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Located in the middle of campus, the University Library provides in person and online research assistance and information resources for the University community. The physical collections contain over 45,000 books and other material available for checkout, including laptops, graphing calculators and other equipment. While the Library does not have a textbook collection, many instructors place print copies of their textbooks on reserve.
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Friday, March 27, 2009
On Friday night Brutus attended the bedtime story hour at the Durand Memorial Branch where he got to meet lots of kids and other stuffed animals. They all enjoyed the stories told by Grandma Parks. After story hour they had milk and cookies. Brutus had trouble dunking his cookies in the milk with his paws, but he still had fun. He'll be back for the next bedtime story hour April 17 @ 7 p.m.
Brutus was very upset this morning when he learned that he had missed the celebration for Nancy's birthday last night. He has been whining in his box all morning. (To think that he missed the chance to have a piece of cake which would have turned his teeth black!) How old did they say she is? She's only 39!
Saturday, March 21, 2009
Brutus recently met the newest member of the Owosso Branch's staff. He had his picture taken with Andrew at the end of his first day working as a page, and Brutus had the opportunity to ride around on the re-shelving cart as Andrew learned how to put books away. It was much more difficult than Brutus thought--he needed to know his numbers (including fractions) as well as the alphabet! Andrew found the concepts much easier, so Brutus thinks he'll let him keep the job--plus, Brutus had a much harder time reaching some of the shelves (but being pushed around on the cart was fun).
Friday, March 13, 2009
Brutus recently helped Durand Branch pages Maggie and Heather set up for the Friends of the Library book sale. He found many good books to buy, including "Harry the Dirty Dog" and "Good Dog, Carl". He could not find "Marley and Me", but he's hoping it will be available in the next sale which will be held during Durand Railroad Days May 15 & 16.
Wednesday, March 11, 2009
As part of the library's Teen Tech Week celebration, Brutus tried his paws at rock stardom, playing the drums and singing in Rock Band. He thinks he did better than any of the teens, but there is some debate on that score (especially the singing). He would like to see more kids join him every Wednesday after school for Wii Wednesdays!
Brutus visited the Preschool Story Hour yesterday. He enjoyed meeting the kids (and they liked him) as well as hearing several stories about animals. He also liked the dragon on their rug--it was almost as good as a dog. However, the highlight of the program, for him, was the craft project. There's not much better than having your own dog! Brutus and the children made Dalmations to take home. He also hopes to have a chance to go to more story hours in the future.
Friday, March 6, 2009
Brutus was thrilled to see the front page news article about the library's preschool story hour. He has even asked if he can attend next week's program at 10:30 Tuesday morning. He was told that the stories will be about animals, and he hopes that Annie includes books about dogs. He also thinks that it will fun to meet the children.


