2. History of science in scientific practise and education: an overview
3. Evolutionary biologists and the use of history: the “modern historiography” and its criticisms
4. Narratives in expansion
Historical Narratives in Scientific Research: the Case of Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology provides some hints to analyse the articulations and possible issues which arise from the integration between scientific practise and historical-philosophical reflection. Indeed, the study of organic change has been carried out by scientists poised to play on more than one table, becoming the major players in the dialogue among science, epistemology and history of science. In particular, during the XX century a number of biologists made the historical-epistemological reflection a work tool. This, however, poses a number of questions: which role do historical narratives play for the scientist? What drives his choices of authors and issues to tackle? Can we consider scientists’ historical narratives as rhetorical devices to legitimise their own scientific agenda? By framing such issues in the field of evolutionary biology, the present article aims at reconsidering the use of historical narratives in science. The paper will consist of three sections. In the first part, I will retrace the main steps of the debate on the role of history of science in scientific practise and education. In the second paragraph, I will examine how the classical historical narratives provided by twentieth-century biologists have come under considerable criticism over time. A third and last section will examine the interplay between the latest evolutionists’ narratives and the current approaches in the historiography of evolutionary biology.
The modern-day call for interdisciplinarity is largely a response to the institutionalization of knowledge and disciplinary specialisation that have increased since the twentieth century. Undoubtedly, the 2020 health crisis has made it even more desirable to develop new strategies to achieve a cross-disciplinary dialogue on science and prevent the risks of overspecialisation. In particular, the call for a historical-philosophical informed approach in scientific practise, education and communication has been a pivotal subject of debate. Yet it is necessary to think about how to balance the styles of different disciplines without running into exploitations, trivialities or “pitch invasions”.
Scholars have increasingly focused their attention on the making of cross-disciplinary studies on science and constantly monitored the state-of-art of specific fields within national and international education systems. Among the several conclusions drawn from such surveys, some are of major concern in the contemporary reflection on science. Interdisciplinary discourses involve semantic bargaining, critical analysis and numerous epistemological issues. Their price, as it has been pointed out, is «eternal vigilance», thus scholars are compelled to monitor the interplay of languages, boundaries and necessities respecting the peculiarities of each field. Furthermore, to better understand the drawbacks as well as the potentialities of interdisciplinarity in science, it may be useful to study how it manifested in the contexts in which particular projects emerge and evolve.
In this regard, evolutionary biology provides some hints to analyse the articulations and problems that arise from the integration between scientific practise and the historical-philosophical reflection. Indeed, the study of organic change has been carried out by scientists poised to play on more than one table, which became the major actors in the dialogue among science, epistemology and history of science. Especially since the mid-twentieth century, many biologists have made the historical-epistemological reflection a structural element of scientific research. In this regard, the present article aims at reconsidering scientists’ use of historical narratives. In the first section, I will retrace the main steps of the debate on the role of history of science in scientific practise and education. In the second paragraph, I will examine how the classical historical narratives provided by twentieth-century biologists have come under considerable criticism and revision in the last years. A third and last section will be devoted to examine the interplay between the latest evolutionists’ narratives and the current approaches in the historiography of evolutionary biology.
This line of argument will allow us to show that a) historical narratives are still widely used in evolutionary biology; b) the scientific developments influence to a large extent the work of historians and epistemologists; c) the increasing international debate within the HPS (Integrated History and Philosophy of Science), together with the interdisciplinary dialogue among scholars, has increased awareness of the historical complexity of evolutionary biology.
- History of science in scientific practise and education: an overview
Who is the historian of science? When considering such question, we ought to bear in mind that the attention towards history was an essential feature of nineteenth-century scientific discourse. Early accounts of the progress within astronomy, physics, medicine and natural history were quite often written by scientists as a way to introduce their own contribution to the cause. Just as important is that, despite their almost hagiographic approach, early histories of sciences were frequently understood as a work tool to direct scientists’ efforts effectively and improve their research agenda.
This view of history of science (HS) poses many questions as to the significance of scientists’ historiographical narratives. In 1968, epistemologist George Canguilhem affirmed that scientists’ use of history aimed at making up forerunners to legitimise hypothesis not yet recognised by the scientific community. The issue of utilization goes along with that of valorisation. The historian, by the very fact of selecting its materials, inherently gives values, which makes historical narratives the result of a choice. In this regard, the question arises as to what drives scientists’ choices of authors and theoretical issues to tackle.
