Chapter 5 – Empiricism against the Renaissance
has philosophy to do with measuring. It’s the mathematicians
you’ve got to trust; they
are the surveyors of empty air the way I can survey the field and tell you how long it is.”
Le Opere di Galileo Galilei (The Works of Galileo Galilei)
This chapter brings us back to the fundamental issue raised at the beginning of this work: the nature of man and his role in the universe. Venice's break with the Holy Alliance was not simply political; it was a realization by Sarpi and his associates that feudalism and backwardness could no longer be imposed by brute force and superstition. The Renaissance idea of the commonwealth, Cusa's revolution in science, and the economic progress they both engendered, could no longer be contained either by Venice's purely geopolitical maneuvering, nor by the belief structures of the middle ages. These beliefs were, in fact, inevitably doomed. The work of Cusa, leading a century later into the discoveries of Johannes Kepler, annihilated the entire medieval Aristotelean philosophy.
Sarpi knew that there was no saving the old mechanisms of social control. In order to preserve oligarchical rule he formulated a threefold strategy: 1) Develop a new science of radical materialism, known as empiricism, and demand that all scientific investigation utilize this empirical method; 2) Use the “discoveries” of this new empirical science, to falsely claim for himself and his associates the laurels for overturning the dictatorship of Aristoteleanism (this is where the “Galileo Project” fits in); 3) Utilizing sympathetic networks and individuals, to spread this new empirical science from one corner of Europe to another, until it was hegemonic everywhere.
Lyndon LaRouche has defined the empirical method of Sarpi as follows:
Essentially what Sarpi did was to say, “Since scientific progress can no longer be stopped, I will determine the method of all scientific investigation. I will determine, not merely what people think about the physical universe, but how they think, and I will ensure that individual human creativity, and the method of lawful hypothesis, is banned from all scientific investigation.”
In Sarpi's world, there is no hypothesis, there is no creativity, and there is no discovery. Only “observation” and calculation of linear data exists. The 21st century name for this is information theory, and in a world governed by this theory, no human identity is possible. Machines and computers may exist, but the ability to make actual discoveries of principle has been outlawed. If this seems too difficult to understand, think of the difference between Kepler and Galileo: Kepler sought to discover the principles behind astronomical phenomena; Galileo looked at the stars and wrote down his statistical observations. For Galileo, and Sarpi, Kepler's universal principles simply do not exist, because they can not be touched, heard, smelled or visibly seen.
Sarpi & Ockham
In order to develop his new science, Sarpi went back to the writings of a 14th century Franciscan friar named William of Ockham (Occam). Today Ockham is mostly remembered from just one famous quote, which has come to be known as “Ockham's Razor”:
Roughly, Ockham's meaning is that when confronted with a scientific problem, in which there are several possible solutions or areas of investigation, the answer lies with the simplest and most obvious. This reductionist method denies any role for human reason or hypothesis and rejects any idea of universal principles. Ockham was also a fanatic materialist, claiming that all human knowledge is based solely on sense perception. Utilizing Ockham's approach, whatever shred of causality or human thought, which had existed previously in Aristoteleanism, was eliminated entirely.
Paolo Sarpi stated openly that Ockham was the greatest influence on his own scientific outlook. In a letter to the French Huguenot Francois Hotman on July 22, 1608, Sarpi says of Ockham, “Io l’ho stimato sopra tutti li scolastici,” which roughly translated is, “I have esteemed him (Ockham) above all the schoolmen.”
Beginning in 1578, and continuing for many years, Sarpi began writing his Pensieri, a series of works on mathematics, biology, philosophy and religion. Laudatory references to Ockham abound throughout the work. These writings were never published, but were widely circulated to Sarpi's friends in the ridotti. Sarpi authored three sets of Pensieri, the first on mathematics, philosophy, and physics, the second on medicine and morals, and the third on religion. In the Pensieri Filosofici Sarpi argues on the defects in man’s nature which make religion and government necessary in order to control man’s passions and baser animalistic impulses. This argument anticipates Descartes' later view of a linear mechanistic physical universe, combined with irrational human emotions. The Pensieri Religione contains a long attack on Aristotle and on Christian concepts of natural law. Sarpi states that it is impossible for man to know natural law or any universal principles, due to the limits on human reasoning. In the famous Pensieri #146,2 Sarpi is most explicit in his empiricist method, as well as his extreme materialism. There is no reality whatsoever outside the world of sensory experience.
The Pensieri were not Ivory Tower speculations. The ideas set forth by Sarpi were immediately put into practice to develop a new experimental science and a new mathematics, based on his reductionist empiricist methodology. According to his 18th century biographer, who examined Sarpi’s private papers at the Library of the Servi in Venice, Sarpi’s papers included many works on geometry, mechanics, hydraulics, pneumatics, optics, astronomy, and acoustics. Sarpi’s first major area of research was his 1582-1585 work on anatomy, a subject which he had earlier studied at Padua. Later, as Sarpi's ideas gained influence in various European university faculties, the earliest recruits were among the professors of medicine and mathematics, and, it was in those fields that Sarpi’s mechanistic methods spread most quickly.
Among the initial Venetian group which promoted Sarpi’s “new science,” were Giovanni Francesco Sagredo, Santorio Santorio, and Marc Antonio de Dominis. De Dominis, who we have already met in the previous chapter, was a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Padua, where he conducted experiments on optics, physics, and mechanics. Sagredo, a leading Venetian aristocrat, was also a mathematician, and he was Sarpi's personal “controller” of Galileo. He actually invented the first modern version of a thermometer, which is usually attributed to Galileo. Santorio was the Chair of Theoretical Medicine at the University of Padua. His belief in mechanics was so insane that for 30 years he not only weighed himself every day, but also weighed all the food and fluids he consumed as well as all the urine and feces he emitted. He was celebrated for his empirical methodology.3 He denied the “essence” of things, insisting on the fundamental mathematical and mechanical nature of things, which could only be discovered through sense perception.
Aristoteleanism had dominated Europe from the 11th through the early 15th centuries, including in the universities and the Catholic Church. It was never good. But the anti-cognitive, fixed, perfected, universe of Aristotle was perfect for Venice’s zero-growth caste system of the medieval centuries. During that period, Aristotle’s views on cosmology, music, biology, and economics were accepted with almost the fervor of religious fundamentalism. After the revolution in science effected by Nicholas of Cusa this became impossible.
The question arises: “What's the big deal? Don't Aristotle and Sarpi both base their ideology on sense-perception?” Yes, they do, but in Sarpi, you have this method in extremis. It’s like the difference between a body-builder in a gym who says “no pain, no gain” and the Marquis de Sade. The concept pain takes on a different meaning. With Sarpi, human reasoning ceases to exist.
In 1604, the Sarpi cabal unleashed an open public war against Aristoteleanism and the Aristotelean priesthood at the University of Padua. At the time, Padua was the premier center of Aristotelean scholarship in all of Europe, and had produced the two most renowned teachers of Aristotelean logic during that era, the professors Giacomo Zabarella (1533-1589) and Cesare Cremonini (1550-1631). The opening salvo of this attack was a series of lectures by Galileo Galilei, targeting Aristotle's cosmology, i.e., the notion of the “fixed stars,” existing within a static, perfected universe. These lectures were given a sensational PR treatment by the Sarpi network, based on Galileo's alleged recent discovery of the “New Star,” (which, in fact, Galileo did not discover). This was no academic debate; it struck at the center of the Aristotelean establishment, and was nothing less than an attempt to overthrow the entirety of medieval scholasticism.
Even still today Giacomo Zabarella is considered the premier representative of 16th century Italian Aristoteleanism. After 1564, he became both the Chair in Logic and the Chair in Natural Philosophy at the University of Padua. A rigid Aristotelean, Zabarella, nevertheless also insisted on the reality of causality, and said that it is the mind of the scientist which carries out the necessary proofs. He was opposed to using mathematical proofs as a way of arriving at truth. Cesare Cremonini, who succeeded to the Chair of Natural Philosophy in 1591, was, more so than Zabarella, an avowed materialist, and like Pompanazzi before him, he denied the immortality of the soul. Nevertheless, he became Galileo’s leading critic at the University of Padua. In 1604 Cremonini was the foremost opponent of Galileo’s views on the “New Star, and he was quoted by a contemporary source at the time as saying, “the mathematicians adduce the expressed view that it is bad judgment to forsake the senses and go searching for reason” (i.e. cause). In his 1632 The Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems, Galileo ridicules Cremonini, portraying him as the buffoonish figure “Simplicio.”
This attack on the Aristotelean establishment was the premier task assigned to Galileo by Sarpi. Although, today, many uninformed people somehow think that Galileo was a champion of Copernicanism, Galileo, in fact was one of the last astronomers of the period to endorse helio-centrism, which he did not do until the publication of his 1632 Dialogue. From his arrival in Padua in 1592, up until that much later date, all of Galileo’s efforts were concentrated on overthrowing Aristotelean scholasticism on behalf of Sarpi’s new empiricism.
Sarpi's plan to monopolize the scientific discrediting of Aristotle took on a new urgency with the publication, in 1597, of Johannes Kepler’s Mysterium Cosmographicum.4 Upon the completion of this work, Kepler had sent four copies of the book to Padua, one of which ended up in the hands of Galileo, who passed it on to Sarpi. Galileo subsequently wrote to Kepler, and several short notes passed between them.5 In September, 1597, Kepler sent a longer letter to Galileo suggesting a collaboration between the two. Following this exchange of letters Galileo cut off all communication with Kepler. Outside of Italy, the publication of the Mysterium had a powerful impact on the scientific community and led to Kepler’s appointment as Imperial Mathematician to the German Emperor in 1601. In Venice, it led to Sarpi's 1603-1604 unleashing of the Galileo Project. Later, after the publication of Kepler’s Astronomia Nova (New Astronomy) in 1609, Sarpi again responded, this time with the Venetian telescope demonstrations, and the accelerated campaign to sell Galileo as the premier authority on astronomy.
For the layman it may seem difficult to comprehend the threat which Kepler's work posed to Sarpi's designs. But bear in mind: Kepler was a proclaimed self-conscious follower of the scientific method of Nicholas of Cusa.6 Not only was his methodology directly contrary to Sarpi's empiricism, it represented an axiomatically different view of the human mind, of human nature itself. For the empiricists, man is only capable of taking in sensory data, and adding, subtracting and manipulating that data in linear ways to arrive at what they call “verifiable” results. This also holds true for Sarpi's views on mathematics. Anyone who accepts that approach, will ultimately be led to the unenviable conclusion that a super-computer is, in fact, equal, or superior, to the human mind. For Cusa and Kepler, science begins where linear analysis breaks down, where the power of human hypothesis leads to the discovery, not of more sensory data, but to true discovery of the universal principles which underlie the ordering of the universe.
Recently, a team of young scientists from the LaRouche Youth Movement has created a website which contains the most exhaustive examination of Kepler's' work that has ever been done by anyone since Kepler's death. For those who wish to examine these matters in more depth, I encourage you to visit it.7
After the abortive Kepler-Galileo correspondence of 1597, the Venetians broke off all communication with Kepler for 13 years. During this period, they knew that they could not openly attack him due to his position and widespread prestige. Then, after Galileo's demonstration of the telescope and the publication of his Sidereus Nuncias, another attempt was made to bring Kepler under Venetian control. In 1610 Galileo sent a long letter to Kepler, soliciting Kepler’s endorsement. Kepler responded with the publication of Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, which essentially challenged Galileo to adopt Kepler's scientific method. Following the publication of the Dissertatio no further communication between Kepler and Galileo occurred.
Having failed to co-opt or discredit Kepler, Sarpi next moved to destroy him. In 1618 Galileo publicly assailed Kepler’s theory on the origin of comets (Kepler was right, and Galileo was wrong), and, following the publication of Kepler's Harmonices Mundi (Harmony of the Worlds), Galileo, in 1624, denounced Kepler as a heretic, a very serious charge, actually a not so veiled death threat. It was also during this period, in 1620, that Henry Wotton, the notorious British ally of Sarpi, traveled to Vienna, met with Kepler, and urged him to move to England. Kepler declined this offer to join the stable of Venetian agents in London. Galileo continued his public attacks, ridiculing Kepler’s discovery of the elliptical planetary orbits, and dismissing as a "useless fiction" Kepler’s idea that the gravitational force of the moon caused the tides. In both instances, of course, Galileo was wrong. In his 1632 The Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems, Galileo completely ignores Kepler, the universally recognized scientific genius of his age, while calling the ancient fraud Ptolemy one of greatest minds ever to have philosophized about the structure of the universe.
The True Tale of the Telescope8
If one had to pick the single event which transformed Galileo into an international celebrity, it was his demonstration of the telescope in 1609. In August of that year, Paolo Sarpi, acting as the official Consultore of the Venetian Government, arranged for Galileo Galilei to perform two demonstrations of his telescope, a public demonstration from the tower of St. Mark, and a second, private demonstration for the Doge and the full Venetian Senate. It was this event, combined with the publication of Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger) the following year, which established Galileo as the standard-bearer for the overthrow of Aristotelean orthodoxy. He was to hold this position for more than 30 years, and, when he was placed on trial for heresy by the Inquisition in 1633, he was virtually immortalized as a champion of scientific truth.
During those years, all the way up to his death in 1642, Galileo repeatedly claimed that he was the first to use the telescope, the first to observe the moons of Jupiter, and the first to observe the “New Star” in 1604. In his collected works, Opere, Galileo goes so far as to say that it was he, and he alone, who was the sole inventor of the telescope. None of these claims are true.
Experiments on magnification, using the concave/convex lens method employed by Galileo, had been going on for several centuries before Galileo, including in the manufacture of eyeglasses, “spyglasses,” and other simple devices. Almost 100 years before Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci had designed a telescope of the convex/concave lens type, as described in the Codex Atlanticus. All of this was so well known at the time, that in the years following 1609, many Italian scholars, including Girolamo Fracastoro and Giovanibaptista Della Porta denounced Galileo’s telescope as “not an invention,” claiming that the use of optical “glasses,” utilizing convex and concave lenses was already widely known.
As to the actual “Galileo telescope” itself, the evidence is overwhelming and conclusive that that specific device was not invented by Galileo at all, but rather was invented in the Netherlands in the autumn of 1608. Three Dutchmen claimed authorship: Hans Lipperhay applied for a patent on a telescope to the States General on Oct. 2, 1608; Jacob Metius likewise applied for a patent of a similar instrument on Oct. 15, 1608; Sacharias Janssen never applied for a patent, but he claimed to have invented the telescope before either Lipperhay or Metius, and years later, writing in his private journal, the Dutch mathematician Isaac Beeckman reports that Janssen’s son had told him that his father had built a telescope in 1604, based on the concave/convex lens model.
Whoever was first among the three Dutch inventors, it is clear that all three individuals were in possession of a “Galileo-type” telescope by Nov. 1, 1608, long before Galileo had even heard of it.
Additionally, the Englishman Thomas Digges carried out astronomical observations in the late 16th century, employing the use of a “spyglass,” very similar to the later Dutch instruments, and in the autumn of 1608, the astronomer Simon Marius built a telescope, based on reports he had received of the Dutch model.
To fully comprehend the massive fraud that was perpetrated in the promotion of Galileo's telescope “discoveries,” consider the following chronology:
June, 1609 - Sarpi first informs Galileo about the Dutch telescope and asks Galileo to build one. This is the first that Galileo had heard of the telescope.
Actually, Galileo appears to have had a lot of trouble building the telescope. During July and August of of 1609, Sarpi sent a number of inquiries to Galileo, asking him what was taking so long, particularly given the fact that, for all practical purposes, he had been given rudimentary blueprints for the device. On top of this, Galileo actually had a huge advantage, in that the Italian glass-making industry, which supplied the material for his lenses, was the most advanced in Europe.
Unlike the copier Galileo, an actual invention came from Kepler himself. Upon receiving a model of the “Galileo telescope” in early 1610, Kepler immediately realized a fundamental design flaw, and proceeded to actually invent his own original telescope, known as the Kepler or “Astronomical” telescope, utilizing – for the first time – 2 convex lenses, rather than the Dutch model of a concave lens and a convex lens. In 1611 Kepler published Dioptrice, an in depth study of lenses and images, in which he described his new invention. Kepler’s telescope was far superior and eventually replaced the Galileo telescope in use throughout Europe.
