. Florida, 2002.
In-text: (Olsen 25)
- Journal article from a database
Work cited list: Author’s last name, first name, “title.” Journal/magazine/newspaper title, publication information (volume, issue/number, year, pages). Name of the database, DOI, permalink, or shortened URL for an article in the database.
In-text: (Author last name, page number)
Work cited list: Latartara, John. “The Timbre of Thai Classical Singing.” Asian Music, vol.43, no. 2, 2012, pp.88-114. Project MUSE, https://doi.org/10.1353/2012.0013
In-text: (latartara 97-8)
What is MLA citing?
The modern language association standardizes how scholars document their sources and format their papers. When authors write sources the same way, it becomes easy for the reader to understand the sources used in a project and explore them. MLA citations are created to credit other sources you have used in your research or assignment.
You may place citations in the body of your project depending on the information you include in your work. In-text citations in MLA should have the Author’s last name and the page number. Reference entries in MLA should have; the Author’s last name, first name, the title of the book, edition, publisher, and year of publication.
Ultimate MLA format guide
The following are MLA format general guidelines;
- Type your paper on a standard white 8.5 by 11-inch piece on your computer
- Use a legible font, e.g., times new roman, with a font size of 12 points. MLA recommends that the italic and the regular type style contrast enough and are distinct from each other.
- Leave only one space after periods or punctuation marks before the next sentence.
- All text in your paper should be double-spaced
- Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.
- Indent the first line of each paragraph 0.5 inch from the left margin. MLA recommends using the “tab” key to indent the line.
- Create a right-justified header 0.5 inches from the top edge of every page with your last name, followed by a space and the page number. Your pages should be numbered with Arabic numerals starting from the first page.
- Use italics (rather than underline) to indicate the titles of longer works such as books or plays only when necessary. You should also use italics on words or phrases to provide emphasis though you should do it rarely.
- If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your work cited page.
- The first page of your paper should be double-spaced, even the header, just like the rest of the document. In the main part of the page, include your first and last name, instructor name, class name, and date.
- The title of your paper should be centered and in the title case. It should not be bold, italicized, or underlined.
- If you include subheadings, they should be bold and left justified, not indented or centered.
MLA format essay
When using MLA format in your essay, you should know the formatting components and how to do them correctly. Citing your sources is a crucial component of writing essays, and it’s the only way to avoid plagiarism. The following are instructions and examples for formatting a paper;
- Header and titles
The headers of MLA format should be left-aligned on the first page of your paper and should include the following;
- Your full name
- Your instructor’s name
- Course name or number
- The due date
After the MLA header, press ENTER and write your paper’s title. The title should be centered and with title-case capitalization. You can use a separate title page for an essay with multiple authors.
- Running head
You should include a running head at the top of every page, including the first page containing your last name and the page number. To set up a running head in a word document, you should;
- Double-click at the top of a page
- Type your last name
- Insert automatic page number
- Align the content to the right
- Headings and subheadings
Headings and subheadings can help you structure and organize your paper, especially in longer assignments. Headings in MLA format should be in title case, left aligned, and not end in a period. The heading font and size should be the same as the body text and in title case capitalization. Italics are appropriate for subordinate headings, while boldface indicates greater prominence.
- Tables and figures
Tables and other illustrations, such as figures, should be placed close to the relevant part of the text as possible. MLA provides guidelines to format them as follows;
- MLA format for tables
Tables should be labeled and numbered, along with a descriptive title placed above the table. The label and number should be bold. Below the table, you should provide a caption with information about the source.
You should include any explanatory note marked on the relevant part of the table with a superscript letter indenting the first line of each message. Just like the rest of the paper, the table should be double spaces with title case capitalization of the title.
- MLA format to figures
Figures in your paper should be labeled and numbered. Below the image, you should include a caption placed at the center. In the caption, abbreviate the label ‘figure’ to ‘fig,’ followed by the figure number and a period. Then, you can give full source information or just a basic description of the image (Author, title, publication year) in the rest of the caption.
- Source information in tables and figures captions
If your caption includes full source information in the tables and figures, not in the text, do not include it in the reference list. You should give source information in a caption in the same format as a work cited list without inverting the Author’s name. If the caption includes basic information, you should ensure that the caption contains enough information with Author and title.
- Reference page
The reference page appears on a separate page at the end of your paper and should contain the sources cited in your essay. You should list all the courses you used in your writing alphabetically. In the center at the top of the page, place the title ‘work cited’, then press ENTER and insert your MLA references. All entries should be double-spaced and use a hanging indent for those longer than one line.
MLA format essay example
10th Dec 2022
Regular Use of Cell Phones on the Road
Irresponsible use of phones on the road is irritating because they put our lives at risk. Drivers get distracted by dialing and chatting while driving, which results in weaving between lines (Hatcher 11). Regulations are needed because drivers using phones are impaired and laws on negligent and reckless driving are insufficient to punish offenders.
Cell phones have caused traffic deaths and injuries over the years (Pena 34). Early in November, a two-year-old boy was killed by a driver distracted by his cell phone. His mother reported that the driver “ran a stop sign at 45 mph, broadsided my vehicle, and killed my son as she sat in her car seat”. Two weeks later, a corrections officer guarding prisoners was killed by a woman distracted by a phone call (Besthoff).
MLA format is one of the citation styles used to cite external sources in academic and professional writing. Students cite sources while writing essays to avoid plagiarism. MLA citations are used to credit other sources you have used in your research or assignment. Use this blog’s guide to write an excellent essay paper in MLA format.


INFORMATION PRESS RELEASE
St. Charles County Democrats
Clayton Herbst — Executive Director
August 5, 2022
The Saint Charles County Democratic Central Committee Announces Reorganization Meetings
St. Charles, MO — Per the Revised Statutes of Missouri all Congressional, Senate, Legislative, and Judicial Committees must hold a reorganizational meeting to elect officers. Therefore, the Saint Charles County Democratic Central Committee hereby announces the dates, times, and locations of the reorganization meetings in St. Charles County:
August 16th, 2022 at 6:30pm the Central Committee Reorganization Meeting will be held at the Katherine Linnemann Library, Room A.
August 23rd, 2022 at 6:30pm the Legislative District Reorganization Meeting will be held at the Katherine Linnemann Library, Room A.
These meetings are open to the public. This press release serves as public notice of the meetings. For questions please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.


Rā: 8 o Hakihea | 8 December 2022
As requested by the Court on 5 December, please find attached the Statement of Defence for Te Ohu Kaimoana and the Statement of Defence Crown, as well as an accompanying Memorandum of Counsel from Te Ohu Kaimoana. The accompanying Memorandum of Counsel from Te Ohu Kaimoana proposes to appoint Counsel assisting, and seeks permission to publish pleadings on the Te Ohu Kaimoana website.
It is important to note that Mandated Iwi Organisations have until Friday 9 December to notify the Court if they wish to be heard in these proceedings, and in what capacity they wish to be heard.
All key documents relating to these proceedings will be uploaded to the resources section of the Te Ohu Kaimoana website teohu.maori.nz from this afternoon.
Te Ohu Kaimoana


David Ben Reuven:
Singer-songwriter, Wallenberg activist. Founded the Jerusalem Raoul Wallenberg Committee in the 1980s, holding regular demonstrations and petition campaigns calling for the release of Wallenberg. Published the book “Raoul Wallenberg is Alive” by Efim Moshinsky in 1987. In his novel Bestseller, based on his experiences, he imagines how Raoul is found and released. In recent years he has concentrated on writing songs and performing them about Wallenberg and the Jewish and non-Jewish rescuers of the Holocaust era, mainly in the context of the Jerusalem Working Group events.
These songs are now available on his CD “Songs of Hope, Heroism and Humanity”. You can order the CD directly to Jerusalem Songs Ltd.
Songs relating to Raoul and the Rescuers:
- There is a Man
- For You Raoul (1988):
- The Rescuers
- Louise and Marie
- Carl Lutz- The Glass House Rescuer
- The Noble Few
- Raoul We Thank you
The son of a Scottish father and an Irish mother, Irvine was inspired by his mother, an actress, to pursue a career in theater and appeared in numerous films and stage productions as a youngster. Music, however, had an even greater lure. After learning to play guitar, Irvine played in several teenaged skiffle bands, acquiring an interest in traditional folk songs and the songs of Woody Guthrie. Moving to Dublin, Ireland in the early 1960s, Irvine became involved with the city’s folk circuit. After having performed with different groups, Irvine recorded his second solo album, Rude Awakening.
- Rude Awakening, Raoul Wallenberg, Green Linnet , 1991
Jerusalem Working Group:
- Beacons in the Dark, 2005
Hoppets ljusa strimma
(Our Gleam of Hope), Leco Music Division (LMD), 2005
- Hoppets ljusa strimma
- Låt mig aldrig tveka
- Our Gleam of Hope
- No Hesitation
Clara Reichard – Gross:
- “The Devil’s Son”, opera in 3 acts, December 5th 1985 at wallenberg Traditional High School, San Fransisco
Of Times Past: Music for Orchestra, Voice & by Joseph DePalo, Jeanne Singer, Robert Stankovsky, Vit Micka, and Moravian Philharmonic Orchestra
Wallenberg, a new musical drama
The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation is proud to be one of the associate producers of the amazing, new Wallenberg musical. With book and lyrics by the 2006 Kleban Award-winning team of Laurence Holzman & Felicia Needleman, music by Benjamin Rosenbluth, and under the direction of Emmy Award winner Annette Jolles, Wallenberg conveys the same sense of hope and optimism that Wallenberg himself inspired. Wallenberg’s heroic efforts proved that one ordinary man can make an extraordinary difference. In light of the disheartening situation in our world today, this message -which lies at the heart of the musical- resonates deeply for all of us.
Wallenberg had its premiere public presentation in March 2004 in a staged reading at Symphony Space in Manhattan, presented by the New Voices Collective. In January 2005, a reading presented by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation took place at JCC Manhattan, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of Wallenberg’s mysterious disappearance. The musical played to full houses as part of the New York Musical Theatre Festival in September 2006.
Symphonic Portrait composed by Ulf Björlin, text by Herb Schapiro. Recorded from the world premier 25/26 April 1990 Palm Beach


