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Irrespective of the section, there are specific qualities that every portion of the research paper outline should have. Depending on the facts and research carried, you’re predicted to prove the way your research paper consists of important and useful information http://www.indyasq.org/2019/01/the-unconventional-technique-of-methodology-part/ for readers, concerning the topic. Any sort of research paper has a specific structure which is based on few titles.
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Choosing Good Resaerch Paper
So you simply cannot take some random number and data and write it as you want. You will also make mailing labels. It’s OK to copy such information provided that you reference it using a citation.
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Resaerch Paper at a Glance
When you compose a research paper you build upon what you know about the topic and make a deliberate attempt to learn what experts know. Year in, Year out, they find that the report called the research paper is the part of the science fair project where they learn the most. Surprisingly, many students do not find out how to get the best sources.
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The important points which are analyzed ought to be included. In comparison to Soundcloud, Bandcamp’s major benefit is the capacity to buy songs to download to listen to on the customer’s time. Now, all you have to do is write the content itself.
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Research papers are a main portion of the educational procedure, and several instructors require students to make available an outline of their research paper before they actually write it. Health care topics result in a terrific research paper because students may concentrate on patient care, the proposed government-run healthcare system and ethics. Some students highly trust the web for sources due to its convenience.
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Ask yourself a few questions to establish the subject of your essay like whether you have enough knowledge to put into it. As you’re jotting down ideas, they don’t need to be complete sentences. Most students aren’t aware that topic selection has a huge effect on the entire time it requires to compose a paper.
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The procedure for writing the research paper will be very time consuming. Sometime, providing your conclusion ahead of time can enable the reader understand what things to look for as she reads the remainder of your paper. Never assume your reader knows what you’re implying.
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Moreover he encouraged and wrote tracts in favour of the persecution of the Jews.
Blacks were simply pawns in a much larger political game. Most of the non-Jewish Whites who were enlisted in the cause never realized that the struggle was not really about civil rights. These participants, like the Blacks themselves, were being manipulated in the much bigger contest of the Jewish struggle for power.
Even in the areas where Jews were not the actual leaders, they provided much of the behind-the-scenes influence. Martin Luther King Jr. fell under the guidance of Stanley Levinson, who wrote many of King's speeches, including, some say, the "I Have a Dream" speech delivered at the March on Washington. John and Robert Kennedy warned King to disassociate himself from Levinson because of Levinson's Communist record. But King refused.
My Awakening: Chapter 18
Jews, Communism and Civil Rights
by David Duke


21 May, 2008
World War I scrapbook discovery sheds light on women's emancipation
A post World War I scrapbook which has come into my possession may be of interest to researchers into the early days of Feminism during and after the First World War. It is well-known that women were encouraged to step into men's jobs when servicemen were deployed abroad to fight. When the men returned in 1919, tacit pressure was put on the women to retreat to the kitchen. This unearthed scrapbook personalises and encapsulates that process in a fondly annotated photographic essay of some women propelled for the first time into the Armed Services, not to mention a greater sense of self-worth and personal independence.To see more, click here (page opens in a new window).
Posted by Thanks for visiting! at 5/21/2008 11:00:00 pm


Lowell Superior Courthouse
The Lowell Superior Courthouse is the result of two very dissimilar structures joined together. The Romanesque Revival style brick courthouse constructed in 1850 and the limestone Neoclassical structure in 1896. CSS designed exterior repairs and restoration of the upper areas of the 1850 building. The project included repairs and replication of numerous historical and traditional building materials including slate and copper roofing, decorative cast iron, masonry and wood.
Fitchburg District Court
CSS Architects Inc. prepared a preservation plan, performed water infiltration testing, roof evaluation and replacement, exterior façade restoration, including balustrade, chimney, window and door replacement, Accessibility compliance and new ramp, electrical fire protection, mechanical, HVAC replacement and plumbing upgrades, interior renovations and handicap accessible restrooms.
Worcester Superior Court
State House Library, State House Hall of Flags
CSS Architects Inc. was selected by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to perform specialized services for the historically significant Feingold Library within the State House. The services included library staff interviews, programming space planning, existing conditions, documentation, interior design, 25 year projection analysis, document miniaturization and records retention analysis, handicapped accessibility, structural, and MEP design. The work also include restoration procedures for the existing library, book storage consolidation recommendations, administrative offices design, lunch room, conference room and support area design. The stained glass skylights in The Hall of Flags and the Feingold Library in the State House underwent an extensive removal and restoration/replacement process. All the adjoining plaster and paint work were also restored to their original appearance. The restoration process was very sensitive due to the historic nature of the materials as well as the daily operations of the State House and the coordination of the work being done on different areas of the building. The result is the reintroduction to the public of unique and irreplaceable pieces of history.
Gloucester City Hall
Reading Town Hall
14,000 s.f., MA
The two historically significant structures operating as the Town Hall and Library required interior renovation and a new elevator. CSS new structure serves as both ceremonial entry connecting both structures into one complex and a barrier free link to all floors of the existing building. The design of the addition had to be sensitive to the architectural styles of two turn of the century buildings and become the focal point for the new entry. The re-design process was shared as a team effort with the Reading Historical Society and the results are a magnificent new entry and natural link that enhances the building and the town common.
Fitchburg Superior Probate Court, Fitchburg, MA
Lowell Superior Court, Lowell, MA
Worcester Superior Court, Worcester, MA
Springfield Juvenile Court, Springfield, MA
UAB, Brookline, MA
Jackson Homestead Museum, Newton, MA
Faneuil Hall, Boston, MA
State House Library, Boston, MA
State House Hall of Flags, Boston, MA
State House Senate Chamber, Boston, MA
Swampscott Library, Swampscott, MA
Gloucester City Hall, Gloucester, MA
Rockport Harbor, Rockport, MA