Marketing the Galileo Commodity
Before proceeding to how the myth of Galileo was promulgated throughout Europe, it is first essential – if shocking to some – to grasp the reality that Galileo Galilei was not a scientist. He was a commodity, one whom Sarpi invented and then marketed, in a manner that would have made the slickest 1960's New York ad-man green with envy. This was truly one of the most outrageous con-jobs in all of history.
In 1592 Galileo moved to Padua from Pisa, where he had been an undistinguished professor and mathematician. Upon his arrival in Padua he was taken under the wing of a powerful group of Venetian aristocrats, led by Giovanni Francesco Sagredo and Nicolo Contarini. Members of Paolo Sarpi’s inner circle, these individuals introduced Galileo into the Morosini and Nave d’Oro ridotti. The wealthy Sagredo became the personal patron of the young Pisan professor, inviting him to stay at his palatial villa, built on top of Roman ruins on the banks of the Brenta canal. This villa, which was notorious in its day as the scene of wild parties, became Galileo’s second home.
Sarpi deployed members of his clique to control and guide Galileo’s work, and in some cases provide him with inventions or theories which would then be publicized under Galileo’s name. These latter included the first modern thermometer (Sagredo's invention); Galileo’s “theory of tides” (developed by de Dominis, and given to Galileo, it was egregiously wrong anyway); and much of his reputed work on mechanics and weights (provided by Santorio Santorio and Filippo Salviati). The idea was to build up the image of Galileo as the hero of the “New Science.”
When Sarpi’s agents were unable to provide Galileo with new discoveries which he could claim as his own, they simply stole them from others, frequently attacking the original discoverer as a plagiarist (a method to be employed a century later against Leibniz’s authorship of the calculus). The event which is often pointed to as the opening salvo of Galileo’s assault on Aristoteleanism, was his 1604 announcement that he had discovered a “New Star” (actually a super-nova). The only problem is that the New Star was discovered weeks earlier by the astronomer Simon Marius.9 Upon making the discovery, Marius had dispatched his student Baldassare Capra to Padua. Capra passed the news of the discovery to Paolo Sarpi, who then personally gave it to Galileo, who subsequently proclaimed the discovery to be his own.
Later, in 1607, this same Baldassare Capra became involved in another fight with Galileo, when Capra claimed the invention of the Geometer’s Compass in his work Usus et Fabrica Circini. Galileo accused Capra of plagiarism, and on orders from the Giovani-controlled Venetian Senate, all 450 copies of Capra’s book were seized and burned. During this controversy, it was Sarpi who personally mediated the dispute on behalf of the Venetian government, and judged in favor of Galileo.
Simon Marius had a second, more serious run-in with Galileo in 1610, when Marius became the first astronomer in Europe to observe the moons of Jupiter. When Galileo proclaimed the discovery as his own, Marius publicly attacked him. The Sarpi group launched a massive campaign against Marius accusing him of plagiarism, and for the next 3 centuries historians dutifully gave credit to Galileo for the discovery. However, in 1900, an international scientific conference re-examined the Galileo/Marius dispute. They determined that Marius had been falsely accused, and concluded that he was the true discoverer of Jupiter’s moons.
The same plagiarism gambit was used yet again in 1612, when the Bavarian astronomer Christopher Scheiner reported that he had seen spots on the sun, using a telescope of Kepler's design. Almost immediately Galileo announced that he had been observing sun-spots for over a year, and so had priority of discovery, a surprising claim, since Galileo had never previously mentioned sun-spots.
To the extent Galileo actually had a “scientific method” at all, it was taken entirely from Sarpi, as can be seen in Galileo's fawning praise, “No one in Europe, it can be said without exaggeration, surpasses Master Paolo Sarpi in the knowledge of the science of mathematics.” In addition, it is clear that a key to the Venetian control of Galileo was through the purse string. His original move from Pisa to Padua was motivated by a tripling of his salary. Later he was the beneficiary of Sagredo's “favors,” and in 1623, after Galileo had left Venice, and was in difficult circumstances, Sarpi personally arranged for him to receive a permanent Venetian pension, keeping him on a lifelong financial string. In the 1630s Sarpi’s secretary, Fulgenzio Micanzio paid extra money to Galileo for the writing of both The Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems and The Discourses on Two New Sciences. The 1638 Discourses was then smuggled out of Italy by Micanzio, who arranged for it to be published in Leyden. By then the marketing of Galileo was in full swing, and salons promoting the new science of empiricism were flourishing in Paris, Rome, the Netherlands, and other locations.
Galileo’s real epitaph can be best expressed in his own words: “What has philosophy got to do with measuring anything?”
The Mersenne Circle
Following the publication of Sidereus Nuncius in 1610, there was a proliferation of “scientific” groups throughout Europe, all aimed at promoting the new science of empiricism, and all taking their cue from the developments in Venice. Among the most important of these groups were the Academia dei Lincei in Rome, the Oxford Philosophical Club (a.k.a. the Invisible College), the forerunner of the British Royal Society, in England, and the Academia Parisiensis, the so-called Mersenne Circle, based in Paris.
The Mersenne Circle came into existence in 1623, and lasted for about 25 years, when, after the death of Mersenne, Pierre Gassendi organized a successor group, the Acadamie Montmor, which lasted about another 20 years. The Mersenne Circle was unquestionably the most important group in Europe in promoting Galileo and spreading the new science of empiricism. It was also at the Mersenne Circle that the direct transition was made from Galileo to Descartes.
The founder of the Circle, the ordained priest Marin Mersenne, began as a staunch defender of Aristotelean scholasticism, and had gone so far as to issue a public attack on Galileo in the early 1620s. By the 1630s, however, Mersenne had been won over. He became Galileo’s foremost champion in all northern Europe, and it was Mersenne who was responsible for the translation and publication of Galileo’s works in France. Mersenne is perhaps best known today for his 1636 work L’harmonie Universelle, an attempt to apply Sarpi's empirical methods to music.10 Mersenne was also the key Parisian contact of Rene Descartes. He met Descartes in 1623, and by no later than 1630 he was Descartes’ chief partisan in Paris. When Descartes finished his Meditations, the first person he sent it to was Mersenne, who circulated it in transcript form, showing it to Hobbes and other members of the Circle.
At the beginning the Circle was not a homogeneous group. The key leaders, Mersenne, Pierre Gassendi, Isaac Beeckman, Fabri Peiresc, and Thomas Hobbes were all in the empiricist camp. However, other individuals like Blaise Pascal, Pierre Fermat, and Christian Huygens were also sometimes participants. As was the case of Galileo’s contacts with Kepler, one of the purposes of the Circle was to recruit, co-opt, or neutralize the opponents of empiricism. The activity of the Circle centered on a sustained, relentless attack on established Aristoteleanism. Rene Descartes participated in the Circle by no later than 1625, and the Circle was crucial in spreading Descartes’ influence. The political exile Hugo Grotius also attended meetings.
Other than Mersenne, the two key leaders of the Circle were Gassendi and Beeckman. A professor of mathematics at the College Royal, Gassendi publicly broke with Aristoteleanism in 1624 with the publication of his Exercitationes Paradoxicae. An extreme materialist, Gassendi stated that all we know is from the senses, that our access to knowledge is limited to the appearance of what we know, and that universals are fictions. He is known for his “atomist matter theory,” and he agreed with Descartes that space and time are uniformly and infinitely extended.
Gassendi’s closest friend was Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc. Peiresc studied for three years at Padua University, knew both Sarpi and Galileo personally, and became a public supporter of Galileo after the publication of Sidereus Nuncius in 1610. Gassendi was also very close to Thomas Hobbes, and by the mid-1600s many of Gassendi’s works were translated and published in England, where they were studied by Locke, Boyle, and Newton.
The 17th century spread of empiricism was not an academic “natural phenomenon.” After 1610 it was a centrally deployed campaign, directed from Venice. The key colony was the Paris-Netherlands axis defined by the Mersenne-Gassendi network, with a second group in England centered around Francis Bacon. The Paris group was the center of support for Galileo, and its influence radiated throughout the continent. It was also the launching pad for Descartes. The coordination of the Venice-Paris-Netherlands triangle was tight. Leading members of the circle communicated directly with Micanzio, and Galileo in Italy (earlier, some had been in touch with Sarpi before his death in 1623). Beeckman and Descartes were in continual communication with Mersenne, and traveled to Paris for personal consultation, and similarly, Mersenne, Gassendi, and other Parisians made regular pilgrimages to the Netherlands.
At the time of Galileo’s trial before the inquisition in 1633, it was the Mersenne Circle that rushed to his defense. Gassendi wrote letters of support for Galileo to use in his defense at the trial, and, after the guilty verdict, members of the Circle organized an attempt to bring Galileo out of Italy and obtain political asylum for him in the Netherlands. The leader of this effort was Hugo Grotius, with Mersenne acting as the go-between with Galileo. Their agent in the Netherlands was Martinus Hortensius, an Amsterdam professor who had played a key role in circulating Galileo’s works in the Netherlands. Hortensius also published an attack on Kepler, saying that astronomy should be based on observation and mathematical demonstration, not on speculation. He corresponded with both Galileo and Descartes, and in reward for faithful efforts, in 1637, Galileo sent him his original 1610 telescope.
Eventually, Galileo made the decision to stay in Italy. Some say the reason was failing health, others claim it was from fear of the Inquisition. Perhaps he just didn’t want to give up his regular paychecks from Micanzio. Whatever the reason, he remained under arrest, and his “martyrdom” was used to weave the web of empiricism across Europe.
The Frenchman Rene Descartes lived most of his adult life in the Netherlands, and it was there he was recruited by the mathematician Isaac Beeckman. Beeckman's influence on Descartes must have been profound; Descartes describes him as his teacher in mathematics and mechanics, and it was Beeckman who introduced him to Mersenne, the association which made Descartes as a major scientific figure. During all of his years in the Netherlands, Descartes was under the protection of the House of Orange, but it was not until after his death in 1650, particularly during the “True Freedom” period of the DeWitt brothers, that Descartes' Cartesianism became truly hegemonic in the Netherlands.
Descartes’s mathematical work was a continuation of the empiricist methods of Sarpi and Galileo. Descartes universe was one of linear extension into an infinitely extended void, a universe without singularities, and without human creativity.
In 1632, the Athenaeum, an Amsterdam school for the sons of the new Dutch elite, was established, and it was there that Cartesianism made its first inroads into Dutch academic life. Later, in 1694, supporters of Descartes at the Athenaeum published the first complete edition of his works.
From the Athenium, the Descartes' influence spread to the universities. The first university to officially teach Descartes’ philosophy was the University of Utrecht, in 1635. In 1653 a Cartesian study group was established at the University of Leyden, based on the idea that all physical processes can be defined in mathematical terms. At Leyden, Cartesianism quickly dominated the medical and biological faculty.
In 1659 Johann DeWitt, the leader of Holland, translated and published Descartes’ La Geometric, with an original appendix written by himself.
By the 1670s the Cartesians were hegemonic at all the Dutch universities.11
The Cavendish Family & England
In examining the subversion of England by the agents of Paolo Sarpi – including Hobbes, Bacon, Wotton, and Petty – it is shocking, at first, to find the name Cavendish pop up again and again and again. What complicates matters even further, is that there are not one or two, but five William Cavendishes who were involved in the Venetian takeover of England. This role of the Cavendishes begins with Sarpi himself and continues all the way into the 18th century. Every step of the way, they were to play an important role in the creation of the Anglo-Dutch Empire.
To sort some of this out, I present here brief profiles of the Five Williams, in chronological order:
1) William Cavendish, First Earl of Devonshire (1552-1626) - the individual who financially backed Thomas Hobbes from 1610 to 1626, and employed Hobbes in 1610 to tutor his son.
2) William Cavendish, Second Earl of Devonshire (1590-1628) - the William who, in 1614, accompanied Hobbes on a trip to Venice where they both met with Paolo Sarpi. Following this trip Cavendish maintained a 13 year correspondence with Sarpi and Micanzio. This was the Cavendish who initiated the correspondence between Sarpi and Francis Bacon in 1616. He was also a founding Director of the Virginia Company, and remained close to Hobbes his entire life.
3) William Cavendish, First Duke of Newcastle (1592-1676) - nephew of the First Earl of Devonshire and first cousin of the Second Earl. In 1611 he traveled with Henry Wotton – Sarpi's supporter during the Interdict crisis – to Savoy, when Wotton was named the new English ambassador there. This William organized the informal “Welbeck Academy” at his estate in England, which became the center for Galileo supporters in England, with members translating many of Galileo’s works into English, including the the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, in 1636. Newcastle and other members of his Academy, then played an important role in organizing the Mersenne Circle in Paris, and Newcastle, himself, became an early patron of Mersenne.12 In 1634 Newcastle sent Hobbes to Paris to work with Mersenne. Later, Newcastle spent three years in Paris, from 1645 to 1648 , where he played an important role in supporting the activities of the Mersenne group, including personal financial sponsorship of Hobbes, Gassendi, and Descartes. Late in life he became a patron and financial backer of William Petty.
4) William Cavendish, Third Earl of Devonshire (1617-1684) - son of the Second Earl of Devonshire, this William also became a pupil of Hobbes for 7 years in Paris, from 1631-1638, during Hobbes time with the Mersenne Circle. In 1635 Hobbes and Devonshire traveled to Italy and met with Galileo.
5) William Cavendish, First Duke of Devonshire (1640-1707) - son of the Third Earl of Devonshire. A Whig leader, he was one of the “Immortal Seven” who signed the Invitation to William in 1688, asking William of Orange to invade England. This William was also Abraham De Moivre’s first political sponsor in England. A member of the Royal Society, it was William who first gave De Moivre a copy of Newton’s Principia Mathematica. Both William’s son James, and his nephew Charles (also both later members of the Royal Society) were pupils of De Moivre.
One thing that is clear from looking at this snapshot of the “5 Williams,” is that Thomas Hobbes was a virtual Golem of the Cavendish family. He was protected and financed by the Devonshire branch from 1610-1628, then again from 1631 to 1638, and then picked up by the Newcastle branch in the 1640s (this is the period when he wrote both The Leviathan and De Cive). In 1679 Hobbes died while residing at the Cavendish family estate in England.
By no later than 1621, the key nexus of the Venetian faction in England was Sarpi (and later Micanzio)-Cavendish-Bacon-Hobbes, and it is clear that this was a breathing, living network, whose activities were closely co-ordinated. Sarpi was corresponding with both Cavendish and Bacon. Hobbes was serving as the personal secretary to Bacon, and translating his works into Latin, while Micanzio was translating them into Italian and publishing them in Venice. Bacon’s influence only grew in the years following his death, leading into the founding of the Oxford Group, and ultimately the Royal Society by his disciples.
The end product of all this was, of course, Isaac Newton, who began by studying Gassendi, moved on to Descartes, and ultimately arrived at Bacon. A true end product of a Sarpi curriculum. And when the publication of Newton's works, including his Principia Mathematica, failed to have the intended impact, it was Venice once again that stepped in to help. The 1715-1718 visit of Venetian master-spy Antonio Conti to England resulted in the “creation” of Newton as the master scientist, just as Sarpi had “created” Galileo a hundred years earlier. Conti's subsequent deployment of Newton against Leibniz shouldn't have shocked anyone. It was just Sarpi using Galileo against Kepler, all over again.
1 Laputa's President Bush, by Lyndon H. LaRouche Jr., Executive Intelligence Review, Vol. 29, No. 18, May 10, 2002
2 See Appendix 1
3 Weighing the Soul, Scientific Discovery from the Brilliant to the Bizarre, by Len Fisher
4 For the significance of Kepler, please see Music & Statecraft, How Space Is Organized, by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.
5 Galileo and Kepler: Their First Two Contacts, by Edward Rosen, Isis, Vol. 57, No. 2
6 Kepler acknowledged his debt to Cusa in his first published work
8 See The Invention of the Telescope, by Albert Van Helden, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 67, No. 4 & Galileo's First Telescopes at Padua and Venice, by Stillman Drake, Isis, Vol. 50, No. 3
9 Was Simon Mayr Galileo's "Ancient Adversary" in 1607?, by Stillman Drake, Isis, Vol. 67, No. 3.
10 In addition to Mersenne, one of the leaders of the empiricist attacks on music was Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei. Together with his associates in the Florentine Camerata, Galilei carried out extensive “experimental” work on acoustics, vibrating strings, and columns of air, and promoted his own version of “equal-temperament.” Others involved in this attack on Renaissance music included Rene Descartes, who published, with the aid of Isaac Beeckman, Compendium Musicae, and the Venetian G.B. Benedetti, In his Harmony of the World, Kepler attacked this empiricist approach to music, calling Galilei’s mathematical approach “clever tempering,” but adding, “for theorizing and even more for investigating the nature of melody, I consider it ruinous.” (Book 3, Chapter 8)
11 The Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic, by Rienk Vermij, Amsterdam: Edita KNAW
12 Thomas Hobbes and the Duke of Newcastle: A Study in the Mutuality of Patronage before the Establishment of the Royal Society, by Lisa T. Sarasohn


