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Thesis & Dissertation Title Page | Free Templates & Examples
Published on May 19, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.
The title page (or cover page) of your thesis , dissertation , or research paper should contain all the key information about your document. It usually includes:
- Dissertation or thesis title
- The type of document (e.g., dissertation, research paper)
- The department and institution
- The degree program (e.g., Master of Arts)
- The date of submission
It sometimes also includes your dissertation topic or field of study, your student number, your supervisor’s name, and your university’s logo.
Table of contents
Title page format, title page templates, title page example, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions.
Your department will usually tell you exactly what should be included on your title page and how it should be formatted. Be sure to check whether there are specific guidelines for margins, spacing, and font size.
Title pages for APA and MLA style
The format of your title page can also depend on the citation style you’re using. There may be guidelines in regards to alignment, page numbering, and mandatory elements.
- MLA guidelines for formatting the title page
- APA guidelines for formatting the title page
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We’ve created a few templates to help you design the title page for your thesis, dissertation, or research paper. You can download them in the format of your choice by clicking on the corresponding button.
Research paper Google Doc
Dissertation Google Doc
Thesis Google Doc
A typical example of a thesis title page looks like this:
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The title page of your thesis or dissertation should include your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date.
Usually, no title page is needed in an MLA paper . A header is generally included at the top of the first page instead. The exceptions are when:
- Your instructor requires one, or
- Your paper is a group project
In those cases, you should use a title page instead of a header, listing the same information but on a separate page.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
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Step-by-step Guide for a Title Page for a Research Paper
So you have finally done it; writing a research paper. However, just before you begin celebrating your triumph in writing a perfect research paper, the title page begs to be done before you break. Typically, the question of the research paper title comes before you even commence writing your research paper.
There are always two things about a research paper title page. One, it is the page that sets the first impression of your research paper. Thus, it can make the tutor or professor read it first or skip to the next one first. Secondly, the lack of it makes your papers look incomplete.
Any student should invest time and patience in making a presentable, standard, and professional research paper cover page. To say the least, you MUST learn how to format a title page of a research paper to grab the attention of your examiner, professor, or tutor.
Now, while making a title in APA, MLA, Harvard, or Chicago formatting might not be hard, trust us, some people find it otherwise.
In this article, our key focus is on how to make a perfect title page for research paper in MLA and APA formatting styles.
What is a Research Paper Title?
A well written and formatted research paper title page is the first page of your research paper. It bears your research paper title or topic. The title page gives a compressed overview of what to expect in the research paper.
The title page is always structured and formatted according to the citation and formatting style guidelines. For example, when writing a paper in APA, your first page- the research paper title page, must be formatted according to APA title page guidelines. The same applies to MLA, Harvard, and Chicago formats.
Your title page comprises of the running head, research paper topic, page number, student name and number, and student affiliation. During academic writing, you can structure your cover page in more than three standard styles: MLA, APA, and Chicago.
However, your research paper prompt or rubric will outline the instructions of the style to use. Research paper title pages are easy to format, structure, and edit. However, it would help if you had a guideline sometimes.
Format and Features of a Title Page
Now that we?ve defined it let us see the features and formats do we have for a title page of your research paper. If you aspire to score the highest possible grades in your research papers and improve GPA, include these into your research paper topic page:
- The research paper topic;
- Your name (the author?s name);
- Institutional Affiliation (high school, college, or university)
- Year of submission (Can be the date)
Like we highlighted before, a title page gives a sneak peek into your work. But, the adage demands that we do not judge a book by its cover. Well, is that true in the academic world? Probably to a smaller extent.
You will need to format your research paper title correctly. So, to answer the question of how to write a title page for a research paper accurately, you need a step-by-step guide.
Step-by-Step Guide on How to Develop a Research Paper Title Page
- Always write the research paper cover page first. However, take note of the respective formats.
- Your title page should be center-aligned, written third way down the document, and must have your full credentials.
- Ensure that the title is written in title case and that your official name is written.
- Add your institution's name. The name should be written in full.
- If the research paper was written by a group or co-authored, ensure that their different institutional affiliations come after the respective names of the authors/writers.
- Include the name of the course and the course code. The date can always come afterward.
So now that you know the drill on how to make a title page for a research paper, what are some of the ground rules?
Rules on making the best Research Paper Title
Regardless of the formatting style, there are specific rules that you must keep in mind. For a well-written and excellent research paper title page:
- Your title page should always be center-aligned.
- The title page must be double-spaced unless the paper you are writing is single-spaced.
- Maintain a 1-inch margin in all the sides of the paper as is the standard academic writing format.
- Preferably, use either Times New Roman, font 12 or any font as per the research paper instructions.
- Ensure your title page is correctly capitalized. When writing the names and topic, make sure you use capital letters where necessary. The conjunctions and pronouns can always take the lower case.
- As is with writing the other pages of your research paper, the title page should be well-numbered as well.
- The title of your research paper should be based on the research paper topic chosen and should be clear, catchy, and concise.
So then, let us have a look at the common examples of research paper titles.
APA Research Paper Title Page Guide
A title page for research paper APA format comprises of:
- Running head plus Topic
- The Research Paper Title
- Personal Credentials
- Page Number
An APA research paper title page has the research paper title halfway through the page. On the header, the APA title page features the Running head and the research paper topic or title. The title or topic should never be past 50 characters. It also entails the page number.
Consult with your research paper prompt on some of the details to include. Most professors or tutors will list what to add therein.
Research Paper Title Page APA Format Example
If your research paper title is about ?The Impacts of Aviation Industry on Human and Arms Trafficking,? here is what the title page for your research paper should look like.
Running head : AVIATION INDUSTRY AND HUMAN AND ARMS TRAFFICKING (plus the page number aligned to the right of the page)
Title : The Impacts of Aviation Industry on Human and Arms Trafficking
Student Name : Gavin Gray (center aligned)
Institutional Affiliation : New York University (Center-aligned)
Professor/Supervisor : Dr. Langston Wick (Center-aligned)
Research Paper Title Page MLA
This is for you if you are wondering how to make a title page in MLA research paper. Kindly note that MLA research paper title pages are rarely asked, which means you can format it like the normal essay cover page in MLA .
The Modern Language Association (MLA) mostly used in humanities and literature also has some standard requirements for a research paper title page. Here are the components:
- Research paper topic/title.
- Your name (author?s Name).
- Supervisor?s/instructor?s/Professor?s Name.
- Date of Submission.
Here is how to make a title page for a research paper, MLA formatting.
- Use standard Times New Roman font, 12pt when undertaking MLA research paper writing.
- The MLA research paper title comes a third down the page.
- Write the title in title case except for the prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.
- If the title of your research paper is a title or a published work, italicize
- Skip 2-3 lines after the MLA research paper title and write your name
- Again, skip 2-3 lines down and write the course/class
- Write the name of your instructor, tutor, or professor.
- Write the date of submission or the due date.
The Correct MLA Research Paper Title Page Example
If you are writing an MLA research paper on the topic: ?The Causes and Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa among Adolescents,? here is what the title page of your research paper should look like:
Title : The Causes and Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa among Adolescents
Student Name (2-3 lines down) : Gavin Gray
Course/Class Name (2-3 lines down) : Psychology 321
Instructor/Professor/Tutor : Dr. Rhodes McKenzie
You can also have a look at the ASA title page components in our previous articles. We are sure you can learn a thing or two and implement in your research paper title page.
You can use these wonderful tips as a college or university student and craft a breathtaking title page. However, if you lack the time to do your research paper, our custom writing service can help.
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Research paper format
Research paper cover page/title page.
The title page needs to include 4 items:
- The title of your paper. The title should concisely state the topic of the paper and the variables or theoretical issues that are being explored in relation to that topic. The title should be about 10-12 words long and should be centered in the middle of your page.
- The author’s name and institutional affiliation. The institutional affiliation is just the name of the place (usually a college or university) where the research was conducted. The author’s name and institutional affiliation should be centered and placed directly below the title.
- A running head. This is just an abbreviated version of your title, and should include no more than 50 characters (including spaces and punctuation). The running head is what appears at the top of each page next to the page number throughout the paper. The running head designation should be left justified and appear at the top of the page after the page number.
- A page number. Page numbers should appear on the title page in the upper right hand corner, after the running head. Pages should then be numbered consecutively in the upper right hand corner throughout the paper.
Here is a sample title page in APA format. Note how it includes the running head and page number in the upper right hand corner, defines the running head that will title all manuscript pages, and centers the title and author information in the middle of the page.
Composing A Cover Page For An MLA Research Paper
Modern Language Association style (MLA) is designated for specifying the requirements for academic writing, such as formatting and use of English. Although many research papers are created according to the MLA style, this style usually does not provide for a cover page. All the necessary information is mentioned on the first page instead. Therefore, do not compose a cover page, unless there are some special requirements.
Nevertheless, sometimes instructors may require a separate cover page, as they consider it more professional. Usually instructors specify the requirements for the title page. However, the standardized MLA Format title page includes the following information:
- University name.
- Paper title.
- Your class.
- Professor’s name.
You should format your cover page as follows:
- Write the name of your university.
- Write the title of your paper, skipping about one third of the page. Make sure, that the formatting is correct. The title should be written according to the title capitalization standards. Remember, that the first word of the title is always written in capital letters, despite the fact that it may be an article or a preposition. Keep in mind, that you should use punctuation rules as required. Do not underline, italicize your title and do not use quotation marks. However, punctuate citations as required.
- Skip a couple of lines and write your name. Remember to write both your first and last names.
- Skip another couple of lines and write your class, professor’s name, and the due date on separate lines. Make sure, that you write names accurately. When writing your professor’s title, remember to use the title as required. Write all the information about your course or class according to the instructions. According to the MLA format dates are usually written in European style. This means that you should write it in the following order: the day, the month, and the year.
- Remember to double-space the title page and center all the lines. Use the same format for each line. Do not use any special formatting, such as underlining, highlighting, or italicizing.
If your research requires a cover page, don’t forget that your first page will have special formatting. You are not supposed to mention all the information from the cover page there. However, the first page always contains the title of your work and your name. In addition, remember to write your name and page numbers on each page of the paper.
APA research paper format
Research paper template
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- Saudi J Anaesth
- v.13(Suppl 1); 2019 Apr
Writing the title and abstract for a research paper: Being concise, precise, and meticulous is the key
Milind s. tullu.
Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
This article deals with formulating a suitable title and an appropriate abstract for an original research paper. The “title” and the “abstract” are the “initial impressions” of a research article, and hence they need to be drafted correctly, accurately, carefully, and meticulously. Often both of these are drafted after the full manuscript is ready. Most readers read only the title and the abstract of a research paper and very few will go on to read the full paper. The title and the abstract are the most important parts of a research paper and should be pleasant to read. The “title” should be descriptive, direct, accurate, appropriate, interesting, concise, precise, unique, and should not be misleading. The “abstract” needs to be simple, specific, clear, unbiased, honest, concise, precise, stand-alone, complete, scholarly, (preferably) structured, and should not be misrepresentative. The abstract should be consistent with the main text of the paper, especially after a revision is made to the paper and should include the key message prominently. It is very important to include the most important words and terms (the “keywords”) in the title and the abstract for appropriate indexing purpose and for retrieval from the search engines and scientific databases. Such keywords should be listed after the abstract. One must adhere to the instructions laid down by the target journal with regard to the style and number of words permitted for the title and the abstract.
This article deals with drafting a suitable “title” and an appropriate “abstract” for an original research paper. Because the “title” and the “abstract” are the “initial impressions” or the “face” of a research article, they need to be drafted correctly, accurately, carefully, meticulously, and consume time and energy.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] Often, these are drafted after the complete manuscript draft is ready.[ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] Most readers will read only the title and the abstract of a published research paper, and very few “interested ones” (especially, if the paper is of use to them) will go on to read the full paper.[ 1 , 2 ] One must remember to adhere to the instructions laid down by the “target journal” (the journal for which the author is writing) regarding the style and number of words permitted for the title and the abstract.[ 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 12 ] Both the title and the abstract are the most important parts of a research paper – for editors (to decide whether to process the paper for further review), for reviewers (to get an initial impression of the paper), and for the readers (as these may be the only parts of the paper available freely and hence, read widely).[ 4 , 8 , 12 ] It may be worth for the novice author to browse through titles and abstracts of several prominent journals (and their target journal as well) to learn more about the wording and styles of the titles and abstracts, as well as the aims and scope of the particular journal.[ 5 , 7 , 9 , 13 ]
The details of the title are discussed under the subheadings of importance, types, drafting, and checklist.
Importance of the title
When a reader browses through the table of contents of a journal issue (hard copy or on website), the title is the “ first detail” or “face” of the paper that is read.[ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 13 ] Hence, it needs to be simple, direct, accurate, appropriate, specific, functional, interesting, attractive/appealing, concise/brief, precise/focused, unambiguous, memorable, captivating, informative (enough to encourage the reader to read further), unique, catchy, and it should not be misleading.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 ] It should have “just enough details” to arouse the interest and curiosity of the reader so that the reader then goes ahead with studying the abstract and then (if still interested) the full paper.[ 1 , 2 , 4 , 13 ] Journal websites, electronic databases, and search engines use the words in the title and abstract (the “keywords”) to retrieve a particular paper during a search; hence, the importance of these words in accessing the paper by the readers has been emphasized.[ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 12 , 14 ] Such important words (or keywords) should be arranged in appropriate order of importance as per the context of the paper and should be placed at the beginning of the title (rather than the later part of the title, as some search engines like Google may just display only the first six to seven words of the title).[ 3 , 5 , 12 ] Whimsical, amusing, or clever titles, though initially appealing, may be missed or misread by the busy reader and very short titles may miss the essential scientific words (the “keywords”) used by the indexing agencies to catch and categorize the paper.[ 1 , 3 , 4 , 9 ] Also, amusing or hilarious titles may be taken less seriously by the readers and may be cited less often.[ 4 , 15 ] An excessively long or complicated title may put off the readers.[ 3 , 9 ] It may be a good idea to draft the title after the main body of the text and the abstract are drafted.[ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]
Types of titles
Titles can be descriptive, declarative, or interrogative. They can also be classified as nominal, compound, or full-sentence titles.
Descriptive or neutral title
This has the essential elements of the research theme, that is, the patients/subjects, design, interventions, comparisons/control, and outcome, but does not reveal the main result or the conclusion.[ 3 , 4 , 12 , 16 ] Such a title allows the reader to interpret the findings of the research paper in an impartial manner and with an open mind.[ 3 ] These titles also give complete information about the contents of the article, have several keywords (thus increasing the visibility of the article in search engines), and have increased chances of being read and (then) being cited as well.[ 4 ] Hence, such descriptive titles giving a glimpse of the paper are generally preferred.[ 4 , 16 ]
This title states the main finding of the study in the title itself; it reduces the curiosity of the reader, may point toward a bias on the part of the author, and hence is best avoided.[ 3 , 4 , 12 , 16 ]
This is the one which has a query or the research question in the title.[ 3 , 4 , 16 ] Though a query in the title has the ability to sensationalize the topic, and has more downloads (but less citations), it can be distracting to the reader and is again best avoided for a research article (but can, at times, be used for a review article).[ 3 , 6 , 16 , 17 ]
From a sentence construct point of view, titles may be nominal (capturing only the main theme of the study), compound (with subtitles to provide additional relevant information such as context, design, location/country, temporal aspect, sample size, importance, and a provocative or a literary; for example, see the title of this review), or full-sentence titles (which are longer and indicate an added degree of certainty of the results).[ 4 , 6 , 9 , 16 ] Any of these constructs may be used depending on the type of article, the key message, and the author's preference or judgement.[ 4 ]
Drafting a suitable title
A stepwise process can be followed to draft the appropriate title. The author should describe the paper in about three sentences, avoiding the results and ensuring that these sentences contain important scientific words/keywords that describe the main contents and subject of the paper.[ 1 , 4 , 6 , 12 ] Then the author should join the sentences to form a single sentence, shorten the length (by removing redundant words or adjectives or phrases), and finally edit the title (thus drafted) to make it more accurate, concise (about 10–15 words), and precise.[ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 ] Some journals require that the study design be included in the title, and this may be placed (using a colon) after the primary title.[ 2 , 3 , 4 , 14 ] The title should try to incorporate the Patients, Interventions, Comparisons and Outcome (PICO).[ 3 ] The place of the study may be included in the title (if absolutely necessary), that is, if the patient characteristics (such as study population, socioeconomic conditions, or cultural practices) are expected to vary as per the country (or the place of the study) and have a bearing on the possible outcomes.[ 3 , 6 ] Lengthy titles can be boring and appear unfocused, whereas very short titles may not be representative of the contents of the article; hence, optimum length is required to ensure that the title explains the main theme and content of the manuscript.[ 4 , 5 , 9 ] Abbreviations (except the standard or commonly interpreted ones such as HIV, AIDS, DNA, RNA, CDC, FDA, ECG, and EEG) or acronyms should be avoided in the title, as a reader not familiar with them may skip such an article and nonstandard abbreviations may create problems in indexing the article.[ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 ] Also, too much of technical jargon or chemical formulas in the title may confuse the readers and the article may be skipped by them.[ 4 , 9 ] Numerical values of various parameters (stating study period or sample size) should also be avoided in the titles (unless deemed extremely essential).[ 4 ] It may be worthwhile to take an opinion from a impartial colleague before finalizing the title.[ 4 , 5 , 6 ] Thus, multiple factors (which are, at times, a bit conflicting or contrasting) need to be considered while formulating a title, and hence this should not be done in a hurry.[ 4 , 6 ] Many journals ask the authors to draft a “short title” or “running head” or “running title” for printing in the header or footer of the printed paper.[ 3 , 12 ] This is an abridged version of the main title of up to 40–50 characters, may have standard abbreviations, and helps the reader to navigate through the paper.[ 3 , 12 , 14 ]
Checklist for a good title
Table 1 gives a checklist/useful tips for drafting a good title for a research paper.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 12 ] Table 2 presents some of the titles used by the author of this article in his earlier research papers, and the appropriateness of the titles has been commented upon. As an individual exercise, the reader may try to improvise upon the titles (further) after reading the corresponding abstract and full paper.
Checklist/useful tips for drafting a good title for a research paper
Some titles used by author of this article in his earlier publications and remark/comment on their appropriateness
The details of the abstract are discussed under the subheadings of importance, types, drafting, and checklist.
Importance of the abstract