Edited by Elio Testoni, scientific director of the Luigi Squarzina Archive
with the collaboration of Anita Blasi, Sandro Ferrari and Marina Marcellini.
Created by the Gramsci Foundation, the Luigi Squarzina website showcases the director/dramatist/professor in all his various activities and multi-directional interests. It also casts light on his constant need to effect an integration between directing, playwriting and critical reflection on the one hand, and, on the other, the cultural dimension of his artistic production – a dimension that tends to combine culture and theatrical history with stagecraft. On the website, therefore, we may find his directorial and dramaturgical output and literary work, as well as his activity as an essayist and a university lecturer. There is a link to the Squarzina archive that documents the work; donated to the Gramsci Foundation, it is included in the cinema, literature and theatre Archives section on the Foundation’s website.
Website also created with the support of
With the contribution of
Photographs courtesy of
Fondazione Il Vittoriale degli italiani di Gardone Riviera
Fondazione I.N.D.A. – Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico
Fondazione Istituto Dramma Popolare di San Miniato
Fondazione Teatro dell’Opera
Musei civici Vicenza – Teatro Olimpico
Piccolo Teatro di Milano
Teatro Ariosto di Reggio Emilia
Teatro Comunale di Firenze
Teatro Comunale di Thiene
Teatro Comunale P. Mascagni di Chiusi
Teatro Nazionale – Teatro Stabile di Torino
Teatro Nuovo di Milano
Teatro Nuovo di Verona
Teatro Sociale di Rovigo
Silvia Danesi Squarzina who had the initial idea of building the website, organizing a specific working group;
Giovanni Agostinucci for the sketches and photographs of shows in his archive;
Antonio Calbi and Sandro Piccioni for their usual and fruitful collaboration;
Carla Consalvi and Laura Demetri for their significant contribution in finding the audio-video documentation;
Gian Domenico Ricaldone and Mirella Ciferri for their courtesy and availability for archival research;
Francesca Mele for her research collaboration;
Fabio Nicolosi for finding the material relating to the prose directories of the latest production;
Tommaso Le Pera for the kind concession of his stage photographs;
Donatella Francucci for granting the use of the interview with Luigi Squarzina of June 2010;
Officina Edizioni for the kind concession of the photographs taken from the catalogs of the exhibitions “Theater in the Weimar Republic” and “Erwin Piscator”.
Of some photographs, present in the Luigi Squarzina Archive and reproduced on the website, it was not possible to identify the authors and / or owners, or the request for authorization for reproduction was not met. The Gramsci Foundation is at the disposal of those who were unintentionally not mentioned and of those who could not be traced.
Translations by Francesca Mele and Dennis Eric Steven.
The website was created by Federico Mercuri.


Duke Ellington – Gold Collection – Cassette
The Duke Ellington Gold Collection is a compilation album that showcases the timeless music of the legendary jazz composer and bandleader, Duke Ellington. Duke Ellington, often regarded as one of the greatest figures in jazz history, made significant contributions to the genre with his innovative compositions, unique arrangements, and exceptional piano skills.
The Gold Collection features a selection of Duke Ellington’s most iconic and influential recordings, spanning his extensive career. The album offers a comprehensive overview of his musical genius, capturing the essence of his signature style and showcasing the range and depth of his compositions.
The compilation includes timeless classics such as “Take the ‘A’ Train,” “Cotton Club Stomp,” “Sophisticated Lady,” and “Jungle Nights In Harlem.” These songs represent some of Ellington’s most recognized and beloved compositions, characterized by rich harmonies, lush orchestration, and memorable melodies.
Throughout the album, listeners can appreciate Duke Ellington’s ability to seamlessly blend various musical elements, including swing, blues, and classical influences, into a cohesive and innovative sound. His arrangements often feature complex harmonies, intricate orchestrations, and brilliant improvisation, highlighting the exceptional talent of the musicians in his orchestra.
The Duke Ellington Gold Collection serves as a testament to the enduring legacy of Duke Ellington and his impact on the world of jazz. The album allows listeners to experience the timeless beauty and brilliance of his music, showcasing why he is considered a true pioneer and visionary in the genre. Whether you’re a long-time fan or new to Duke Ellington’s music, this compilation provides a captivating journey through the work of one of jazz’s greatest artists.
Brand new, never played and still in the factory plastic
1. East St Louis Toodle-oo
2. Cotton Club Stomp
3. Jungle Nights In Harlem
4. Mood Indigo
5. In A Sentimental Mood
6. Rockin In Rhythm
7. Take The A Train
8. Black And Tan Fantas
9. Creole Love Call
10. The Moochie


eBook - "The Hamburger
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What is The Hamburger Story and why did I write this book? I wrote
this book, "The Hamburger Story of Investing", to help the new and inexperienced investor better understand growth stock investing,
by way of an easy to read story about a hamburger restaurant started by three entrepreneurs. Thank you for your patronage.
This eBook is available at Amazon.com for as little as $2.99
eBook - "The Smartest Personal
Financial Decision Ever: FEATURING "THE LAWRENCE SHEFFIELD STORY" , Author Warren Thompson, Jr.
This one lesson, conveyed
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stress, or a life of financial ease.
In the telling of The Lawrence Sheffield Story, though the story is true, I changed the names of the individuals in this story,
and the name of the insurance company they worked for, to de-emphasize the real personalities involved, and the real organization
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DESIGN A BOOKMARK for the Parsippany-Troy Hills Library System!
Contest is open to children, from preschool through grade 8. All entries will be displayed on Facebook starting August 3. Winning entries will be printed and distributed at the library.
Contest begins June 29.
Artwork should relate to books, reading, or libraries. All artwork must be original.
Please use pencils, crayons, paints, pens, or markers in your design. Design a bookmark in the rectangle to the right. Entries must be completed on this form. Please do not fold/crumple this form.
All entries must be submitted to the Children's Department at Parsippany Main or Lake Hiawatha by July 27, 2021. One entry per person, please.
Submissions will not be returned.
Entries will be divided into categories by age level. Entries must contain the grade the child will enter in the fall.
Voting will take place August 4-18. Anyone may vote, but please, only one ballot per person.
Winners be will announced August 27. The two designs in each category with the most votes will be printed and distributed by the library. The winner's first name and age will be printed on each bookmark.
CLICK HERE TO PRINT ENTRY FORM
Click for more details ...


It was time for a window display change so Lottie, Lettie and Hettie, the window mannequins, washed the bag of old aprons and hung them up to dry.
Ok it was actually me who washed them and ironed them and hung them out but I really can't be bothered standing still in the window 24 hours a day so I am quite happy for the 'girls' to take the credit. The Cottage looks like a Chinese Laundry at the moment which is kind of apt really. If you can get your hands on a copy of the Fitzroy History Society's fascinating little book about Gertrude Street (I think Dan from Artisan Books down the road has a few copies left) and turn to page 71 you will find that 67 Gertrude Street was a Chinese Laundry from the 1880 'til the 1960s and, on page 16, you can check out the list of Gertrude Street women who signed the Women's Suffrage Petition in 1891, including Mrs Coupland from #67. Nice huh? This is one of the pleasures of living in an old (for Australia) area, checking out the history of place.


linking people and information
having the vast information resources of a State Library
at your fingertips, no matter where you are, no matter what
time it is.
further that someone else has done the hard work and sifted
through that vast collection of information to find what’s most
relevant to you!
linking people and information, an innovative service of
the State Library of New South Wales, aims to do just that for
senior secondary students.
aims to provide students with timely, relevant information for
their study of the NSW Higher School Certificate (HSC) curriculum.
Developed in collaboration with personnel from school and public
libraries, Infocus expands the range of resources available
to these students by providing reproductions of resources held
by the State Library. These reproductions include journal, magazine
and newspaper articles, as well as some of the Library’s unique
heritage materials such as photographs, ephemera and diaries.
With a collection of nearly 5 million items, the Library has
much to offer students, as well as their teachers.
and teachers alike value the diversity of viewpoints and text
types Infocus offers. Infocus resources are drawn
from Australian and international sources, and often include
items difficult to locate in typical school or public libraries.
Although material is specifically selected to support students
studying the NSW HSC curriculum, much of it will be useful to
senior secondary students studying other courses.
operates a membership-based service for schools, public libraries,
TAFE colleges and other organisations. A credit deposit system
is offered to members to ensure paperwork is kept to a minimum.
All orders, be they from members or casual users of the service,
are filled quickly, typically on the same day they are received.
all items reproduced by Infocus have been copyright cleared
- either through a license agreement with the Copyright Agency
Limited or through direct negotiation with relevant copyright
holders, member libraries can add Infocus resources to
their collections. This feature gives Infocus an edge
over inter- library loan document supply schemes.
will soon deliver all of its services online. Visit the Infocus
website at http://infocus.slnsw.gov.au to see the first
stage of our online developments. You’ll be able to explore
the more than 1500 resources Infocus currently offers.
At this stage ordering still requires a paper order form and
payment by cheque or credit card. However, preparation for full
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in electronic format by early 2001.
To learn more about Infocus,
or contact the Infocus team email: firstname.lastname@example.org;
telephone: 61-2-9273 1519; fax: 61-2-9273- 1248).