I love reading, and it’s the way I end most days… Lately here’s the books that I’ve been digging this summer:
1. Me Before You by JoJo Moyes – such a great, easy read, and so far a wonderful story!
2. Grace (Eventually): Thoughts on Faith by Anne Lammott – I always love reading faith memoirs, and this memoir has challenged some of my faith views, which is fantastic!
3. For Women Only by Shaunti Feldhahn – this has been a great book for the 1st year of marriage that has helped me to understand my husband better.
What books have you enjoyed this summer?
© 2016 Daisy. All rights reverved


10 non-academic books a veterinarian should read
Updated: Sep 12, 2020
The given below context is well presented by a book reviewing Instagram page @hooked.and.booked being managed by Dr. Abhijeet and Dr. Ranjeeta. The top ten non-academic books that every veterinarian should place in their book shelf and enjoy the read were given below along with their purchasable links. Each book is well introduced and explained why it is so special. Then let's start the read to know what these books are about.
Hello dear Vets,
Here we are with something truly amazing for you all. Being veterinarians, we know how stressful your academics and your job can be. So we present you a list of delightful books which will provide a different experience being a vet and understand your profession a bit better. You will get to know how awesome we vets are.
So friends, take a break, put aside the bulky academic books for a while and pick one of these beauties. We hope you will feel relaxed and rejuvenated.
James Herriot is a well-known face both in the field of veterinary practice and literature. He is often adored as the world’s most beloved vet and perhaps the most successful animal doctor in the literary world. His marvelous life-stories and experiences with different patients will keep you glued to the book which is also available as a major BBC tele-series. There are many other books he has penned to share his tales , but to add diversity to the list, we won’t place them here.
William B. Karesh after working for years with wildlife got associated with the wildlife conservation society providing assistance and advice world-wide. His patients may be often tedious to handle, but his passion never stopped him from encountering the hurdles deep in the woods. His writing will take you to a world what you have witnessed in the fictional ‘JUNGLE BOOK’. But save your excitements for this is real JUNGLE.
Abramson, whose wife is a veterinarian, has been dealing with legal issues relating animals since long. This book will make you think about an unseen unrealised human-animal bond. The story revolves around Helena, a lady-vet, who has died of breast cancer, but still takes care of her pets from the other side of the world sharing emotions with them. You might have heard lots of hues and cries for human rights; this book will speak aloud for animal rights. A compelling story of human-animal love and ethics.
This is the real life story of a veterinary oncologist who discovers a lump around her neck and suspects it to be thyroid cancer. Alas..!! She was damn right. The book is about how she deals with human health care from the prospective of a veterinarian using her knowledge and experience to the best. The book offers both emotion and timely humour as it takes you down the memory lane of a cancer fighter and survivor. A co-relation and comparison between human and animal oncology is served right on your plate. Enjoy.
This fascinating book offers an insight of zoo animal health care and the gruesome task of the veterinarians who deal with them. You will walk through rare and curious cases handled by the brave and adventurous vets who routinely put themselves in danger to save the lives of the animals we enjoy watching in the zoo ,but do not give a damn about the life-threat they are constantly living under due to selfish mankind.
For us, this is the most interesting book in the list as we are sure that even a veterinarian would not have observed the animal kingdom and their behaviour so keenly, the way it is described in this beautiful book. The short chapters are full of knowledge and animal facts which make the book a page-turner. The book is going to change your perception towards the speechless animals as it will enable you to see through their emotions and most importantly understand them. Who won’t love to read about a horse feeling shame or a rooster deceiving hens or bees planning for future or pigs learning their own names?
We will recommend this book to the vets who are new to the field of veterinary practice or who have got a job recently. This is the story of a young vet’s dreams and ambitions during his life as a student and what he had to face when he finally started career as a veterinary surgeon. All his ideas to do wonders to save the animal world soon got whacked by the harsh reality he discovered being in the job. He felt the world standing against him in the forms of vicious pets, unfriendly animal owners, jealous colleagues, failed theoretical knowledge in practical aspects and what not..!! Perhaps he had enough reasons to quit. But did he?
Your childhood is incomplete if you have not watched the Irwin couples playing with death in Animal planet or Discovery channel. Steve Irwin ,also known as ‘The crocodile hunter’ had left his mark showing some extraordinary skill and courage while rescuing numerous deadly crocodiles, venomous snakes and other scary reptiles. Through this book, he and his wife have told us about the story of their hard work, dedication and passion for protecting our reptilian cohabitants and other precious wildlife. A costly book, but a great one to have in your collection.
We have placed this book in the list to add some different yet excellent taste to the reading-buds. This book is a collection of 47 astonishing real stories in which two different unrelated animals share a totally unexpected and unlikely bond between them. The interspecies affection will not only amaze you, but also make you realize how beautiful this world can be. When a cat and a bird, a mare and a fawn, an elephant and a sheep, a leopard and a calf etc can share a lovely and friendly bond with all the odds against them, why can’t we humans do that?
We started with James Herriot and we are going to end the list with him only. Because certainly he deserves that. This is his biography written by his son Jim which reveals the real man behind the title ‘The world’s most beloved vet’. Through the book, you will know him, you will love him and surely you will admire him. Believe that.
That's the thing about books. They let you travel without moving your feet. (Jhumpa Lahiri)
Dr. Abhijeet Anan Panda
Dr. Ranjeeta Pattanaik
Both of them working as AVAS in F & ARD department of Odisha government.
Dr. Hemalatha Talluri
Dr. Amit Kumar Tripathy


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EMI Classics is issuing six operas on DVD produced by the Metropolitan Opera for its highly acclaimed series The Met: Live in HD.
Five productions from the Met’s 2007-08 season will be released, as well as the 2006 world premiere production of Tan Dun's The First Emperor.
The releases further extend the reach of The Met: Live in HD, the groundbreaking series of live operas transmitted to movie theatres, arts centres and universities all over the world. Next season, the series will expand to reach 800 venues and 30 countries.
The operas include new productions of Hansel and Gretel, Macbeth, and Peter Grimes; the world premiere production of The First Emperor; Franco Zeffirelli's iconic production of La Bohème and a classic production of Manon Lescaut.


“The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has reviewed three descriptors of Good Environmental Status (GES) of the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The review suggests revisions to the criteria of the descriptors, highlighting the need for the MSFD to consider how humans impact the functioning of the ecosystem. It also strengthens understanding of how to assess ecosystem health across many different habitats, and provides a roadmap for further research in the area.”
Ver comunicado completo aqui.
Ver o parecer aqui.
Fonte: ICES – 20 de março de 2015
Mais informações aqui.