The abstract is a summary or synopsis of the full research paper and also needs to have similar characteristics like the title. It needs to be simple, direct, specific, functional, clear, unbiased, honest, concise, precise, self-sufficient, complete, comprehensive, scholarly, balanced, and should not be misleading.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 17 ] Writing an abstract is to extract and summarize (AB – absolutely, STR – straightforward, ACT – actual data presentation and interpretation).[ 17 ] The title and abstracts are the only sections of the research paper that are often freely available to the readers on the journal websites, search engines, and in many abstracting agencies/databases, whereas the full paper may attract a payment per view or a fee for downloading the pdf copy.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 ] The abstract is an independent and stand-alone (that is, well understood without reading the full paper) section of the manuscript and is used by the editor to decide the fate of the article and to choose appropriate reviewers.[ 2 , 7 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] Even the reviewers are initially supplied only with the title and the abstract before they agree to review the full manuscript.[ 7 , 13 ] This is the second most commonly read part of the manuscript, and therefore it should reflect the contents of the main text of the paper accurately and thus act as a “real trailer” of the full article.[ 2 , 7 , 11 ] The readers will go through the full paper only if they find the abstract interesting and relevant to their practice; else they may skip the paper if the abstract is unimpressive.[ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 13 ] The abstract needs to highlight the selling point of the manuscript and succeed in luring the reader to read the complete paper.[ 3 , 7 ] The title and the abstract should be constructed using keywords (key terms/important words) from all the sections of the main text.[ 12 ] Abstracts are also used for submitting research papers to a conference for consideration for presentation (as oral paper or poster).[ 9 , 13 , 17 ] Grammatical and typographic errors reflect poorly on the quality of the abstract, may indicate carelessness/casual attitude on part of the author, and hence should be avoided at all times.[ 9 ]
Types of abstracts
The abstracts can be structured or unstructured. They can also be classified as descriptive or informative abstracts.
Structured and unstructured abstracts
Structured abstracts are followed by most journals, are more informative, and include specific subheadings/subsections under which the abstract needs to be composed.[ 1 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 18 ] These subheadings usually include context/background, objectives, design, setting, participants, interventions, main outcome measures, results, and conclusions.[ 1 ] Some journals stick to the standard IMRAD format for the structure of the abstracts, and the subheadings would include Introduction/Background, Methods, Results, And (instead of Discussion) the Conclusion/s.[ 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 18 ] Structured abstracts are more elaborate, informative, easy to read, recall, and peer-review, and hence are preferred; however, they consume more space and can have same limitations as an unstructured abstract.[ 7 , 9 , 18 ] The structured abstracts are (possibly) better understood by the reviewers and readers. Anyway, the choice of the type of the abstract and the subheadings of a structured abstract depend on the particular journal style and is not left to the author's wish.[ 7 , 10 , 12 ] Separate subheadings may be necessary for reporting meta-analysis, educational research, quality improvement work, review, or case study.[ 1 ] Clinical trial abstracts need to include the essential items mentioned in the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials) guidelines.[ 7 , 9 , 14 , 19 ] Similar guidelines exist for various other types of studies, including observational studies and for studies of diagnostic accuracy.[ 20 , 21 ] A useful resource for the above guidelines is available at www.equator-network.org (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research). Unstructured (or non-structured) abstracts are free-flowing, do not have predefined subheadings, and are commonly used for papers that (usually) do not describe original research.[ 1 , 7 , 9 , 10 ]
The four-point structured abstract: This has the following elements which need to be properly balanced with regard to the content/matter under each subheading:[ 9 ]
Background and/or Objectives: This states why the work was undertaken and is usually written in just a couple of sentences.[ 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] The hypothesis/study question and the major objectives are also stated under this subheading.[ 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 ]
Methods: This subsection is the longest, states what was done, and gives essential details of the study design, setting, participants, blinding, sample size, sampling method, intervention/s, duration and follow-up, research instruments, main outcome measures, parameters evaluated, and how the outcomes were assessed or analyzed.[ 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 ]
Results/Observations/Findings: This subheading states what was found, is longer, is difficult to draft, and needs to mention important details including the number of study participants, results of analysis (of primary and secondary objectives), and include actual data (numbers, mean, median, standard deviation, “P” values, 95% confidence intervals, effect sizes, relative risks, odds ratio, etc.).[ 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 ]
Conclusions: The take-home message (the “so what” of the paper) and other significant/important findings should be stated here, considering the interpretation of the research question/hypothesis and results put together (without overinterpreting the findings) and may also include the author's views on the implications of the study.[ 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 ]
The eight-point structured abstract: This has the following eight subheadings – Objectives, Study Design, Study Setting, Participants/Patients, Methods/Intervention, Outcome Measures, Results, and Conclusions.[ 3 , 9 , 18 ] The instructions to authors given by the particular journal state whether they use the four- or eight-point abstract or variants thereof.[ 3 , 14 ]
Descriptive and Informative abstracts
Descriptive abstracts are short (75–150 words), only portray what the paper contains without providing any more details; the reader has to read the full paper to know about its contents and are rarely used for original research papers.[ 7 , 10 ] These are used for case reports, reviews, opinions, and so on.[ 7 , 10 ] Informative abstracts (which may be structured or unstructured as described above) give a complete detailed summary of the article contents and truly reflect the actual research done.[ 7 , 10 ]
Drafting a suitable abstract
It is important to religiously stick to the instructions to authors (format, word limit, font size/style, and subheadings) provided by the journal for which the abstract and the paper are being written.[ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 13 ] Most journals allow 200–300 words for formulating the abstract and it is wise to restrict oneself to this word limit.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 22 ] Though some authors prefer to draft the abstract initially, followed by the main text of the paper, it is recommended to draft the abstract in the end to maintain accuracy and conformity with the main text of the paper (thus maintaining an easy linkage/alignment with title, on one hand, and the introduction section of the main text, on the other hand).[ 2 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] The authors should check the subheadings (of the structured abstract) permitted by the target journal, use phrases rather than sentences to draft the content of the abstract, and avoid passive voice.[ 1 , 7 , 9 , 12 ] Next, the authors need to get rid of redundant words and edit the abstract (extensively) to the correct word count permitted (every word in the abstract “counts”!).[ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 13 ] It is important to ensure that the key message, focus, and novelty of the paper are not compromised; the rationale of the study and the basis of the conclusions are clear; and that the abstract is consistent with the main text of the paper.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 22 ] This is especially important while submitting a revision of the paper (modified after addressing the reviewer's comments), as the changes made in the main (revised) text of the paper need to be reflected in the (revised) abstract as well.[ 2 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 22 ] Abbreviations should be avoided in an abstract, unless they are conventionally accepted or standard; references, tables, or figures should not be cited in the abstract.[ 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 ] It may be worthwhile not to rush with the abstract and to get an opinion by an impartial colleague on the content of the abstract; and if possible, the full paper (an “informal” peer-review).[ 1 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 17 ] Appropriate “Keywords” (three to ten words or phrases) should follow the abstract and should be preferably chosen from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) list of the U.S. National Library of Medicine ( https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search ) and are used for indexing purposes.[ 2 , 3 , 11 , 12 ] These keywords need to be different from the words in the main title (the title words are automatically used for indexing the article) and can be variants of the terms/phrases used in the title, or words from the abstract and the main text.[ 3 , 12 ] The ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; http://www.icmje.org/ ) also recommends publishing the clinical trial registration number at the end of the abstract.[ 7 , 14 ]
Checklist for a good abstract
Table 3 gives a checklist/useful tips for formulating a good abstract for a research paper.[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 22 ]
Checklist/useful tips for formulating a good abstract for a research paper
This review article has given a detailed account of the importance and types of titles and abstracts. It has also attempted to give useful hints for drafting an appropriate title and a complete abstract for a research paper. It is hoped that this review will help the authors in their career in medical writing.
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest.
There are no conflicts of interest.
The author thanks Dr. Hemant Deshmukh - Dean, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, for granting permission to publish this manuscript.
How to Create a Title Page in APA Format, With Examples
An APA format title page is the first page of a paper that gives the title, author’s name, author’s affiliations (school or institution), and other information helpful for organizing and introducing the paper. When you’re writing papers in the APA format, a title page is required.
The APA format places particular emphasis on the title page and even includes different rules for students and professionals. In this guide, we explain how to write an APA format title page and what to include in it. We’ll also share an APA format title page example for both student and professional papers.
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What is an APA format title page?
An APA format title page is the first page of a paper that includes essential information like the title, name(s) of the paper’s author(s), and the affiliation of each author—typically their school or institution. The title page acts as an introduction to the paper and presents all the essential information in an easy-to-find location, making it easier for someone (like your professor) to organize multiple papers at once.
Papers written in the APA format require a title page, although what you need to include is different depending on whether you are a student or professional.
What are the 7 required items for an APA title page?
For students writing in the APA format, the title page needs to include seven parts, each in their required location:
1 Page number
The page number goes in the upper-right corner of the title page, as part of the running head. This should be flush right with the page margin (1 inch). Because the title page comes first, this page number is always 1 .
The first line of text on the title page is, appropriately, the title. It follows these formatting guidelines:
- The text is bold.
- The title is centered.
- The title follows standard rules for capitalization in titles .
- It’s written three or four lines down from the top-page margin.
There’s no need to change the font or even the text size for the title; you can use whatever size and font you use in the rest of your paper.
Next comes the author’s name, or byline. If there is more than one author, the formatting rules change slightly, so pay extra attention to these guidelines:
- Add one empty, double-spaced line between the title and the byline.
- Names are written in standard font (no bold or italics).
- Names are centered.
- If there are two authors, separate their names with the word and.
- If there are three or more authors, separate their names with commas and the word and before the final name.
- For multiple authors, organize their names by their contribution to the paper, not alphabetically.
- For names with suffixes, include a space before the suffix but not a comma (e.g., Robert Downey Jr. ).
- Place all names on the same line if possible.
4 Affiliation (school or institution)
After the byline comes the affiliation. This usually refers to the school the author attends, but it can also refer to a nonacademic institution like a hospital or an independent laboratory. If the author has no affiliation, write their location, including a city and country.
For one author, the affiliation goes on the line directly below their name. If the author has more than one affiliation, place the second affiliation on the line below the first.
For two or more authors with the same affiliation, simply place the affiliation on the line below the byline. You need to mention it only once.
For multiple authors with different affiliations, include superscript numbers (like you do with footnotes ) after each name. On the lines below the byline, place one affiliation per line, starting with the corresponding superscript number (again, just like footnotes).
Affiliations also include the name of any department or division, if applicable . Write the department or division first, followed by a comma, and then write the school or institution name. If multiple authors are affiliated with the same school but are associated with different departments, you still need to write different affiliation lines, one for each department.
5 Course name
The course name is placed on the line below the affiliation. Include the course code if available.
On the line below the course name, write the name of the course instructor. Use their complete name, including honorific titles like “Dr.”
Last, the due date of the assignment goes on the line below the instructor. It’s best if the date is written out in full. For example, spell out the month’s name instead of using abbreviations or numbers (it’s OK to use numbers for the days though).
Student vs. professional APA format title page
The seven parts of a title page above apply to student papers, but what about professional papers?
The formatting for professional title pages is largely the same: The paper title, author name(s), and affiliations are all written following the rules above. However, there are some major differences:
- Professional papers do not require the course name, instructor, or due date on the title page.
- Professional papers use an advanced running head that includes a shortened form or summary of the title. This shortened title is written in all caps and oriented flush left at the margin (the page number is still flush right).
- The title page of professional papers includes an author note, which provides additional commentary about the authors that is relevant to the paper. Author notes typically entail an ORCID iD, disclosures, or acknowledgments, as well as a note mentioning any change in affiliation after the paper was written.
APA format title page examples
Student apa format title page example.
Milgrim Experiments Revisited: Authority’s Influence in Modern Times
Stanley Milgrim Jr. and Thomas Blass Jr.
Department of Psychology, Yale University
PSYC 140: Social Science Core
Dr. Steve Chang
May 10, 2023
Professional APA format title page example
SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL ANXIETY 1
Antisocial Media: Social Media’s Link to Social Anxiety
Mike Kluckenberg 1 , Erin Mosk 2 , and Zhang Ming 3, 4
1 Department of Psychology, University of Silicon Valley
2 Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University
3 Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
4 Department of Psychology, Yale University
Mike Kluckenberg: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-3874
Erin Mosk is now at the Busines, Computing and Social Sciences Division, University of San Francisco.
We have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Title page vs. cover page: What’s the difference?
The terms title page and cover page have different meanings in print media and the publishing industry. However, in the APA format, they mean the same thing: A cover page is just an alternative name for the title page.
APA format title page FAQs
What is a title page.
A title page is the first page of a paper that displays basic information like the author’s names, paper title, and the school or institution the authors are affiliated with.
For student papers written in APA format, the title page needs to include (1) the page number in the upper-right corner, as part of the running head, (2) the paper’s title, (3) the author’s name, (4) the author’s affiliation (school or institution), (5) the course name, (6) the course instructor, (7) the due date.
What is the difference between a title page and a cover page?
Title pages and cover pages have different meanings in print media and the publishing industry. However, when it comes to writing a paper in APA format, the title page and cover page are the same thing.
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- Academic essay overview
- The writing process
- Structuring academic essays
- Types of academic essays
- Academic writing overview
- Sentence structure
- Academic writing process
- Improving your academic writing
- Titles and headings
- APA style overview
- APA citation & referencing
- APA structure & sections
- Citation & referencing
- Structure and sections
- APA examples overview
- Commonly used citations
- Other examples
- British English vs. American English
- Chicago style overview
- Chicago citation & referencing
- Chicago structure & sections
- Chicago style examples
- Citing sources overview
- Citation format
- Citation examples
- College essay overview
- How to write a college essay
- Types of college essays
- Commonly confused words
- Dissertation overview
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- Dissertation writing process
- Graduate school overview
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- Harvard referencing overview
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- Methodology overview
- Analyzing data
- Inductive vs. Deductive
- Qualitative vs. Quantitative
- Types of validity
- Types of reliability
- Sampling methods
- Theories & Concepts
- Types of research studies
- Types of variables
- MLA style overview
- MLA examples
- MLA citation & referencing
- MLA structure & sections
- Plagiarism overview
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- Printing production overview
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Title Page – Definition, Formats & Examples
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- 1 Definition: Title Page
- 3 Formats & Examples
- 4 Tips for a Good Title Page
- 5 In a Nutshell
Definition: Title Page
In its simplest form, a title page is something that gets put at the very start of an academic essay or paper. It is designed to be an indicator of the basic points of your project. The main components of any title page include your own name, the title of your essay and the name of the school, college or university in which you have written and are submitting the paper.
In the world of advanced academia, there are plenty of assignment requirements that a student needs to adhere to in order to get the best marks possible. It might not seem like it, but one of the most important of these smaller requirements is mastering the art of the title page.
What is a Title Page?
Put simply, a title page is placed at the very front of an academic dissertation or thesis. Generally, a title page will contain all of the important information about your writing including the name of the project, the name of the author and the name of the institution that you are writing the paper with. There are different ways of formatting the title page depending on the institution.
Do you need a Title Page?
In many cases at college and university level, you are going to be required to use a title page for all your extensive academic writing assignments. Tutors, professors and other staff members that evaluate your projects usually like to see a clear indication of the purpose and topic at the very beginning of your paper. It’s important that the thesis title displayed on the title page, represents your thesis statement and the contents of your paper.
What is the difference between a Title Page and a Cover Page?
A title page is the page that comes right at the very beginning of your paper, a page that only has the bare essentials like title, author’s name and institution name on it. A cover page , however, is something that often comes after the title page. It is an opportunity for the essay writer to pen a brief description of what the project is actually about and what it intends to explore.
Which page comes first?
A title page should always come before a cover page . This can easily be remembered with the solid rule that a title page should be the very first thing that is seen when you put together your essay pages. Be sure to check with your institution which formatting you’re required to use, as this will determine the margins and text size.
Is it easy to create a Title Page?
As long as you follow the guidelines that are attached to the style of essay or thesis format that your school or institution dictates, you shouldn’t have any trouble. Once you know the rules, creating a title page is the simplest part of your entire paper writing process.
Formats & Examples
Something to keep in mind when getting started on a title page is that there is more than one kind. There are three main formats in circulation when it comes to title pages, and the one that you are required to use is dictated by the specific essay writing format that your chosen institution prefers. Here is some information about title page requirements of the three main writing formats in modern academia.
APA Title Page
An APA Title Page should include:
– A running head.
– The first page number.
– The title of the paper, which should not exceed more than twelve words in length or contain any abbreviations.
– Your name as the author.
– The name of your academic institution.
MLA Title Page
A MLA Title Page should include:
– The title of your paper.
– Your name.
– Name of the class or course that the paper is for.
– Name of your professor.
– Date of your paper submission.
Latex Title Page
A Latex format title page should include:
– Any subtitle that you might also use.
– A line to explain which thesis or doctorate this paper is being submitted for.
– The graphic logo of your academic institution.
– Followed by department name, university name, country and date.
Tips for a Good Title Page
A few extra tips for creating the best title page possible include:
- Don’t be too wordy on your title page. Keep your front page information to a bare minimum with only the essentials being listed.
- Make sure to double check with your professors and with the guidelines of your specific format that you are abiding by the line spacing rules. Some formats like double spaced, some formats like 1.5 spaced. It is important to make sure that you get all of these small details correct along with the appropriate wording.
- Don’t be tempted to capitalise words that don’t need to be capitalised. There is a tendency to put a capital letter in all words of a title page, but this isn’t necessary and is seen as bad grammar by the marker.
- Don’t treat the title page as simply an afterthought. Make the effort to print it on the same kind of paper, use the same font as the rest of your essay and use the same sized lettering as you have used in throughout your project.
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In a Nutshell
Ultimately, you will be able to produce a perfect title page if you just follow these simple, nutshell instructions:
- Pay close attention to which of the three main formats your university is using and make the effort to abide by those rules specifically.
- Take the time to make sure that every single word on the title page is spelt correctly and placed correctly according to the structure and template.
- Pay close attention to the order in which you are required to place your lines on the page. It can vary from format to format and whilst it might not seem like a vital component compared to the content of your essay, it can lose your marks in the final grading.
As long as you stick to the strict guidelines and treat your title page in the same meticulous way that you would treat a bibliography or contents page, you should have no trouble at all with meeting the standard.
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Spokane Historical is a web and mobile platform for telling stories of Spokane and Eastern Washington.
Spokane Historical is a project of the Public History program at Eastern Washington University. Spokane Historical is a free app available on your Android or iPhone smart phone or tablet. You can also enjoy the stories in Spokane Historical on the web at spokanehistorical.org.
Want to become involved with Spokane Historical? We are seeking partners, stories and sponsors to add more stories to Spokane Historical. Contact Dr. Larry Cebula at LarryCebula@gmail.com to see how you can help!
This site is powered by Omeka + Curatescape, a humanities-centered web and mobile framework available for both Android and iOS devices.