“I don’t worry about the survival of the novel. We are a story telling species”
Read this. Read it now! It’s Obama on love of the written word, how writing helped him define himself and how we explore other’s experiences.
Here is a list of the books and authors mentioned in the above and it’s companion piece. I know I’m adding the books I haven’t read and a sampling of the below authors to my TBR.
Cixin, Liu: The Three Body Problem
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Flynn, Gillian: Gone Girl
Groff, Lauren: Fates and Furies
Hemingway, Ernest: A Movable Feast
Kanheman, Daniel: Thinking Fast and Slow
King, Martin Luther Jr.
Kingston, Maxine Hong: The Woman Warrior
Kolbert, Elizabeth: The Sixth Extinction
Lessing, Doris: The Golden Notebook
Mailer, Norman: The Naked and the Dead
Robinson, Marilyn: Gilead
Marquez, Gabriel Garcia: One Hundred Years of Solitude
Morrison, Toni: Song of Solomon
Naipal, V.S.: A Bend in the River
Niebuhr, Richard H.
Sartre, John Paul
Whitehead, Colson: The Underground Railroad


Thank you for using Autodesk Freewheel.
Moving forward, please use Autodesk 360 to view and share/embed DWF documents as well as other design formats.
Here are some resources to aid with that transition:
- Autodesk 360 documentation describing how to share a document publically
- Autodesk Labs Blog entry - Share Your Autodesk 360 Designs on Company Web Sites - describes transition from Autodesk Freewheel to Autodesk 360 and provides an example of embedding a design on Autodesk 360
- Autodesk Labs Blog entry - Last maintenance for Freewheel - describes sunset of Autodesk Freehweel product