The fact that present scientific puzzles may affect scientists’ historical analysis, and virtually lead to biased narratives, has been matter of debate in historiography since the 1960s. Concurrent with the professionalization of HS, historians have often charged scientists’ historical reconstructions with “Whiggism” and “presentism”, namely the general tendency to interpret and assess the past on the basis of the present knowledge. Yet opinions on scientists’ “distorted” history are anything but unanimous, especially as far as its significance in scientific practice and education is concerned. In his milestone book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), Thomas S. Kuhn regarded scientists’ historical narratives as comparatively functional to the perpetuation of normal science. In this regard, he emphasised, non-functional HS might even prove to be detrimental for science students. In a science classroom, it is indeed a vantage to see science «developing linearly toward its present». Not only does HS hardly help solve scientific puzzles, but «more historical detail, whether of science’s present or of its past, or more responsibility to the historical details that are presented, could only give artificial status to human idiosyncrasy, error, and confusion». Since scientists’ HS is likely to be subservient to science, historian Martin J. Klein took a similar position in criticising the implementation of HS in science courses. According to him, history courses designed for scientists cannot but mirror scientists’ pedagogical needs, and thus resulted in selecting, organizing, and presenting historical materials «on decidedly nonhistorical» and even «antihistorical grounds».
Over the years, a considerable amount of research has been carried out to assess the impact of HS modules in science courses, which however has left numerous questions so far open. According to historian Stephen G. Brush, the use of history may help students understand that a) scientific and philosophical issues are often intertwined and thus the «tendency to judge science primarily on the basis of its practical applications» might be simplistic; b) «science can acquire valid and useful knowledge» which is however «a product of human thought, subject to change in the light of new evidence and reasoning»; c) scientific contributions made by minorities undergone discrimination and negative social factors that have kept their numbers small. In spite of this, the idea that coursework in HS necessarily enhances early scientists’ knowledge of the “nature of science”, though being an intuitively appealing assumption, still lacks of empirical demonstration.
In parallel, the debate between professional historians and scientists/historicists has somehow softened. Both historians and scientists have increasingly debunked the claim for “anti-Whiggism” and rather advocated the desirability of a sophisticated “presentist” and scientifically-informed HS.
Twentieth-century evolutionary biology proved to be an ideal arena for such confrontations. Since the time of Darwin, the evolutionists have seized the history of evolutionism. At least in the second half of the nineteenth century, this was outcome of the process of professional self-definition by which scientists countered amateurs and science popularisers in the contention for scientific narrative. However, in the twentieth century some biologists made the historical-epistemological reflection a refined work tool. Far from being an end-of career whim, to such evolutionists as Ernst Mayr and Stephen Jay Gould the history of ideas and the epistemological reflection represented a structural element of research methodology. This, however, elicited a complex controversy among scholars as to evolutionists’ use of HS.
- Evolutionary biologists and the use of history: the “modern historiography” and its criticisms
In the introduction of The Growth of Biological Thought (1982), the famous evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr (1904-2005) regarded history of science as a tool for concept analysis and clarification. As the architect of the so-called “Modern Synthesis” whose main purpose was to integrate systematics, genetics and the Darwinian theory of evolution, Mayr highlighted that the modern evolutionary thought had emerged through emancipation from the physicalist approach of hard sciences, as well as from the refusal of typological and teleological thinking. To Mayr, not only were such conceptual transformations noteworthy from a historical point of view, but also had a concrete significance in the contemporary debate on the epistemological and methodological nature of life sciences.
Reviews of Mayr’s Growth of Biological Thought were numerous and often praised his view of HS as a tool to clarify longstanding issues in biology. Ornithologist Donald S. Farner considered it «a landmark volume» that would hardly have been «superseded». Philosopher Michael Ruse praised the book and regarded it as «a magnificent overview of important themes and aspects in the history of biology». Contrary to those scientists who «made history their hobby» and turned out to write nonsensical histories of glorious progress, historian Jacques Roger and philosopher Michael T. Ghiselin claimed that Mayr had managed to make the historico-philosophical reflection a necessary component of scientific inquiry.
However, there was no shortage of criticism of The Growth of Biological Thought. In a pivotal paper published on the Journal of the History of Ideas in 1990, Mayr responded to several charges of “Whiggism”. Here, he reiterated that scientists could use HS as a mean of conceptual elucidation. By relying on philosophers Michael Ruse and David Hull’s similar views, Mayr maintained that it was «by no means wrong to look at the past on the basis of an understanding of the present», and further proposed the idea of «developmental historiography», which aimed at reconstructing the phylogeny of scientific concepts by accurate selection, comparison and assessment.