In the digital age, the way we consume stories has transformed dramatically, with online platforms offering unprecedented access to a global tapestry of narratives. Toonkor stands as a testament to this digital revolution, serving as a gateway to a diverse universe of comics and webtoons that captivate readers across the globe.
This introduction would set the stage for an in-depth exploration of Toonkor, highlighting its significance in the digital comic and webtoon landscape. It would touch upon the platform’s origins, its mission to bring a myriad of storytelling forms to a broad audience, and its role in popularizing the webtoon format beyond its Korean roots.
The Toonkor Experience: Navigating the World of Digital Comics
Toonkor is not just a repository of digital comics and webtoons; it is an immersive experience designed to engage and captivate its audience. This section of the article would delve into the user experience offered by Toonkor, discussing the interface’s design, ease of navigation, and the variety of genres available to readers.
From romance and action to mystery and fantasy, Toonkor provides a rich palette of stories that appeal to diverse tastes and interests. The discussion would also cover the platform’s features, such as language options, reading modes, and personalization features, which enhance the reading experience and accessibility for a global audience.
The Impact of Toonkor on the Comic and Webtoon Industry
Toonkor’s influence extends far beyond its user base, having a profound impact on the comic and webtoon industry as a whole. This segment would analyze how Toonkor has contributed to the globalization of webtoons, offering insights into how the platform has opened new markets for creators and provided a launchpad for emerging talents.
It would explore the symbiotic relationship between Toonkor and its creators, highlighting how the platform supports artists while benefiting from a constant stream of fresh and engaging content. Additionally, this section would examine the economic and cultural implications of Toonkor’s success, including its role in shaping trends and preferences within the digital storytelling world.
Challenges and Controversies: Navigating the Waters of Online Publication
Like any digital platform, Toonkor faces its share of challenges and controversies. This part of the article would address the legal, ethical, and operational hurdles encountered by Toonkor and similar platforms. It would discuss issues such as copyright infringement, content regulation, and the balance between freedom of expression and the protection of intellectual property rights.
This section would also touch upon the challenges of maintaining quality and originality in a rapidly expanding content library, as well as the measures Toonkor has implemented to address these concerns and ensure a respectful and equitable environment for both creators and readers.
The Future of Toonkor: Innovations and Horizons
Looking ahead, Toonkor is poised at the forefront of digital storytelling innovation. This concluding section would speculate on the future directions and developments anticipated for Toonkor, considering technological advancements, expanding content genres, and evolving reader preferences.
It would explore potential areas for growth, such as augmented and virtual reality experiences, interactive storytelling, and the integration of AI to personalize reader experiences. Furthermore, this part of the article would reflect on the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for Toonkor, as it continues to navigate the ever-changing landscape of digital comics and webtoons.
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Toonkor’s Reach
Technology plays a pivotal role in the evolution and accessibility of digital platforms like Toonkor. This section would explore the technological innovations that have propelled Toonkor to the forefront of the digital comics and webtoons industry. From advanced streaming technologies that ensure smooth, high-quality image loading to sophisticated algorithms that recommend personalized content to users, technology enhances every aspect of the Toonkor experience.
Furthermore, the discussion could include the importance of mobile optimization, given the prevalent use of smartphones and tablets for reading digital comics, highlighting how Toonkor leverages these technologies to meet the demands of a mobile-first audience.
Cultivating a Community: Toonkor’s Social Impact
Beyond being a platform for content consumption, Toonkor fosters a vibrant community of readers and creators. This segment would delve into the social dimensions of Toonkor, examining how the platform encourages interaction, discussion, and collaboration among its users.
It would discuss features such as comment sections, forums, and social sharing options that enable readers to engage with content and with each other, creating a sense of belonging and a shared cultural space. Additionally, this part would cover how Toonkor supports creators through feedback mechanisms, allowing them to connect with their audience, gather insights, and refine their storytelling based on reader responses.
Navigating Copyright and Creative Freedom: A Delicate Balance
The digital age has ushered in new challenges regarding copyright and creative freedom, particularly for platforms like Toonkor that host a wide array of user-generated content. This section would take a closer look at how Toonkor manages the delicate balance between protecting intellectual property rights and fostering creative expression.
It would discuss the platform’s policies on copyright, its mechanisms for addressing copyright infringement claims, and its efforts to educate creators and users about their rights and responsibilities. This examination could also touch upon the broader implications for the digital content industry, exploring how Toonkor’s approach might serve as a model or cautionary tale for other platforms.
Toonkor in the Global Landscape: Bridging Cultures through Comics
Toonkor’s reach is not confined to its country of origin; it serves as a bridge connecting cultures through the universal language of storytelling. This segment would focus on Toonkor’s role in globalizing Korean comics and webtoons, making them accessible and relatable to an international audience.
It would explore the translation and localization processes that allow stories to resonate across cultural boundaries, as well as the selection of content that appeals to global tastes. Additionally, this part could examine the cross-cultural exchange facilitated by Toonkor, including the introduction of international comics to the Korean audience, fostering a reciprocal flow of cultural influence.