Not sure where to find something, you can search below or check the calendar page for the names of topics or class events. Capitalism builds it foundation (doc file - 133 kb) complete the graphic organizer as you gather evidence from the reading the beginning of a revolution. Table of contents about this boundless course download epub for offline use accessing instructor resources ancient america before 1492 early inhabitants of the americas. 1 three topics a the market revolution and industrialization b immigration and urbanization c social movements 2 theme 1 -- the market revolution and industrialization.
The market revolution was caused by many different factors that contributed to the increase of citizens buying american manufactured goods. The market revolution by: adam pearson transportation throughout the 18th into the 19th centuries, the united states was in need of new means of transportation to travel quickly and more efficiently. The great transformation: the market revolution by daniel howe the great transformation during the years between the war of 1812 and the mexican war of 1846, the united states underwent a great transformation. Causes and effects of the market revolution in america learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Chapter study outline [introduction: the marquis de lafayette] a new economy roads and steamboats improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers to markets.
The market revolution was discovered in the 19th century marking the most significant change in american communities. The industrial revolution transformed america's economy and social fabric in the late 18th and early 19th centuries northern agriculture shifted from mostly subsistence farming, whereby families grew food and raised livestock for themselves, toward a more market-based system with farmers. Chapter 9: the market revolution, 1800-1840 i the marquis de lafayette ii a new economy a roads and steamboats 1 improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers to markets.
The market revolution which occurred in the united states, in the 19th century, is a historical model which argues that there was a drastic change of the economy, which disoriented and deordinated all aspects of the market economy in line with both nations and the world. The economic transformation of the early 19th century learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Everyone must review this book place the novel in the context of what you have learned about the market revolution in this course how well does it. The market revolution: jacksonian america, 1815-1846 summary & study guide includes detailed chapter summaries and analysis, quotes, character descriptions, themes, and more.
History: american term papers (paper 3113) on the market revolution, its impact, and its critics: an integral part of the growth of the united states into the nation that exists today was the market revolution in the early nineteenth century with term paper 3113. In this lesson you will learn what the market revolution was and why it happened you will explore how it affected the lives of farmers and.
- Melvyn stokes and stephen conway, eds the market revolution in america: social, political, and religious expressions, 1800-1880 charlottesville: university press of virginia, 1996 viii + 351 pp notes and index $5500 charles e brooks frontier settlement and market revolution: the holland.
- Every so often, an innovative product fails to achieve widespread adoption because companies don't connect the dots for consumers.
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Lithograph by robert crukshank, titled 'president's levee, or all creation going to the white house' president andrew jackson's inaugural reception in 1829 in antebellum america, the us underwent what historians call the market revolution this is a movement analogous to the great. A new economy situation at outset of nineteenth century market revolution already underway widespread isolation from markets reasons for young lincoln's illustration of. 274 chapter 9 main ideamain idea terterms ms & names& names one american's story the market revolution samuel f b morse specialization market revolution. The market revolution has 183 ratings and 15 reviews sean said: sellers is a fine writer, but ultimately too confusing his terms are not well defined. John green teaches you about the market revolution in the first half of the 19th century, the way people lived and worked in the united states changed drastically at play was the classic american struggle between the jeffersonian ideal of individuals sustaining themselves on small farms vs the.


Two books are currently available:
- Performance! a retrospective of Clive’s work with classical musicians and opera singers, was published in December 2000.
- The Power of the Ring (2007) documents the latest production of Wagner’s Ring at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
Previous books include:
- The Complete Aspects of Love by Kurt Gänzl – Aurum Press 1990
- Celebration! 50 Years of the Edinburgh International Festival – Special photography by Clive Barda
- The Complete Phantom of the Opera by George C. Perry (words) and Clive Barda (photographs)
- The Sculpture of David Wynne 1968-1974 – Phaidon Press 1974


Do you know that just as each of us carries memories and experiences in our heads, so do the inanimate things? The only difference is that while we, people, can tell others, objects hide them in secret. Yes, we can learn something about them, thanks to chronicles and records, but who knows where the truth is and where the author is. For example, paintings, these remember the most important rulers and rulers, but also ordinary simple people. In the time that the work exists, more than three modes have been experienced, if we count autocracy.
Modern or ancient?
While one loves the smell of books, the other prefers to pull out a reader, where he has downloaded several of his favorite books, so that at the moment he can choose which he will reach. In short, you will find among us those who love all the historical and keep the traditions, but also those who are in the news and like to discover new ones. Even in the case of paintings you have a choice, either you can buy a medieval, impressionistic, or minimalist modern image.


Mon Mar 17, 2014 7:47 pm
Is there any way you can get back into the Imperial City Palace Library after the "Ultimate Heist Quest"?
I didn't get a good look around in there and according to Wiki there's a couple of skill books still in there.
I've tried the route I took in the quest but it leads to a door that is now locked and there's no key. I wondered if there was a way in through the front door.
I have managed to get in the round building and if you turn left you head for the storage area where the big hourglass is. If you turn right you head up to the barracks but you need a key to get in and I can't figure out where you get it from.
hell, I don't even know if I'm heading in the right direction - just exploring!