Fighting with the Longsword: Modern-day HEMA Practices by Jack Gassmann, Jürg Gassmann, Dominique Le Coultre
This article is based on the talk presented on 27th November 2016 in the course of the Journées d’études sur le costume et les simulateurs d’armes dans les pratiques d’arts martiaux anciens . The talk itself involved practical demonstrations and interaction with other presentations given at the event; this article does not purport to be a transcript of the presentation, but elaborates on the key themes of the presentation: The objectives of HEMA as a modern practice, and their relationship to what we know about the historical practice of the European martial arts in the Middle Ages, including physical fitness, fencing techniques and tactical awareness, based on the Fechtbücher extant. A key element of the discussion involved a comparison between the objectives of and drivers behind historical and modern tournament rule-sets.
Keywords – Historical European Martial Arts, Fechtbuch, Middle Ages, Longsword, Sport, Competition


Please Come to the Show
Curated by David Senior
Thursday 13 February 2014, 6–8pm
14 February–11 April 2014
Since its beginnings, the MoMA Library has housed several collections of artists’ files and subject files, which contain assorted printed ephemera like announcement cards, press clippings, posters, and flyers. These materials illustrate an elaborate range of artistic activities and can contain unique elements from an artist’ s practice.
This exhibition gathers a sample of innovative printed invitations, small posters, and flyers from ca. 1960 to the present from the MoMA Library collection. The selection traces ways in which artists, designers, and galleries have used invitation cards and other printed announcements as a part of the staging of conceptual works, installations, performances, and other time-based events and screenings. This diverse grouping of ephemera explores the various, often surprising ways that we have been invited to experience art.
These materials are important research documents. They provide descriptive evidence of particular moments in art history, evoking the setting and spirit of artists’ practices and illuminating networks of artists, spaces, and ideas. The invitations reflect, disguise, or reconstitute artworks and can act as mechanisms that direct the audience’s experience of the work, and some are also artworks themselves. They give clues about librarians’ and curators’ involvement with particular artists or scenes in New York and abroad, and part of their story is the various traces of the hands they have passed through on their way into the collection.
More recent materials characterize the persistence of innovative print invitations within the context of our shift to online communication. Part of the interest in doing an exhibition now of special invitations and flyers is related to the recognition that this phenomenon of the art invitation has changed. As libraries and archives actively work towards collecting digital content and as galleries and museums phase out their printed invitations, it is a fitting moment to reflect on the various forms the printed invitation has taken in contemporary art practices.
David Senior is the Bibliographer at The Museum of Modern Art Library, where he manages collection development, including the library’s artists’ books collection. He also curates exhibitions – most recently ‘Millenium Magazines’ (2012), ‘Access to Tools: Publications from the Whole Earth Catalog, 1968–74’ (2011) and ‘Scenes from Zagreb: Artists’ Publications of the New Art Practice’ (2011) – and the annual program of events for the New York and Los Angeles Art Book Fairs. His writing has appeared in Frieze, Bulletins of the Serving Library, A Prior, Art Papers and C Magazine, and since 2008 he has published an artist’s book series through the New York Art Book Fair, with titles by Dexter Sinister, David Horvitz, Emily Roysdon and Eve Fowler, among others. He is a member of the advisory boards of Printed Matter, Art Metropole, Primary Information, Yale Union, and the Serving Library.


0161 236 6513
World Book Day is a celebration of literature and reading. This year it occurs on Thursday 2nd March and children are encouraged to go to school dressed up as their favourite book characters. The day is celebrated in over 100 countries and is a chance for children to value reading and have a fun-filled day with many schools and communities putting on special events for the day.
2017 marks the 20th anniversary of World Book Day and the main aim of the day in the UK is to show children how many interesting books there are and that it can be fun to read. Many participating schools will receive book tokens which children can then take to a local book store and exchange for one of ten pre-selected books.
In a world that is full of digital interaction and social media, we feel like this day is of high importance to keep reading on the map for children.
Struggling to think of fancy dress ideas for your children? Here are some popular costumes below:
o Willy Wonka
o Wheres Wally
o Alice in Wonderland – Alice, Queen of Hearts, Mad Hatter
o Fairytales – Snow White, Belle, Cinderella
o Harry Potter – wizards and witches
o The Wizard of Oz – Dorothy, Scarecrow, Lion, Tinman, Witch
Need more inspiration? Below are some of the most popular children’s books, we are sure there are many costumes that could be created to represent the characters in these books!
o Harry Potter
o The Hobbit
o The Hunger Games
o The Cat in the Hat
o Winnie the Pooh
o Charlotte’s Web
o The Chronicles of Narnia
o The BFG
o Fantastic Mr Fox
o The Very Hungry Caterpillar
o The Gruffalo
o Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
o The Tale of Peter Rabbit
Many teachers will also get involved with the day. Here are some costume ideas for the teachers:
• Robin Hood
• Where’s Wally
• Dorothy (Wizard of Oz)
• Mad Hatter
• Mary Poppins
• Wicked Witch (Wizard of Oz)
• Newt Scamander (Fantastic Beasts)
• Katniss Everdeen (The Hunger Games)
We hope all the schools have an exciting World Book Day!