An encyclopedia of Middle-earth and Numenor
John Rhys-Davies as Gimli
in the New Line Film
Gimli by Alan Lee
Gimli was a stout-hearted and loyal Dwarf. His father Gloin had been one of Bilbo Baggins' companions on the quest to the Lonely Mountain, and Gimli was a member of the Fellowship that accompanied Frodo Baggins on the quest to destroy the One Ring. Gimli overcame his suspicion of Elves as he grew to admire Galadriel and formed a lasting friendship with Legolas, earning him the name Elf-friend.
Gimli was born in 2879 of the Third Age. His father Gloin was of the line of Durin; his mother's name is not known. In his youth, Gimli lived in the Blue Mountains west of Eriador. After the Dwarves reclaimed the Lonely Mountain in 2941, Gloin relocated his family there and became prosperous.
Around 3017, a messenger came to the Lonely Mountain from Mordor seeking news of Bilbo and the Ring he had found. Gloin and Gimli were sent to Rivendell to warn Bilbo and seek advice from Elrond. They arrived at Rivendell in October of 3018 and on the 25th they attended the Council of Elrond. At the Council it was decided that the Ring must be taken to Mordor and destroyed, and Frodo Baggins volunteered for this task.
Gimli was chosen to represent the Dwarves in the Fellowship of the Ring. When they left Rivendell on December 25, Gimli wore a shirt of steel rings and carried a broad-bladed axe. Elrond told the members of the Fellowship that they were not bound by oath to remain with the Ring-bearer, but Gimli replied, "Faithless is he that says farewell when the road darkens." (FotR, p. 294)
As the Fellowship approached the Misty Mountains, Gimli caught sight of the peaks of Barazinbar, Zirakzigil and Bundushathur for only the second time in his life. His heart trembled at the thought of seeing Mirrormere in the Dimrill Dale that lay beyond the mountains.
The Fellowship was prevented from crossing the mountains at the Redhorn Gate by a blizzard. Gimli told his companions that Caradhras had always had a cruel reputation, and he advised them to turn back. But their way was blocked with snow and they had to dig their way out. Gimli claimed it was the ill will of Caradhras.
Gandalf proposed that they take the passage under the mountains through the Mines of Moria. Gimli was the first to agree to this suggestion, for he longed to see the ancient Dwarf realm of the Dwarrowdelf. The Fellowship's decision was forced when they were attacked by Wargs. Gimli fought the beasts stoutly with his axe, and then Gandalf led the way to Moria with Gimli at his side.
They reached the West-gate, which had once been the site of commerce between the Dwarves and the Elves. Both Gimli and Legolas denied that their people were responsible for the rift between the two races. Gandalf urged the Dwarf and the Elf to remain friends for he needed their help.
Gimli was aware that doors made by Dwarves are invisible when shut, but he said that the password to the Gates of Moria was long forgotten. At last Gandalf realized that the password was given in the inscription, "Speak, friend, and enter," and the doors opened.
Gimli was not able give Gandalf much help in finding the right path, for the Mines were vast beyond his imaginings, but he walked at the Wizard's side and his courage did not falter. At length they came to a great hall that revealed the craft of the Dwarves with its high ceiling, many pillars, and black polished walls. Gimli chanted a song that recalled the splendor of the Dwarrowdelf at its height.
The next day in the Chamber of Mazarbul, the Fellowship discovered the tomb of Gimli's kinsman Balin, who had led an expedition to Moria thirty years earlier. Gimli cast his hood over his face in sorrow. From the Book of Mazarbul they learned that Balin's colony had lasted only five years before they were overtaken by Orcs. Gimli took the book for safekeeping to pass on to Dain.
Then drums were heard and Orcs entered the Chamber. The Fellowship fought hard, and Gimli hewed the legs out from under an Orc who jumped onto Balin's tomb. Thirteen Orcs were killed and the rest retreated. The Fellowship fled through the east door, but Gimli remained by Balin's tomb until Legolas dragged him away.
They came to the Bridge of Khazad-dum, and Gandalf told Gimli to lead the others across. Gandalf remained on the bridge and confronted Durin's Bane, the Balrog. Then Gandalf fell into the abyss with the Balrog and was gone.
Outside Moria, Gimli took Frodo to look into the waters of Mirrormere where they glimpsed the stars of Crown of Durin glimmering the deep. When the Fellowship stopped to tend Frodo's injuries from the battle in Moria, Gimli was amazed to see the mithril shirt given to Frodo by Bilbo, for it was of great beauty and value, and he was pleased that Frodo had such protection.
At the edge of Lothlorien, the Fellowship decided to take shelter in the tree branches at Gimli's suggestion. But the tree they chose was occupied by Elves who were border guards of Lothlorien. Their leader Haldir was reluctant to lead a Dwarf into the Golden Wood, but at last he agreed to do so if Gimli wore a blindfold. Gimli refused, and Legolas accused Gimli of being stiff-necked. But when Gimli said he would go blindfolded if Legolas did too, the Elf became angry.
At last Aragorn convinced them to compromise, and the entire Fellowship was led blindfolded into the woods. At Cerin Amroth, Haldir removed Gimli's blindfold and begged his pardon, for he had received a message from Galadriel and Celeborn that the Dwarf and his companions should be allowed to walk freely.
The Fellowship was brought before Celeborn and Galadriel, the Lord and Lady of the Golden Wood. When Celeborn learned of Gandalf's fall, he said that he would not have allowed Gimli and his companions to enter Lothlorien had he know that the Dwarves had awakened the Balrog. But Galadriel spoke kindly to Gimli and looked upon him with love and understanding, and Gimli was deeply moved and praised the Lady and her beauty. Celeborn took back his words and said that they would do what they could to help the Fellowship.
During their stay in Lothlorien, Legolas and Gimli spent much time together walking in the woods and a friendship began to grow between them, much to the surprise of their companions. They left Lothlorien on February 16, and Galadriel presented them with parting gifts. She asked what gift Gimli would like to receive.
"None, Lady," answered Gimli. "It is enough for me to have seen the Lady of the Galadhrim, and to have heard her gentle words."Galadriel cut three strands of her golden hair and gave them to Gimli, who said he would set them in crystal and keep them as a symbol of goodwill between the Elves and the Dwarves. Galadriel then said:
"Hear all ye Elves!" she cried to those about her. "Let none say again that Dwarves are grasping and ungracious! Yet surely, Gimli son of Gloin, you desire something that I could give? Name it, I bid you! You shall not be the only guest without a gift."
"There is nothing, Lady Galadriel," said Gimli, bowing low and stammering. "Nothing, unless it might be -- unless it is permitted to ask, nay, to name a single strand of your hair, which surpasses the gold of the earth as the stars surpass the gems of the mine. I do not ask for such a gift. But you commanded me to name my desire."
The Fellowship of the Ring: "Farewell to Lorien," p. 392
"I do not foretell, for all foretelling is now vain: on the one hand lies darkness, and on the other only hope. But if hope should not fail, then I say to you, Gimli son of Gloin, that your hands shall flow with gold, and yet over you gold shall have no dominion."Gimli wept upon their parting and wondered why he had come on the quest, for although he had been prepared for danger and hardship he had not expected to encounter light and joy and be forced to leave it behind. Legolas reassured Gimli that had freely chosen not to forsake his companions and that the memory of Galadriel and Lothlorien would always be with him. The Elf and the Dwarf shared a boat on the Fellowship's journey down the Anduin.
The Fellowship of the Ring: "Farewell to Lorien," p. 392-93
At Amon Hen on February 26, it was time to decide their next course. Frodo went off alone to decide what to do. Gimli said that he would vote to go to Minas Tirith, but that he would not abandon Frodo whatever he chose. Aragorn suggested that if Frodo chose to go to Mordor, he and Gimli and Sam should accompany him while the others went to Minas Tirith.
But then Boromir told them that he and Frodo had argued and that Frodo had vanished. The members of the Fellowship went off in different directions searching for him. Legolas and Gimli encountered Orcs in the woods and slew many, but then they heard Boromir sound the Great Horn. They came to his aid too late, for he had been slain defending Merry and Pippin.
Aragorn determined that Frodo and Sam had set out for Mordor and that Merry and Pippin had been taken towards Isengard. He decided that they should pursue the Orcs who had captured the two young Hobbits. They set out at a swift pace and traveled 45 leagues across the plains of Rohan in less than four days.
On February 30, the Three Hunters encountered Eomer, the Third Marshal of the Mark. He demanded to know their business in Rohan, and when he learned that they had passed through Lothlorien he wondered if they were sorcerers in league with the Lady of the Golden Wood. Gimli took exception to Eomer's slight of Galadriel and the two nearly came to blows, with Legolas coming swiftly to his friend's aid, but Aragorn intervened.
When Eomer had heard their story, he apologized for his words about Galadriel and offered them horses to speed them on their way, but he warned them that there was little hope in finding their friends for his Riders had slain all the Orcs the night before. Aragorn promised he would come to Edoras, and Gimli said he would accompany him.
"And I will come, too," said Gimli. "The matter of the Lady Galadriel lies still between us. I have yet to teach you gentle speech."Gimli was set on the back of Arod behind Legolas and he clung to his friend uneasily as they rode toward Fangorn Forest. They found the burned remains of the Orcs but no trace of the Hobbits. That night they camped in the eaves of the forest and Gimli had the first watch. He saw an old man, hooded and cloaked, approaching the campfire and he cried out, but the man disappeared and their horses ran off as well. Gimli suspected that the old man had been Saruman.
"We shall see," said Eomer. "So many strange things have chanced that to learn the praise of a fair lady under the loving strokes of a Dwarf's axe will seem no great wonder. Farewell!"
The Two Towers: "The Riders of Rohan," p. 42
The next morning the Hobbits' trail led them into the forest, where they encountered another old man. Gimli feared it was Saruman and urged the others to strike. The Dwarf threatened to put a dint in the old man's hat if he did not tell them where the Hobbits were. Then the old man cast aside his cloak and revealed that he was Gandalf. Gimli fell to his knees but Gandalf told him to get up, for he did not blame him for his mistake.
Gandalf told them of his fight with the Balrog from the foundations of stone up the Endless Stair -- long believed lost by the Dwarves -- to the peak of Zirakzigil where Durin's Tower stood. He brought them messages from Galadriel, much to Gimli's joy, and then told them that the Hobbits were safe and that they must now make haste to Edoras in Rohan.
Gimli rode before Gandalf on Shadowfax. At Edoras, Gimli supported Aragorn when Hama the Doorward said that Anduril had to be left at the door of Meduseld. At length Aragorn agreed, and Gimli set his axe beside the legendary sword.
After Gandalf had convinced King Theoden to ride out and confront Saruman, Gimli accepted a shield bearing the emblem of Rohan that had belonged to the king as a boy. Eomer took Gimli up on his horse and they rode to war together.
At Helm's Deep, Gimli was eager to hew Orc necks. He soon got his chance when Saruman's army of 10,000 launched an assault upon the stronghold. Gimli beheaded two Orcs who were about to kill Eomer, but he learned that Legolas had already slain twenty with his bow. The Elf and Dwarf kept a running tally throughout the battle. In the end, Gimli had killed forty-two Orcs to Legolas's forty-one.
After the Battle of Helm's Deep, Gimli told Legolas that he had seen the Glittering Caves behind Helm's Deep and that they were a wonder to behold. He described their beauty with rapture and said that he longed to tend and care for them. Legolas was intrigued by his friend's reverence and he proposed that he would accompany Gimli to the Glittering Caves after the war if Gimli would come with him to Fangorn.
At Isengard, Gimli and his companions were overjoyed to find Merry and Pippin.
"You rascals, you woolly-footed and wool-pated truants! A fine hunt you have led us! Two hundred leagues, through fen and forest, battle and death, to rescue you! And here we find you feasting and idling -- and smoking! Smoking! Where did you come by the weed, you villains? Hammer and tongs! I am so torn between rage and joy, that if I do not burst, it will be a marvel!"The Hobbits provided their friends with food and pipe-weed, and Pippin even had a spare pipe for Gimli, and the Dwarf forgave the Hobbits the troubled they'd caused. Later Gimli had a chance to see Gandalf and Saruman together, and he saw that they were alike and yet different. When Saruman tried to win his captors over with his silken words, Gimli was not fooled.
The Two Towers: "The Road to Isengard," p. 162
"'The words of this wizard stand on their heads," he growled, gripping the handle of his axe. "In the language of Orthanc help means ruin, and saving means slaying, that is plain. But we do not come here to beg."After the parley with Saruman, Aragorn decided to take the Paths of the Dead to the southern coast, for he had looked into the palantir of Orthanc and had seen that the Corsairs posed a threat to Minas Tirith. Gimli and Legolas chose to accompany him. But when he came to the Dark Door, Gimli found that he was afraid. He gathered his courage and entered, saying, "Here is a thing unheard of! An Elf will go underground and a Dwarf dare not!" (RotK, p. 60) As they passed through the tunnels, Gimli sensed the Dead behind following, but he continued on after Aragorn.
The Two Towers: "The Voice of Saruman," p. 184
At the Stone of Erech, Aragorn called upon the Dead to fulfill their oath, and they proceeded to Pelargir where they seized the ships of the Corsairs. Aragorn and his companions sailed up the Anduin and arrived in Minas Tirith on March 15, while the Battle of the Pelennor Fields was raging. Gimli leapt ashore with his axe and fought until the battle was won.
In Minas Tirith, Gimli took note of the stonework and decided that he would offer the services of his people to Aragorn once he was crowned King. But the war was not yet over, and on March 18, Gimli set out with the Host of the West. They marched to the Black Gate and engaged the Enemy in the Battle of the Morannon in an attempt to distract Sauron long enough for the Ring-bearer to fulfill his quest.
At last the Ring was destroyed and the realm of Sauron was ended. But Gimli had a moment of deep fear and sorrow when he saw Pippin's foot sticking out from under the body of a great Troll. He heaved the corpse off the young Hobbit and was greatly relieved to discover that his friend was still alive. Pippin recovered, as did Frodo and Sam who had been rescued from Mordor, and the Fellowship was reunited at the celebrations on the Field of Cormallen.
Aragorn was crowned King on May 1 and the Fellowship remained in Minas Tirith until after his wedding to Arwen on Mid-year's Day. Then Eomer told Gimli that the Dwarf should fetch his axe, for although Galadriel was fair, Eomer thought Arwen fairer still. But Gimli replied:
"Nay, you are excused for my part, lord," he said. "You have chosen the Evening; but my love is given to the Morning. And my heart forebodes that soon it will pass away for ever."The Fellowship left Minas Tirith on July 22. When they arrived at Helm's Deep, Legolas accompanied Gimli into the Glittering Caves as he had promised and the Elf was left speechless by what he saw. At Isengard, the pair said farewell to their companions and went to visit Fangorn.
The Return of the King: "Many Partings," p. 253
Gimli brought a colony of Dwarves from the Lonely Mountain to the caverns of Helm's Deep and became the Lord of the Glittering Caves. He and his people rebuilt the gates of Minas Tirith out of mithril and steel and did many other great works in Gondor and Rohan. Gimli lived contentedly in the Glittering Caves for many years, and his friend Legolas dwelled in the gardens of Ithilien.
Gimli also maintained his friendship with Merry and Pippin, who came to live in Gondor in 64. It was Gimli who provided the information for the history of the Dwarves entitled Durin's Folk that was appended to The Thain's Book.
In the year 120 of the Fourth Age, Aragorn died. Legolas decided to pass over the Sea as he had long desired to do. It is believed that Gimli chose to accompany him because of their deep bond of friendship as well as a desire to see Galadriel one last time. It may be that Galadriel was instrumental in gaining permission for Gimli to be allowed to live the West until his eventual death. And so it is said that Legolas and Gimli, the last two members of the Fellowship in Middle-earth, sailed down the Anduin and over the Sea.
As for Frodo or other mortals, they could only dwell in Aman for a limited time - whether brief or long. The Valar had neither the power nor the right to confer 'immortality' upon them. Their sojourn was a 'purgatory', but one of peace and healing and they would eventually pass away (die at their own desire and of free will) to destinations of which the Elves knew nothing.
The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien: Letter #325
Birth of Gimli.
The Lonely Mountain is reclaimed by the Dwarves. Gloin and Gimli relocate there shortly afterwards.
A messenger from Mordor comes to the Lonely Mountain seeking news of Bilbo and the Ring.
October 25: Gloin and Gimli attend the Council of Elrond.
December 18: Gimli is selected
to represent the Dwarves in the Fellowship of the Ring.
December 25: The Fellowship leaves Rivendell.
January 11-12: A blizzard
prevents the Fellowship from crossing the pass of Caradhras.
January 13: The Fellowship is attacked by Wargs. They decide to go through the Mines of Moria.
January 14: The Fellowship spends the night in Hall Twenty-one.
January 15: The Fellowship discovers Balin's tomb in the Chamber of Mazarbul. They are attacked by Orcs. Gandalf confronts the Balrog and falls into the abyss. Gimli looks into the waters of Mirrormere.
January 16: Gimli balks at being blindfolded until his companions agree to be blindfolded as well.
January 17: Gimli meets the Lady Galadriel.
February 16: The Fellowship
leaves Lothlorien. Gimli receives three strands of Galadriel's hair as
a parting gift.
February 26: The Breaking of the Fellowship. Gimli accompanies Aragorn and Legolas in pursuit of the Uruk-hai who captured Merry and Pippin.
February 30: The Three Hunters meet Eomer. Gimli takes exception to Eomer's words about Galadriel.
March 1: The Three Hunters
are reunited with Gandalf in Fangorn and learn that Merry and Pippin are
March 2: Gandalf, Gimli, Legolas and Aragorn arrive at Edoras and ride to war against Saruman with King Theoden.
March 3-4: Battle of Helm's Deep. Gimli has his first sight of the Glittering Caves.
March 5: The Three Hunters are reunited with Merry and Pippin at Isengard. Parley with Saruman.
March 8: Gimli summons the courage to follow Aragorn through the Paths of the Dead.
March 13: Aragorn and his followers and the Dead seize the Corsairs' ships at Pelargir.
March 15: Aragorn and his followers arrive at Minas Tirith during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
March 18: The Host of the West sets out from Minas Tirith to the Black Gate.
March 25: The Host of the West fights the forces of Sauron until the Ring is destroyed and Sauron's realm falls. Gimli saves Pippin from being crushed beneath the body of a Troll.
April 8: The Fellowship is reunited on the Field of Cormallen.
May 1: Aragorn is crowned King.
July 22: The Fellowship leaves Minas Tirith.
August 19: Gimli and Legolas
visit the Glittering Caves.
August 22: Gimli and Legolas part from their friends and go to Fangorn.
Death of Aragorn. Legolas departs over the Sea and it is said that Gimli accompanied him.
The meaning of Gimli is uncertain. It may be derived from the word gim, which meant "fire" in archaic Old Norse.
The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien: Letter #297
Manfred Zimmermann suggests that
is a diminutive form of gim meaning "Little Fire" or "Spark" and
might be a play on words with his father's name Gloin meaning "the
"Miscellaneous Remarks: On Gimli and on Rhythmic Prose," Mythlore 11, no. 3, whole no. 41 (Winter-Spring 1985)
The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull: "The Council of Elrond," p. 223
In Norse mythology, Gimlé
- or Gimli - was a golden hall in the heavenly realm of Asgard where
the righteous would dwell after Ragnarok - the battle at the end of the
Gimli came to be called Elf-friend because of his great friendship with Legolas and his reverence for Galadriel.
Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings: "Durin's Folk," p. 360
Galadriel called Gimli Lock-bearer in the message she sent him via Gandalf, referring to the lock of hair she had given him.
" 'To Gimli son of Gloin,' she said, 'give his Lady's greeting. Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree!' "
The Two Towers: "The White Rider," p. 107
Lord of the Glittering Caves:
After the War of the Ring, Gimli and other Dwarves from the Lonely Mountain settled in the Glittering Caves and Gimli acquired the title Lord of the Glittering Caves.
Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings: "Durin's Folk," p. 360
Family tree of Gimli
All entries are Copyright © 2003-2012, The Thain's Book