When Katie Beth was ready to start high school, I read Senior High: A Home-Designed Form+U+la by Barbara Edtl Shelton (Homeschool Seminars and Publications; 182 North Columbia Road, Longview, WA 98632; 1996). www.homeschooloasis.com This book was helpful and inspiring. It gave me the confidence to approach high school with enthusiasm and creativity. Based on Barbara's book, I created my children's entire high school curriculum. Please get the book and read it yourself. You will love it! She has tons of forms that you can copy and use for your home school.
Once the class itself is put together with books and assignments chosen, I place it inside a 3 prong/2 pocket folder. I add book reports sheets (from Barbara's book) and a class hours check-off sheet (also from Barbara's book). The children check off their assignments on one page and check off their hours on another sheet. This is so simple to use. I am able to gather a pile of folders, glance at the paperwork and read their assignments (in the pockets). Everything is simple and easy to keep track of.
Here is Zack's Fiction Writing class folder.
The first page has an overview of the class books and assignments and grading requirements. His research materials on the state of Vermont (the setting of his novel) are in the side pocket.
The next pages are his assignment check-off pages laid out month by month. I can tell at a glance if he is caught up on his assignments.
The final page inserted in the prongs is a check-off check to keep record of school hours (copied from Senior High: A Home-Designed Form+U+la by Barbara Edtl Shelton).
There are blank book report sheets (copied from Senior High: A Home-Designed Form+U+la by Barbara Edtl Shelton) in the other folder pocket that will be filled out when he finishes reading Someday You'll Write by Elizabeth Yates and Elements of Style by EB White.
Each summer I spend hours researching and designing my children's high school classes for the next year. I compile a list of reading material and other resources that they will use in the class and a list of specific assignments that will be required for the class. Finally, I create any charts or forms which I require for the assignments. I use Barb's formula for grading criteria. But I have laid out the class course requirements and assignment check up pages differently, adapted from Barb's wonderful book!! Senior High: A Home Designed Form-U-La's course hours check-off list is added to track all the hours completed for each class. Then I put them together in the folders the way I describe above.
My friend, Bonnie, asked for help with record keeping as well as class design and I showed her Barb's book as well as letting her copy my notebook full of Katie Beth's entire high school curriculum! It was a help to her and she made me several yummy loaves of banana bread. If you have tasted her banana bread, it was a great reward!!!!!!
"I was never really one to take good records and just wanted someone to show me how. When I asked Meredith if she could give me some advice on record keeping I thought she would give me some ideas. Then I would go home and have to put something together. Instead I was awed at what God had placed in my hands through Meredith! A complete record keeping program! Transcripts, each subject down to details, grading, etc.... It is perfect! No matter what curriculum was used didn't matter because you could so easily fit it to what you were doing. Once you see this you'll be as excited and thankful to God as I am for placing it in your hands."
Please feel free to look at some of my high school classes. I hope that they will be a help to you. Be creative and allow God to help you design classes uniquely perfect for your high school students. These pages require "Adobe Acrobat Reader" to be viewed.


In mythic pre-historic times, a young hobbit named Frodo Baggins inherits a magic ring from his elderly cousin Bilbo. Wise to the powers that the magic ring holds, the dark Lord Sauron wants it, knowing it will enable him to enslave the people of Middle Earth. In his effort to thwart Sauron, Frodo recruits the fellowship of a wizard, an elf, a dwarf and others, on a mission to destroy the ring by casting it into the volcanic fires of Mount Doom, where it was made. However, the ring unleashes its own powers as a result of the struggle.
Set in a time of uncertainty in the land of Middle-earth, a tale which charts a heroic quest which centers around an intrepid hobbit. The future of civilization rests in the fate of the One Ring, which has been lost for centuries. Powerful forces are unrelenting in their search for it. But fate has placed it in the hands of a young Hobbit named Frodo Baggins, who inherits the Ring and steps into legend. A daunting task lies ahead for Frodo when he becomes the Ringbearer as his assigned duty is to destroy the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom where it was forged. But he can't accomplish this task alone. A Fellowship bands together to lend Frodo all that he needs to carry out his mission: the wisdom of Gandalf; the loyalty of his friends Sam, Merry, and Pippin; the courage of Aragorn and Boromir; the precision of Legolas; and the strength of Gimli. They are aided in their quest by Arwen, Galadriel and Elrond, whose knowledge of the Ring brings to light the true danger and importance of their journey.
Balthazar Blake is a master sorcerer in modern-day Manhattan trying to defend the city from his arch-nemesis, Maxim Horvath. Balthazar can't do it alone, so he recruits Dave Stutler, a seemingly average guy who demonstrates hidden potential, as his reluctant protÃ©gÃ©. The sorcerer gives his unwilling accomplice a crash course in the art and science of magic, and together, these unlikely partners pit their powers against those of the fiercest -- and most ruthless -- villains of all time. It'll take all the courage Dave can muster to survive his training, save the city and get the girl as he becomes "The Sorcerer's Apprentice."
Yuri Orlov is a globetrotting arms dealer. Through some of the deadliest war zones, Yuri struggles to stay one step ahead of a relentless Interpol agent, his business rivals, even some of his customers who include many of the world's most notorious dictators. Finally, Yuri must also face his own conscience.
The CDC races against time to develop a vaccine against an extremely lethal virus.
What if we are on the brink of a new Ice Age? This is the question that haunts climatologist Jack Hall. His research indicates that global warming could trigger an abrupt and catastrophic shift in the planet's climate. While Jack warns the White House of the impending climate shift, his 17 year-old son Sam finds himself trapped in New York City, where he and some friends have been competing in a high school academic competition. He must now cope with the severe flooding and plummeting temperatures in Manhattan. Having taken refuge inside the Manhattan Public Library, Sam manages to reach his father by phone. Jack only has time for one warning: stay inside at all costs. As full-scale, massive evacuations to the south begin, Jack heads north to New York City to save Sam. But not even Jack is prepared for what is about to happen -- to him, to his son and to his planet.
The extraordinary battle for the future of humankind as seen through the eyes of one American family fighting to survive it. Ray Ferrier is a divorced dockworker and less-than-perfect father. Soon after his ex-wife and her new husband drop off his teenage son Robbie and young daughter Rachel for a rare weekend visit, a strange and powerful lightning storm touches down.
When Madea, a pistol-packing grandma, catches 16-year-old Jennifer and her two younger brothers looting her home, she decides to take matters into her own hands and delivers the young delinquents to the only relative they have: their aunt April. A heavy-drinking nightclub singer who lives off of Raymond, her married boyfriend, April wants nothing to do with the kids. But her attitude begins to change when Sandino, a handsome Mexican immigrant looking for work, moves into April's basement room. Making amends for his own troubled past, Sandino challenges April to open her heart. April soon realizes she must make the biggest choice of her life: between her old ways with Raymond and the new possibilities of family, faith and even true love.
Gathered together in the Bahamas for their annual one-week reunion, four close couples eagerly reconnect, sharing news about their lives and relationships. But their intimate week in paradise is disrupted by the unexpected arrival of Sheila's ex-husband, Mike, who hopes to break up her new marriage with Troy and win her back. The others soon realize they, too, are not immune to the challenges of commitment and fidelity. Angela doesn't believe her husband, Marcus, can be faithful now that he's a celebrity television newscaster. Dianne and Terry's relationship is feeling the strain of raising children. And Patricia, a successful self-help psychologist, must finally reveal the deep flaws in her seemingly perfect marriage to Gavin. With their relationships hanging in the balance when they return home, each couple must choose between blame and forgiveness, doubt and faith, with life-altering consequences.
The Fellowship of the Ring fights its last desperate battle to save Middle Earth from the forces of evil.
Bilbo Baggins is swept into an epic quest to reclaim the lost Dwarf Kingdom of Erebor from the fearsome Dragon Smaug. Approached out of the blue by the Wizard Gandalf the Grey, Bilbo finds himself joining a company of 13 Dwarves led by the legendary warrior Thorin Oakenshield. Their journey will take them into the Wild, through treacherous lands swarming with Goblins, Orcs and deadly Wargs, as well as a mysterious and sinister figure known only as the Necromancer. Although their goal lies to the East and the wastelands of the Lonely Mountain, first they must escape the Goblin tunnels, where Bilbo meets the creature that will change his life forever: Gollum. Here, alone with Gollum, on the shores of an underground lake, the unassuming Bilbo Baggins not only discovers depths of ingenuity and courage that surprise even him, he also gains possession of Gollum's "precious" ring that holds unexpected and useful qualities -- a simple, gold ring that is tied to the fate of all Middle-earth in ways Bilbo cannot begin to know.
The Umbrella Corporation's deadly T-virus continues to ravage Earth, transforming the global population into legions of increasingly lethal undead. The human race's last and only hope, Alice, awakens in the heart of Umbrella's impenetrable operations facility. Attempting a death-defying escape from the vast, high-tech complex, with the help of a crew of elite commandos, Alice battles her way through the city-scapes of Tokyo, New York, Moscow and Washington, D.C. Along the way, she encounters a series of mind-blowing revelations that will force her to rethink everything she once believed. Aided by new-found allies and familiar friends, Alice finds a new reason to fight for the survival of a hostile world on the brink of oblivion. The countdown has begun.
On Halloween 1991, 200 miles off the Gloucester, Massachusetts shore, a collision of monstrous storms leaves the swordfishing boat, the Andrea Gail, stranded in the high seas, defenseless in what meteorologists have called "the storm of the century." At the helm is the dedicated-but-grizzled captain Billy Tyne, who takes his crew out for one last run for the season in the hopes of making a lucrative catch. But the trip is a gamble, as for the best fishing the crew must head to the dreaded Flemish Cap -- an area of ocean noted as much for its bad weather as it is for its good fish.
In 1954, on a fortress-like island housing a hospital for the criminally insane at the height of the Cold War, U.S. Marshal Teddy Daniels and his new partner, Chuck Aule, are summoned to Shutter Island to investigate the implausible disappearance of a brilliant multiple murderess from a locked room within the impenetrable Ashecliffe Hospital. Surrounded by probing psychiatrists and dangerously psychopathic patients on the remote, windswept isle, they arrive into an eerie, volatile atmosphere that suggests nothing is quite what it seems. With a hurricane bearing down on them, the investigation moves rapidly. Yet, as the storm escalates, the suspicions and mysteries multiply. There are hints and rumors of dark conspiracies, sordid medical experiments, repressive mind control, secret wards, perhaps even a hint of the supernatural, but elusive proof. Moving in the shadows of a hospital haunted by the terrible deeds of its slippery inhabitants and the unknown agendas of its equally ingenious doctors, Teddy begins to sense that the deeper he pursues the investigation, the more he will be forced to confront some of his most profound and devastating fears. And he realizes that he may never leave the island alive.
When the President is kidnapped by a terrorist who seizes control of the White House (Secret Service Code: "Olympus"), disgraced former Presidential guard Mike Banning finds himself trapped within the building. As the national security team rushes to respond, they must rely on Banning's insider knowledge to save the President and prevent a greater catastrophe.
Old ways die hard, and even now in the fast-changing American South, some old ways die harder than others. It's the lesson learned by Carl Lee Hailey, a Mississippi factory worker, when his 10-year-old daughter is brutally assaulted by two racist thugs on a drunken spree. It's the lesson learned by eager young lawyer Jake Brigance, called upon to defend Carl Lee in court after Hailey shoots both men in an act of passionate retribution for the shattered innocence of his little girl. And it's the lesson learned by Ellen Roark, an energetic, ambitious and razor-sharp Boston-born law student at Ole Miss. As Jake fights to defend Carl Lee, his own life and the safety of his family and colleagues become increasingly jeopardized. And now, as a full-scale conflagration simmers just below the surface and threatens to explode in this small, Southern community, Jake and Carl Lee must find a way to transcend their fundamental differences and work together for the same cause, equal justice.
Dr. Patricia Agnew, a psychologist, has written a best seller about marriage: hers and those of three other couples who together take a week's vacation each year to ask themselves, "Why did I get married?" It's time for one of those weeks, and all four relationships are strained: Patricia and her husband Gavin have the shadow of grief between them; Terry believes that Diane has abandoned him for her work; Angela, who's built a successful business, belittles her husband Marcus, who works for her; Mike is cruel to Sheila, his religious, overweight wife. During the week, each person's secret comes out. Will these marriages survive?