Children go through a certain routine in their classes every day. To take them out of monotony, you need to provide them with several options for a healthy distraction, such as access to the playground, art and craft room, music room, and library. Library is one of the few places that offer a platform for personal growth and relaxation. How good would it be to make it so interesting for the children that they start looking forward to it as a place to visit for fun as well?
When you think of a library, your mind would conjure up images of shelves of books, CDs/DVDs, and magazines, and an arrangement of tables and chairs for the children to read at. These are rather essential components of a library, but you may give it the contemporary touch by adding a few features to your otherwise resourceful outlet. By customizing your library based on the taste of its visitors, you can keep them coming in not only to fulfill requirements but also to feel rejuvenated.
A few design ideas for contemporary library in schools
Notification Poster Board
You could have a kind of large notice board installed outside the school library to display information on the new resource entrants. A great tip is to encourage the school students to design promotional posters and write reviews of the library resources to be put up on the board.
You could have a set of computers to play the role of catalogues having information about the library resources. The students could be let to search for the availability of a resource by its name/author’s name/publication/related subject/genre/any other key words. You can even let them enter their reviews for resources in the catalogue for others to read.
Rather than merely arranging the books, magazines, CDs/DVDs in shelves, you could partition them as sections in the library. Each section could be designed to also visually present the related subject. For instance, a section on History could have walls painted with figures and faces of historical significance, the important dates (as are expected to be remembered by the children of most classes who would visit this section) could be displayed with a description they are important because of, the furniture (essentially, chairs and tables) in can be designed to represent the simpler times, and even the book shelves could be carved in a way book shelves used to be in the olden times. When you provide with an ambience relevant to a section, the readers will enjoy a wholesome experience.
Some children like to read while they eat. You could have a non-air conditioned dine-in corner in the library for children to eat dry snacks while they read. However, you will have to either provide them with gloves or laminate the pages of the books/magazines so that they do not get damaged in any way. One way you can save cost in maintenance is by allowing children access to only the ‘reference only’ books and magazines in the dine-and-read corner.
One way you can arrange the books in the library is by the subject they cater to. This is the most common way of segregating books, as you can see in most libraries. However, you could go a step further by cordoning off each subject section, especially those that can pave way for experimentation, into a sound-proof area. For instance, if you have a section on ‘Sounds’, you may have a small sound studio along the shelves, where the children can experiment what they have read about. You may need to appoint supervisors proficient in the subjects to take care of each segregated section, so that the children can seek help on how to handle the different equipment.
Customized Seating Arrangements
Different readers have different reading habits. A great reading area is one where young readers look forward to spend their time either reading in solitude or in groups. An ergonomically designed library allows young readers to sit comfortably and have a great library experience. To enable discussions & group projects, round tables with chairs arranged around them. You could even have a black/white-board installed in sections that are bound to invite discussions. For the ones who enjoy reading on their own, little nooks and corners can be converted to little Reading-Pods using bean-bags, soft furniture and mats etc.
Puzzle & Corner
Children welcome anything that could kindle curiosity. A good idea is creating an enclosed section of surprise for them to discover every day. For instance, you might throw open a practical puzzle for them to solve and provide them with clues in the corner space. You could either set a rule that they should solve the puzzle while in the enclosed corner or allow them to take note of the clues and come back with the solution later in the day. The idea is to encourage them to be open to exploring by themselves and through discussions with their friends. You could announce weekly/monthly winners and give them prizes such as a free subscription to a magazine for a month or a coupon to borrow one or more books in a visit within the next month.
Art & Literary Gallery
As much as you provide children with things to explore, you could also provide them with opportunities to display their talents. Art and craft competitions are held in most schools. You could dedicate a corner of the school library to display the fabulous works of the children. You could also display their short stories, poems, and other literary creations in this gallery. Such a space will act as a source of inspiration for the other children. To know how OrangeSlates can help you build an amazing library, reach us at firstname.lastname@example.org


List Price: $13.00
5" x 8" (12.7 x 20.32 cm)
Black & White on White paper
ISBN-13: 978-1475061871 (CreateSpace-Assigned)
BISAC: Fiction / Psychological
This is the story of a young boy called `Danny' who tries to
hang himself in the garage of Dr and Mrs Goodman.
He lives with his mother and `uncle'
(mother's boyfriend), both of whom drink heavily.
He becomes friendly with the Goodman
family and things seem to be going well until a policeman arrives at the
doctor's door, saying that an elderly lady and her dog have been murdered and
Danny is the prime suspect.
The doctor arranges immediately that
Danny be kept in a Psychiatric Hospital
rather than a prison set up.
Written by a Clinical Psychologist (under
the pen-name Ruth Soroson)
It becomes a riveting very human story of
warmth, drama and mystery.
CreateSpace eStore: https://www.createspace.com/3829064


Rezoomer is an excellent tool for summarizing texts. A digestible summation of large amounts of information is possible with its innovative and efficient solution.Resoomer is a powerful tool that allows you to extract text from a wide variety of sources. It’s suited for professionals, students and researchers. This tool uses advanced algorithms to ensure that the summaries you create are both concise and maintain the essence of original materials. Resoomer saves time and effort. Instead of being overwhelmed by the sheer number of words, the summary allows you to focus on the content and analyze it. Resoomer is the easiest and most effective way to summarise text.
Users can efficiently summarize long texts using Resoomer, an innovative online tool. It is a valuable asset in a world where comprehensive articles, documents, and research papers are common. Resoomer highlights the most important points and ideas by distilling lengthy texts into concise summaries.
How Does Resoomer Work?
- Input Text: Resoomer allows users to summarize text by entering it. Paste the text or upload the document directly into the tool’s interface.
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Resoomer uses natural language processing to mimic human reading comprehension. It understands and interprets text. The summaries are not only concise, but they also maintain context and the essence of the original. With Resoomer, a large amount of data can be digested more quickly and analysed better.
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There are several key benefits to using Resoomer for summarizing texts, making it an excellent tool. Benefits include:
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Resoomer enhances reading and comprehension skills in addition to summarizing texts. These skills can be improved:
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The Top Features of Resoomer
The unique features of Resoomer make it stand out from other summarizing tools. Resoomer is unique in the following ways:
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- Resoomer is an online application that does not require any downloads or installation.
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Resoomer's Summarization Tips and Tricks
Users can utilize several tips and tricks to maximize Resoomer’s summarization capabilities. To get the most useful and accurate summaries from the tool, follow these strategies:
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- Define the Length of Your Summary: Make the summary as long as you need—Set Resoomer to create a summary if you need a quick overview. Consider a longer summary for a deeper understanding. For specific purposes, the summary length can have a significant impact.
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- Revise and Edit Summaries if Needed: Use the summaries to get started. If you’re using the summary for academic or professional purposes, you should clarify or emphasize some points.
- Utilize for Study and Revision: Student study and revision can be easier with Resoomer’s summaries. Create concise revision materials by summarizing your notes.
- Language and Terminology Considerations: Remember the terminology and language used in the source. If the language is highly technical or specialized, it may require more care after summarization.
- Incorporated into Research Workflow: It can be integrated into researchers’ workflows for summarizing articles. Doing this lets you easily identify relevant literature and understand each paper’s main contribution.
- Leverage Pre-reading: Resoomer gives you an overview before you dive in. When you read the full text, this summary can help you focus.
- Combine with Manual Techniques: Last but not least, consider combining Resoomer’s automated summaries with manual notes. Hybrid approaches can enhance retention and understanding.
How Professionals Can Benefit from Resoomer
Incorporating Resoomer into your workflow can benefit professionals across various fields. Several advantages of this tool can enhance efficiency, productivity, and understanding:
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Resoomer has received widespread acclaim as an efficient text summarization tool, receiving many compliments for its speed of reducing long documents into concise summaries that capture their essence quickly and concisely. Furthermore, its user-friendly interface appeals to various user profiles, from students to professionals. Furthermore, its flexibility to adjust summary lengths and compatibility with various text forms only adds to its attractiveness. Resoomer excels at condensing informational content, while some users note its effectiveness when used with highly technical or ambiguously written material. However, Resoomer is widely lauded for its time-saving features and for improving productivity and understanding, making it an indispensable asset for anyone who frequently deals with large written pieces of text.
Resoomer Free Version
Resoomer offered a free version of its text summarization tool, providing basic functionality to its users without charge. This tier typically included summarizing texts by inputting text into an input field and receiving concise summaries. It was particularly popular among students, casual users, and professionals needing occasional summarization services.
However, it should be remembered that free versions may come with certain limitations, such as limits on text length and numbers generated within certain periods. Such limitations exist to encourage users to upgrade to paid subscriptions for more extensive use.
For summarizing texts, Resoomer is the go-to tool due to its user-friendly interface, efficiency, and accuracy. Using concise, coherent summaries, complex texts can be preserved without losing their essence. A large amount of information can be handled quickly by students, researchers, and professionals using this feature. Various text types and customizable summary lengths make Resoomer versatile and suitable for various applications. In addition, it contributes to improving critical thinking and reading comprehension. In the modern digital landscape, where efficiency and clarity in information processing are paramount, Resoomer stands out as a practical, reliable, and indispensable tool that saves time, facilitates understanding, and facilitates information management.
My name is Robert James, and I have over a decade of experience in digital marketing and technology innovation. I have contributed to numerous successful campaigns and advancements in artificial intelligence marketing. With a focus on AI, I hold a Master’s degree in Computer Science. I am sought after by tech forums and publications. I explore and demystify the evolving landscape of AI in marketing by sharing my knowledge.