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A general introduction to Urban Drainage and Water supply system is provided by this module.
Water and wastewater pollution characterisation and sources
The production of waste from human activities is unavoidable. A significant part of this waste will end up as wastewater. The quantity and quality of wastewater is determined by many factors. The module will provide an overview of the water pollution and its origins providing an introduction to water quality guidelines, regulations and performance criteria.
General Aspects Of Waste Water Treatment Plant
This course is designed to offer an overview of the various treatment processes including physical, chemical and microbiological treatment of water and wastewater. The concept of integrated water management will be introduced. Attendants will learn why wastewater must be treated and the systems for water reclamation and reuse. Information presented includes a general descriptions of the equipment and processes used in a wastewater treatment plant.
Thematic Knowledge: Green Energy
The European Energy Policy Strategy
The module traces the path of the European energy policy evolution, starting from the beginning of the common European energy policy (2005) to the present days, highlighting goals, challenges and critical issues.
Energy efficiency in buildings
Overview of the building energy performance assessment activity and its role into improving the global energy consumption into the building sector. The energy performance of buildings correlates with a number of parameters, among these are the construction year, building size and neighbour situation, the type and age of the supply system and the question of already implemented energy saving measures.
The Covenant of Mayors
The Covenant of Mayors (CoM) is the mainstream European initiative involving local and regional authorities in the fight against climate change and developing a more sustainable energy future for our cities.
Level 2: The GeoSmartCity Infrastructure
Knowledge on the technical outcomes and adoption of GeoSmartCity.
The GeoSmartCity Data Models
This self-learning module provides information about the methodology used for the production of the GeoSmartCity data models and the approach used to extend the relevant INSPIRE core schemas.
The GeoSmartCity Specialised Services
This self-learning module provides information about the various GeoSmartCity Specialised Services developed. These services are standardized and re-usable data processing services based on requirements of the GeoSmartCity Pilots.
The GeoSmartCity Data Catalogue
The Data Catalogue facilitates the process of taking a local, file-based dataset and publishing it as a Web Map Service on GeoServer through a web application, without requiring any programming or manual configuration by expert users.
The GeoSmartCity Web and Mobile Clients
This self-learning module provides information about the various software components developed to be used as building blocks of client applications.
Level 3: The GeoSmartCity Pilots
Knowledge on the Pilot applications using the GeoSmartCity Infrastructure.
The GeoSmartCity Pilot Applications
GeoSmartCity has developed 11 a real-life operational scenarios in 8 EU countries. This training module contains at least one weblecture for each of Pilot applications developed describing the aim and implementation of each of the Pilots.


A View from Abroad (1999)
Produced by Kate McAll. A one-off 30-minute feature about golf, recorded at the K Club in Ireland.
Look Both Ways (2001)
Produced by Erika Wright, a one-off 15-minute programme about the zebra crossing.
The Indispensables (2002)
Produced by Erika Wright, four half-hour programmes on inventions we couldn’t live without: car radio, photocopier, colour television, photography.
Cutting a Dash (2002)
Produced by Penny Vine for Testbed Productions, five 15-minute programmes on punctuation, issued as audiobook by BBC Audio.
Alphabet: As Easy as ABC (2003)
Produced by Angela Hind for Pier Productions, five 15-minute programmes about the alphabet.
The Indispensables (2003)
Produced by Erika Wright. Second series of three half-hours: deodorant, zip and paper cup.
The Indispensables (2004)
Produced by Erika Wright. Third series of three half-hours: the lift, the baby buggy and the fax machine.
Betty MacDonald Had a Farm (2008)
Produced by Sara Jane Hall. Half-hour documentary on the neglected American humourist Betty Mac Donald, author of The Egg and I.
Archive on Four: Did I Really Ask That? (2009)
Produced by Sara Jane Hall. 60-minute programme using my personal archive of cassette interviews with famous playwrights in the 1980s.
Calibrated Conundrums (2011)
Produced by Erika Wright. On the language of science.
Archive on Four: From Easy to Cryptic (2012)
Produced by Erika Wright. On the history of crosswords
Archive on Four:Embarrassment (2016)
Produced by Kevin Mousley
A Short Story of TIM (2016)
Produced by Susan Kenyon. The speaking clock at 80 years old.