A true story of my father, the Holocaust and the Gulag
Garri Urban was a survivor – not a victim – of both the Holocaust and Gulag. Born in the shtetl (the Jewish rural community) in 1916, he overcame adversity through a mixture of charm, aggression, and chutzpah. His 1980 autobiographical account of his adventures took its title from when he was shot during his attempt to swim across an icy river from Soviet territory to Romania. He told the snipers who stooped to lift his apparently lifeless body; “no, tovarisch (comrade), I’m not dead” before striking their officer.
In 1992 his son, film-maker Stuart Urban, follows Garri into the former Soviet Union as soon as Communism disintegrates.
The video diaries that were made over a 14 year quest into Garri’s KGB records and the fate of his family in the Holocaust, plus extensive 16mm Kodachrome home movies from the 1950s onwards, form the core of the film.
The revelations and surprises begin almost at once, when Garri finds he is still as listed as an “international spy” on the wanted list! Eventually Garri tracks down his KGB file. But the KGB keep back details about Garri which, they tell Stuart, “would make his hair stand on end” if only he knew this about his father …
As Stuart closely questions his father while he is alive, and then goes in search of answers he could not get until his father was dead, the film takes the form not of a standard biographical documentary but a probing analysis of an identity, a rolling narrative whose chapters bring fresh surprises as we come into the 21st century.
Everyone has, or had, a father, and can relate to this quest. But how many fathers’ lives were so extreme, so mysterious, and so eventful?


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The Notre Dame is history making itself physically known to us. We draw upon its presence to acknowledge and express human achievement.The cathedral has always been an operative building, despite all misfortunes, serving the people for centuries as a functional and living essence of the city and it will continue to do so as long as people are engaged with it.The present proposal aims to follow its programmatic essence as a building that is both engaged and engaging, operative and adaptable. The highest honor a building can have is to be lived by the people and to shape the city in a positive way. Therefore, the space on the roof was thought of as a public library, aimed to be an international Archive for books on Theology and general knowledge, as well as a section for local books. The roof is divided into 2 floor and originates alternating niches that allow for a greater variety of interior and exterior reading spaces. The exterior concrete structure follows the logic and rhythm of the buttresses created by the gothic cathedral and adds a layer of support to the roof and spire. Finally, the entire structure of the roof is converted into a glass framed structure, which serves two purposes: granting the interior space abundant natural light and intensifying the connection to the outer world, the city of Paris. At night, the roof and the spire light up, giving back to the city as a permanent lighthouse, always present, where people can look to as a symbol of hope, memory and the future to come.The Notre Dame is history making itself physically known to us and a permanent source of knowledge that we can embrace.
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.WHAT REMAINS AT THE END.
In the aftermath of World War II, hundreds of thousands of Yugoslavia's ethnic Germans, the Danube Swabians, were expelled by Tito's Partisan regime. A further sixty thousand were killed.
Seventy years later, Marie Kohler's marriage is falling apart. She's seeing someone new, an enigmatic man named David, who takes her to the former Yugoslavia to find the truth behind her grandparent's flight to America.
Alternating between the late 1940s and contemporary Serbia, Marie's story is interwoven with those of Tito's victims - a young survivor who has lost his mother and his identity, a woman held captive in a sugar factory, a refugee girl living in Austria under the din of air raid sirens. Marie's journey follows the Danube in search of connection in the face of loss. Connection to the lost souls, to the memory of her grandfather, to the man beside her, to her grandmother suffering Alzheimer's back home.
What Remains at the End considers what happens when the truth goes unspoken, and asks how it can be recovered, if there is anything left to recover, in the face of so many secrets. Alexandra Ford has written an intriguing debut novel of personal relationships played out against some of the very worst results of realpolitik, where human life is subjugated to political and national ideology.
"Almost Mother," Pigeon Pages, November 2018, Nominated for The Best Small Fictions 2019
"Earthworms," The Rumpus, January 2018, Nominated for a Pushcart Prize
"Remains," Blunderbuss Magazine, July 2015, Selected for the Blunderbuss Best of 2015
"The Tourist," No Tokens Journal, Issue 2


By Paul Nicklen
Born To Ice
Ours is a water planet—every second breath we take is drawn from the sea. But today, our oceans are at the limits of their resilience. What we do—or fail to do—within the next five years will determine our fate for the next ten thousand. Therefore, I cofounded Sea Legacy, an organization that, with your support, can change how this story ends.
Best Selling Author
Sea Legacy co-founder, National Geographic photographer, acclaimed ocean conservationist, and TED Talks favourite, Paul Nicklen traces his extraordinary love affair with the polar regions in his most recent book, Born to Ice. His powerful images of iconic arctic and Antarctic wildlife and scenery, coupled with his inspiring photographic storytelling, blends ethereal beauty of the icy landscape with a compelling call to action. The Arctic is in Paul Nicklen’s blood. Raised on Baffin Island, Nunavut, he grew up in one of the only non-Inuit families in a tiny Inuit settlement amid the ice fields, floes, and frigid seas of Northern Canada.
At an age when most children are playing hide-and-seek, he was learning important lessons on survival: how to read the weather, find shelter in a frozen snowscape, or live off the land as his Inuit neighbours had done for centuries. Today, Nicklen is a naturalist and wildlife photographer uniquely qualified to portray the impact of climate change on the Polar Regions and their inhabitants, human and animal alike. Whether he is diving off the floe edge in the Canadian Arctic or sitting on a piece of glacial ice in Antarctica to scout for leopard seals, Paul Nicklen goes to great lengths and depths to secure his award-winning images of life in the polar regions. This National Geographic-featured photographer and conservationist never shies away from extreme and challenging conditions as he feels urgently compelled to connect a global audience to the species and ecosystems he cares so deeply about. One of the world’s most acclaimed nature photographers, Nicklen focuses on marine wildlife and polar environments. For Nicklen, we must act now to save Earth’s delicate ecosystems and the precious diversity of life. Combining some of his most extraordinary photographs with personal experiences—educational and inspirational—this stunning Paul Nicklen photo compendium is both a remarkable collection of nature photography and a passionate rallying cry to stand up, have a voice, and enact positive change for our planet.
This is a photographic art book; it is by no means fluff or without literary merit. There is a strong message conveyed both in the text and the spectacular images. Paul Nicklen wishes that by sharing his life’s work in the Arctic and Antarctica that we will see what we gain to lose if we do not share in taking steps — small or significant — towards protecting these valuable ends of the globe.
The book is divided between the Arctic and Antarctica. Paul begins by sharing his childhood and how he came to be a National Geographic photographer as well as his passion for these regions. He also talks about some of the key experiences he has had. He talks about these fragile landscapes and that it’s not too late, if we collectively work towards preserving the sea ice.
He invites the reader/viewer into his world through his powerful photographs.
In the second section on Antarctica he details further about his experiences with all forms of life in Antarctica and how they are also interconnected. He certainly opened my eyes to some things I had taken for granted and now some of the purchases I make, I will be giving myself a check before making certain decisions. His message always focuses on hopefulness and the positive.Before leaving you to view the second half of the book, Paul Nicklen leaves you with his message,
My wish is that the awe-inspired images and stories within the pages of Born to Ice will help you to also fall in love, as I have, with the special magic of the Polar Regions. My greatest desire is that together, as humans who have real power to make a difference, we can commit to keeping these magnificent places sacred.
It is written in English, French, and German within this one book.
His photographs will certainly give you a sense of awe. His stories will clothe that sense of awe.


Princeton Pre-Read Event in Houston - Book Discussion
Engage in the intellectual life of the university without ever leaving Houston, by participating in our first annual Princeton Pre-Read event. We will read the book assigned by Princeton’s President Eisgruber to all incoming freshmen; and then gather over refreshments to watch short videos of the on-campus discussion with the author, followed by our own discussions.
The incoming class of 2023 book, “Stand Out of Our Light: Freedom and Resistance in the Attention Economy,” was written by James Williams, who recently received his Ph.D. from the University of Oxford, focusing on the philosophy of attention and persuasion in technology design. Previously, Williams worked for a decade at Google as a technology and business strategist. The book presents a rigorous and original argument about the profound influence of digital technology on human attention and democratic political competence. President Eisgruber hopes that Stand Out of Our Light will inspire discussion and debate about the ways in which this digital landscape is affecting our ability to shape our identities, lives, and societies . View President Eisgruber’s video introduction for the book.
Get the book at your local Houston Public Library, Harris County Public Library, Brazos Bookstore, or Amazon.
Refreshments at 6:30 pm
Discussion begins at 7:00 pm
Location: Hanover Rice Village, Media Room - 2455 Dunstan Rd., Houston, TX 77005
Questions? Email Shirley Rouse '83
Please login to see PAAH Dues-Paying Member pricing. Click here for help.