Bumba Mukherjee, Vineeta Yadav, and Nguyen K. Huynh. Right-Wing Populist Parties and Reversal of Economic Reforms in Developing States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Nguyen K. Huynh and Bumba Mukherjee. “Electoral Particularism, Capital Markets, and Left-Wing Populism.” International Organization (Conditionally Accepted).
Brandon Bolte, Nicolás Schmidt, Sergio Béjar, Nguyen K. Huynh, and Bumba Mukherjee. 2021. “BayesSPsurv: An R Package to Estimate Bayesian (Spatial) Split-Population Survival Models.” The R Journal, 13(1), p.595–613.
Nguyen K. Huynh, Sergio Béjar, Vineeta Yadav, and Bumba Mukherjee. 2021. “IDCeMPy: Python Package for Inflated Discrete Choice Models.” Journal of Open Source Software, 6(63), p.3322a-3322e.
Bumba Mukherjee and Nguyen K. Huynh. Forthcoming. ”Authoritarian Regimes and the Reversal of Economic Reforms.“ In Research Handbook on Authoritarianism, edited by Natasha Lindstaedt and Jeroen Van den Bosch. Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar Publishing.
Working Papers & Papers Under Review
Nguyen K. Huynh. “Right-wing Populist Parties and The Politics of Renegotiating in International Agreements.”
Nguyen K. Huynh. “The IMF and Economic Crises in Authoritarian Regimes” (Under Review).
Nguyen K. Huynh, Bumba Mukherjee, and Vineeta Yadav. “Political Clientelism, Financial Crisis, and the Rise of Right-Wing Populist Parties in Developing Democracies” (Under Review).
Minnie M. Joo, Brandon L. Bolte, Nguyen K. Huynh, Vineeta Yadav, and Bumba Mukherjee. “Right-Wing Populist Leaders, Nationalist Rhetoric, and Dispute Initiation in International Politics” (Under Review).
Minnie M. Joo, Brandon Bolte, Nguyen K. Huynh, and Bumba Mukherjee. “Modeling Spatially Clustered Political Event Processes in Split-Population Survival Data” (Under Review).
Nguyen K. Huynh. “Varieties of Populism and Economic Globalization.”
Brandon L. Bolte, Nicolas Schmidt, Sergio Bejar, Bumba Mukherjee, Minnie M. Joo, and Nguyen K. Huynh. R package “BayesSPsurv: Bayesian Spatial Split Population Survival Model.”
Documentation Package Repository
Geo-coded survey experiments in Brazil, India, Israel, and Japan (2021-2022).
Geo-coded Survey Samples
Nguyen K. Huynh. “Elections and Legislative Representation of Right-wing and Left-wing Populist Parties in Developing Country Democracies.”
Electoral Support for Right-wing Populist Parties across Developing Democracies, 1980-2018
Nguyen K. Huynh. “Global Sample of Right-wing and Left-wing Populist Leaders, 1840-2014.”
Ore Koren, Brandon L. Bolte, Minnie M. Joo, Nguyen K. Huynh, and Bumba Mukherjee. “Global Dataset on Political and Military Integration of Government-Supported Agents of Violence.”