A similar attitude characterised the work of the well-known American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002). Along the lines of David Hull’s evolutionary epistemology, Gould saw HS as the processing of conceptual genealogies. According to this view, scientific ideas are historically situated objects that belong to specific phyletic lines and must be examined by analysing the degree of similitude of their essential propositions. As in evolutionary biology, the historical inquiry must recognise the difference between homologous genealogies, which result from the transfer of information from master to disciple, and conceptual analogies, i.e. the occurrence of similar scientific ideas in non-related authors. Understood in this way, science and history converge on a homogenous totality.
No doubt Gould’s scientific interests fostered and oriented his attention towards history. As a palaeontologist and morphologist, throughout his production Gould attempted to reassess theoretical issues that, in his view, had long been marginalized by the architects of the Modern Synthesis, i.e. the importance of developmental constraints in orienting evolution, the limits of pan-adaptationist interpretations of organic change, and non-gradual explanations of phyletic progress. Not surprisingly, Gould’s main historical surveys dealt with biological theories that had traditionally been considered unorthodox and non-Darwinian: i.e. neo-Lamarckism, orthogenesis, saltationism. This was meant to elicit a form of self-criticism in scientific practise, as well as to provide useful tools to contemporary research by critically reviewing long forgotten insights.
As for Mayr, historians’ responses to Gould’s forays into the history of biology were manifold. When Ontogeny and Phylogeny (1977) was published, reviews of the first half of the book, which explored the rise and fall of the recapitulation theory, showed both enthusiasm and complaint. Historian Frederick B. Churchill praised the historical section of the book for having elucidated some important differences in Von Baer’s and Haeckel’s views of development, which helped readers understand the making of the modern conception of the ontogeny process. Gould was «extraordinary successful at binding science and history» adding considerably to the history of biology, although the selection of authors and topics mirrored «his own immediate purposes». Gould’s scientifically informed historical survey, historian Phillip R. Sloan maintained, allowed to understand the epistemological complexity of nineteenth-century descriptive embryology, where, in accordance with the Duhem-Quine thesis, «no crucial observation could be made to decide between competing theories». Despite being well documented and comparatively useful, Gould’s HS was unquestionably on the «whiggish side» and even downsized issues of deeper historiographical interest.
These charges of presentism pose a number of epistemological and methodological issues that deserves further historical reflection. Understood as the general tendency to subordinate the past to the present and deem the latter as a fairly inevitable outcome, whiggish histories may take many forms. Both Mayr’s and Gould’s selection of authors and subjects was functional and informed to present scientific concerns, which does not mean that their accounts of the history of evolutionism came down to merely teleological narratives. When used deliberately, conceptual anachronisms (i.e. falling back on new terminologies and concepts) may be auxiliary means to make the past accessible. As tools «on the edge of methodological correctness», anachronisms demand attention and careful utilisation, yet, just like metaphors, represent devices that enable the interdisciplinary reflection on science. In a similar way, little «historical sins», such as focusing on those past ideas that proved to be scientifically fruitful over time, may enrich contemporary scientific debates. On the other hand, removing whatsoever interest in contemporary research and using solely repertoire concepts which corresponds to the historical sources would make HS descriptive and barely intelligible.
In addition to this, when inflated, charges of whiggism are pernicious in so far as they convey the idea that historians can only write reliable and unbiased histories of science, which somehow contradicts the very assumptions that such historical epistemologists as Suzanne Bachelard and Alexander Koyré had long put forward, namely that historical narratives always result from a choice and, therefore, valorisation. As historian Junker maintained: «the notion that a scientific study can be conducted by a completely detached observer from a neutral standpoint has been shown to be impossible in physics, and is also an illusion in historiography. The question is not whether, but which kind of interests are the underlying motivation for a historian».
Perhaps, the analysis of evolutionists’ use of history should leave aside the issue of presentism, and rather focus on other aspects that the most recent historiography has contributed to examine. By relying on Maurice Mandelbaum’s taxonomy of historiographical approaches, historian Maurizio Esposito has recently posited that one major aspect of modern historiographies of evolutionary biology that post-modern historians phased out is the explanatory approach to historical reconstruction. Not only did Mayr’s and Gould’s narratives seek to trace a strand of events and research traditions, but also examined them in order to understand why and how some present options succeeded, tracing back the causes that brought about the current research agendas. In contrast, Esposito highlights, post-modern historians, most of which are frequently not biologist, rather try to understand how research traditions coexisted, mingled and declined, addressing the development of evolutionary thinking in all its complexity.