"First Grade Daily Language Instruction is a student's first introduction to many written language skills. The children love the poems, songs, and activities that help them learn, remember, and apply new concepts and skills. The DLI format is kid friendly and encourages success for every student. It's truly a wonderful resource!"
Daily Language Instruction
DLI for Grade 1 is a focused, stand-alone resource that specifically addresses writing conventions: capitalization, punctuation, grammar, and usage.
DLI offers five distinct advantages when compared to other language resources:
DLI focuses on one new skill each week.
|DLI is quick and effective.
Plan 5-10 minutes a day to complete the daily practice Monday-Thursday.
DLI is age-appropriate and is the perfect complement to Writing Workshop.
The quick DLI tasks allow you to keep authentic writing center stage.
Grade 1 Book
|Table of Contents|
|DLI Grades 1-6 Scope and Sequence|
|How Much Time Does DLI Require?|
|New! Pre-Post Assessment Weeks 13-17|
|State Assessment Data||What you need to know about DLI|
|Progression of Weekly Samples||CCSS CORRELATION CHART|
Bound as one edition,
Grade 1 DLI includes two separate sets of materials:
Zaner-Bloser and D'Nealian.
Grade 1-DLI Educator Bundle (DLI Book + DLI Smartboard CD)
Enhance your instruction by adding a CD to your DLI book.
Project daily tasks on any interactive whiteboard or use the CD with an LCD projector.
Included: the CD correlates with the print edition. It includes all Day One to Day Four student practice tasks in pdf format.
Not included: teacher resource sections (mini-lessons), assessments, keys, and spelling are not included; they are all available in your DLI book.
Copyright: The single-use license allows the CD to be installed on one computer. Files on the CD may not be uploaded to teacher or school websites or transmitted via the Internet. CDs are not sold separately.
Click here for more information.


Monday, October 10, 2016
The Moon-Eyed Ones
Please join me in congratulating Julie K. Johnson on the publication of her debut historical fiction novel, The Moon-Eyed Ones! I had the privilege of offering Julie some assistance with developmental editing and copyediting, and I designed the cover for this moving coming-of-age story set during a tumultuous time in Southern Appalachia. Here's the book description:
Fifteen-year-old Silas Vanover is thrilled at the chance to make a life for himself as a trader among the white settlers. But his optimism is crushed by his family’s horror stories of lynchings, excommunication, and worse. Determined to prove them wrong, Silas ventures down from his isolated colony to trade in the valley below, attempting to pass himself off as a member of an Indian tribe. There he meets Amadahy Kingfisher, a Cherokee girl who notices how out of place he is in town but still extends kindness and curiosity toward him. The two make a deal to befriend one another for their own protection among the hostile European frontiersmen, and their encounter makes Silas hopeful that his people’s haunted memories are scarred legends of the past.
But he is mistaken. After being wrongfully accused of a crime by the white settlers, a brutal raid on his people’s beloved mountain enclave destroys everything Silas holds dear. Now he must fight for his home, his identity, and his place among the people of East Tennessee, forming alliances with the white settlers and the remaining Cherokees of the area while trying to stay true to his own people. In the end, Silas must decide where his heart and loyalties lie as the white government sets into motion what will later be known as The Trail of Tears.
The Moon-Eyed Ones is available now in ebook and print format on Amazon. Add it to your shelves on Goodreads and check out Julie's website to read the first three chapters and learn more about the book!
Need an editor or cover designer?
Email me anytime to chat about your project!


Robert E. Haltiner
Robert E. Haltiner, 80, of Alpena, died Tuesday February 14, 2012 at Tendercare Alpena.
Bob was born June 29, 1931 in Alpena to Robert Gerald (Elsie (Miller) Haltiner and graduated from Alpena High School as Salutatorian, class of 1949.t He was in the US Army from 1952 -1954, serving as Chief non-commissioned officer in charge of Special Orders, Headquarters United States Army, Europe – Heidelberg, Germany. With his father he owned and operated Haltiner’s Hall of Ancient Man. Bob’s list of achievements was long and varied, including; founding member of the Coffinberry Chapter of the Michigan Archaeological Society, Grand Rapids, MI, member & Board of Directors of Michigan Museums’ Association, founding member of Thunder Bay Island Preservation Society, Thunder Bay Underwater Preserve, the Alpena Historical Society, a member of the Advisory Council for NOAA’s Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Alpena City Historical District Study Committee, the US 23 Heritage Highway Committee and various state and national archaeological organizations. He was the Curator of the Jesse Besser Museum for over 30 years establishing most of their major collections. Bob was Past President and Vice President and long-time member of the Board of Directors of Thunder Bay Theater. A prolific writer, Bob wrote 11 books pertaining to Alpena and NE Michigan, publishing nine of them himself. He also wrote stories and articles for various state and national publications.
Surviving are his sister, Lyola Sharp of Holt, MI and a number of nieces and nephews. He was preceded in death by a sister, Charmian DeRosia.
Alpena County Library will host a reception in celebration of the life of Robert E. Haltiner on Sunday April 1, 2012 from 1:00-4:00 pm. There will be a brief program followed by refreshments and time to socialize which is open to the public. On display will be Haltiner’s books and some photos of early Alpena. McWilliams Funeral Home – Alpena was chosen to assist the family. Memorial donations may be made to the Alpena County Library, Jesse Besser Museum or the Huron Humane Society.Please visit Bob’s personal web page at www.lifestorynet.com where you may share a memory or sign the on-line guest book.


From Luke Howard's Sketch Book
Essay #2 1783 -- A Year to Remember
Luke Howard was born in London November 28, 1772, the first child of Robert and Elizabeth Howard. Robert was a successful businessman and a staunch Quaker. When it came time to begin school, his father sent him to a large Friends' grammar school at Burford, near Oxford. The school was run by a scholarly Friend, Mr. Huntley, and it was here that Luke spent the next seven years. Mr. Huntley was fatherly, kind and of the Old School, which was to flog those who could not learn fast enough and leave the others much to themselves. Luke commented many years later that he acquired more Latin than he had been able to forget. Little did he know that in 20 years that knowledge of Latin would stand him in good stead in a way he could not have imagined?
We know relatively little about this portion of his life. Presumably he returned home only once a year, at summer holidays. But whether he was at home or at school it is quite clear that he was raised in an atmosphere of Christian love as interpreted in the Quaker tradition.
What follows is the reconstructed, but not fictionalized, story of events in Nature that shaped a life:
An eleven-year-old boy stands alone on a hill overlooking the Windrush River in Oxfordshire. Only by straining his eyes can he make out the hills on the other side of the valley. The day has been hazy, as indeed, it had been week after week during the early summer. The sun, hanging low in the sky, continues to show the same eerie, coppery cast it had even at midday. And now it is late in the day.
As the sun sinks lower and lower into the thick haze, the disc reddens even more, darkens and disappears below the horizon. Then, instead of the twilight darkness, the western sky starts to brighten showing a remarkable array of colors. Directly above the point where the sun disappeared, the haze starts to take on a green opalescent hue, topped by a region that is nearly white. On either side there is a greenish yellow glow. Still higher in the sky, extending midway to the zenith, is a most delicately colored open fan of pink, surrounded on either side by the deepest of blue.
The boy stands entranced, scarcely breathing, as this panorama develops to full splendor before his gaze. Slowly brighter hues give way to those less bright, and finally to the dusk. At long last he rouses from the magic of the spectacle and slowly makes his way back to his lodgings.
1783 was a year in which Nature was in a state of extreme agitation and turmoil. Late in May, early in June and still again in mid June violent volcanic eruptions took place in Iceland. As the activity continued during the remainder of the year, the greatest lava flow in historic times spewed forth. Great volumes of volcanic dust from the Eldeyjar eruption fell over Iceland and, carried by the westerly windstreams, spread over Scotland, destroying crops. The dust cloud moved onward over Europe spreading a dirty blanket from which there was no escape. First reported in Copenhagen on 29 May, and in France on 6 June, the cloud moved forward. By July 1st it stretched to North Africa covering all of Great Britain and continental Europe!
Before the effects of the Icelandic eruptions had time to disappear, another violent eruption took place; this time on the other side of the world in Japan. Early in August, volcano Asama Yama produced what has been described as "the most frightful eruption on record to date" hurling out rocks as large as houses, burying towns and villages, and spewing great quantities of dust into the upper atmosphere, where westerly winds carried the dust around the whole Northern Hemisphere, adding to the general pall of haze. All the weather diaries of that period, and even some of the great literary works of the day, contain vivid references to the extended period of the Great Fogg (which was not fog in the usual sense but referred to the cloud of volcanic dust), and to the unusual appearances of the sky, including the fantastic array of colors at sunset and the rayless sun. The sense of underlying uneasiness was heightened by major earth shakings in Calabria and Sicily. It was stimulated by an amazingly bright and fiery meteor that flashed across the skies of western Europe in the early evening hours of 18 August, and was seen by tens of thousands, including our eleven year old boy. And the shimmerings of the aurora borealis added to the "general mysterium".
Yes, 1783 was a most remarkable year!
38 years later this same Luke Howard received the highest award of the young scientific community for his services to the infant science of meteorology. We believe that there is a causal line of connection between receipt of this honor and the Year to Remember. Luke remembered This Year and was deeply impressed by the events that occurred therein. Because of what took place in 1783 and the way in which Luke reacted to it, some indefinable chord in his inner being was set into resonance; some initial momentum was established that led directly to the 1821 honor.
The capture of Luke Howard's boyhood imagination was
so complete that meteorology continued as his primary avocation, even
though his vocation took other turns. His interest in weather never waned
during his long lifetime. This lifetime devotion and his many contributions
to the science of meteorology make him one of its real pioneers.
Luke Howard -- "The Godfather
Luke Howard -- Cloudman Foreword | Essay #1 Background Setting
Essay #2 1783 -- A Year to Remember | Essay #3 1802 -- Year of Significance
Cloud History Topics
Luke Howard -- "The Godfather of Clouds | Wilson A. Bentley -- "The Snowflake Man"
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Knitting Tips & Trade Secrets
What do you get when you put hundreds of knitting tips from people all over the country together in one place? The answer and my new favorite knitting book- Knitting Tips and Trade Secrets, Expanded: Ingenious Techniques and Solutions for Hand and Machine Knitting and Crochet. I picked this book up at a used bookstore last night and I read it cover to cover. I love sitting at snb and learning little tricks from my fellow knitters and this book bottled that knowledge and much more in a handy reference guide. I bought the book after reading the section on doing seamless intarsia (argyle socks here I come,) but found it contained tons of other techniques I can use like knitting backwards, illustrations for picking up stitches, and how to reinforce the shoulders of a sweater to prevent stretching (very important when knitting with plant fibers.) This book also functions as a basic reference guide with directions for increasing, decreasing, seaming, grafting and several other techniques so if you are in the market for a reference guide I recommend this one since you get so much more than just the basics.