Swadyaya (self -study) is one portion of the Yogic path.
Individuals wishing to delve deeper into the multiple layers of Yoga are invited to join these discussions held seasonally. Request to be part of The Yogi Book Club group on Facebook, or if you are not on Facebook just drop us a line and we will keep you updated via e-mail.
Want to start a local book club? tips
Books read in the 1st season of The Yogi Book Club.
Books to Consider Reading on Your Own.
Autobiography of a Yogi
by Paramahansa Yogananada
You may also like to see the movie based on his life
The Wisdom of Yoga
by Stephen Cope
A seeker’s guide to extraordinary living. The story of individual journeys are likened to aspects of The Yoga Sutras.
by Patrick Shaw & Jenny Kostecki-Shaw
Steep yourself in India’s rich chai culture in this multimedia travelogue with illustrated recipes and tips on the art of chai-making!
Yoga From the Inside Out
by Christina Sell
One Yoga teacher’s brave exploration into body and self on and off the mat.


Launch of Madras Inked
Aravind-Chennai, Tuesday, 14 September 2021
Aravind Eye Hospital, Chennai organised a function to launch the book Madras Inked…Impressions of an artist and an architect. Penned by Mr.Manohar Devadoss & Ms. Sujatha Shankar, the book celebrates the rich culture and heritage of the great city, Chennai. The book has drawings of various iconic buildings and landscape in Chennai – all done by Mr. Manohar over six decades . Ms.Deborah Thiagarajan, Founder Dakshina Chitra Heritage Museum was invited as the Chief Guest for the event. The special evening was also used as an opportunity to celebrate “Mahe and Mano – reminiscing a life filled with challenges, resilience and triumph. Around 70 people attended the book launch.
Dr. S. Aravind, Chief Medical Officer, Aravind-Chennai welcomed the guests and briefed on Aravind’s long-term relationship with Mr. Manohar Devadoss. One of the authors, Ms. Sujatha Shankar, an architect by profession and Convenor of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, Chennai Chapter, shared insights about the book.
Ms.Deborah Thiagarajan released the book and copy was received by the special guests – Dr Ashokan, Mr. Trotsky Marudhu and Mr. Muthu palaniappan. Mr.Manohar reflected on his life journey with his wife Mahema and also shared his thoughts about the book.
Mr. Thulasiraj Ravilla, Executive director – Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology and Director – Operations of Aravind Eye Care System delivered the vote of thanks.