Understanding AutoCAD compatibility
progeCAD was designed to interface with AutoCAD as seamlessly as possible. There are, however, some differences for which those accustomed to working in AutoCAD may need to adjust. This appendix provides information specifically for that audience.
Tell me about...
- Using enhanced AutoCAD commands in progeCAD
- Using additional selection sets
- Using additional progeCAD commands
- Recognizing subtle command differences
- Identifying what does not display
- Supporting AutoCAD customization
- Understanding menu compatibility
- Importing and exporting customization files
- Programming progeCAD
- progeCAD and AutoCAD list of terms


The gettysburg college cge community is a group of college students from around the world who share a commitment to the liberal arts, a love of sports, and a commitment to community.
Gettysburg is located in southeast Pennsylvania, right outside of Philadelphia. It is the home of University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University, and the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, among other institutions, and it’s a great place to hang out, hang out, and hang out. It’s a fun place to go for college, but it’s also a great place to study abroad as well.
Gettysburg is also a great place to go for college, but it is also a great place to study abroad too. Of course, that’s why I’m here to hang out.
We can say it all really quickly, but Gettysburg is one of the top places to go for college in the United States. It is a college town in the middle of Pennsylvania, near the state’s border with Ohio, and is located about ten minutes from the state line. It is a small town, but the people there are very friendly and like to help people out. They know how to get around the city, and it’s not that far to drive to the school, either.
We have been to Gettysburg dozens of times and have never been to the campus. We usually go to the city. It’s a relatively small town a good part of the year. There are a couple of good restaurants and some good stores, but nothing special. The school has a library and a bunch of dorms, so you can stay in them if you want.
Gettysburg is great – there is so much history, and so much of it is out in the open, and that is very cool. You can read old newspapers and books, and you can look at old photographs from the war. There are a couple of restaurants, but nothing really good. The school itself is small, so it makes it a little easier to get around, but just don’t expect much.
Gettysburg is a pretty cute town. There is a historical museum in town, and the grounds are gorgeous. The campus is pretty small, so it’s a great place to go for some quiet time, or to just take in the history. You can get a lot of info and pictures online, if you want to go to the trouble, or just ask to be guided.
In the time of the Civil War, Gettysburg College was a military school for women. The school taught students about the war, and prepared them to serve as soldiers. It was also the home of the museum that houses the college. The museum is small, so it’s fairly easy to get around, and you can get a lot of info and pictures online.
Gettysburg College is the home of the Civil War museum, so of course it offers a lot of information about the war. The school was also the home of the Gettysburg National Cemetery, so you can see some great photos of Civil War history.
I thought the museum was pretty cool, and the school was really well-done, but the museum was also pretty empty, so it’s hard to get a lot of info online. Gettysburg College is actually the third biggest liberal arts college in the country, so it’s got a lot to offer.


Flourishing Enterprise was written with eight colleagues who bring wildly different backgrounds and perspectives--all of whom intend to contribute to the possibility that the human species and all other species might flourish together on the earth, forever. Published by Stanford University Press, and under the auspice of the business school at Case Western Reserve, it is the result of three years of arduous and challenging dialogue and exploration.
Improbably, but hopefully, it connects business, entrepreneurship, caring, connection, spirit, artistry and the flourishing of the human spirit, the human enterprise and the planet. Where else could you find a weave of philosophy, management history, spiritual practice, poetry, and a tool box of approaches to make the world more human, humane and beautiful?
I hope you find the book interesting, even inspiring. And helpful in your work in the world. Pass it to others. Write a review on Amazon. Simply think about it!!


Manuscript Submission: The Literacy Connection
This study was conducted to examine the influence of prior preschool attendance, culture, and language socialization on early literacy success in drawings and dictated stories for Navajo kindergarten students at risk of school failure due to low socioeconomic status. The main findings of this study included the sociolinguistic impact of preschool education on young children’s growth in literacy development that incorporated the cultural values, attitudes, and beliefs of the home and heritage language. While all drawings reflected the influence of culture, several differences were found in the complexity and depth of the drawings. Early education programs designed to promote the heritage culture in conjunction with academic abilities, especially for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, were linked to lasting effects on indicators related to student achievement. Literacy achievement has been consistently and positively associated to preschool attendance, and a positive transition to kindergarten.
(Click the images below for a larger view.)


When it comes to reading books, one of the things that most people don’t follow correctly is the reading process. That’s right, if you want to read a book correctly, you have to follow these five stages. This is something that you will most likely learn in school, but not that many people actually remember to follow these stages. We want to remind people of these stages and also to educate those who never heard about them before. This is a very easy and effective way to read, that’s why we strongly suggest you stay here and learn.
Stage 1- Prereading
The first stage is very important, and you should skip it because it has some key elements that will, later on, become very helpful. One of the things is to introduce some new keywords into the vocabulary from the book. This way you won’t get confused when you hear new and complicated words. Also, you can get some information about the book before you actually read it, this will be like a great way to build a foundation from where you can start off.
Stage 2- Reading
The second stage is where all the fun begins, you actually start reading the book. Now you should have all the necessary information that you need about the book and the new words. You can now use any type of reading strategy that you might have. Also, this stage will require you to read the whole text from the beginning to the end. That’s right, you have to finish the piece that you are reading and then continue to the next stage.
Stage 3- Responding
The third stage of the reading process is responding and as you might have guessed, the person who was reading now has to respond to what he/she has read. You can write down on a piece of paper what you have learned from reading the book or how did it affect you.
Stage 4- Exploring
This fourth stage is very important because it requires the reader to go back to the certain part of the text and analyze it in depth. This way, the reader can improve the vocabulary and learn about each new word individually. It is also recommended to examine the style of writing that was used by the author of the book. This stage shouldn’t be any problem because it is very easy and simple to understand, you can even guess it by the name exploring.
Stage 5- Applying
The final stage or the fifth stage is the part of the process where the reader needs to create projects. They can even evaluate the reading experience or compare it with some other similar book. This is a very similar stage to the third one because you also look back to what you have understood from the book. Once you completed all of these stages, you have correctly read the book and there is no chance that something from the book has slipped past you.


What to do if…Information for Families in Crisis
MindEd for Families
MindEd for Families, is an interactive online resource offering evidence based advice and information for families in crisis, as well as advice and top tips on how parents can support themselves and their child through challenging circumstances.
The site is free to access and provides access to a wide range of online information and practical advice across areas such as:
- Supporting a child in difficult circumstances
- Coping strategies and building resilience
- When to get help
- Nurturing and building healthy family relationships
- Coping in crisis situations
- Feelings of isolation.
Developed in partnership with YoungMinds and co-written with parents and carers, the resources are engaging, interactive and accessible on all mobile and tablet devices. MindEd for Families is accredited by the NHS Information Standard.


Aviva’s Legacy with Hans Kullberg
Losing a child is one of the most difficult experiences any parent can go through. It’s a time when you are filled with an overwhelming sense of grief and loss. You may feel like your life is over, you may feel like you’ve lost your purpose, or you might even feel like it was all for nothing.
Join our today’s conversation with Hans Kullberg. Hans is an Author specialising in Children’s Books and Parenting Books. Also, a serial entrepreneur. He is a loving father of 4 wonderful children and prides himself on being a father first and foremost, cherishing every moment of his fatherhood journey. Making up silly, fantastical tales of dragons, race cars, flying unicorns, and laughing llamas at bedtime every night is just part of his parenthood duties.
In this episode, Hans tells us the unexpected tragedy of losing his daughter Aviva at ten months old and how this motivated him to share her fearless character, fun-loving spirit, and vivacious personality embodied through an orangutan in Baby Aviva Orangutan Diva.
During this episode, you will learn about;
[00:15] Abit about Hans Kullberg
[01:43] The devastating demise of his daughter gave birth to his first book
[04:06] How the book has helped him during the grieving period
[05:58] Parenting lessons from experience
[07:16] Han’s advice to anyone struggling with parenting and business
[08:11] How the covid pandemic has disrupted parenting
[09:01] About Hans’ upcoming book
[10:18] His advice to all parents who are grieving
[11:30] His inspiration to become an author
[13:08] How to connect with Hans and episode wrap up
- The responsibility of parenting brings a new paradigm in our entire lives.
- Stay true in life, regardless of the obstacles along the way.


Putnam County Schools provides access to academic resources to support students after the school days ends. Students can work on skills related to their in-school instruction by clicking the links listed below for each programmatic level. Check your school's website for additional programs.
For technical support, call 304-586-0507 or email Gary Cook.
Destiny - Online access to school library collections of eBooks.
Clever - Access to select classroom resources and online textbooks (apps inside Clever vary by school and programmatic level)
IXL - Free math and language arts lessons available by grade level (preK-12) that doesn't require a login.
IXL for Putnam County - Subject area lessons that require student login - first initial and last name (may include a number)
Khan Academy - Free math, history, science and language arts instruction via video lessons and activities by grade level.
Starfall - Activities for students grades Prek-2.
Between the Lions - Reading activities for younger new readers from PBS
Tumblebooks - Online resource for books, videos, puzzles and games that are appropriate for elementary students.
Cool Math - Math activities for Pre-Algebra, Algebra and Pre-Calculus
Newsela - Current events articles that requires student login created by teacher.
Online texts and materials are used by Putnam County Schools in many subject areas. Beside each content area below is a link to the website for the text and resources. Teachers can provide username and password for books used in their classrooms.
Language arts – grades 6-12
Math grades 6-8 and Algebra 1
Social Studies - grade 7
Science – grades 6-8
WV Studies online
Social studies – grade 8
College Board - All 11th grade students will take the College Board SAT College Entrance Exam as the mandated state assessment. A variety of online practice programs are available for students. Students can also download the Daily Practice SAT app for daily questions. It is all free.
- Interactive problems
- Video Lessons
- Full-length practice tests
- Personalized study plan
- Instant SAT essay feedback
Advanced Placement (AP) - Students can access online support activities and online services. Choose an AP course. When the course page opens, choose Exam Practice from the green tool bar.
LearningExpress Library - Test and job preparation material available from the West Virginia Library Commission.
Online textbooks and materials are used by Putnam County Schools in many subject areas. Beside each content area below is a link to the website for the text and resources. Teachers can provide username and password for books used in their classrooms.
Language arts – grades 9-12
Social studies – grades 9-11
ConnectEd McGraw-Hill Education
Pearson Easy Bridge
Directions - My Lab PowerPoint Directions