The Kaminario REST (krest) is a client library that provides ORM like interface for working with Kaminario K2 REST API.
Krest is written in Python and is aimed to provide rapid enablement of managing and monitoring Kaminario K2 all-flash arrays using Python.
This readme file complements the Kaminario K2 REST API guide document. You can request this document from the Kaminario support team.
pip install krest
Below are the examples of using krest. Again, we'll mostly explain how the Python interface maps to a URL spec which is outlined in K2 REST API guide.
First you need to obtain an endpoint (connection) to your K2 machine:
import krest ep = krest.EndPoint("IP address", "username", "password", ssl_validate=False)
If you configured your K2 machine with real SSL certificates, set
ssl_validate=True in the above call.
Creating and changing objects
Once you've obtained an endpoint, you can use it to CREATE/READ/UPDATE/DELETE objects.
# create host-group hg = ep.new("host_groups") hg.name = "hg1" hg.save()
Parameters can also be passed inline:
# save() also returns the updated object host = ep.new("hosts", name="h1", type="Linux", host_group=hg).save()
Note how we can use our
hg object as host-group reference in newly created volume above.
Changing is simple - just change attributes and hit
host.type = "Windows" host.name = "h2" host.save()
If you know a specific object id, you can
vol = ep.get("volumes", 1)
.search() to retrieve multiple objects that match search query.
In the simplest form:
rv = ep.search("hosts", name="h2")
The returned object is a
ResultSet object that has a
.hits array containing
The total number of matched objects is recorded in the
.search() method recieves
options and query keyword arguments.
Each query argument is treated as a field name and its value and a requested field value.
i.e. in the above example, we search for hosts having
You can add search modifiers to field names:
rv = ep.search("events", level="INFO", message__contains="h1", name__contains="HOST")
For the full list of search modifiers please refer to the K2 REST API guide.
Notes on field values
- If a field value is an instance of
RestObject, it is converted to its reference url and
.refis added to the field name. This allows native usage of
RestObjectin your code, i.e.
- If a field value is instance of
tuple, then list elements are converted to string by comma-joining and
__inis added to the field name. This allows doing things like
ep.search("hosts", host_group=[hg1, hg2])
ResultSets are returned by the
.search() method of
KrestEndPoint. The number of results returned from the API
is limited to 100. You can check the total number of results matching your search query
by inspecting the
.total attribute of the result set.
For queries matching a large number of objects, you can use
parameters to fetch results by chunks.
NOTE: Its crucial to sort results to retrieve
objects in predictable order (use the
__sort_order query attributes). All objects have an
id field, to it is a good candidate to be used as a sorting field.
ResultSet is iterable, i.e.
for r in rv:... is similar to
for r in rv.hits:.... It also supports
len(rv) and truthy evaluation.
If you set the
.autofetch attribute of a
ResultSet object to 'true' before iterating it,
it will automatically fetch the next chunk of objects when the current chunk is
exhausted. Don't forget to apply the sorting (as in the above note).
Once you have a
RestObject at hand, simply call its
.delete() method to delete it.
More examples for object creation and manipulation
NOTE: All sizes in our K2 REST API are in kilobytes, with performance data being the only exception - it returns results in bytes.
Create a volume-group
vg = ep.new("volume_groups", name="vg1", quota=100*2**20) vg.capacity_policy = ep.search("vg_capacity_policies").hits # search ad-hoc vg.save()
Create a volume in the above volume-group
vol = ep.new("volumes", name="v1", size=10*2**20, volume_group=vg).save()
Map a volume to a host-group
mapping = ep.new("mappings", volume=vol, host=hg) mapping.save()
LUN editing is easy:
mapping.lun += 10 mapping.save()
Map a volume to a host
host2 = ep.new("hosts", name="standalone", type="Linux").save() mapping = ep.new("mappings", volume=vol, host=host2).save()
Create a snapshot
snap = ep.new("snapshots") snap.source = vg snap.retention_policy = ep.search("retention_policies").hits snap.short_name = "s1" # Note - use short_name, and not just name snap.save()
Create a replica from the snapshot and map it
rep = ep.new("snapshots") rep.source = snap rep.short_name = "r1" rep.retention_policy = ep.search("retention_policies").hits rep.is_exposable = True rep.save() mapping = ep.new("mappings", volume=rep, host=hg).save()
Restoring a volume-group from a snap is a breeze:
vg.last_restored_from = snap vg.save()


ILLiad Login Portal
FAU Patrons (Student, Faculty and Staff) must login to ILLiad using their FAU NetID and password. Standalone accounts are only
available to PBSC patrons and special accounts.
FAU Patrons Login
(Apply to FAU Patrons ONLY)
Use this option to login to ILLiad
using your FAU NetID and Password (SSO) ONLY.
(Apply to PBSC patrons and patrons with local accounts)
Use this option to login to ILLiad using an ILLiad account (a standalone ILLiad username and password).


PACKAGE PRINTING CONVERTING MAGAZINE
The Package, Printing & Converting Magazine is a specialized bimonthly publication in full color, providing information on engineering, technological and trade novelties, developments, achievements and shortcomings in the realms ofprinting and packaging.
The magazine is the voice of the new Bulgarian Converting Industry since 2002. The info data offered to the Reader is being split and subdivided into several separate topics, such as: supplies, and consumables, packaging, printing, press units and equipment, technological novelties, standards and practice requirements, environmental control, research and development, regional and international events, etc. within the table of contents of each number published. Prominent experts from Bulgaria as well as from abroad - Brunton Publications - UK have been invited to write the articles to be published in each forthcoming number of the Package, Printing & Converting Magazine.
Publisher: PrintMedia Ltd.


This incredible book is about the links between limiting beliefs and dis-ease in the body. As well as how your thinking can change the quality of your life.
A book that uses a range of theoretical concepts from particle physics, nonlinear dynamics and more to support and extend the study of human behaviour, and help us understand truth or falsehood in any statement we face.
In this book, Dr. Joe Dispenza teaches you, step-by-step how to change your reality. Who you are is not set in stone, and this book empowers you to create the reality you desire.
This book demystifies the mystical, teaching us how to become the supernatural beings we all have the potential to be.
An incredible study has been done by Dr. Lipton, that shows that our bodies can be changed by our thinking, right down to our DNA. This book details the study itself and what it means for how we think of our bodies.
A book on spiritual awareness, containing amazing predictions that you will be able to identify in the world around you.
One 6 minute habit that will allow you to transform your life into one you have always wanted. This book seems to good to be true, butit is definately worth the read.
There is nothing more essential to our health than the ability to breathe properly. This book explores the importance of breath and the ways to breath to improve your health and wellbeing.
This book combines tools to assist you in physical wellness and spiritual growth into one place. With information about how physical dis-ease connects to emotional and psychological stresses, alongside information about seven stages that everyone must pass through to access higher consciousness.
A brilliant introduction to Family Constellations, illustrating how beings can carry trauma, misunderstandings and more for their family, often across generations. This books also discusses how these can be resolved.


Numerical Simulations Laboratory
Solver for all zeros of a complex analytic function that lie within a rectangular region
The purpose of the ZerSol library is the finding all zeros of an analytic function that are contained in a given rectangular region of a complex plane. It is based on the argument principle and recursive subdivisions of the region coupled with the Newton's iterations at the final stage of the search. The ZerSol library assumes that evaluation of the function is expensive and it tries to minimize the number of the function calls by using efficient algorithms and special data structures. The library provides an extensive set of interface functions for the search customization and it outputs detailed diagnostic messages in case of failures. Also, it is supplied with a set of test cases and bindings for C and Fortran users.