- Amherst College, Amherst MA
Amherst Manuscript # 215
Amherst - Amherst Manuscript # 215 - Hope is a strange invention - asc:14428 - p. 1
Letters (1931), 307, in the letter to Mary Channing Higginson, said to have been written to her husband (B). Bingham, New England Quarterly, 20 (March 1947), 36-37, entire, from the pencil copy (A). Poems (1955), 959-60 (A principal, B); CP (1960), 597 (A). Letters (1958), 579 (B). (J1392). Franklin Variorum 1998 (F1424A).
-History from Franklin Variorum 1998
Emily Dickinson Archive
CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
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As a result of another dream, Lehi sends his sons back to Jerusalem to obtain sacred records on plates of brass from a wicked religious and military leader named Laban. Laban refuses to give up the records. Laman and Lemuel rebel and beat their younger brothers—until an angel appears and saves them. Nephi miraculously obtains possession of the plates by following the guidance of the Holy Spirit.
Lehi and Sariah are grateful and delighted when their sons return with the plates, and Lehi immediately gives thanks to God and begins to study the contents of the records.
After Lehi tells Nephi that he and his brothers need to return to Jerusalem to obtain sacred records that included words of God’s servants and other family records, Nephi responds with great faith and godly courage even though the task is daunting and difficult. However, Laman and Lemuel complain.
Laman eventually agrees to speak with Laban to try to obtain the family records. Laban refuses and threatens to kill Laman. The boys decide to make a second attempt after Nephi’s encouragement, and gather the family’s belongings to try to offer to Laban in exchange for the records. Laban steals their wealth and attempts to kill Lehi’s sons. Despite their best efforts to obey both their father and God, Lehi’s sons seem to face failure wherever they turn. Meanwhile, Sariah is without her sons in the wilderness and begins to fear for their safety.
Laman and Lemuel want nothing more to do with their father’s request to obtain the brass plates. Angry and frustrated, they rebel against Nephi and Sam and beat their younger brothers with wooden rods––until an angel appears and makes them stop the beating. Courageously, Nephi returns alone to Jerusalem in search of Laban and the plates and is able to obtain them with the help of heaven. Zoram, a servant of Laban, helps Nephi get the records and faithfully joins Nephi’s family in the wilderness.
Lehi’s sons return to their parents’ tent in the wilderness with Zoram and the sacred records containing the writings of prophets and other family records. The family gives thanks to God, recognizing His goodness and help in all that is going on, and Lehi studies the records. He shares what he finds with his family and prophecies that eventually these records and the stories and teachings they contain will bless his family, their descendants, and others throughout the world and throughout the ages of time.


Canvass for Workshop
March 1 @ 10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Join us as we canvass local churches in South Dallas to share information about our Alternatives to Policing Workshop. We will flyer parking lots to pass the information out while the community is in church. We will meet at the MLK Library at 10:00 a.m. and begin canvassing. We will meet back at the library by 1 p.m. for brunch.


Mosquito control resources offered by US CDC
The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has teamed up with the American Mosquito Control Association to produce a volume of resources to guide mosquito control in areas affected by natural disasters like hurricanes
The information and advice is available in the latest edition of the Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, which notes that ‘hurricanes present several public health concerns, including a rapid surge in mosquito populations, which can disrupt recovery efforts and could lead to increased risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile’. The resources provide local and state entities with information to help them prepare and respond to natural disasters as they relate to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. The magazine includes real-world examples, research, and lessons learned from authors representing federal and state agencies, mosquito control programmes and health departments in Florida, Georgia, Mississippi and Texas, research organisations, and the military.