Thus, in the end of the novel, the Europeans do get their way. Several empires began in modern-day Greece. In the end, Nyai and Minke must watch her sail away, and thus the novel ends.
Dialogues with Tan Dun 1. The natives are being denied of their rights in their own land and the colonizers thinking that they are superior in every way. They write articles in order to get the people on their side, so that it becomes a nationalist question in which the Natives are united against the Dutch court.
He has received a Europen education from his Dutch teachers at H. They supplied vital ideas and information not only to Minke but to the readers as well. The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Roman Empirewhich fragmented into many separate kingdoms, some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Roman Empire.
I was annoyed by Annelies. After various discussion, an agreement was reached to publish works by ex-political prisoners that had not previously been welcomed by other publishers. He marries a second time, to a Chinese activist, and enters into public political life, founding the first Native organisation and launching a newspaper.
She was being immature and helpless. By November, Hasta Mitra had published its third edition, and had sold as many as 10, copies. Minke and Annelies fell inlove immediately after they met and I am not really a fan of the kind of story.
He publishes his writings in Dutch, and then goes even further, getting Kommer to translate his articles into Malay and hire people to read them aloud. Heaven, Earth, and Mankind are symbiotic. There are characters that a reader would expect to find in a novel that was a national allegory and the characters in This Earth of Mankind fill all of these roles.
Good use of the seed sprouting. We are very Western indeed and it is sad that we did not keep our culture. In fact, several of them took the initiative and voluntarily surrendered copies of the books. There are many minor characters and side plots that carry the symbols of national allegory.
Upon his return to Surabaya, Minke thinks he is being followed by a Chinese man. Darsam is loyal only to Nyai, however, and as Nyai treats Minke like a son, Darsam has sworn to protect him. The banning of the book was entirely political and had nothing to do with the books' literary qualities, scholarly arguments nor the official reason that the books were pro-communist.
Nations cannot easily escape the history of colonization that has left painful memories for the majority of people living in that nation, throughout the generations.
Plot summary[ edit ] This Earth of Mankind tells the story of Minke, a Javanese minor royal who studies at a Hogere Burger School HBS in an era when only the descendants of the European colonizers can expect to attain this level of education. In Julythe manuscript of This Earth of Mankind was sent to the Aga Press printers with the hope that it would be published before the celebrations for the Indonesian Declaration of Independence on 17 August, although in the end it was published on 25 August, having been delayed by the celebrations.
Toer creates a national allegory in This Earth of Mankind. That made them not just tough, but humble as well.
Jan 31, Diane rated it did not like it Recommends it for: We observe that Minke becomes determined to become someone who can rise up against these injustices after identifying once again as a native.
However, This Earth of Mankind also powerfully portrays the reality of Dutch colonial government in Indonesia through the lives of the characters, where Minke's education and Nyai Ontosoro's success in business count for little when ranged against the unyielding Dutch colonial law.
For Pramoedya, the publishing of This Earth of Mankind signified his "determination, sincerity, and resolution to invest in the development of democracy in Indonesia - and not a democracy built upon colonialism, but a democracy that is the result of our own efforts".
As a concubine, Nyai Ontosoro suffers because of her low status and lack of rights, but, significantly, is aware of the injustice of her suffering and believes education is the route by which her basic humanity can be acknowledged.
Minke being humiliated and then robbed of all of his possessions, is a direct commentary on the fate of the Indonesians as a whole. He consults with his friend and business partner, a French artist named Jean Marais, who advises him not to judge the family based on pre-conceived notions, but rather to spend time getting to know the family and then make a judgment call.This Earth Of Mankind Summary SuperSummary, a modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics.
In Pramoedya Ananta Toer's, This Earth of Mankind, the protagonist comes of age against the backdrop of a colonial Java being ruled by the Dutch.
Minke introduces himself and then launches into his story. His story is essentially a love story. He sets the backdrop of his class and education, and.
This Earth of Mankind (Buru Quartet) - Kindle edition by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Max Lane. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading This Earth of Mankind (Buru Quartet)/5(71).
The chart “Three Eras of Earth and Mankind” portrays human history and human destiny. It demonstrates the continuity of past, present, and future, and the continuity between life on the old Earth and life on the New Earth.
By comparing each series of statements, you’ll see the distinct. About This Earth of Mankind. Minke is a young Javanese student of great intelligence and ambition. Living equally among the colonists and colonized of 19th-century Java, he battles against the confines of colonial strictures.
This Earth of Mankind was the first novel in the Buru Quartet, a series of historical novels that Pramoedya composed while in the Buru penal colony. It opens Pramoedya’s fictionalized history of.Download