"There are two
Mustafa Kemals. One the flesh-and-blood Mustafa Kemal who now stands
before you and who will pass away. the other is you, all of you here
who will go to the far corners of our land to spread the ideals
which must be defended with your lives if necessary. I stand for the
nation's dreams, and my life's work is to make them come true."
Atatürk stands as one of the world's few historic figures who
dedicated their lives totally to their nations.
He was born in 1881 (probably in the spring) in Salonica, then an
Ottoman city, now in Greece. His father Ali Riza, a customs official
turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafa was still a boy. His
mother Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his
sister. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he soon
switched to a modern school. In 1893, he entered a military high
school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal
(meaning perfection) in recognition of young Mustafa's superior
achievement. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal.
In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy in Istanbul
with the rank of Staff Captain. Posted in Damascus, he started with
several colleagues, a clandestine society called "Homeland and
Freedom" to fight against the Sultan's despotism. In 1908 he helped
the group of officers who toppled the Sultan. Mustafa Kemal's career
flourished as he won his heroism in the far corners of the Ottoman
Empire, including Albania and Tripoli. He also briefly served as a
staff officer in Salonica and Istanbul and as a military attache in
In 1915, when Dardanelles campaign was launched, Colonel Mustafa
Kemal became a national hero by winning successive victories and
finally repelling the invaders. Promoted to general in 1916, at age
35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern Turkey that year. In
the next two years, he served as commander of several Ottoman armies
in Palestine, Aleppo, and elsewhere, achieving another major victory
by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppo.
On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in the Black Sea port of
Samsun to start the War of Independence. In defiance of the Sultan's
government, he rallied a liberation army in Anatolia and convened
the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which established the basis for
the new national effort under his leadership. On April 23, 1920, the
Grand National Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was
elected to its Presidency.
Fighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels
and invading armies. Following the Turkish triumph at the two major
battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand National Assembly
conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the title of Commander-in-Chief
with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish
armies won their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the Turkish
mainland was completely liberated, the armistice signed, and the
rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished.
In July 1923, the national government signed the Lausanne Treaty
with Great Britain, France, Greece, Italy, and others. In mid-October,
Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish State. On October 29,
the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously
elected President of the Republic.
Atatürk married Latife Usakligil in early 1923. The marriage ended
in divorce in 1925.
The account of Atatürk's fifteen year Presidency is a saga of
dramatic modernization. With indefatigable determination, he created
a new political and legal system, abolished the Caliphate and made
both government and education secular, gave equal rights to women,
changed the alphabet and the attire, and advanced the arts and the
sciences, agriculture and industry.
In 1934, when the surname law was adopted, the national parliament
gave him the name "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks).
On November 10, 1938, following an illness of a few months, the
national liberator and the Father of modern Turkey died. But his
legacy to his people and to the world endures.
FOUNDER OF THE REPUBLIC
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Turkish Republic and
its first President, stands as a towering figure of the 20th Century.
Among the great leaders of history, few have achieved so much in so
short period, transformed the life of a nation as decisively, and
given such profound inspiration to the world at large.
Emerging as a military hero at the Dardanelles in 1915, he became
the charismatic leader of the Turkish national liberation struggle
in 1919. He blazed across the world scene in the early 1920s as a
triumphant commander who crushed the invaders of his country.
Following a series of impressive victories against all odds, he led
his nation to full independence. He put an end to the antiquated
Ottoman dynasty whose tale had lasted more than six centuries - and
created the Republic of Turkey in 1923, establishing a new
government truly representative of the nation's will.
As President for 15 years, until his death in 1938, Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk introduced a broad range of swift and sweeping reforms - in
the political, social, legal, economic, and cultural spheres -
virtually unparalleled in any other country.
His achievements in Turkey are an enduring monument to Atatürk.
Emerging nations admire him as a pioneer of national liberation. The
world honors his memory as a foremost peacemaker who upheld the
principles of humanism and the vision of a united humanity. Tributes
have been offered to him through the decades by such world statesmen
as Lloyd George, Churchill, Roosevelt, Nehru, de Gaulle, Adenauer,
Bourguiba, Nasser, Kennedy, and countless others. A White House
statement, issued on the occasion of "The Atatürk Centennial" in
1981, pays homage to him as "a great leader in times of war and
peace". It is fitting that there should be high praise for Atatürk,
an extraordinary leader of modern times, who said in 1933: "I look
to the world with an open heart full of pure feelings and friendship".
"The major challenge facing us is to elevate our national life to
the highest level of civilization and prosperity."
Atatürk's aim was to modernize Turkish life in order to give his
nation a new sense of dignity, equality, and happiness. After more
than three centuries of high achievement, the Ottoman Empire had
declined from the 17th to the early 20th Century: With Sultans
presiding over a social and economic system mired in backwardness,
the Ottoman state had become hopelessly outmoded for the modern
times. Atatürk resolved to lead his country out of the crumbling
past into a brave new future.
In his program of modernization, secular government and education
played a major role. Making religious faith a matter of individual
conscience, he created a truly secular system in Turkey, where the
vast Moslem majority and the small Christian and Jewish minorities
are free to practice their faith. As a result of Atatürk's reforms,
Turkey -unlike scores of other countries- has fully secular
The leader of modern Turkey aspired to freedom and equality for all.
When he proclaimed the Republic, he announced that " the new Turkish
State is a state of the people and a state by the people." Having
established a populist and egalitarian system, he later observed: "We
are a nation without classes or special privileges." He also
stressed the paramount importance of the peasants, who had long been
neglected in the Ottoman times: " The true owner and master of
Turkey is the peasant who is the real producer."
To give his nation a modern outlook, Atatürk introduced many reforms:
European hats replaced the fez; women stopped wearing the veil; all
citizens took surnames; and the Islamic calendar gave way to the
Western calendar. A vast transformation took place in the urban and
rural life. It can be said that few nations have ever experienced
anything comparable to the social change in Atatürk's Turkey.
"Everything we see in the world is the creative work of women."
With abiding faith in the vital importance of women in society,
Atatürk launched many reforms to give Turkish women equal rights and
opportunities. The new Civil Code, adopted in 1926, abolished
polygamy and recognized the equal rights of women in divorce,
custody, and inheritance. The entire educational system from the
grade school to the university became coeducational.
Atatürk greatly admired the support that the national liberation
struggle received from women and praised their many contributions: "
In Turkish society, women have not lagged behind men in science,
scholarship, and culture. Perhaps they have even gone further ahead."
He gave women the same opportunities as men, including full
political rights. In the mid-1930s, 18 women, among them a villager,
were elected to the national parliament. Later, Turkey had the
world's first women supreme court justice.
In all walks of life, Atatürk's Turkey has produced tens of
thousands of well-educated women who participate in national life as
doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, writers, administrators,
executives, and creative artists.
STRIDES IN EDUCATION
"The governments most creative and significant duty is education."
Atatürk regarded education as the force that would galvanize the
nation into social and economic development. For this reason, he
once said that, after the War of Independence, he would have liked
to serve as Minister of Education. As President of the Republic, he
spared no effort to stimulate and expand education at all levels and
for all segments of the society.
Turkey initiated a most ambitious program of schooling children and
adults. From grade school to graduate school, education was made
free, secular, and co-educational. Primary education was declared
compulsory. The armed forces implemented an extensive program of
literacy. Atatürk heralded "The Army of Enlightenment". With pencil
or chalk in hand, he personally instructed children and adults in
schoolrooms, parks, and other places. Literacy which had been less
than 9 percent in 1923 rose to more than 33 percent by 1938.
Women's education was very close to Atatürk's hearth. In 1922, even
before proclaiming the Republic, he vowed: " We shall emphasize
putting our women's secondary and higher education on an equal
footing with men."
To give impetus to science and scholarship, Atatürk transformed the
University of Istanbul (founded in the mid-15th century) into a
modern university in 1933. A few years later, the University of
Ankara became into being. Today, Turkey has major universities all
over the country. Except for Europe and North America she has one of
the world's highest ratios of university graduates to population.
CULTURE AND ARTS
"We shall make the expansion and rise of Turkish culture in
every era the mainstay of the Republic."
Among the prominent statesmen of the 20th Century few articulated
the supreme importance of culture as did Atatürk who stated: "
Culture is the foundation of the Turkish Republic." His view of
culture encompassed the nation's creative legacy as well as the best
values of world civilization
It stressed personal and universal humanism. " Culture," he said, "
is a basic element in being a person worthy of humanity," and
described Turkey's ideological thrust as " a creation of patriotism
blended with a lofty humanist ideal."
To create the best synthesis, Atatürk underlined the need for the
utilization of all the viable elements in the national heritage,
including the ancient indigenous cultures, and the arts and
techniques of the entire world civilization, past and present. He
gave impetus to the study of the earlier civilizations of Anatolia -
including Hittite, Phrygian, Lydian, and others. Pre-Islamic culture
of the Turks became the subject of extensive research which proved
that, long before their Seljuk and Ottoman Empires, the Turks had
already created a civilization of their own. Atatürk also stressed
the folk arts of the countryside as the wellspring of Turkish
The visual and plastic arts (whose development had been arrested by
some bigoted Ottoman officials who claimed that the depiction of the
human form was idolatry) flourished during Atatürk's Presidency.
Many museums were opened. Architecture gained new vigor. Classical
Western music, opera and ballet as well as the theater took
impressive strides. Several hundred "People's Houses" and the "
People's Rooms" all over Turkey gave local people and youngsters a
wide variety of artistic activities, sports, and other cultural
affairs. Book and magazine publication enjoyed a boom. Film industry
started to grow. In all walks of cultural life, Atatürk's
inspiration created an upsurge.
Atatürk's Turkey is living proof of this ideal - a country rich in
its own national culture, open to the heritage of world civilization,
and at home in the endowments of the modern technological age.