In the last session of the Agile Speakers we had an Energizer opening sessions using the “Hometowns” game from the book Agile Spiele und Simulationen by Marc Bleß and Dennis Wagner.
I love the simplicity of this game and the opportunity to get to know something personal about those who play the game.
Mikaela talked about growing up in France, Malta and the USA. Ineke talked about growing up in Brugge (Venice of the North) in Belgium. Vera talked about growing up in Lynchburg, Heppenheim (Formula 1 fame) and Darmstadt in Germany. Ranjith talked about growing up in Madurai in India for the formative years of his life.
In less than 8 minutes the four of us gathered for the Agile speakers got to know each other and were ready to jump into deeper sessions.
Thanks to the book “Agile Spiele und Simualationen”, I picked this simple game to kick off the session.
Reference: Agile Spiele und Simulationen: Praxiserprobte Games für Agile Coaches und Scrum Master. Inklusive vieler Spiele für Online-Workshops (Animals) : Bleß, Marc, Wagner, Dennis: Amazon.de: Books


Digital Waveform Stability Diagrams
Sinusoidally driven traps and guides each have a single universal stability diagram. The stability diagrams of digitally driven traps and guides changes whenever the waveform duty cycle changes. Manipulation of the duty cycle is necessary for ion isolation and axial trapping and ejection. Consequently, methods of rapidly generating stability diagrams are needed to illuminate and guide the use of duty cycle based waveform manipulation in mass analysis.
Because of their utility and ease of use and because we hope to facilitate the mainstreaming of digital ion trap and guide technology, these Excel worksheets are freely available to anyone who wishes to download them. They can be used to rapidly and intuitively generate traditional a vs q or user-friendly m/z vs F stability diagrams.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License.


In Memoir, Former Lost Boy of Sudan Turns Adversity into Opportunity
Paulino Mamiir Chol’s Leading the Lost Boys: The Untold Journey Tells the Story of His Extraordinary Personal Journey from Kidnapping Survivor to Leader
Denver, Colorado — Paulino Mamiir Chol looked death in the eye multiple times, surviving abduction, a 3,000-mile barefoot trek in searing heat across South Sudan, and unspeakable starvation during the Second Sudanese Civil War. His memoir, Leading the Lost Boys: The Untold Journey tells of his extraordinary journey from kidnapping survivor to leader, showing how tragedy can be turned into triumph.
As a member of the Lost Boys of South Sudan who led over 700 boys across three African countries, from refugee camp to refugee camp, Paulino Mamiir Chol is the only one in a position to tell this story. A testimony to the atrocities happening at that time—the killings and kidnappings committed by radical militias before and during the Second Sudanese Civil War—the book describes how the author had to build the grit, determination, and sheer organizational ability to save lives, and find freedom. In so doing, he also offers hope in the power of the human spirit to overcome trauma and tragedy—especially when we focus on serving others.
Leading The Lost Boys: The Untold Journey is part of Paulino Chol’s effort to fight the inhuman darkness we are all capable of, and to empower and inspire the hearts of those suffering.
Chol says, “This book is a form of defense, and I promise to fight against inhumanity and human rights abuses. This fight consolidates my belief, faith, and hope in humanity, and human rights.”
All proceeds will go to the Mamiir Chol Foundation (MACH), which will provide funds to villagers in Twic County for clean drinking wells, clinics, schools, and community centers. Proceeds will also support organizations working for human rights, homeless children, widowed mothers, disabled people, and to protect women and girls from sexual abuse, exploitation, and gender-based violence.
Leading the Lost Boys: The Untold Journey is available in digital and paperback on Amazon and other major retailers.
Paperback price: $15.99
About the Author:
Paulino Mamiir Chol is an author and current PhD candidate dedicated to using his experience, expertise, and education to help his current community in the US as well as his East African homeland, South Sudan.
For decades, despite multiple kidnapping attempts by the radical militias, airborne assaults, and the murder of his friends and family, Mr. Chol rose in the leadership hierarchy and helped over four thousand Lost Boys to come to America.
Mr. Chol has a BA in criminal justice from the University of Colorado and a Master’s Degree in Law and Policy from the University of Denver Sturm College of Law. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in Management and Homeland Security at Colorado Technical University.
He resides in Denver, Colorado.
You can reach Paulino Chol at email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org


Many nutrition education and activity programs provide new information monthly. To help keep your site searches manageable we may remove older files from the web site. If you don't see what you need, please contact Pam VanKampen or Jean Lynch to get older files.
Please note: Eat Well, Age Well and Eat Well, Care Well materials may by reproduced for non-commercial purposes with source attribution retained as noted on individual pieces.
Click the links below to find information for each subject.
Beneficial Bites (new page)
Cooking Demonstration Videos (new page)
Eat Well, Age Well (new page)