Environmentalism and Anti-Environmentalism Resources & Links
This page lists and links to extensive resources for research about environmentalism, anti-environmentalism, animal rights, and related topics.
Contact Information: To reach Robert Bidinotto, and to obtain information about his availability for speeches and media interviews, write him at: contact@ecoNOT.com
Blog: Robert Bidinotto maintains a "blog" where he comments frequently on a range of current topics, including his criticisms of environmentalism. To visit his blog, click here.
My thanks to all those who contribute to make this Web site possible. If you support the views expressed here, please consider making a donation to support ecoNOT.com by scrolling to the bottom of this page, and clicking on one of the donation icons. Thank you!
SEARCH THIS SITE BY KEYWORDS
This selection is the initial installment of what will be an ever-expanding list of critiques of environmentalism and environmentalist groups. Many publications below can be obtained online by clicking the hyperlinks, or at online retailers such as Amazon.com. For out-of-print titles,
History and Philosophy of Environmentalism
Alston Chase, In a Dark Wood: The Fight Over Forests and the Rising Tyranny of Ecology (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1995). Chase’s magisterial book is easily the best available history and analysis of environmentalism, both as a philosophy and as a movement. A former environmentalist, and a brilliant philosopher and
journalist, Chase provides a revealing account of the contributions of the philosophers and other intellectuals who shaped the contemporary movement, as well as a thorough history and criticism of the environmental movement. Must reading!
Robert James Bidinotto, The Green Machine (Poughkeepsie, NY: The Objectivist Center, 1993). In this monograph, the publisher of ecoNOT.com surveys the history, philosophy, and organized scare campaigns of the environmentalist movement. A a devastating criticism of environmentalism.
Robert James Bidinotto, Green Cathedrals: Modern Spiritual Poverty and the Rise of Environmentalism (Poughkeepsie, NY: The Objectivist Center, 1999). Why has the environmentalist philosophy captured the hearts and minds of millions? In this recorded lecture, Mr. Bidinotto traces environmentalism's intellectual roots to its sources in Western mythology, religion, and philosophy.
Paul Driessen, Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death (Bellevue, WA: Free Enterprise Press, 2003). A powerful indictment of environmentalism's many deadly impacts upon millions of struggling people in the Third World. Driessen exposes the horrific body counts in developing nations that mount from green opposition to fossil fuels and hydro-electric power, biotechnology, modern agricultural methods, and pesticides. His book convincingly demolishes any "idealistic" pretenses of the environmental movement.
Charles E. Tomlinson, A View From My Stump (Cherokee, AL: D. R. Virtue Press, 1992). In witty essays and charming stories, a lifelong professional forester explores the true relationship of man and nature, demolishing familiar environmental fallacies along the way.
Anna Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th Century (New Haven and London: Yale University
Press, 1989). A scholarly look at the modern thinkers who most proximately shaped the environmental movement.
Jo Kwong Echard, Protecting the Environment: Old Rhetoric, New Imperatives (Washington, DC: Capital Research Center, 1990). A probing look at leading environmentalist organizations.
Environmentalism Vs. Science and Economics
While ecoNOT.com's focus is
philosophical, science and economics offer important anti-environmentalist critiques that
buttress the philosophical case against the movement.
Ronald Bailey, Eco-Scam: The False Prophets of Ecological Apocalypse (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993). Science writer Bailey ably refutes environmentalist doomsaying over climate change, the ozone hole, population growth, resource depletion, and much more.
Ronald Bailey, ed., Earth Report 2000: Revisiting the True State of the Planet (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000). A myth-busting examination of a host of environmental scares by a team of experts.
Ronald Bailey, ed., Global Warming and Other Eco-Myths: How the Environmental Movement Uses False Science to Scare
Us to Death (Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing, 2002). Another panel of scientific and economic authorities debunk a wide range of environmentalist fallacies and scare campaigns. The statistical tables alone constitute a damning indictment of eco-hysteria.
Michael Crichton, State of Fear. This bestselling novel is fiction, but of a rare sort: it takes ideas seriously. Within the pages of this fast-moving thriller, scientifically-trained author Crichton incorporates factual refutations of the scaremongering over global warming -- and even adds a nonfiction Afterword and an extensive bibliography for additional reading. A painless, even enjoyable, way to get up to speed on this important topic.
Bjorn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the True State of the World (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Lomborg, an environmentalist but a careful statistician, caused an international uproar with this volume that statistically
demolishes the catastrophic scare claims of environmentalists across a broad spectrum of issues.
Ben Bolch and Harold Lyons, Apocalypse Not: Science, Economics and Environmentalism (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1993). The authors--an economist and a chemist--weigh environmentalist contentions against scientific analysis and economic reasoning, and find environmentalism wanting on both counts.
Angela Logomasini and David Riggs, ed., The Environmental Source 2002 (Washington, DC: Competitive Enterprise Institute, 2002). Researchers and analysts address the most pressing environmental worries of our time, offering policy makers intelligent recommendations.
Michael Sanera and Jane S. Shaw, Facts Not Fear: Teaching Children About the Environment (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1999). An outstanding guide for teachers and students that examines a host of environmental problems with sober objectivity and without hysteria. A refreshing antidote to most of what passes for "environmental science" in the classroom.
Patrick J. Michaels and Robert C. Balling, The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air About Global Warming (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2000). Two expert climatologists review the scientific evidence underlying the global warming scare, and argue convincingly that climate change will be small and benign, not huge and catastrophic.
Patrick J. Michaels, Sound and Fury: The Science and Politics of Global Warming (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1992). Though Dr. Michaels' Satanic Gases presents more recent scientific data, his chapter on "political science"--the manipulation of science by environmentalists inside and outside government--is worth the price of the book.
Thomas Gale Moore, Climate of Fear: Why We Shouldn't Worry about Global Warming (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1998). An economist looks at the history of climate change, and shows how predicted warming would be an economic and health boon, not a disaster.
S. Fred Singer, Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming's Unfinished Debate (Independent Institute, revised edition, April 1999). A renowned astrophysicist takes on the purveyors of "junk science" regarding the Mother of All Environmental Scares: global warming.
Cassandra Chrones Moore, Haunted Housing: How Toxic Scare Stories Are Spooking the Public Out of House and Home (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1997). Terrified about the threats of radon, lead, asbestos, and electromagnetic fields in your home? This book will sooth your anxieties, but arouse your ire at environmentalist scaremongers.
Charles E. Tomlinson, "How Private Ownership Saved the Southern Forest." An excellent ecoNOT.com guest opinion article by a veteran forest manager, showing that private property--not government management, or environmentalist neglect--has been the key to restoring America's southern forests, "one of the greatest natural resource management triumphs in the history of man."
Michael Fumento, Science Under Siege: Balancing Technology and the Environment (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1996). Investigative journalist Fumento exposes toxic terrorism campaigns on pesticides, cancer, dioxin, food irradiation, electrical and magnetic fields, and much more.
Brilliant and eye-opening.
Though the following groups may not consistently share the philosophical outlook championed at ecoNOT.com, they nonetheless offer valuable
research and perspectives on specific environmental issues.
A Better Earth--This Web site, aimed especially at a student audience, focuses on "taking decidedly more pragmatic approaches to solving environmental problems." This "soft-sell" pragmatism extends, regrettably, to advocacy of a "new environmentalism" whose eclectic premises include a number of philosophical contradictions, and to its overly positive portrait of certain environmentalist groups, such as the scandal-ridden Nature Conservancy. But for the critical visitor, the site does offer a host of sound perspectives and links to worthwhile information, as well.
ActivistCash.com--An outstanding database of information on environmentalist, animal rights, and "food police" activists, maintained by the Center for Consumer Freedom (see their listing below). An excellent complement to the "Greenwatch" database maintained by the Capital Research Center (also listed below).
AgBioWorld--Web site maintained by Dr. C. S. Prakash, an internationally renowned champion of biotechnology. Sign up here for his online newsletter, AgBioView, which covers up-to-the-minute developments in the controversies over genetically modified food and other biotech issues.
American Council on Science and Health--an outstanding organization of medical, health, and scientific authorities led by Dr. Elizabeth Whelan, dedicated to
countering popular fads and fallacies in the health field, including those put forth by environmentalists.
American Land Rights
Association--ALRA is a grassroots activist coalition that fights to open up government-held land, parks, and resources for greater private access and use. This pits them squarely against the environmentalist lobby.
Americans for Medical Progress--a highly reputable educational organization that
defends biomedical research using laboratory animals, and combats the spurious claims of animal rights activists.
Animal Crackers--Dr. Brian O'Connor, former Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology from the Indiana University School of Medicine, maintains this excellent Web log that exposes the destructive activities of "animal rights" proponents.
AnimalRights.net--a Web site opposing the animal rights movement, and a source of detailed information on all aspects of the animal rights controversy.
Cato Institute--one of the largest, most effective public policy research groups in the nation, Cato publishes many important books and studies countering
Center for Consumer Freedom--an association of restaurants and food industry companies that promotes free consumer choice in foods, and takes on "food police" regulators, anti-biotechnology activists, and animal rights groups.
Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise--upholds private property rights and "wise use" of natural resources, while exposing the activities of environmentalist and animal rights organizations.
Competitive Enterprise Institute--foremost among anti-environmentalist public policy organizations
in Washington, DC, CEI not only publishes top-notch research, but also mounts effective media and political opposition to environmentalist policy
Cumulative Impacts--Unique Web blog of Susan Bird, J. D., maintained for federal environmental attorneys, but very useful for anyone interested in breaking news concerning environmental laws and regulations.
Defenders of Property Rights--educates, litigates, and lobbies on behalf of property owners, taking on government regulators and environmental groups.
Environmental Health--an archive of valuable material on environmental health and science scams, located on the Web site of the American Council on Science and Health.
Foundation for Biomedical Research--oldest and largest group of medical and scientific professionals educating the public on the vital importance of the use of animals in research, and countering the lies of the animal rights movement.
GreenWatch.com--a project of the Capital Research Center, which studies public policy organizations, this Web page reports on the activities of prominent environmentalist groups. You can also research the backgrounds of organizations on Capital Research Center's extensive online database.
Greenie Watch--An entertaining and educational blog carrying the latest news on environmentalism, maintained by Dr. John J. Ray, an Australian social scientist and anti-environmentalist writer.
HealthFactsandFears.com--a Web site of the American Council on Science and Health, and an excellent online source of reputable information to counter environmentalist health scares.
Heartland Institute--a public policy research group that maintains an impressive online archive of background material on environmental topics.
JunkScience.com--site founder Steven Milloy is a tireless gadfly of the purveyors of "junk science," and his Web site is a terrific source of up-to-the-minute, myth-busting information on environmentalist nonsense.
National Animal Interest Alliance--"If you love animals and treasure the human-animal bond but oppose animal rights extremism, you've come to the right place!" A good resource on this topic, and the antics of these misanthropic activists.
The Objectivist Center--research and advocacy organization that promotes the
philosophical foundations of principled individualism.
Property Rights--Web site established by Erich Veyhl exposing the efforts by environmentalists and the National Park Service to seize private property throughout New England.
PropertyRightsResearch.org--Julie Smithson's website hosts a vast archive of research on issues related to environmentalism, land rights and much more. You can mine this site endlessly for useful information.
Science & Environmental Policy Project--headed by astrophysicist S. Fred Singer, SEPP is best known for bringing cool reason to bear on the hot topic of climate change.
The Westerner--an impressive, meticulously detailed blog covering breaking news on environmentalism, property rights, endangered species, and related issues of concern to people living in the West. Maintained by Frank Dubois, former New Mexico Secretary of Agriculture.
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Many individuals gave generously of their time, advice, encouragement, and feedback during the development of this Web site. I wish to thank the following people for their valuable input--but I must also emphasize that they should not be held responsible for any aspect of the site's design, nor any of its editorial content:
Larry Abrams, Charles R. Anderson, Iris Bell, Nathaniel Branden, David M. Brown, Stephen Browne, Wayne Caverly, Tony Conte, Stephen Cox, Howard Dickman, Jamie Dorrian, Marsha Enright, Susie Floyd, Cathleen Foster, Herb Grossman, Carl Harvey, Don Hauptman, Molly Hays, Donald Heath, Robert Hessen, Stephen Hicks, Erika Holzer, Henry Mark Holzer, Edward Hudgins, Eleonora Ioffe, Jim Jeck, Russell LaValle, Claudia Levine, Susan
McCloskey, Ilana Mercer, Karen and Rick Minto, Alan M. Paul, Chris Matthew
Sciabarra, Duncan Scott, Cynthia Slate, Robert Smith, Charles E. Tomlinson, Janet Torres, Erich Veyhl, Francisco Villalobos, Elliott Werner, Lindsay Wilcox, and Cathy Wilson.
Finally, I am especially grateful to writing and editing consultant David M. Brown for invaluable feedback and suggestions for this site and for my article "Environmentalism or Individualism?" Visit his Web
site for information on his writing and editing services.
EcoNOT.com is made possible solely due to the generosity of visitors like you. If you support the views expressed on this Web site, please consider making a donation by clicking on one of the following contribution icons.


|School||Ichou Academy (former)|
|Manga Debut||Chapter 42|
Matome Nishikujou (西九条 まとめ Nishikujō Matome) is a ghost haunting one of Hiiragi Academy's training camps, and loves to read manga to pass the time. She is given the nickname "Ghost Artist" due to her ambition of wanting to create her own manga.
Physical Appearance[edit | edit source]
Bio[edit | edit source]
A wayward ghost of a former Hiiragi student who died a year ago, and has, since then, been haunting one of the academy’s training-camps. Matome encounters Junichirou when he stumbles upon her atop a stack of manga in the training camp’s library, and asks him to help her “pass on" to the afterlife to which Junichirou deduces that it has something to do with the manga Matome had been reading all this time.
She eventually comes across an old manga, Hanauta, which excites her greatly; developed by none other than Tenjouin Kisaki, aka, Tanaka from Junichirou’s class. The cause of Matome’s inability to rest-in-peace is discovered to be because she wishes to see the final chapter of said manga that was never released. Tanaka then shows Matome the final unreleased chapter, and she was finally able to begin departing to the afterlife. However, Junichirou decides to want to go further…
It turns out that Matome was also a fan of Tanaka’s current work, Shuumatsu Gakuen; a manga that inspired Matome to try to write one of her own, but never got a chance do to so. With encouragement from Junichirou and Tanaka however, she goes on to create one page of her own manga that basically described what happened moments before her death. Matome is now satisfied with everything, but instead of departing…she’s seen haunting bookstores instead; continuing to read Shuumatsu Gakuen.
In the anime, Matome discovers while drawing her manga that though normally even turning the pages of a manga was a chore, while Junichirou, Tanaka and the others were around, she barely had any trouble. Junichirou realizes that when she does something that requires a lot of effort, she takes the energy from a living person. Junichirou refuses to let anyone else into the room in order to prevent them from losing energy. When Matome realizes what she is doing, she starts doubting the worth of her project, but Junichirou puts a stop to her doubts, telling her to finish her manga no matter what happened to him. Matome finishes the single page of her manga and gives it to Junichirou to read. Once he reads it and compliments her happily, she fades into the afterlife without finishing her manga, leaving Junichirou dissatisfied but happy.
Chapter Appearances[edit | edit source]
Etymology[edit | edit source]
- Matome's surname Nishikujou means "west" (西) (nishi), "nine" (九) (ku) and "article" (条) (jou).