Modern historiographies turned out to hypostatize historical phases and research agendas (i.e. Darwinism, Eclipse of Darwinism, the Evolutionary Synthesis) by imposing temporal horizontal cuts and labels on what should be rather considered as «vertical intellectual movements and ideas evolving in parallel and interacting in complex ways». Historiographical labels are unquestionably powerful and useful from the scientist’s perspective: they identify what is in and out of research programs and can be further used to make up historical traditions, schools of thought or, with the utmost efficiency, confine inconvenient ideas. Twentieth-century debates in evolutionary biology frequently saw scientists struggling for the right label and/or rejecting the problematic ones. When at the turn of the twentieth century the new studies on the mechanical basis of heredity drew a clear distinction between inheritance and development, i.e. the transmission of characters (genetics) and their expression (embryology), almost any study of environmental influences on development was pigeonholed as “Lamarckian”. The parabola of the Austrian biologist Paul Kammerer is a case in point in this regard. The experimental work on midwife toads he carried out between 1905 and 1910 aimed to show that environmental effects could cause hereditable genetic changes. As is well-known, Kammerer committed suicide in 1926, following allegations of having counterfeited his experimental results, an event that many scholars considered as the evidence of how “Lamarckism” became a stigma for twentieth-century evolutionary biologists. It was also for this reason that the British embryologist Conrad Hal Waddington, who, in 1942, had introduced the term “epigenetics” to designate the study of the interactions between the genes and their products that bring about the phenotype, struggled to be considered as a “Darwinian” and tried to reconcile genetics, development, and evolution in a renewed research program he later called “post-neo-Darwinism”. To some extent, scientists’ use of historiographical labels is a matter of sociology of science.
- Narratives in expansion
The reconsideration of the modern historiographies of evolutionism materialised in parallel with the shifts towards a pluralist paradigm in evolutionary biology and the consequent rise of new historical narratives. While expanding the theoretical borders of the Modern Synthesis, many evolutionary biologists have contributed to revise the old historical reconstructions and proposed new – and sometimes controversial – ones. Perhaps, no such field as epigenetics has affected the history of evolutionism. Indeed, the findings in contemporary epigenetics rehashed the label “Lamarckism” and further fostered the quite catchy leitmotiv of Lamarck taking revenge on Darwin.
The recent scientific literature shows plenty of examples of what, using historian Daniel Špelda’s typology of anachronism, can be regarded as «conceptual anachronism», i.e. associating transgenerational epigenetic inheritance with the classic doctrine of the inheritance of acquired characters. Whilst acknowledging the difference between Lamarck’s original transformation theory and the modern concept of epigenetic inheritance, many biologists have proposed terms such as “quasi-Lamarckism” to designate organisms’ epigenetic responses to environmental stress. In addition to this, scientists have got into the substance of historical inquiry focusing on how “Lamarckian” ideas underwent rejection during the consolidation of the Modern Synthesis and exploring the works of “unorthodox” evolutionists. Within this framework, Darwin himself is back to being revised in so far as his «long forgotten» plural view of the laws of evolution has ultimately been rehabilitated by contemporary research. According to Eva Jablonka and Marion Lamb, the very concept of “Darwinian evolution” changed over time encompassing different views of the origin of variation. Although the gene-centred view of evolution became dominant through the evolutionary synthesis, this «does not mean» that «it is the final, correct, and complete interpretation of Darwin’s theory». To the present day, they highlighted, Darwinism is due «for another transformation».
All this has triggered a profound reflection within the history and philosophy of biology, with scholars highlighting the misuses of the label “Lamarckism” when applied to contemporary epigenetic studies and, just as importantly, trying to overcome the assumed lasting opposition between “Darwinian” and “non-Darwinian” theories of evolution . In spite of such criticisms, a common trajectory of inquiry can be detected. Indeed, both scientists’ retrospective interest in the history of unorthodox evolutionary theories and historians’ call for overcoming old-fashioned dichotomies have contributed to increase awareness of the historical complexity of evolutionary biology. This has started to materialise as early as the late 1970s, when such scholars as, for instance, palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould and historian of science Peter Bowler, though going their separate ways, expanded the historiography of evolutionism shedding light on “non-Darwinian” ideas and their remarkable role in the shaping of evolutionary thought.