We received this letter from Charles Romero, son of Deb Lissak, the Executive Director of Urbana Free Library. At his request, we've decided to publish it, unedited, and we're glad to do so.
My name is Charles, and I lived in Urbana for the first 24 years of my life. I attended Urbana High School, I earned a degree from the University of Illinois, I worked in Lincoln Square for over five years, and I have used and loved the Urbana Free Library. I’m also the son of Debra Lissak, the current director of the aforementioned institution. I am in the midst of serving abroad with an international development organization, but I still try to keep up with what’s going on in my hometown. You see, I love Urbana. I love its people. I love its forward thinking. I love its willingness to speak up. Unfortunately, the last of these things can sometimes get us caught up.
The situation regarding the weeding of books from the collection at the Urbana Free Library just came to my attention. I have no light to shed on that situation but rather a reflection on how it’s being handled. From what I can tell, to put it mildly, it could have been handled better. Whether you take the word of my mother (that it was poor communication on her part) or the word of various comments on the articles published (that it was negligence and laziness of the highest degree deserving immediate dismissal) is not important to me. I wish only to illustrate to the best of my ability the image I have of my mother with regard to her position at the library.
My details of my mother’s first years at the Urbana Free Library are hazy; she started working there in the 70s, and I was born in 87. She was a reference librarian (and I think head of reference at some point), and eventually became the associate director. This is where my memory actually starts to serve a purpose.
Mrs. Doubtfire never seemed that strange to me. I remember my stay-at-home father bringing me and my siblings over to visit our mother in a red Radio Flyer wagon with a homemade canvas top that looked more settlers-traveling-west than Norman Rockwell. We’d get to her cramped office filled with boxes and filing cabinets, pictures of us kids haphazardly strewn across the sides of the latter, and beg her to take us to the staff lounge and buy us a bottle of pop, then still from an old fashioned machine with glass bottles and all. I thought she had the best job ever. I remember it striking me odd when I’d ask her what she’d do if we won the lottery and her saying she’d retire. Why? She works at the library. Why would she ever want to leave? It made sense as I got older and saw the amount of time she had to put in. I remember her nearly every night being huddled over documents, reviewing plans, editing spreadsheets (on paper, no computers then), and still finding time to read to us kids in between. There was never a moment she wasn’t engaged in something related to bettering the Urbana Free Library. At one point I remember her being forced to take time off, because she had accumulated so many vacation days that they wouldn’t let her stack up anymore. She still brought stuff home to work on.
Then came the building renovation. If she wasn’t busy before then – she was, she certainly had her hands full during those few intense years. We lived a block away from the library. I solemnly suggest to anyone considering moving excessively close to their place of employment to quickly reconsider. If there’s ever extra work that needs to be done, you will be called. My mother practically lived at the library during those years. Little public recognition comes from an associate directorship, but it was with no small amount of pride that I first saw her name on the plaque at the Greet St. entrance. That was my mom, and she had worked her ass off.
A few years ago now (Five? I don’t remember), she became the director of the library. Navigating the politics of libraries is not easy. Navigating the public is not easy. If you listen to an opinion of an employee, how do you explain not taking their advice? Being a leader means listening, but it also means making an informed decision. When faced with crowds of out-of-towners using the library’s resources, how do you tell someone not paying taxes for them that they’re mistreating the people who do? You’d still want them to use the resources, but the money to support such a large client base has to come from somewhere. It’s not an easy job, and as the years went on, I saw my mother trade out her stacks of paper sitting on the table next to the couch for a laptop. The afterhours work still has not stopped. If anything, it has increased after becoming director. The muted TV flashing light across her face, she falls asleep on the couch nearly every night while working on one thing or another for the library.
I’ve called my mother many things over the years. Lazy has never been one of them. I have never known, nor will I ever probably, another person who works so tirelessly for so thankless a position. Were oversights made in the weeding process this past month? It certainly seems that way. But please. Please, please, please, please, please. Do not overlook the decades of service and hard work Debra Lissak has put toward the Urbana Free Library. Do not begin to think that she ever wanted anything but the best for the community. Do not get so wrapped up in the heat of the moment that you forget that as much as you care about the library, she is matching you step for step. She’s given her life to the Urbana Free Library. Don’t make this the reason she leaves. Let’s get this problem fixed, and let’s move on. We’re all on the same team.
Emotionally but with hope,
P.S. Sorry, mom, for not asking for your permission or advice before writing and sending in this letter.


Journal of Science and Technology in the Tropics (JOSTT) is a multi-disciplinary journal. It publishes original research articles and reviews on all aspects of science and technology relating to the tropics. All manuscripts are reviewed by at least two referees, and the editorial decision is based on their evaluations.
Manuscripts are considered on the understanding that their contents have not been previously published, and they are not being considered for publication elsewhere. The authors are presumed to have obtained approval from the responsible authorities, and agreement from all parties involved, for the work to be published.
Submission of a manuscript to JOSTT carries with it the assignment of rights to publish the work. Upon publication, the Publishers (COSTAM and ASM) retain the copyright of the paper.
>> Download the JOSTT Publication Guidelines here
The following are past issues of JOSTT:
For publication submission, please write to : email@example.com


Ms. Calendar: It was your book that started the trouble, not a computer. Honestly, what is it about them that bothers you so much?
Giles: The smell.
Ms. Calendar: Computers don't smell, Rupert.
Giles: I know. Smell is the most powerful memory trigger there is. A certain flower or a whiff of smoke can bring up experiences long forgotten. Books smell — musty and rich. Knowledge gained from a computer has no texture, no context. It's there and then it's gone. If it's to last, the getting of knowledge should be tangible, it should be smelly.
—Buffy the Vampire Slayer, "I, Robot... You, Jane"
In 1996, San Francisco opened a new Main Library to a chorus of cheers and jeers. The new structure was architectually stunning (and certainly put to good use as a movie set in 1998's City of Angels). But there was a major problem: they didn't leave much room for books. Some of the collection that had been on publicly-accessible shelves in the old building (which now houses the Asian Art Museum) moved underground into Brooks Hall. Brooks Hall, together with the Civic Auditorium, had been a popular site for conferences and conventions (now pretty much all held at the expanded Moscone Center these days; Brooks Hall has been closed ever since). Some of the old books were given away, while others were sold off or destroyed.
The City Librarian, who had been one of principal forces driving the design of the new Main, envisioned a technologically advanced facility for the 21st century, featuring more than 300 computer terminals and PCs available to the public. He resigned less than a year later.
Fast forward to 2009, where today and tomorrow the Main Library is championing eMedia: eBooks, audiobooks ("spoken eBooks"), music, etc., many of which are tied to evil Microsoft-proprietary technologies. Don't have your own computer? You're shut out. (You can't even use the library's public computers to access much of this stuff, let alone download it.) Use a Macintosh? Your choices are severely limited. Want to listen to audio on your iPod? Ditto. Run Linux on your shiny new netbook, or the free desktop computer you got from ACCRC (or MCRC) because you're disadvantaged, low-income, disabled, a senior citizen, at a non-profit organization, or a school? You're screwed. Totally, completely, utterly screwed. Your tax dollars that support the Public Library may be just as green as the next guy's, but unless you're willing to open yourself up to viruses, worms, credit card and identity-stealing malware, no new media for you!
|Adobe EPUB eBook||ADE for 2000, XP, Vista||ADE for Tiger, Leopard||not supported
(but Windows ADE may run under WINE)
|Adobe PDF eBook||Adobe Reader support for eBooks discontinued 3/2009; must now use ADE|
|Mobipocket eBook||Mobipocket Reader for 2000, XP, Vista||not supported||not supported|
|OverDrive WMA Audiobook||OverDrive Media Console for 98SE, ME, 2000, XP, Vista||not supported||not supported|
|OverDrive MP3 Audiobook||OverDrive Media Console for 98SE, ME, 2000, XP, Vista||OverDrive Media Console for Tiger, Leopard||not supported|
|OverDrive Music||OverDrive Media Console for 98SE, ME, 2000, XP, Vista||not supported||not supported|
|OverDrive Video||OverDrive Media Console for 98SE, ME, 2000, XP, Vista||not supported||not supported|
|NetLibrary eAudiobooks||NetLibrary Media Center for XP, Vista + .NET + Windows Media Player 11||not supported||not supported|
|NetLibrary eBooks||requirements not published|
|Safari Techbooks Online||requirements not published|
|Gale Virtual Reference Library||requirements not published|
ADE = Adobe Digital Editions + Adobe Flash Player
Media for Mac
(note that Windows Media Player 9 is PPC-only, and hasn't been updated since 2003)
Steve Jobs' conclusion that DRM is a failure
Coming to the iTunes Store
Two years later, Apple's iTunes went 100% DRM-free
What's wrong with Digital Restrictions
Making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others