"For many years, the story of Captain Dimitar Spisarevski who carried out a suicide attack against an American bomber defending the sky over Sofia had sunk into oblivion. It seemed like Dimitar Spisarevski had never existed.
In all my documentaries I base my narrative on a seemingly local topic, yet intriguing enough to achieve an interesting film story. However, this topic always has to comply with an important condition: its specificity and local color should serve as the basis for drawing universal conclusions.
The film "Spaich" comes as a natural continuation of the themes I have explored in my previous films, which address the issues of the place of the individual in major historical events, the right of personal choice, the consequences of traumas inflicted by ideologies and the attempts to overcome them.
The film about Captain Dimitar Spisarevski will not be simply a biographical portrayal of a Bulgarian pilot and a film with solely local significance drawing only local interest. It will raise questions about the futility of war and about how an essentially heroic deed can cause violent disputes and be interpreted in radically different ways.
It is well-known that history is written by the victors. But could and should this fact prevent us from speaking the truth about both the winners and the losers?
Maybe a film about this little-known part of the history of the Second World War, about the devastating and pointless bombing of Sofia and the bizarre character who became a legend, will help us understand better the course of our modern society which seems to be almost entirely devoid of values and ideals.
Adela Peeva Sofia, August 2011.


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The rooms must be locked when vacated and the key returned to the Circulation Counter.
Failure to comply with these rules will result in denial of use.


As soon as work is created, a natural right comes into existence called copyright in India. Copyright is not an absolute right of the owner. Copyright law for Fashion Designers creates an incentive for creating fixed original expression. Balancing the copyright proprietor’s desire to restrict access of his copyrighted works to those willing to pay for such access and the public’s interest in freely using the protected work remains the serious issue under Copyright law. The doctrine of ‘fair dealing’ and the provision for ‘non-voluntary licenses’ in specific situations allow the usage of copyrighted work. Copyright vests in original, literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works. It is the original skill or labor in the execution of the work and not originality of thought, which is required. One may not be liable if he has only taken from the main idea be it original. The law requires the substantial use of the expression to presume infringement. Similarity, two different works in itself does not amount to copyright infringement, rather the subject and the source determines the threshold of the infringement. The law provides for both civil as well as criminal remedies for infringement of copyright. The Copyright Act, 1957 is in harmony with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, 1886 and the Universal Copyright Convention, the Geneva Act, 1952. The term of copyright protection is 60 years.
Copyright law for Fashion Designers as per judicial pronouncements
It is well known that there are various elements of fashion which are protected under Copyright law such as drawings, photographs of models, jewelry, editorial content, fabric pattern and design software, fashion designs which are not always strictly protected. However, in Louis Vuitton Malletier v. Atul Jaggi and Another, Delhi High Court recognized copyright of plaintiff in ‘Toile Monogram’ pattern as well as in the Murakami monograms of a plaintiff. Copyright law for Fashion Designers has a no. of amendments.
The Copyright Act, 1957 recognizes artistic work, be it in the form of drawing, two dimensional or three dimensional; however, Section 15 of the Act restricts copyright in those designs which are registered under the Designs Act, 2000. According to Article 2(5) of the Berne Convention, the collections of literary or artistic works such as encyclopedias and anthologies which, by reason of the ‘selection and arrangement’ of their contents, constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such, without prejudice to the copyright in each of the works forming part of such collections. In Microfibres, another issue which was raised was whether the arrangement of motifs, flowers, leaves and shapes which have been arranged in a particular manner would be applicable for Copyright as ‘labor and skill’ was applied to have a particular pattern. Court held that such a work fell out of the scope of ‘artistic work’ as defined under Section 2 (c) of the Act. On a contrary; in Nova Ball Bearing Industries v. Mico Ball Bearing, Delhi High Court recognized the copyright in ‘artistic carton’ in which plaintiff packed his items. Similarly, in Mother Dairy v. Sri Vinayaka Milk Products, Delhi High Court held that the plaintiff’s ‘Mother Dairy’ blue logo and trade dress is an ‘original artistic work’ under Section 2(c) of Act.
Related Topic: How to Obtain International Patent Protection
The idea which is permitted and an expression which is protected is very difficult for copying. The thin line between the ending of an idea and beginning of an expression is difficult to draw. These are the situations for legal assessment. When we say that an expression must originate from the author and not be copied from another work, the work here is considered to be original when it “owes its origin to the author”. For fashion designers must keep in mind that even if the defendant’s work is found to be substantially similar or even identical to an earlier work, it would still be copyrightable as long as it can be shown by the defendant that he created the work independently of the plaintiff’s work. If the author has utilized the plaintiff’s work, then he must show that he has contributed something more than merely trivial variations, something that can be recognized as his own. At the same time, the author must be able to show some labor, which emerges from his intellect. A drawing which is simply traced from another drawing is not an original artistic work; a drawing which is made without any copying from anything originates with the artist. In the case of compilations, the courts had held that the labor and skill employed in selecting and arranging existing subject matter give rise to an original literary work. As Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak, the Supreme Court held that to claim copyright in a compilation, the author must produce the material with exercise of his skill and judgment which may not be created in the sense that it is novel or non-obvious, but at the same time it is not a product of merely skill and labour. The work of compilation must have a flavor of ‘creativity’ to be called original. If a work is created by making use of works in the public domain then ‘sweat of the brow’ test is replaced by a ‘minimum of creativity test’. Copyright law for Fashion Designers in India provides protection to their designs and hard work.


Our Parish Church of St. Peter and St. Paul is the most ancient and arguably the most interesting building in West Mersea. The Church has been at the centre of the community since the 7th Century when the first building was constructed for worship.
In this short section I have tried to give a brief account of its story through the centuries. I am not a historian so I have relied heavily on the work of others. In particular I have relied on a paper by T.B. Millat, “The Parish Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, West Mersea. A Brief History”, copies of which are available in the Church (20p). For anyone who is interested in finding out more the Museum holds a wealth of information and images related to the church. Their website is available here: www.merseamuseum.org.uk.
I am also greatly indebted to Pat Kirby of Mersea Museum for her advice and also for the stories in the Objects and Curiosities section on this site most of which were originally published in the Church’s Newsletter, copies of which may be viewed on the Church’s own website at www.FreshSalt.uk.
Some of the pictures of the church are reproduced by kind permission of Simon Knott from his website essexchurches.org.uk.
Some new information about the Church’s history and archaeology came to light in November 2017 with the discovery by the rector of an article by church archaeologist Daniel Secker. The article which was based on his extensive study of West Mersea Parish Church is referred to in the following post and contains a link to the complete work:
November, 2015 (updated January, 2018)