In fundamentalist Hillsboro, Tennessee, school teacher Bertram T. Cates is arrested for teaching evolution. As Bertram’s fiancée’s father prays for his damnation, the powerful religious leader Matthew Harrison Brady comes to town to prosecute the case, and cynical reporter E. K. Hornbeck arranges for legal expert Henry Drummond to act as defense council. Surrounded by hatred, bigotry, and betrayal, the two powerful men meet to determine not only the future of one man, but of the rights of all men to think.
“Fanaticism and ignorance is forever busy, and needs feeding.”
In 1927, three giants met in a courtroom in Dayton Tennessee: politician turned bible thumper William Jennings Bryan, idealist lawyer Clarence Darrow, and social commentator H. L. Mencken. The event was, as coined by Mencken, The Scopes Monkey trial, and it was, or at least appeared to be, one of the turning points in American society. Inherit the Wind, first in play form, and then as a movie, is a fictionalized account of that meeting. It was in reality and in the movie, a dramatic, insightful, and inspirational courtroom struggle. Producer/director Stanley Kramer wanted the film to correspond closely to the actual case, but also to be exciting and entertaining, and to illustrate both the repressiveness of lockstep fundamentalist religion and of lockstep McCarthyism. He succeeded in every way.
The battle is over evolution and whether a man can state ideas or if we all must be constrained by narrow dogma. The 1925 Butler act outlawed the teaching of anything that didn’t support divine creation, and in “Heavenly Hillsboro” (standing in for Dayton), disillusioned but altruistic Bertram T. Cates decides to test the law. That Cates and all of the characters are so multifaceted and represent so many different positions is just one of the films many strengths. On the side of evolution and freedom of thought is atheistic newspapermen E. K. Hornbeck, who has little hope for mankind, and humanist intellectual Henry Drummond, who sees greatness in man, even if it is sometimes buried in ignorance. There is, of course, Cates, who still holds some faith in God, but none in the Church, and there are Cates’ students, who support him but understand little of the issues being discussed. Supporting intolerance and stepping backwards into the muck is Matthew Harrison Brady, who at one time was a progressive political figure, but a string of disappointing defeats has confined him to the religious arena. He is a mixture of concern for the common man, and blindness to what will actually help him. Backing him are the cruel, fanatic townspeople, who chillingly march together singing, “Bring me that old time religion,” and understand Christianity no better than the students understand evolution. Leading them is Rev. Jeremiah Brown, who is a straightforward manifestation of the viciousness inherent in Christianity, as he calls for God not only to strike down Cates, but his own daughter as well. She is the Christian lamb of the story. She loves Cates, but accepts her place in the religious community and sees no reason to think about anything. Finally, rounding out the positions are the judge, mayor, and banker, who all believe in conservative Christianity, but also believe in functioning in a practical world.
Although many viewpoints and characters play a part in the drama, Drummond and Brady dominate the proceedings. Spencer Tracy and Fredric March put in the best performances of their careers, and it is impossible to choose who is more impressive (Tracy lost the Academy Award to Burt Lancaster and March wasn’t even nominated). As for the characters, it is Drummond who impresses. Rough, gruff, and occasionally foolish, his sometimes intellectual, sometimes emotional pleas on behalf of the human mind and curiosity should ring true to any repeat readers of this site.
The greatest tension is in the courtroom, but the film is riveting throughout. A revival meeting is a frightening account of mankind’s past, and dinner parties are revealing as well as humorous. This is a message picture, but it also shows fascinating characters, and in the case of Rachel Brown, tracks her painful development into a fully aware human being.
In 1960, with evolution generally accepted and Senator McCarthy recently revealed as a bigoted hatemonger, Inherit the Wind must have played as an announcement of the glorious triumph over the primitive forces of ignorance and darkness. Sure, it was a warning, but joy and hope surpassed concern. This was still the case well over a decade later when I first saw it. But times have changed. Those who don’t understand that the word “theory” is used differently in science than in normal conversations (and those who do know that and seek to manipulate the fact for their own ends) have attacked evolution and fought to place their religious doctrine, creationism, into schools. We’re back in a 1927 battle of enlightenment verses self-imposed blindness. As Brady said, “I do not think about what I do not think about.” And so it is today.
While many different perspectives are on display, the film’s sympathies are primarily with Drummond. His is the voice that proclaims that there are great things ahead for humanity. But now, more than forty years later, it is Hornbeck who appears to have the clearest view of the world. To him, wining the battle against stupidity is doubtful and even if it happens, it will have little effect on the greater war. Evolution has done little to be proud of. Man has no more intelligence than the monkeys, and Cates, who is the best of men, is just a monkey who tries to fly, and then finds there is no one there to catch him. The title comes from Proverbs 11:29: “He that troubleth his own house shall inherit the wind.” I have to wonder if Hornbeck isn’t right, and that is humanity’s destiny.
Even if times have made it feel a bit depressing, Inherit the Wind is one of the finest films ever made. It is thoughtful art and should be in the library of any free thinker.
In the actual case, Scopes was found guilty and fined a paltry $100. The decision was appealed by Darrow and the ACLU and was overturned on a technicality. The Butler act was left on the books till 1968 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all such laws violated The Constitution because they establish and support religion. Bryan died peacefully in bed a few days after the trial ended.


Project head: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Breuer
Project staff: Dr. Christine Waldschmidt
The project aims to analyze early works of cultural historiography – of “cultural history before cultural history”. As far as content is concerned, the development of modern historical and cultural conscience is reconstructed; methodologically, the origins and enduring traditions of historical cultural sciences are detected. The analyzed corpus covers works from 1760-1810, due to the beginning of cultural historiography within this period.
Furthermore, in that period the historical conscience is reframed and historical disciplines are newly established or widened as university departments. Even though in the further history of cultural historiography the respective discourses are falling behind the historicists` influence, the so-called “Ältere Kulturgeschichte” (Older cultural historiography) at about 1900 and the “New cultural historiography” from 1980 on, the writers` own as well as foreign cultures are picked out as a central theme for the first time. Within the project, the first step is to register and to make accessible the respective texts and authors.Further research analyzes content-related and methodological aspects such as concepts of culture and history, anthropological foundations as well as concepts of historiography and science.
Questions arising from history of knowledge and from cultural sciences are raised and answered, such as the following: Which and which kind of knowledge about past and foreign cultures and environments is generated? How does this knowledge contribute to the period’s own self-concept? Which changes is history as an academic subject undergoing? In which forms of circulation and reception are the texts spread and read? Are there parallel or different contemporary movements in different countries? Which processes of cultural transfer can be reconstructed?
Partners from different disciplines collaborate to work through modern cultural historiography`s phase of formation.


Urban Digital Twins can help cities to develop in a sustainable, inclusive and efficient way. To adress all needs, these factors should be considered:
- Stakeholders (consumers, producers, prosumers)
- Distributed digital resources of the cities/regions (digital models of the physical environment, dynamic data from all domains, static data and analytical tools from all domains)
- Joint catalog to register and find all resources
- Interoperability of all components and data representations
- Organizational & operational framework
Kolbe and his team at the Chair of Geoinformatics have developed an improved catalog service to manage all kinds of distributed information resources of urban digital twins, including a set of digital resources about the city distributed across all resource holders. The SDDI catalog is based on the CKAN Data Platform software and provides specific extensions, e.g. spatial & temporal metadata and search, GUI for linking catalog entries, navigation of catalog entries, DCAT, as well as supported information resources: digital twin, project, thing, geoobject, method, software, online service, online application, dataset/document.
The forum was a part of the 18th International 3DGeoInfo conference, which took place in Munich from 12-14 September 2023, hosted by the Chair of Geoinformatics at the Technical University of Munich, co-organized and sponsored by the City of Munich.
Chair of Geoinformatics at Technical University of Munich: www.asg.ed.tum.de/gis


Little Free Library Reviewers Needed!
Do you love reading, and telling others about the great stories you’ve read? We’re looking for boys and girls ages 8 to 12 who want to read and review a book from the collection of children’s books in the Little Free Library at the Township Building. We’ll even print your review in an upcoming newsletter!
Children who are interested in becoming a world-famous book reviewer should ask a parent to contact the Township Building at (610) 584-1410.
Department Mission Statement
To always strive to strike a balance between young and old, tradition and innovation, and the needs of one versus the needs of many. Keeping this in mind, we continually strive to honor the past while embracing the challenges of the future, and to serve an entire community while maintaining meaningful connections with individual participants.


We have received your submission, and we will soon be mailing you our complete Dental Design Resource Kit. You can now also use your mysidekickmag account to save your favorite articles on our website and build your own personal library of dental resources.
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While you wait for your dental design kit, please check out some of the latest Sidekick Magazine content below. Save your favorites to mysidekickmag!
Recent Dental Articles
- 3 Office Lease Renewal Tips Every Dentist Should Follow
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All You Need is a Book and a Cat Planner Printable
Books and cats. Two of my top favorite things. March is National Reading Month, so I felt the need to create stickers based around books. I’ll be honest, my original idea was to create stickers around children’s books. I love kids books. But then I saw all of these awesome pictures of cats and books on Pinterest… and that was that.
To download, click on the picture. It will open a pdf which you should be able to download from there!