Ceremonies in the West are mostly for life-changing events like weddings, funerals, and graduations, or for religious observance. But in Japan, there are many small ceremonies that are woven into peoples' everyday lives. Both tea ceremony and the ceremony Yoshi performs to get rid of his attachments are important to the characters in The Last Tea Bowl Thief. What do these ceremonies tell us about our own lives?
What purpose do the ceremonies in the book (and the ones we perform ourselves) serve?
What makes something a ceremony? What makes a ceremony work?
Are there new ceremonies we need for our lives today? Ceremonies that would make your life better?
About those "attachments"...
One of the recurring themes in The Last Tea Bowl Thief is the Buddhist idea that we are held back by attachment to things we can't bear to give up, and our inability to stop fearing the things we are trying to avoid.
The potter identifies eight attachments in his own life that he believes are holding him back. But the other characters have attachments too—if Robin, Nori, and Nori's grandmother were to make tea bowls symbolizing their biggest attachments (or fears), what would they be named?
What would a tea bowl representing one of your own "attachments" (or fears) be named?
The potter devises a pretty drastic way to rid himself of his attachments. What are some of the ways we give up "attachments" we want to let go of?
Rebirth and transformation
The potter and the poet in The Last Tea Bowl Thief believe that people die and are reborn again and again until they are able to shed their earthly attachments and become enlightened. But this can happen in smaller ways throughout someone's life, as people change from who they were at the beginning to who they become at the end.
What are some ways the characters in the book are reborn (or transformed)?
Are there other symbols of rebirth and transformation in the story?
How many "lives" have you had in your lifetime so far? What experiences have divided your own life into "before" and "after"? Did you choose them, or did they just happen?
Do you believe in luck?
“Good luck” and “bad luck” are often used to describe situations or events that we’re powerless to control, and the characters in The Last Tea Bowl Thief are typically Japanese in their respect for (and fear of) what fate dishes out.
Think of a point in your own life that changed your entire future. Did good or bad luck play a part? Where would you be now if things had been different?
Can you think of ways the characters in The Last Tea Bowl Thief tried to influence their luck? Do you think we can influence luck? What are some things you do to get more good luck/avoid bad luck?
Is stealing ever right?
There are three generations of thieves in this story. If we give each of them the benefit of doubt and believe they acted from the best of intentions, one steals to save a thing of beauty from destruction, one steals to survive, and one steals to right an old wrong and advance scholarship.
Were Saburo, Chiyo and Robin right or wrong to steal the tea bowl?
What could they have done instead? Could they still have achieved their goals? How might their lives have been different?
Which inspires greater art: beauty or hardship?
Yakibō and Saburo draw inspiration from both beauty and hardship in the course of their artistic careers. • Which do you think inspires greater art? • Do you think the visual arts are different from the literary arts?


I highlighted four craft books that I got at the library this past week. I love thumbing through all of the wonderful books!
Thanks to Threads Entwined for sponsoring my giveaway. You can find her shop here.
I love that her website has a Wishlist feature. I was able to create my own wishlist in order to swoon over all of the lovely cross stitch patterns and notions that her shop offers. Curious about my wishlist? You can find my aptly titled "Beautiful Stitching" wishlist here.


Dirk Voorhoof, “Same standards, different tools? The ECtHR and the protection and limitations of freedom of expression in the digital environment”, in Michael O’Boyle (ed.), Human Rights Challenges in the Digital Age : Judicial Perspectives, Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publications, 2020, 226 p.
Ronan 0’Fathaigh and Dirk Voorhoof, “Article 10 ECHR and Expressive Conduct”, Communications Law, The Journal of Computer, Media and Telecommunications Law 2019/2, Vol 24, 62-73, Bloomsburry Professional, Oxford, also on
Eva Lievens, Dirk Voorhoof and Peggy Valcke (eds.), European Media Law, Collection of Materials 2019-2020 (ed.), Herentals, Knops Publishing, 2019, 468 p., http://www.mijnwetboek.be/en/producten/European-Media-law-22019-2020
Inger Høedt-Rasmussen and Dirk Voorhoof, “Whistleblowing for sustainable democracy”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 2018 Vol.36 (I) 3-6, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0924051917753314
Inger Høedt-Rasmussen, “Duurzaamheid als juridisch concept: Van regenwoud tot rechtsprincipe” (Sustainability as a legal principle), Today’s Lawyer 2017/3, 9-12.
Dirk Voorhoof, “Freedom of Expression versus Privacy and the Right to Reputation. How to Preserve Public Interest Journalism”, in Stijn Smet and Eva Brems (eds.), When Human Rights Clash at the European Court of Human Rights. Conflict or Harmony? OUP 2017, 148-170.
Inger Høedt-Rasmussen, “Identities of lawyers in opera and real life: a dialogue between the world of law and the world of opera”, Art Antiquity and Law, 2017/1, 74-84.
Dirk Voorhoof, “Investigative journalism, access to information, protection of sources and whistleblowers”, in Flutura Kusari and Andreas Lamm (ed.), Promoting dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights and the Media Freedom Community, 2017, 33-60, e-book
Inger Høedt-Rasmussen and Amalie Bang, ”Sustainable justice og whistleblowing: Rummer den juridiske identitet whistleblowing?”, Mod og mening: Hyldestskrift til Frederik Harhoff, DJØF 2016, 215-236.
Dirk Voorhoof, “Freedom of Expression, Media and Journalism under the European Human Rights System : Characteristics, Developments, and Challenges”, in Peter Molnár (ed.), Free Speech and Censorship Around the Globe, CEUpress 2015, 59-104.
Inger Høedt-Rasmussen, Developing identity for lawyers: towards sustainable lawyering, Copenhagen Business School 2014 [Phd].


Last Updated on
Our video library is designed to offer you a range of infertility information, how-to videos, and medical perspectives from our LIV Fertility specialists. After watching our videos, come LIV the experience for yourself in Puerto Vallarta.
Discover the LIV Video Library
The videos below are intended to help you better understand your fertility treatment, as well as the procedures, medications, and terminology involved with your treatment at the LIV Fertility Center. If you still have questions, do not hesitate to contact our team for more information. We are here for you every step of the way.
**Videos on this page are intended to serve as an educational resource for patients. The information included in these materials is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.
You have the right to know about proper use of your medications and its effects. If you need more information please ask our LIV Fertility Center IVF specialists. This how-to video gives patients an idea of what to expect during the preparation and administration for commonly used medications during fertility treatment.
Contact LIV Fertility
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Find peace of mind on your journey to parenthood with our IVF-FET Guarantee, as we understand the monetary weight of IVF treatment and the uncertainties that come with it.
IVF Success Stories
Every LIV success story introduces you to LIV in a new way. Every individual story is a testament to the amazing connections we are making everyday.


All Ages Fun at the Library
Our Adult services include all non-Youth shelving locations, Local History & Genealogy services, as well as a variety of programs. Adult Programs include but are not limited to Fiber Fanatics, Sewing with Susan, Chats with Charlie, Euchre, Dollar Store Craft Night, & Fit Club.
Teens are able to hangout on their own now in our new Teen Space! Located just off the elevator, age appropriate titles, a chalk board, and 2 desktop computers await any tween or teen 10+ in the Teen Space. We also have Teen Tuesdays at 4pm. Teen Tuesdays are programs that are meant for ONLY those 10-18!
For kids grades kindergarten through fifth, we have several sections in our Youth department to help them on their reading and learning journeys! From picture books and early readers in the main room, to chapter books in the brick room! Plus, Games Club, LEGO Saturday, & our movie nights are meant for this ages group to enjoy. We also have a lot of specialty programs throughout the year that cater especially for this age group aside from our General age programs.
In our Baby & Toddler room we have toys for sensory play and board books! This age group also has Story Time once a week with Miss April unless otherwise denoted on the calendar.
Ever wonder if Grandma and Grandpa's house in Princeton is still standing? What about reminiscing of that Mom-and-Pop grocery store where you used to shop? What was its name? Come in to our Genealogy Department and do a little research in our City...
Due to our expansion, we have moved some shelving locations around that may not be familiar for those that have not visited with the library in a while.
Adult Nonfiction, including biographies & general nonfiction have now been moved upstairs to...
One of the few new additions to our Main Street lobby area is our Coffee Bar! Thanks to the wonderful ideation of our Board of Trustees, and the generous donations of our everyday patrons, we are able to stock this small station with coffee, tea, and...
Payment or Donation?
The Princeton Public Library now offers online payments using your credit or debit card! Please click the link below and follow the instructions listed. Also note that the added fee for payment with your card does NOT go to Princeton Public Library. The convenience fee is charged by Value Payment Systems for using this service. We accept MasterCard, Visa, Discover and American Express credit and debit cards.
Princeton Public Library
Our Technology Lab closes 15 minutes prior to the rest of the library. This includes all services held therein, including but not limited to printing & faxing.
Visitor guiding by Marketing & Programming