Franz Kafka is considered to be one of the most important and influential writers of the 20th century. His work, most of which was published posthumously, continues to be a source of research,
scholarship and philosophical discussion in diverse academic, literary and popular arenas.
Franz Kafka was born on July 3rd 1883, the first child of Hermann and Julie Kafka. His parents were upwardly mobile middle class, his father setting up a dry goods store and his mother coming from a well-to-do family. Hermann Kafka was born on September 14, 1852 in the little town of Wossek, about sixty miles south of Prague, near Pisek, the fourth child of a butcher, Jacob Kafka. His family was poor and by the age of 18 he had moved to Prague with the hope of bettering his situation. He succeded, opening his own store and winning Julie Löwy, born on March 23, 1856 in Podebrady, the second child of Jakob Löwy, a well-to-do cloth merchant and brewer. They were married on September 3, 1882 and Franz, named after the Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary, came along less than one year later.
Franz was sent to German schools, not Czech ones, which demonstrates his father's desire for social advancement. At this time the vast majority of people in Prague spoke Czech, but owing to the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the language of the elites was German. Franz had been speaking mostly Czech as a child (owing to the fact that his governesses were Czech), but learned to master the German tongue early, as reflected in his wonderful handling of it in his stories. In school he did well, taking classes like Latin, Greek and history. At the age of 13, he had his bar mizvah, which he later remembered as dull and meaningless. His religious upbringing was limited mostly to that and going to the synagogue four times a year with his father.
In 1901 he graduated from the Altstädter Gymnasium, after which he went to the Charles-Ferdinand University, where he decided to study chemistry, along with one of his friends. This only lasted for two weeks before he switched to law. The next semester he tried his hand at German Literature, only to find out that the professors and the studies didn't exactly agree with him, after which he switched back to law, which he said he chose because it didn‘t interfere with his mental health. In June 1906, he graduated with a doctorate in law.
The most bizarre aspect of his sex life, though, was that he found sex to be absolutely repulsive and disgusting. Hence, the very idea of "normal married life" with a respectable woman was out of the question for him. "Coitus as the punishment for the happiness of being together," he wrote in his diary, when he faced the prospect of marriage and what that would entail. It was the reason why he broke off all his engagements, sometimes at the last minute, in order to escape it. Franz seemed to have suffered from the malady quite common at that place and time: namely, the virgin/whore complex, where every woman was either a "nice girl" or a slut, with nothing in between.
Franz Kafka has become an icon of sorts, emblematic of modern times. His popularity increased exponentially after the publication of his stories in the 20s and 30s, especially due to the English translations made by the Muirs. He is now an institution, his own adjective, ‚Kafka-esque‘.
About ten years ago, somebody bought the manuscript of The Trial for two million dollars. Not quite as good as Stephen King or John Grisham, but not bad for an uncompleted manuscript meant for the flames. Few writers have had such an effect on their times as he had.
The life and work of Franz Kafka in documents - photographs, manuscripts, diaries, correspondence and first editions of Kafka’s works, audio-visual programs and much more, is located in Hergetova cihelna, Cihelna 2b, Lesser town, where a permanent exhibition in the Memorial Hall commemorates the life and work of the most famous representative of the Prague German literature.
Address: Námestí Franze Kafky 5, Prague 1, Old Town


Just about all research should consider ethics. If it’s necessary to compose an undergraduate dissertation, you might be asked to start by writing a literature review. It will be a lot easier that you compose an education thesis now.
All of the most recent literature should inform a research undertaking. It is clear and easy to follow. Well organized and good visuals.
Depending on what exactly the author would like to write about, based on the depth of this issue and several other features, the sort of literature to use can change completely. The ideal nursing dissertation idea is one that’s easy to act upon and enables you to learn more about the topic extensively. Deciding on the work of one researcher https://grademiners.com might be one method for starting a literature review.
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Fortunately, now you don’t need to suffer alone it’s possible to order essay online and deal easily with the aforementioned issues. If there’s an important article or book that’s of significant value to the growth of your own research ideas, it is crucial to give more space to describing and critiquing that part of literature in more depth. You must have some interest in the subject and be in a position to have ideas flow clearly.
If you select a subject you’re passionate about, half of the work is completed. If you are going to compose a dissertation about special education then it is possible to discuss a variety of aspects below the identical subject. Writing a literature review can be problematic for any student to achieve.
The main reason is quite easy. Perhaps in the event that you modify your search strategy you will locate something. So make certain to master the topic before trying to find others’ work.
When picking a topic it should be inside the appropriate subject field. The selection of the research topic is quite important and it requires some consideration and time to earn everything right. The topic must note other important work in the specialty, both within and outside the club market.
Start looking for other literature reviews in your field of interest or in the discipline and read them to find a feeling of the kinds of themes you may want to look for in your own research or methods to organize your final review. Writing dissertation will occupy the majority of the period of an academic session and so, an individual must select the idea in a really fool-proof manner in order for the time used can be justified amply. A literature review discusses published information in a distinct subject area, and at times information in a specific subject area within a particular time period.
Unique terms are utilized to describe this kind of approach, including distributed and spaced. There must be a central concept which entitles your whole work, attempt to give it meaning. Perhaps there’s a specific health issue that interests you and that drew you to go into the professionfor that you are studying.
The 5-Minute Rule for Education Literature Review Topics
Studies have concentrated on measuring quality regarding numbers of nurses. Teaching is also regarded as a substantial role for all nurses, together with management and clinical practice. Learners are encouraged to create the text their own.
You can also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order’s progress. If you need to record and present your search strategy, you may have the ability to include things like the technical specifics of the search strategy as an appendix to your thesis. Sometimes controversial issues can be intriguing to explore.
Not just to look at any grammatical or spelling errors but only to make certain that you’ve covered all of the important elements of your chosen studies. It ought to be less difficult to summarize studies with just one scope or a limited scope. Choose the range of your review.
The very first Problem Solving Exercise will pay for the initial two modules and the second will pay for the whole unit, but will have a focus on the previous three modules. Much like the theoretical framework and methodology, it is crucial to demonstrate you’ve read other studies in your subject of research. Surgery has turned into an overview on the database of international medical care.
When you’ve decided on the organizational procedure for the body of the review, the sections you want to include in the paper needs to be simple to work out. A superb analysis results in good outcomes. The kind of information you decide to mention should relate straight to the review’s focus, whether it’s thematic, methodological, or chronological.


We've completely revitalized our Email Campaign Template feature into a completely customizable and easy-to-use template builder!
As a part of this update, if you would like to continue using any of your previously created templates, you must copy and paste the template content into the new builder.
In this article, we'll learn how to:
First, copy content from your existing template
Before transitioning to the new Email Campaigns Template Builder, you'll need to copy any existing templates that you would like to save into a Word document.
Click on the Settings gear in the upper right corner of Engagement
Click on Templates, then click Email campaigns
Navigate the Custom library and click on the 3-dot menu of the desired template. Click Edit to open the template
Select all of the content within the template and right click to copy your selections
Navigate to your Word document and right click to paste content into the document
Next, paste content into the template builder
Once you have copied and pasted all of the templates that you would like to save into a Word document, you can transition to using the new Email Campaigns Template Builder.
Click on Email Campaigns in the left side menu, then click Templates
Click on the blue Create template button
Give your template a name, then add a new category or select an existing one
From the builder, click on the Structure tab to design your template shell by adding structure blocks
Click on the Content tab to drag and drop content type fields
Add your image elements by clicking on each field and searching the free image library or uploading items from your computer
Copy and paste copy from your Word document into the builder text fields (placeholders will transfer)
Add GIFs by clicking on the default GIF. Then search for the desired GIF in the GIF properties menu. Click on the new GIF to add it to the template
Add HTML links if utilizing buttons, videos, or social media
When you are finished adding your content to the template, click Save in the lower right corner


New York Times best-selling writer, Nicholas Sparks, is excited because his 1996 romantic novel, “The Notebook” is being adapted as a Broadway musical.
Sparks is well-known for his literary works that have tugged readers’ heartstrings and are relatable because they are about the basic human emotion of love and compassion.
Among his works which have been adapted to the screenplay is the 2002 romantic drama movie, “A Walk to Remember” starring singer-actress, Mandy Moore.
Romantic film enthusiasts certainly found this lighthearted film unforgettable.
“Dear John” is a 2010 romantic drama and war movie starring Channing Tatum and Amanda Seyfried which was also based on Sparks’ literary piece.
The 2012 movie, “The Lucky One” starring Zac Efron and Taylor Schilling is also among Sparks’s works that relate to the expression of love.
On Thursday, the 53-year-old author shared the news on his official Twitter account that “The Notebook” is coming to New York theaters.
He also mentioned that “This is Us” producer, Bekah Brunstetter, will be the writer and the upcoming play’s music and lyrics will be composed by musician and actress, Ingrid Michaelson.
Sparks expressed his trust in Brunstetter and Michaelson, remarking that they are “amazingly talented.”
The romance novelist and screenwriter also affirmed that his best-selling novel is “near and dear” to his heart.
“The Notebook” was the first published novel of Sparks. In 1996, it debuted in the best-seller list of the New York Times on its first week of publication.
The book was turned into a film in 2004. The screenplay adaptation featured “La La Land” actor, Ryan Gosling as Noah Calhoun, and “Sherlock Holmes” actress, Rachel McAdams as Allison “Allie” Hamilton.
“The Notebook” centered on the life of a couple who shared a tumultuous and impassioned relationship in 1940s North Carolina.
The impoverished quarry laborer developed a romantic relationship with the young heiress. The story involved their separation.
However, later in their lives, they were able to find their way back to each other. Fans of “The Notebook” turned romantic and dreamy.
Reading the book and watching the movie made them believe that there is certainly the concept of having a destined lifetime partner.
“The Notebook” communicates that lovers who are meant for each other will be able to reconnect at some point in their existences, regardless of the unfortunate and unpredictable scenarios that they face in life.