After wading through North’s crowded hallways, ducking into the library learning commons (LLC) for a few minutes is often like letting out a long sigh. But for many students at North, the LLC is no longer a place where they feel comfortable.
In North’s library learning commons, students retaliate against the rules set by the librarians, frustrated by their alleged austerity.
The librarians, on the other hand, set these rules in an attempt to create an environment that appeals to students academically and socially.
As in many public libraries, food and drinks other than water are not allowed in the LLC. Students such as sophomore Maya Mathews tend to agree with basic policies such as the food policy. “I understand why that one’s important,” she said.
The food policy, however, may be as far as the understanding between library teachers and students extends.
“I know that they need to have rules and need to regulate them,” said senior Katja Belsley. “But I think that sometimes they take them a little too far.” She went on to describe a situation in which she was asked to leave the library when she was included in a group of loud people, even though she was not part of the group.
According to Mathews, the library teachers are “very inconsistent with their rule-keeping. They are biased from person to person, and if they see you as a troublemaker, then you’ll most likely get kicked out of the library.”
Other students report seemingly unjust encounters with library teachers. Sophomore Jonas Vorbau was asked to leave the library as he was helping his friend with his math homework. “Since I was standing, I was kicked out,” he said.
Referring to the “no-standing” policy in the LLC, a policy that requires students to sit when they enter the library, sophomore Nicolas Quintana said, “I feel like people have the right to stand or to sit down on the ground, it’s a library, it shouldn’t be a problem.”
Library teacher Kate Kennedy said that when setting ground rules, library teachers attempt to be as clear as possible, keeping their rules simple and straightforward. She added that they try to be as consistent as they can in terms of regulating the rules.
One problem identified by students is the inconsistency in student accessibility to the library. For example, if passes are unavailable, some students are unable to access the LLC. “Maybe if they explained it, people wouldn’t be so frustrated, because a lot of times people do need to come to the library to work on stuff,” said Mathews. “When they lose that option, it’s really quite upsetting.”
According to Belsley, although many students are frustrated with the library policies, they often don’t voice their concerns to the library teachers.“If you disagree with the librarians, they can be really rude about it,” she said. “Arguing with them is just a big waste of time because they’re going to get all angry.”
The librarians, however, have a different perception of such a situation.
According to Italiano, “Often the students who choose not to follow the rules and then are reminded of them tend to push back on us the most.”
“If we have to keep going back to a group and reminding them of our rules, then sometimes we do ask them to find someplace else to go,” said Kennedy. “It’s not our goal to do that, but it happens.”
Generally, library teachers encourage students to find a place to sit as they enter the LLC, and to work on something in a way that is productive and respectful to the other people around them, according to Kennedy.
The LLC, said Italiano, is an academic space first and foremost, and in order to fulfill the students’ academic needs, rules such as the “no-standing” policy must be put in place. Italiano added that while the librarians are “sympathetic of the general student frustration,” the rules are relatively basic, designed to maximize student productivity and provide an ideal library experience.
MIT librarian Lisa Horowitz explains that in reality, there is no such thing as an ideal library. “Libraries serve many different purposes, and the best use of library space is to serve its community in the way the community needs,” said MIT librarian Lisa Horowitz.
So what does the North community need?
For the past few years, the librarians have been experimenting with what is known to library users as The Quiet Space.
This area is a large part of the library that has been dedicated to individual silent study. Multiple tables are scattered throughout the area, each seating only three people in an attempt to keep large groups from occupying the area, said Kennedy.
According to Italiano, the Quiet Space, established only about four years ago, was started “based on student requests for an area to have as a quiet study area to be able to really focus and be productive.”
Allowing students to choose whether they want to work silently and individually or collaboratively provides them with more variety in the spaces where they can relax, added Italiano. However, it also provides the opportunity for more dissatisfaction to arise amongst students.
“I think the quiet space should be used for more of a location to study, but by yourself. There should not be tables with more than one person,” said Quintana. “It shouldn’t be a spot where people can just see as an overflow section,” he added.
Similarly, Mathews said that the tables should seat only one person each. If there’s more than one person at a table, she said, they will talk, “because most likely they’re working together.
While some students are not satisfied with the way in which the LLC is set up, many students enjoy the benefits from its division into two sections.
Belsley said, “I like that the library’s divided up into a quiet area where you can work and a more collaborative area. I think it’s fairly well set up in those terms.”
The librarians also agree that the Quiet Space is beneficial to the student body. “Over time, The Quiet Space has become a pretty popular place, if the fact that almost every block it’s full is any indicator,” said Italiano.
Even as the Quiet Space begins to resolve conflict in the library, new tensions arise.
The population of the school continues to grow every year, and the building may soon be facing challenges in exceeding its maximum capacity, according to principal Henry Turner.
“Right now, it is common to see a class going on in every classroom in the school; it’s rare to see an empty classroom,” said Turner. “As we get bigger, we’ll probably start to see even more classrooms being filled.”
The LLC is experiencing a similar crisis, according to Kennedy. “This room [library] is pretty big, but it can’t hold the entire population of the school,” she said. “I also understand that the school building is big, but there are also a ton of people in it.”
While the library has not yet reached its maximum capacity, students still feel the effects of the space’s small area in contrast to the large student body.
According to Turner, “the library has a certain capacity, and so there will be challenges in terms of students not being able to get into the library as a hangout or study space.”
As the library becomes increasingly full, library teachers have identified another problem that seems to be distressing students.
“I think students are frustrated that there are not enough spaces for them to fill all of their needs,” said Italiano. She added that students either want for there to be an area such as a commons or a lounge for them to hang out or for the library to be a place where they can relax.
Simmons College associate professor of Library and Information Science Gerald Benoit said that libraries don’t have to be solely a place to hang out or solely an academic space. “I think the greatest part of the future for libraries is the increasingly open, welcoming, ‘town hall’ feeling of libraries – to be a place for everyone – physically, intellectually, and literally,” he added.
At the moment, according to Belsley, the library does not function as such a space. Unfortunately, neither does any other space, she added.
“There’s really nowhere to sit in this school,” said Belsley. “I mean, there are places in the school where they could just put little sitting areas, and then not everyone would be sitting on the floor in the halls.”
“It’s not too easy to have an environment where you can get work done but also spend time with friends, and I think the fact that students feel like there’s nowhere else in the building to go is probably pretty frustrating to some kids,” said Kennedy.
The SFA has been discussing a potential solution to this problem. Junior Ian Reid, who serves as student co-chair on the SFA, has proposed several bills to the committee that would allow different parts of the building, such as Main Street and the Theater and Tiger Drive entrances to be open for students to hang out.
“It comes down to space in the library and where students are allowed to go and where students feel comfortable being,” said Reid. “The goal is to make other spaces in the building feel as nice as the library as well, so that students won’t have to go down to the library.”
According to Mathews, opening up parts of Main Street hallway to students is a good way to resolve this issue. “There’s an excessive amount of floor there,” she said, adding that tables and chairs could be placed so that students could relax in the area.
Nevertheless, according to Turner there is no need to take these measures. “There’s ample space in the cafeteria for students,” he said. “The cafeteria is a huge space.”
The cafeteria, however, may not be enough to fulfill student needs, according to Kennedy.
“I try to think about it from a student’s point of view, and having another space where people could go would be great. Whether you have a lot of frees or if you just want to play games with your friends, it would be nice to have a place to go,” she said.


Library LEGO Robotics
Build real, functioning robots using Lego Mindstorms! Participants will design, build, and program robots to complete a different challenge each month. All materials provided.
Where: The North Branch of the Peoria Public Library, located at 3001 W. Grand Parkway in Peoria.When: 1:00 PM - 5:00 PMWho: Ages 9-14How: Registration required! Call (309) 497-2100.Cost: FREE
© 2013 Macaroni Kid, LLC


Current Lab Members
S. Machaca, E. Cao, A. Chi, G. Adrales, K. J. Kuchenbecker and J. D. Brown "
Wrist-Squeezing Force Feedback Improves Accuracy and Speed in Robotic Surgery Training
," 2022 9th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), 2022, pp. 1-8. (


Thursday, October 27, 2011
Local Author Pens Children's Book, Hip Hop Catz
Despite having a clear vision of what he wants to do with the book, Mackson says it has been a struggle to get the picture book into the hands of more children. Mackson contends that he has given copies of the book to city officials, members of the Trenton Board of Education, and others to no avail.
According to the city's department of citizen's concerns, city government does not handle childhood literacy. The school board was contacted but there was no response as of this article. I was told to contact the public library to get assistance.
Kathy Spalding, Trenton Public Library head, said that they have a copy of the book at the library and that it has a "good message for kids" but that at this time cannot speak on why the book has not received sponsorship and investors.
Early education training specialist, Ingrid Campbell, said that, "Literacy starts at home. The love of literacy must start in the household. Immerse children in literacy early on. Literacy is multifaceted. It involves being both receptive and expressive. All of those aspects are important. It takes a family to be literate. No one can be dependent on the government, it starts with the community".
From a community standpoint, that is precisely what Mackson is seeking to do by creating his picture book.