When my daughter was a toddler, she saw an ambulance crossing a nearby bridge. She was mesmerized by its siren and flashing lights—and terrified by the idea that someone needed help so urgently. After long minutes of burying her face in my shoulder, she started asking questions about the ambulance. When the questions continued for days, we took a trip to the local library. A heroic children's librarian helped us find illustrated nonfiction books about ambulances and hospitals, along with a rhyming fantasy story of a dragon, princess, and knight who become traveling doctors.
Something remarkable happened as we read (and reread and reread and then read again!) the books. My daughter started using words I'd never before heard in her vocabulary. Not just ambulance and doctor, but healthy, sick, bandage, and medicine. Although the books covered different aspects of emergency medicine, some of the same ideas came up in all of them. These repeated experiences with new words and concepts helped her soak up new information.
Another striking change: Bedtime reading became much longer. Seemingly overnight, my daughter graduated from short, simple board books like Goodnight, Moon to longer books with detailed information about medical treatments. By reading many books on one high-interest topic, she built new knowledge that allowed her to understand more complex content. And she had fun doing it!
My children have gone through many phases of interest since then, from construction sites to Star Wars, but I notice the same pattern—they understand more and become more curious when they dive deeply into one topic than when they jump around. Any moment can inspire questions: watching an ambulance, hearing a song lyric with a puzzling reference, or finding an injured bird. That spark of curiosity sharpens children’s focus and drives them to learn more. As children build knowledge of a complex topic, they gain new insights and ask even better questions. It’s a cycle that reinforces itself.
This is knowledge building, and it works for toddlers, teens, and adults. Regardless of age, our brains are wired to make connections. As Natalie Wexler explains in The Knowledge Gap, “The more knowledge a child starts with, the more likely she is to acquire yet more knowledge. She’ll read more and understand and retain information better, because knowledge, like Velcro, sticks best to other related knowledge.”
What might knowledge building look like in different subject areas?
In English language arts, students can discuss and write about collections of texts related to one multifaceted topic. For example, students can build knowledge of resilience in the Great Depression by exploring the novel Bud Not Buddy, Langston Hughes’ poetry, and Dorothea Lange’s photos.
Students can build knowledge of resilience in the Great Depression through books, poetry, and photography.
In science, students can explore a particular phenomenon—an observable natural event—and learn scientific concepts that help explain that phenomenon. Say students observe that some cups keep drinks cool longer than other cups. They can then investigate thermal energy to explain how that happens.
Students can draw diagrams to model how liquid in a cup changes temperature.
In history, students can look closely at different periods around the world, asking how events in one time and place influence others. For example, they might compare revolutions in the United States, France, and Latin America.
In math, students can connect new learning with familiar concepts to better understand big ideas over time. For example, young students start learning about fractions—often a difficult concept—by breaking familiar shapes and objects into pieces and describing them as parts of a whole. As students progress, they start comparing fractions, exploring questions like “Why is ½ of a birthday cake more than ⅓ of a birthday cake?” As students enter middle school, they deepen their knowledge by exploring even more abstract problems with fractions, such as “If one store sells 3 pencils for $1 and another store sells 7 pencils for $2, which option is cheaper?” When students gradually build knowledge of fractions, they come to understand that fractions work like any other number.
Every time a child builds knowledge in one area, they’re more likely to understand other subjects. Being open to knowledge is what allows it to build. Nothing amazes me more than watching knowledge grow in young minds—I see it with my own children as well as with students around the country.
In future posts, we'll explore how to build knowledge at home. Stay tuned.


In memory of Armenian Genocide
Information collected by Kobayat.org
"Who today remembers the extermination of the Armenians?" Adolf Hitler, 1939
The Genocide of the Armenians by the Turkish government during World War I represents a major tragedy of the modern age. In this the first Genocide of the 20th century, almost an entire nation was destroyed. The Armenian people were effectively eliminated from the homeland they had occupied for nearly three thousand years. This annihilation was premeditated and planned to be carried out under the cover of war.
During the night of April 23-24, 1915, Armenian political, religious, educational, and intellectual leaders in Istanbul were arrested, deported to the interior, and mercilessly put to death. Next, the Turkish government ordered the deportation of the Armenian people to "relocation centers" - actually to the barren deserts of Syria and Mesopotamia. The Armenians were driven out brutally from the length and breadth of the empire. Secrecy, surprise, deception, torture, dehumanization, rape and pillage were all a part of the process. The whole of Asia Minor was put in motion.
The greatest torment was reserved for the women and children, who were driven for months over mountains and deserts, often dehumanized by being stripped naked and repeatedly preyed upon and abused. Intentionally deprived of food and water, they fell by the hundreds of thousands along the routes to the desert.
There were some survivors scattered throughout the Middle East and Transcaucasia. Thousands of them, refugees here and there, were to die of starvation, epidemics, and exposure. Even the memory of the nation was intended for obliteration. The former existence of Armenians in Turkey was denied. Maps and history were rewritten. Churches, schools, and cultural monuments were desecrated and misnamed. Small children, snatched from their parents, were renamed and farmed out to be raised as Turks. The Turks "annexed" ancestors of the area in ancient times to claim falsely, by such deception, that they inhabited this region from ancient days. A small remnant of the Armenian homeland remained devastated by war and populated largely by starving refugees, only to be subsequently overrun by the Bolshevik Red Army and incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades, until its breakup in 1990. The word " genocide" had not yet been coined. Nonetheless, at the time, many governmental spokesmen and statesmen decried the mass murder of the Armenians as crimes against humanity, and murder of a nation.
Reports of the atrocities gradually came out and were eventually disseminated the world over by newspapers, journals, and eyewitness accounts. In the United States a number of prominent leaders and organizations established fundraising drives for the remnants of the "Starving Armenians". In Europe the Allied Powers gave public notice that they would hold personally responsible all members of the Turkish government and others who had planned or participated in the massacres. Yet, within a few years, these same governments and statesmen turned away from the Armenians in total disregard of their pledges. Soon the Armenian genocide had become the "Forgotten Genocide".
In effect, the Turkish government had succeeded in its diabolical plan to exterminate the Armenian population from what is now Turkey. The failure of the international community to remember, or to honor their promises to punish the perpetrators, or to cause Turkey to indemnify the survivors helped convince Adolph Hitler some 20 years later to carry out a similar policy of extermination against the Jews and certain other non-Aryan populations of Europe.
The Genocide Monument is designed to memorialize the innocent victims of this first genocide of the 20th century. The Genocide Museum teaches that understanding the Armenian Genocide is an important step in preventing similar tragedies in the future, and that those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it.
This map, prepared by Peter Der Manuelian (courtesy of the Armenian Library and Museum of America).
As a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, the Armenian artist Armiss, who escaped to France, created the following interpretation of his eyewitness of one of the most criminal acts of the last century. Following his visual interpretations is his literary rendition.
click to enlarge
AN ALTAR IN THE DESERT
The blazing sun spread its searing
flames over the immense wilderness of Deir-el-Zor, the abominable
graveyard of the Armenians, having been forced there by the genocidal
ARMENIAN GENOCIDE CENTENNIAL
Armenian Genocide Resource Library for Teachers
National Institute - Dedicated to the Study, Research and Affirmation of the
1915-1923 Armenian Genocide This website is dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide
Videos about Armenia and Armenian Genocide
Genocide in the Georgian Language - Dr. Rouben Adalian's paper on the Armenian
Genocide translated into the Georgian Language
Armenian Children Victims of Genocide
The Forgotten Genocide
A Lecture on The Armenian Genocide :
-- PDF file link
Hagop Seropian's Website - Pictures
Armenian Links : History/Genocide
Armenian Genocide - Extensive information and resources about the Armenian
Genocide. Includes pictures, quotes, articles, documents, eyewitness accounts,
books, treaties, declarations of recognition, and links.
Debate Motives for Armenian Genocide - Ronald Grigor Suny (University of
Chicago), Engin Deniz Akarli (Brown University), Selim Deringil (Bogazici
University, Istanbul), and Vahakn N. Dadrian ask why the genocide happened.
Armenian Genocide: An Annotated Bibliography - A carefully selected list of
books and articles, with a brief evaluative comment on each. Covers primary
sources (documentation, including photographs), general works, and studies
covering specific areas of interest.
Boston Area Remembers - Lists Boston-area events (April 2000) marking the 85th
anniversary of the Armenian Genocide.
Companies Owe Billions in Armenian Genocide Era Benefits - Study documents
failure of American and European companies to pay benefits on tens of thousands
of life insurance policies held by Armenians who perished in 1915-16.
Ottoman Archives Debate and the Armenian Genocide - Ara Sarafian argues that
whereas Ottoman archives are not open to intellectually honest scrutiny, records
made available by Turkey do corroborate Western accounts of the events of 1915.
Full text of article.
Genocide Documentation Series - Books from the Gomidas Institute, including the
testimony and diaries of American missionaries who lived in the interior of the
Ottoman Empire in 1915-17; also a new edition of Ambassador Morgenthau's Story.
Crack in the Wall of Silence - Report on a workshop at the University of Chicago
where specialists in Turkish and late Ottoman history considered the central
place of the Armenian Genocide in the history of modern Turkey
the Armenian Genocide - A map with red dots to represent the number of Armenians
sent to die from various parts of the Ottoman Empire in 1915
History - Some quotes and fact sheets about the Genocide and denial thereof.
Institute - Sparse site includes bibliography for 1894-96 massacres and for
denial of the Genocide; also a scholarly essay (apparently by Vahakn Dadrian)
refuting claims made by the Turkish Embassy in Washington.
National Institute - Affirmation of the 1915 Armenian Genocide committed by
Ottoman Turkey, featuring photos, documents, maps, chronology, resolutions,
bibliographies and educational resources.
Armenian Genocide: Survivor Interview Guide - Extensive questionnaire for
survivors of the genocide, or their descendants to record their experiences.
Questions on the Armenian Genocide - Cursory answers to a series of skeptical
questions about the Armenian Genocide.
- Armenian Genocide - Colorful compilation of articles and book excerpts,
including an academic overview and eyewitness accounts.
Institute - Focusing on Genocide and Karabakh publications and research.
Ler - Mousa Ler AKA Musa Dagh: a real place and a famous work of fiction.
Amazing things took place here during the Genocide. This is the web page of
- Includes information on Armenian tourist attractions, Armenian genocide, an
Armenian hall of fame, and the Armenian church.
Museum - The Ararat-Eskijian Museum was created for the preservation of national
Armenian treasures. It also contains documentation of the Genocide.
Armenia - Includes: Khacher's Verses, personal accounts of life in Armenia
before and during the Genocide taken from excerpts of my great grandfather's
most powerful and one of the best sites about the Armenian Genocide. The
History of Armenian Genocide. Online News from Armenia. Maps, photos, convention
and more...in Russian.
Ref: Armenian Genocide