summer reading - august 2023
There are many ways to access reading books over the summer break.
- Use your local library (these are listed on our website on the Library page).
- Visit bookshops, charity shops and Oxfam for new and used books.
- Check out this year’s Student Book Reviews and Recommendations on the library website.
- Use the Sora Reading App to access many titles free of charge. www.soraapp.com
Whichever you choose please take the time and relax with a good book!
End of term student librarian meeting - Friday 21st July 2023
At break the library held the last meeting of this academic year for the Student Librarians. Nearly everyone was in attendance and break was spent awarding the librarians for all of their hard work, dedication and commitment throughout the year. The library has been blessed with such fantastic librarians this year and we are incredibly proud how they have developed and grown in their roles.
Well done everyone and we hope you will join the library again in September.
Book raffle winner - may 2023
Congratulations to Mufaro in Year 8 who is the first winner of the Library's new competition which runs every half-term.
Dave Shelton – Author and Illustrator Year 9 Event – Wednesday 26th April 2023
Dave Shelton – Author and Illustrator
Year 9 Event – Wednesday 26th April 2023
The author and illustrator, Dave Shelton, visited CNCS to speak to our Year 9 group. He spoke in morning assembly about the origins of his work, how he acquired his ideas for his books and how he created his illustrations. Students also had the opportunity to ask a variety of very interesting questions.
During the rest of the day Mr Shelton held workshops in the library for some of Year 9 where he demonstrated how he created his illustrations as well as encouraging and coaching students to create their own comic book characters. We are incredibly proud how our students engaged in these workshops and the amazing illustrations they produced. Well done Year 9!
Languages Around the World
To celebrate our school’s diversity and its cultural richness the library has added a new section called ‘Languages Around the World’. This section includes children’s literature in French, Polish and Spanish which can be borrowed from the library by students.
As there are 45 different languages spoken at CNCS, we feel it is important for students to be able to access reading in a foreign language.
Our aim will be to continue to add to the library collection, literature in as many different languages as possible and we welcome suggestions from students and their families.
In the library on the 16th November the CNCS Reading Aloud programme commenced. This is a reading programme where Year 9 and 10 students volunteer to listen to and encourage our Year 7 and 8 students with their reading during tutor time.
It has been a wonderful first session with an outstanding number of students reading aloud and discussing with their mentors the books they are reading.
The library will continue the programme every Wednesday and we look forward to seeing students read an array of reading materials. Well done everyone!
YEAR 7 AND 8 BOOKMARK COMPETITION – 2022-2023
Our annual Bookmark Competition was launched in September during our Library Induction lessons.
Each Year 7 and 8 English class were given a library induction lesson to explain the facilities that the library offers and also give the students the opportunity to understand how the fiction and non-fiction books are organised in a library.
The induction lesson ends with the launch of our annual bookmark competition where students can create any design they like on a blank bookmark.
The deadline was just before October half term and the winners were announced the first week back to school.
Six winners, three from Year 7 and three from Year 8, each received library certificates and a prize.
We are very proud and impressed with our students’ creativity and designs.
ART COMPETITION - 2022
Last term the library held an art competition where students were asked to produce a work of art relating to reading and/or books.
It gives us great pleasure to announce the winners of this competition and to exhibit their wonderful creations. Each will be put up on the library walls for the whole school to admire.
Three winners were chosen and they each received a certificate and a prize. The overall winner also had their artwork chosen to become the library’s new logo. This will be seen on various items attributed to the library such as special bookmarks, CNCS Library User Guides, the library website homepage and many more.
We are extremely proud of the students and their achievement.
Re-opening of the Library’s Book Section
Having been closed the summer term of 2021-2022 due to an in-depth stock check, the library will reopen in the Autumn term 2022-23. Books that were old and not relevant have been weeded out to make room for exciting new titles as well as replacing old favourites, some of which have already been ordered. Keep a look out for new titles throughout the year!
Myton Reading Challenge
Before the end of the Summer term, we launched the Myton Reading Challenge to help raise funds for Myton Hospice. Students have been encouraged to take part by being sponsored for each book they read over the summer. Recommendations have been provided but students are free to choose any books they like, fiction or non-fiction – we look forward to seeing what titles have been chosen as well as any funds that have been raised for what is a very worthy cause.


Afghanistan with its rugged terrain has been topographically a melting pot of diverse races that have co-existed despite their varied identities and cultures. Intertwined in the historical expression of Afghanistan is the ethnic mosaic of the nation that validates the understanding of a society diverse in many ways. To study societal stratification, its nuances, both pragmatic and forced, it becomes essential to typify historical events that are spooled in the knowledge of this nation. Besides being a land rich for its multiple civilizations, the story of Afghanistan is in many ways a tragic one, as it features some of the goriest events in the history of mankind. Its war- torn, ravaged and beleaguered condition is proof to invasions, internal ethnic upheaval and a variety of conflicts that devastated it. Though Afghanistan cradled multiple cultures, unfortunately its people are now being projected as backward and tribal. Its people have been subjected to not just the physical trauma that occurred due to internal upheaval and external pressures, but also to the labyrinth of ideologies pertaining to Islam. There are at least a dozen major ethnic groups: Pashtuns, Baluch, Chahar Aymaq, Turkmen, Hazara, Tajik, Uzbek, Nuristani, Arab, Kirghiz, Pashai and Persian within its current borders. Historically and technically, the Pashtun ethnic group has been the most dominant group. Therefore, the term Afghan is synonymous with the Pashtun community and is generally known for its powerful and heroic ways. The two great powers essentially engaged in a race for Afghanistan, and their attempts at conquest of land, overthrow of indigenous governments and interference in the affairs of the remaining independent states in the region became known as ‘The Great Game.’
The study as a written discourse unveils the inner workings of the nation for the world to see so that serious concerns of governance, security and social co-existence are immediately addressed in the agenda and charter of international bodies. The book objectifies the subjective experiences of the people, weaving personal, social, political and cultural themes into the fabric of the narrative. Khaled Hosseini, through the novel The Kite Runner makes the readers sail through war prone Afghanistan to comprehend the eventuality of incidents spanning from the reign of Zahir Shah, the Soviet occupation, the occupation by the extremist groups–the times being reflective of Amir’s childhood experiences till the days his family takes refuge in the U.S.A. Hosseini allows human tendencies of love, friendship and brotherhood to take the high ground rather than the hostilities that drove the characters into extremely formidable situations. Through the novel The Wasted Vigil, Aslam unwinds the experiences and reality of nations caught in the crossfire of this devastated land. He brilliantly puts forth real situations and spares one from being prejudiced, looking at Afghanistan from the perspective of being the only victimized nation. The Swallows of Kabul by Yasmina Khadra follows the lives of two couples, navigating the dangers and sorrows of life under the rule of the ethnic Mujahideen and Taliban. They are members of a nation soon fading away from its once rich culture. They are reduced to a life of seclusion and desperation as the rules set by the new ethnic groups are conflicting and confusing. A Thousand Splendid Suns is about mothers and daughters, focusing on the victimization of women in the face of societal division and anarchy. The work is an answer to all those who profess the belief that Muslim women have always been the vulnerable section of society, suppressed and denuded of any social and legal stand. My Forbidden Face by Latifa is a true story written by a 16-year-old girl who records events for the five-year period when Afghanistan was taken over by the ethnic Taliban. As events happen to her and her family, Latifa tries to vent out her grief and anger through the novel.
The causes for the war and its effect with respect to this nation have been many, and subject to debate, and also how they have been fought is certainly arguable. But evidently, the Pashtunwali code of defending ‘Zan, Zar and Zameen,’ (woman, wealth and land) of which the nation is proud, is thoroughly at stake. Equal opportunities, education, freedom to practice religion, women’s social-political and economic rights, gender equality, restoration of a stable political structure are serious concerns that the international bodies might look into for immediate advocacy in Afghanistan.


License and Copyright
This is an open-access journal published by the Master’s Program of Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta. This journal is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The CC BY 4.0 License allows re-users to copy, redistribute, remix, adapt, transform, and build upon the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially, provided that the creator (author) and source are properly cited. Attribution means that people can use the author’s work provided they give appropriate credit to the author, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Under the CC BY 4.0 license people can use the author’s work even if they intend to make money from it.
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Under the CC BY 4.0 License, the author still holds the copyright of the work without restrictions. The author(s) can grant the general public the license to their work without losing copyright to that work. Re-users of the work do not have to obtain permission from the author and yet the author(s) retain their copyright ownership. Under the CC BY 4.0 license, the author(s) grant the publisher of this journal the right of first publication, and everyone in the world is permitted to use their work.