Sir Ian Archibald Richmond, CBE, FBA, FSA (10 May 1902 – 5 October 1965) was a British archaeologist and academic. He was Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at the University of Oxford, Director of the British School at Rome from 1930 to 1932, President of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies from 1958 to 1961, and Director of the Society of Antiquaries of London from 1959 to 1964.
Sir Ian Richmond was Lancashire born and visited Lancaster a number of times. He excavated and made notes on the Beyond the Castle site. Sadly Sir Ian Richmond suffered heart problems and was unable to finish his write up for Lancaster at the time of his death in 1965.
Whilst at the Sackler Library in Oxford, Jason and I, through the wonders of modern technology, we were able to scan and photograph parts of the notebooks relating to Lancaster.
All of the notebooks are handwritten by Sir Ian Richmond, there are some typed letters of correspondence, maps and drawings. We have a lot of information to interpret and we hope that you would like to help! We will be using an online service, issuu, to get this information to you, it should be straightforward to use, but let us know if not.
Incomplete Transcript, all assistance appreciated and fully credited. Please please additions in the comments fields and we will collate together into one document:
M. Gregson, Portfolio of fragments relative to History and Antiquities topography and genealogy of the county Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster. 3rd Edin. 1896.
269-70 “The old stone figures were found in the spring of 1794, in digging the canal in the township of Ashton. The place is retired: about two or three hundred yds to the eastward if the highway leading from Lancaster to ******* and nearly one mile NE from Ashton Hall. It appeared that the spot had been sellcted for depositing **** figures; the field was in pasture at the time the canal was out, a swale* hillock rose in the lower parts of it, more *** and green than other parts of the land. Upon digging this place a considerable depth of soil was removed; the spade at length began to touch upon stones, as the workmen then used their picks; by this operation several parts of the figures were damages. The whole of **** were in the ****** of about six yards square and laid carefully in the hole about three feet deep) which had been made


Whoever post-processes survey data knows how difficult the consistent coding of some variables may be. For surveys not (yet) using our questionnaire module, the underlying databases will be a rich resource supporting more consistency in ex-post coding of e.g. occupations, industries or educational qualifications, and that across countries!
If you find open responses in your survey data concerning the variables covered in our module, for example respondents mentioning ‘other’ educational qualifications than those covered by the response list used by your survey, you can search for them in our databases, and retrieve the respective standard classification codes.
Go to availability, or check the ‘live search’ feature for each variable.
Schneider, S. L., Joye, D., Wolf, C., & Surveys, C. (2016). When Translation is not Enough: Background Variables in Comparative Surveys. In C. Wolf, D. Joye, T. W. Smith, & Y.-C. Fu (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Survey Methodology (pp. 288–307). Los Angeles.


March 4, 2015
Hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): classification of a Danish patient cohort according to EAACI/ENDA guidelines
The complete article is available as a provisional PDF. The fully formatted PDF and HTML versions are in production.
Combined Treatment with Antiviral Therapy and Rituximab in Patients with Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Review of the Literature and Report of a Case Using Direct Antiviral Agents-Based Antihepatitis C Virus Therapy
Case Reports in Immunology Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 816424, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/816424
March 2, 2015
February 27, 2015