Calling all book lovers!
This is the best post for learning quick tips for organizing books you can implement today!
How Many Books is Too Many?
Let’s start off with the obvious, just how many books is too many?
Since you’re reading this, I’ll bet you’re wondering if you do have too many books and if that’s the reason why its so hard for your to keep and organized home!
Take a peek at where you are storing your books.
Are any on the floor, stacked up in a corner?
Is your bookcase absolutely stuffed with books making it difficult to even pull out a book to read?
How about this, are your bookcase shelves bowing under the weight of your book collection?
Do you feel emotionally connected to most of your books and get overwhelmed at the thought of parting with your books?
If you answered yes, to any of these questions, you probably have too many books!
Today, I’m going to teach you how to pare down your collection with practical and realistic strategies!
These book organizing tips will help you get things in order quickly!
The Goal of Organizing Books
If you’re still reading this, then chances are you already know your book collection is a little out of hand.
So get ready for a hard and fast rule that’s admittedly a little arbitrary, but is a great starting point!
Pare down your bookcase so that 75% of the space is taken up by books and 15-20% is decorative items and 5-10% is free space.
Why these proportions?
Your bookcase will be well balanced and will be more pleasing to the eye.
Plus you’ll actually be able to see what you have.
And you want to leave yourself with a bit of room to grow too.
Another new rule: no books piled up in the corner.
Books must fit in their designated homes: on a bookshelf or on your night stand.
Sticking to these rules will help you keep your space free of clutter by establishing a limit.
Staying within these limits means you won’t let your book collection get out of control!
A Balanced Approach to Organizing Books
In order to pare down your collection to meet this book organization goal, you’re going to have to let go of some books.
Here are some suggestions for easy candidates to leave.
Think of these suggestions as decluttering rules:
Books in Bad Shape
If the book isn’t in readable condition, be practical and let the book go.
Because let’s be honest, broken bindings with pages falling out are hard to read!
Books Contaminated with Mold and Mildew
Letting go of books with mildew or mold on them is a no brainer!
They’re making your space smell weird and you’re putting your health at risk by keeping them around.
Look for mold on the book cover as well as the edges of the pages.
On the cover, you might see white powdery substance that might at first glance look like dust.
Sometimes the mold is in circle shaped spots and sometimes it spans across the entire cover.
Check the book page edges for darker spots of mold.
Even if you don’t see visible signs on mold, give the book a whiff and if it doesn’t pass the smell test, either trash it or treat it.
Sometimes mildewy books can be saved by putting them outside in the sun, but usually not.
If you’re dealing with an entire musty collection, it’s best to let them go.
Books you’re not Actually Going to Read
The next category of books to let go of are those you won’t read.
If you’re no longer interested in the topic, or you watched the movie and aren’t keen on reading the book now, it’s time to let the books go.
Same with gift books.
You shouldn’t feel guilty about letting these types of books go.
You’re just being realistic about how you want to spend your time.
That’s not something to feel guilty about.
Books You Didn’t Like or Aren’t Favorites
Similarly, ditch books you read and didn’t like!
This should be the easiest type of book to let go of.
Same with books that you’ve read and we’re just ok.
Sell them to a used book store or donate to your library.
If you didn’t love the book, you’re not going to re-read it, so why have it in your home?
Books You No Longer Need
Do you have books you’re keeping around for “reference?”
When’s the last time you actually referenced those books?
Take your textbooks from college.
I’ll bet you’ve not ever looked at those since you graduated!
But you’re keeping those because you’re not confident that you know what you need to know to do your job.
But you do!
And you know that because you’ve not ever looked in those reference books since you finished your degree!
So live into your newly realized confidence and let those old college textbooks go!
Same with parenting books.
If you still have a copy of What to Expect When You’re Expecting, but your kids are in college, it’s time to pass that book along to someone who needs it!
Books with outdated information, as well as information you can easily find online, are also really good candidates to let go of.
More than one copy of a book?
Let at least one copy go.
This goes for hardback and paperback versions as well – pick one to keep and let go of the other.
I’ve had clients who had more than one copy of the exact same book about how to get organized!
If only they’d called me earlier! Ha!
What Books to Keep
I’ve just covered a bunch of books that you absolutely should be getting rid of sooner rather than later.
But I’m really not advocating for a complete clean out of all of your books!
Instead, you should be keeping a select few types of books:
- Your absolute favorite books that you enjoy re-reading
- Books you reference frequently
- Books you plan to read within the next 6 months (be realistic!)
In order to organize anything, it’s important to be realistic.
If life has become busier, or you migraines when you read now, then it doesn’t make sense to hand on to a bunch of unread books with the intention of getting to them “Some Day.”
In this context, “Some Day” means never.
Be honest with yourself on what you have time for and let go of what you don’t!
What to Do with Valuable Books
But hang on, you say!
The First Edition of The Baby Sitter’s Club book I have is worth a lot of money!
Listen, I loved that series too, but I’m betting it isn’t worth what you think it is.
Instead of guessing on a book’s value, head on over to Biblio.com/book-value or eBay to check out the real numbers.
Search eBay’s complete listings for the amount your book is worth on the open market.
Seeing the actual value may make it easier to let go of some books you thought were worth more than they really are.
Bad news for Baby Sitter’s Club fans, I’m guessing…
In all seriousness, check out the true value of your books that you think have a decent monetary value to see if your perception matched with reality!
What to Do with Decluttered Books
Now that you have a big ol’ stack of books you’re ready to party with, what comes next?
This part is pretty straight forward:
Sell or donate!
Depending on the book title and it’s popularity, selling unwanted book clutter is a great way to get a little return!
This guide will walk you through the process to get top dollar.
You can also take your books to a used book store to see if they’ll buy them.
If you’re not interested in selling your books, then donating them is a great option!
Find a Little Free Library near you, or drop them off at your neighborhood library.
Organizing Your Book Collection
With the remaining books , it’s time to put them into some sense of order!
Use the rule shared at the beginning of this post for guidance: Leave 20-30% of the space designated for books open for growth or decorative items.
Within those limits, order your books like so:
Put Like with Like
Just like organizing everything else in your home, grouping like with like is key to making your books easy to find!
This means you’ll group all of your travel books together or all books by a certain author together.
Group Unread Books Together
Designate one shelf or a portion of a shelf, for the unread books you intend to read.
Grouping them all together will make it easy for you to snag one the next time you’re ready to start a new read!
Sorting by size
The next tip for really tidy looking book shelves is to order the books from tallest to shortest on each shelf.
It’ll give your bookcase a more cohesive feel!
Sorting by color
Some people prefer to sort their books by color, but I’m not one of them.
This works if you have a collection that’s pretty static, and doesn’t change often.
And this really isn’t reality for the vast majority of readers I know.
They’re adding to their collection too often to keep up with the system.
It does look nice, but nice in a magazine sort of way and not in a practical and realistic way!
Once you have your books on the shelves, it’s time to add in the decorative elements.
Breaking up the shelves with memory items can make the space feel more personal and intimate, and much less library like.
Over to you!
And now you have some fantastic book organizing tips that you can use for years to come.
The thing about organizing books is that it isn’t difficult, but it is time consuming.
Let me know your favorite tip shared in this post down in the comments below!


(Marriage & Mayhem series - Prequel Novella)
Her father's dying wish changes everything. read more.....
(Marriage & Mayhem series - Book 1)
He left with her heart and upended her home years ago … Now he’s back. read more.....
(Marriage & Mayhem series - Book 2)
A shotgun wedding...with the gun pointed at her? read more.....
(A Crystal Falls Novella)
When her choice becomes apparent, will he cave to her decision or do the unthinkable to make her hunt him instead? read more.....
Love, Stock, and Barrel
(Marriage & Mayhem, Book 2)
Hiding from a rat of a fiancé, Dinah Lexington makes tracks for Texas and who she hopes is her late mother’s relative.
She’s seeking answers but finds more than she bargains for when she gets caught in a shotgun wedding—with the rifle pointed at her.
Russell Cahill can’t believe his father is demanding he marry the feisty redhead. The sharpshooting female would only add to his troubles, but how does one argue with a gun and an attraction he's fought to ignore?
Sparks fly. Secrets surface. Loss threatens.
Will a dream for love shatter forever, or will the pair find a marriage worth lock, stock, and barrel?


My mind is blowing; I just finished the reading (for now on, I have to be careful using this word) "What We See When We Read" by Peter Mendelsund. I want to write this review while this strange sensation is fresh; honestly, I don’t know what happened while my eyes were running thru the pages. The book is a fascinating exploration of the inner workings of the reader's imagination and how it shapes the way we perceive literature. The author argues that reading is not simply a matter of decoding words on a page but rather a creative act in which the reader actively constructs meaning from the text. Through a combination of literary examples, art, and cognitive science, Mendelsund delves into the complex process of reading and offers unique insights that will be valuable to anyone who wants to understand better how we engage with literature. One of the key takeaways from the book is that reading is an act of imagination. Mendelsund argues that when we read, our minds are not passively receiving information but actively constructing meaning from the text. He explains that the reader's imagination creates the images, characters, and settings we perceive while reading. This means our mental imagery when we read is not a photographic reproduction of the text but a constructed image. The author also points out that this process is not limited to visual imagery but includes other senses, such as sound, touch, and smell.


|About Haskell||Academics||Administration||Admissions||Registrar||Athletics||Library||Cultural Center||Student Life|
The Haskell Cultural Center and Museum is dedicated in remembrance of the first Haskell students in 1884, and to all students who have attended Haskell.
The vision of the Haskell Cultural Center and Museum is to serve as a steward of living American Indian materials and traditions. The museum provides present day and historical information regarding American Indian culture through art, exhibitions, educational programs, and research.Mission Statement
The mission of the Haskell Cultural Center and Museum is to truthfully tell the story of Haskell’s evolution from a government boarding school to a four-year university for American Indian students. The Haskell Cultural Center and Museum is a place of living heritage and serves as a teaching facility for Haskell students, staff, faculty, and alumni, as well as the general public.