A brief history of Hypnosis
Hypnosis and its therapeutic uses have been part of human cultures for thousands of years. It has gone through many expressions and changes to reach Hypnotism as we understand it today. These are some of the methods and pioneers that influenced the development of modern Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy.
From Sleep Temples to Ego Strengthening
Dream-like states and Hypnotic Suggestion
The Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans had Sleep Temples where people used hypnosis-like practices to put sick people in trance-like states, using their dreams to diagnose and cure them. Greek sleep temples were dedicated to Asclepios the Greek God of Healing. After undergoing a ritual purification practice and donating to the temple, people were brought into an Abaton, a sleep room where the God Asklepios would visit them in their dreams and either healed them or suggested the cure.
MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM
Paracelsus (1491-1541) and the Mind -Body Connection
Paracelsus was a Swiss renaissance physician who believed in the healing power of magnets and used magnets and the passing over of hands to cure people. Paracelsus is credited with bringing the mind-body connection concept to the west after travelling and studying extensively in India and central Asia for over 8 years. He also learned about the medicinal uses of plants and folk remedies from Gypsy communities. He theorised that there were two magnetic forces in the universe, one that connected everything and another that was “the vital spirit” in everything living which could be directed for healing purposes by the human mind, either your own or someone else’s.
Fr Maximilian Hell (1720-1792) and his magnetized loadstone plates
Interest in working with magnets continued into the Enlightenment with the interestingly named Jesuit priest Father Hell who was also a physician who worked with magnets and applied steel plates to people’s bodies as part of his treatment. One of his students was to take the next leap forward in the history of Hypnotism.
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) and his universal magnetic fluid
Hypnotism exploded into Western cultures during the Enlightenment with one of its most charismatic pioneers, Viennese physician Franz Anton Mesmer.
Building on the work of earlier magnetists, Mesmer initially used magnets to perform so called mesmeric passes over people much like a modern Reiki Healer to remove blockages He later found just passing his hands alone had beneficial effects and began investigating an effect he called Animal Magnetism, as opposed to mineral magnetism. He believed that he was able to tap into an invisible magnetic fluid which was present throughout the universe and direct it in another person’s body as a healing modality. His name is where the term Mesmerism comes from.
With the discovery of electricity, people during the Enlightenment period believed there were invisible forces everywhere and his work caught the zeitgeist and imagination of the people of the time. In his practice, Mesmer was also very successful in healing people to the chagrin of the medical community who generally had a poor ratio of patients surviving their treatments.
”He was a tall, handsome, imposing man. Every now and then he would place himself en rapport with a subject seated opposite him, foot against foot, knee against knee. This practice, often provoking a trance-like state, is thought to have been the germ of what would become hypnotism”.(Extract from Franklin and Mesmer : An Encounter)
As his popularity grew, Mesmer had wooden tubs constructed called Baquets which held thirty plus people who could be hypnotised at once; these Baquets were filled with iron filings and magnetised water. Over a period of 10 years, he became very successful and wealthy with many aristocratic clients. The scientific community of the time despised his success, his showmanship and his theatricality, healing using the force of his personality, along with the robes and rituals in his performances.
His theory was later discredited by the Franklin Commission appointed by King Louis XVI in 1784 to evaluate Animal Magnetism headed by Benjamin Franklin, ambassador to France at the time, and interestingly names Monsieur Guillotin, namesake of the eponymous device he later invented. They concluded that the force known as Animal magnetism did not exist and any benefits people experienced was down to their imagination and suggestibility. Mesmer was declared a charlatan, now infamous, his popularity dwindled.
The Marquis de Puysegur (1751-1855) and his theories of Hypnotic Induction
The interest in magnetism and mesmerism continued unabated despite Mesmer’s fall from grace and the next key figure in the development of Hypnotic practice was French Aristocrat the Marquis De Puysegur who was a Magnetist and disciple of Mesmer. He is credited with inventing the Hypnotic induction, the process Hypnotists uses to bring people into Hypnosis. He realised that suggestion and words were more effective than mesmeric passes or material aids at bringing a person into a trance like state which he called : Artificial Somnambulism and pioneered its psychotherapeutic applications. Somnambulism is the deepest trance state. He also discovered that people in deep trance could be operated on without experiencing pain or the need for anaesthesia
Abbé de Faria (1756-1819) and his understanding of the power of suggestion
Abbé de Faria was a Goan Catholic Monk, he was also a theologian, a philosopher, and a scientist
De Faria rejected the concept of Animal Magnetism and understood that Hypnosis which he termed “Lucid sleeping” worked purely by the will and the suggestibility of the subject being hypnotised, not the powerful personality and animal magnetism of the mesmeriser. His theatre shows demonstrating “Lucid sleeping” damaged his reputation. During the French Revolution he was imprisoned and spent his time distilling his theory and techniques of self-suggestion. Interestingly Alexandre Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo features the character of an imprisoned Abbé Faria .
James Esdaile. (1808 – 1859) Mesmerism and its practical application in surgery and medecine
Until the 1840s, most surgeries were conducted without pain relief as Ether and Chloroform had yet to be invented and Hypnosis became a popular form of anaesthesia. Scottish surgeon James Esdaile performed hundreds of major surgeries whilst practising in India . He was a Magnetist and believed passing his hands over patients, stroking their skin achieved pain relief. Using Hypnosis as his only form of anaesthesia, just 5% of his patients died during surgery compared to the average of 50% driving the belief that Hypnosis was responsible for the lower mortality rate. Back in England he tried in vain to get the medical Establishment to consider the value of Hypnosis as a legitimate therapeutic technique but was widely ridiculed. When Ether and Chloroform came on the scene, it was realised these were quicker to use, and were an opportunity to control a very lucrative and captive market.
The word “Hypnosis” is born.
James Braid (1795-1860) Gentleman Scientist and a Father of Modern Hypnotism
Scottish Surgeon James Braid is considered as one of the Fathers of modern Hypnotism. In 1843 he coined the term Hypnosis based on the Greek word “ Hypnos” for sleep as he theorised Hypnosis produced a “Nervous Sleep” which of course it does not, and the term mesmerism was consigned to the history books. He later tried unsuccessfully to rename it monoideism. Braid discovered, by chance, that getting a patient to fixate upon something was one of the most important factors in bringing them into a trance. The swinging pocket watch was popularised during that time, something many people associate with Hypnotism.
The French Schools of Hypnosis : Jean Martin Charcot (1835-1892) and Hippolyte Bernheim (1837-1919)
Dr Jean-Martin Charcot established a school in Paris and Dr Hippolyte Bernheim, and Dr Liebault established a School in Nancy. There was fierce rivalry between the Schools with Charcot theorising that Hypnosis was the result of hysteria and Hippolyte Bernheim theorising it was a natural state based on intensified suggestibility. Modern hypnosis follows in the steps of Hippolyte Bernheim and in 1891 the British Medical Association issued a resolution in favour of the use of Hypnosis, but it was not ratified until 1955.
KEY FIGURES FROM MODERN TIMES
Once Hypnosis gradually broke away from its association with Mesmerism, it gradually shifted its focus from Europe to the USA
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Incorporating Hypnosis and the dynamics of Psychoanalysis
Early on in his career Freud was interested in Hypnosis and used it to treat his patients but due to his lack of success, he abandoned it in favour of Free Association. Freud was such a key figure that avoidance of hypnosis and his influence on the field of psychotherapy dissuaded many of his contemporaries from exploring hypnosis during the first decades of the 20th century.
Émile Coué (1857-1926) and his Laws of Suggestion
Coué was a French psychologist and pharmacist, he pioneered self-improvement through positive self-talk and autosuggestion. Coué believed people had the solutions they needed within themselves and that the power of their imagination could help them visualise success through autosuggestion, which he also termed Applied Conditioning. He formulated the Laws of Suggestion and is the author of the famous mantra “Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better
Pierre Janet (1859-1947) and Dissociation and Transference
Janet was a pioneering French psychologist, physician, philosopher, and psychotherapist. A student of Charcot, Janet proposed events from a client’s past were connected to their present-day trauma, He conceptualised the idea of “ Dissociation” and the “Subconscious”. He also investigated the rapport between client and hypnotherapist which was later developed in psychoanalytic theory as transference. Initially opposed to Hypnosis, he later was in favour of its use due to its therapeutic and relaxing effect.
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) and the Collective Unconscious
He is considered one of the founders of modern psychology along with Freud, and developed the idea of archetypes, universal patterns of instinctual behaviour often used in metaphorical suggestions in hypnosis to bypass the rational and conscious mind.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1849-1936 and Anchors
Russian psychologist who developed the concept of the conditioned reflex also known Stimulus Response Theory which a foundational part of linking and anchoring behaviours in Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP).
Clarke Hull (1894-1952) The Modern Scientific Method and behaviour in terms of stimulus and response
Clark Hull was the first to legitimise the experimental study of Hypnosis and was the first to measure Hypnotic suggestibility and gave rise to the state non state debate. He was a pioneer searching for the means to make behaviourism - and a behavioural view of hypnosis - an exact science. His book Hypnosis and Suggestibility was the first book on Hypnosis to follow the modern scientific method.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) and the Therapeutic Alliance
Rogers pioneered the modern person-centred approach to therapy where the client was viewed with unconditional positive regard and a strong therapeutic alliance was essential in working to achieve the client’s goals. H also saw the client as resourceful and able to find their own solutions.
Milton H. Erickson (1901-1980) Pioneered the art of indirect suggestion in hypnosis.
Milton Erickson was one of the most successful modern-day hypnotherapists. He was a psychotherapist who used hypnosis to work with clients, he was a great observer of people and had an uncanny ability to build rapport tailoring his style to meet the needs of each client. Milton introduced innovative Hypnotherapy techniques such as metaphor, storytelling, confusion and established and his style of Induction is named Ericksonian Hypnosis.
John Hartland (1901-1977) Enhancing the inner resources of a client
Dr John Hartland was British medical practitioner and psychiatrist who used Hypnotism in his practice and is famous for conceptualising the term "ego-strengthening" with the publication his ego-strengthening script in the 1960's. This script was seen revolutionary because it was considered brief therapy as opposed to a course of psychotherapy which could last years.
Contemporary figures in Hypnosis
There are any more contemporary figures who have impacted the story of Hypnotherapy outside of the scope of this article. These include Richard Bandler and John Grinder who developed Neuro Linguistic Programming techniques (NLP), David Elman who developed the Elman Induction and who taught hypnotherapy to medical and psychology professionals.
I’ll leave you with a question to ponder. Do you think the early pioneers of Hypnosis would recognise Hypnosis as it is, and its many therapeutic applications?
If you are interested in learning more about the History of Hypnosis, you may find these resources useful:
Hughes, J. The Illustrated History of Hypnotism. National Guild of Hypnotists. Merrimack .2008
Hammond, D. (2013). A Review of the History of Hypnosis Through the Late 19th Century. The American journal of clinical hypnosis. 56. 174-91. 10.1080/00029157.2013.826172.
Leskowitz, Eric. (2019) Mesmer reconsidered: from animal magnetism to the biofield. Explore 15:95_97
Lopezb, Claude-Anne. Franklin & Mesmer: An Encounter Yale Journal of biology and medicine 66 (1993), pp. 325-331
Hypnosis in History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lKMC-7bHeM