There is more to see than you could imagine amongst the high peaks. Take your feet to the high hills and breathe. The air is free there – untampered with, blowing straight from the heavens.
Though God did not give man the ability to fly, He has given him the ability to soar above the world into the skies by climbing to the tops of the mountains He has provided. Every fellwalker knows the exhilaration of flight, and the fulfilledness he knows from his journey.
In the unfrequented tops, a man may be completely alone, in world that might be his alone, and what contentment there is in that. It may be the only place left we can be alone, away from the ultra-connected, cheek-by-jowl urban life that pervades even the country town and the internalised crowding we impose upon ourselves with beeping plastic instruments, that do us no good. Within the fell country the man-made world is left behind. You can feel your own smallness in the wonders of creation and your own brevity in the timeless mountains: then you can know how wonderful it is that for all your apparent insignificance, you can be a unique force distinct out of nature. Then you can endeavour to climb beyond the everyday world into the real world beyond it. You do not conquer a mountain: you conquer your perceived limitations.
Sydney Smith wrote sagely:”
THERE is moral as well as bodily wholesomeness in a mountain walk, if the walker has the understanding heart, and eschews picnics. It is good for any man to be alone with nature and himself, or with a friend who knows when silence is more sociable than talk.
It is well to be in places where man is little and God is great—where what he sees all around him has the same look as it had a thousand years ago, and will have the same, in all likelihood, when he has been a thousand years in his grave. It abates and rectifies a man, if he is worth the process.
Are you “worth the process”? For myself, “I will lift up mine eyes to the hills; from whence cometh my help”.
Of the variety of hills
Describing the variety of hills in the British Isles without filling the page with a treatise of all the length and fascination of an academic paper is a challenge. We are building here a resource about mountains and hills, and the briefest of summaries must be supplemented by individual pages and blogrolls, and outside links to dedicated pages on Wikishire.
For now, enjoy the pages we have under the heading of “Mountain walks”, and more material will appear here, when the writers get home and can be persuaded to sit down to write.


Location & Access
TLC Music is located at TLC Birth & Beyond, 1/1288 Burwood Hwy, Upper Ferntree Gully (upstairs above the Vets). Parking is available at the rear of the building or to the right of TLC down the service road. Access is via the internal courtyard facing Burwood Hwy. Currently there is no ramp access. An external staircase takes you up to the TLC rooms. Prams and carriers can be safely left at the foot of the stairs.
All groups are run in the large group room at TLC Birth and Beyond. Families are welcome to enter directly through the external door to the right at the top of the staircase, or you’re welcome to take some time to relax in the reception area or browse the lending library before or after your group.


Davis, with his dog, Traveler, at Beauvoir
This portrait of Confederate President
Jefferson Davis shows Davis seated in the library cottage with his
constant companion, his dog, Traveler. This is where Davis wrote The
Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. McWilliams lived at
Beauvoir during the time he was working on the painting. He had access
to Davis' clothes, a lock of his hair, his death mask and his books
during this time. He was also allowed to use the cottage library.
Davis loved the peace and quiet at Beauvoir as he and Traveler walked
the beaches and enjoyed the shade of the great old live oak trees.
The original painting hangs in the new
Jefferson Davis Presidential Library at Beauvoir, Biloxi, Mississippi.
The dog in the painting has always been a great favorite of the
children as they tour Beauvoir. In 1974 Jerry donated a painting to
Beauvoir titled, Jefferson Davis with the Battle Flag. It is displayed
in the Presidential Library beside the Great Seal of the Confederacy.
Story tag included.


· By Period Harmony
From Petticoats to Periods: A Look at Menstrual Management in the past.
In the tapestry of women’s history, periods have had a complex and often whispered narrative. This is particularly true when we journey back to 18th century United Kingdom, a period marked by elegant petticoats, powdered wigs, and a societal hush about 'ladies' issues.'
Menstruation: The Silent Script
In 18th century UK, discussing menstruation was as taboo as wearing trousers to a ball. Information was passed down quietly, often woman to woman, shrouded in euphemisms and secrecy.
Makeshift Materials and Menstrual Management
The women of this era, like their sisters across time, were resourceful and resilient. Without modern comforts like Period Harmony patches, they relied on homemade solutions to manage their monthly flow. These ranged from reusable rags, often referred to as 'clouts,' to natural materials like moss or cotton cloth. These items were washed, dried, and reused, making the practice both sustainable and secretive.
Social Practices and Period Etiquettes
An unwritten code of etiquette dictated that women withdraw from public life during their 'monthly visitor.' This social seclusion was often presented under the guise of 'taking to one's bed' due to 'lady ailments.' However, these etiquettes were largely applicable to the upper class, while working women continued their laborious daily routines, often in discomfort and difficulty.
Women's Health and Period Pain Relief
Pain management during menstruation in the 18th century was primarily based on folklore and natural remedies. Women used warming pans and hot stones to soothe cramps. It's no surprise that women's health was rarely addressed with the seriousness it deserved, largely due to the gender biases prevalent in medical practices of the time.
Looking back at menstrual management in the 18th century UK reminds us how far we've come in our understanding and approach towards periods. It also underscores the continued need for open dialogues about menstruation and the importance of affordable, effective, and environmentally friendly menstrual products.
In our journey from petticoats to period harmony patches, let's continue to break the silence and celebrate the resilience of women and menstruators, both past and present. After all, every step we take in the direction of menstrual well-being is a tribute to the people who've walked this path before us.


Members: Valerie Freeman, Richard McGinty, Alan Mela, Jim Griggs
Organizations: Raleigh Kirschman and Moises Ramos, UGM; Ashley Hamilton, The ARCHES Project
City, County and State Representatives: none
Guests: Jan Kailuweit, Grant
The regular meeting of the CANDO Board of Directors was called to order at 6:00 p.m., on Tuesday, January 21, 2020, at the First Christian Church at 685 Marion Street NE, Salem. The Chair and Secretary-Treasurer were present.
The agenda and minutes of the December meeting were not approved due to lack of a quorum.
In interested citizen comments, Ashley Hamilton described the City’s proposal to use Pringle Hall as a temporary warming shelter. She said based on comments during the meeting with the neighborhood, the homeless population is already in the neighborhood. It’s ARCHES’ hope that the shelter will be a beacon that will draw people in from private property locations. The City’s priority is public health and safety. Camping in the park will not be permitted. The restrooms in the building will be supplemented by a chemical toilet. ARCHES will provide overnight security, and City staff will visit during the day. A storage pod will be available for the storage of personal property. The intent is to make the initiative low impact on the park and neighborhood. Based on outreach to the folks around Nordstrom’s and Rite Aid, Hamilton said she expects about half will use the shelter. Complaints/concerns should go to Kaylynn Gesner or Ashley Hamilton [Note: a couple hours later, the City Council decided not to open Pringle Hall.]
In other interested citizen comments, Valerie Freeman invited CANDO to participate in Salem Reads and shared this year’s selection. She also went over dates of the Public Library’s closings and openings incident to the seismic retrofit.


- This event has passed.
Walk for Literacy
September 24, 2022 @ 8:00 am – 11:00 am
Join Traveling Stories and United Way of San Diego County for a family-friendly walk around Chollas Lake and support literacy programs for local children. Together we can create a more empowered San Diego!
Your participation will provide children with the support they need to grow their reading skills and build confidence. Proceeds from the Walk for Literacy will support Traveling Stories and one-on-one reading mentors for local children.
Let’s come together to celebrate the power of stories and the potential of every child in our community!
$25 per Adult and $1 for Children – register at https://runsignup.com/Race/Info/CA/SanDiego/WalkforLiteracy


Tissues and embroidery Names Giafferri, Paul Louis de, b. 1886 (Author) Collection. The history of the feminine costume of the world, from the year 5318 B.C. to our century. Dates / Origin Date Issued: 1926 - 1927 (Inferred) Place: New York Publisher: Foreign Publications, Inc. Library locations
Here’s the history of t-shirts, and how they’ve evolved throughout the years. The Beginning of the T-shirt: The Earlier Years. T-shirts were first introduced in United States sometime around the time of the Spanish World War. They were given to members of the U.S. Navy to be worn as undergarment beneath their uniforms.


Free resources including research papers and articles on developing quality education through school and teacher development programmes.
The publications available from the link below represent a lot of time, effort and money from many people in Nepal and the UK. We freely offer the content, the tools, the concepts and the processes. Please respect our rights and do not PLAGIARISE them as your own; make reference to the original if you use it and acknowledge the efforts of those who did the research. Thank you!
Click on any title to view or download:
- A Framework for Quality Education
- Quality Education: It’s All in the Mind
- Quality Education: Whole System Change
- Values Based Education: V4C
- How to create a Learning Organisation