Never as today has the professional connection among scientists, historians and philosophers of biology been manifest. Progresses in scientific research largely influence the work of historians and epistemologists. New research findings, as well as scientists’ own historical narratives, provide inspiration and subjects of inquiry for historians and philosophers, which, in turn, contribute to further analysing and challenging the epistemological structure and the narratives of contemporary research agendas. The international debate within the HPS and the increasing number of scientific projects in which scientists, historians and philosophers of biology interact each other has no doubt contributed to this scenario.
The marks of such a transition towards a more effective cooperation among scientists, historians of science and epistemologists was already recognised by David Hull between 1969 and 2002. In his pivotal paper What Philosophy of Biology is not (1969), Hull argued that, at that time, philosophers used to address topics in the evolutionary biology with no proper understanding of scientific concepts and further undermined any productive interaction. After about thirty years, Hull noticed a considerable change in this regard. Both biologists and epistemologists had contributed to better understand scientific topics such as “function”, “species”, “systematics”, “fitness”, “selection”, “reduction” and “development”. In spite of this, there were other dangers to be avoided:
Philosophers are attempting to join with biologists to improve our understanding of these biological phenomena. As such, they run the risk of being considered by biologists to be “intruders”. In point of fact, biologists have been amazingly receptive to philosophers who have turned their hand to philosophy of biology with significant emphasis on “biology” [...]. But sometimes the tables are turned. Biologists take up traditional philosophical topics and attempt to treat them even if they are not professional philosophers.
How have things changed since 2002? In the conclusion of his article, Hull hoped for an «alternative» theory of evolution able to integrate the study of ontogenetic development with the rest of the evolutionary synthesis. To a large extent, this is what happened thanks to the studies in evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo), the research on epigenetics and, finally, the establishment of the so-called “Extended Evolutionary Synthesis”.
Within this expanding theoretical framework, scientists, philosophers and historians, though not necessarily sharing the same objectives, are involved in a mutually shaping network of knowledge. Scientists’ historical narratives are still widespread in evolutionary biology and largely contribute to this process. Considering them “intrusions”, apart from substantiating a hardened view of disciplinary boundaries and perpetuating the never faded schema of “the two cultures”, appears inappropriate in light of the contributions scientists have made to the history of science. Undoubtedly, it is a hardly smooth dialogue among scholars who constantly struggle to develop a shared vocabulary and, most importantly, emphasize different aspects according to their epistemologies, methodologies and professional objectives. The broader is the dialogue, the more a scrutiny of languages and conceptual bargains is essential to make it effective.
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 M. Pigliucci, G.B. Müller (a cura di), Evolution — The Extended Synthesis, the MIT Press, Cambridge-London 2010. See also E. Serrelli, La Multidisciplinarietà dell'evoluzione: filosofia, biologia e sintesi, in «Reti, Saperi e Linguaggi», 4, 1, 2012, pp. 47-53.
 C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1959.


On April 18 the Yerevan American Corner of the City Central Library after Av. Isahakyan hosted a reading marathon of Mark Twain’s classic novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”. Areg Nikolyan took part in the illustration contest of “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” which had been organized within the framework of the reading marathon. We are happy to announce that Areg Nikolyan’s work became the winner of the contest. Areg with the other participants also joined Tom Sawyer as he painted his famous fence.


The Loud Part Quiet: The Films of Kelly Reichardt
Kelly Reichardt’s films trace the lines between the natural world, the realities of modern life, and the people lost in between. They are often quiet films with a lot to say, but Reichardt always gives her audience the respect and room to build their own conclusions, and draw their own meanings.
Much like the great works of Chantal Akerman, Reichardt’s films are populated by characters at odds with their environments, lonely and yearning for more, searching to find a deeper sense of fulfillment. Reichardt depicts modern American life as it really is, often through the eyes of the characters living in poverty or on the margins of society.
From the brash beginnings of River of Grass, up to the elegant triptych of Certain Women, Kelly Reichardt’s filmography has proven time and time again that her unique voice and idiosyncratic approach makes her one of the greatest American directors working today.
River of Grass
Kelly Reichardt’s debut is a ‘road movie without a road.’, set in the Florida Everglades, is a brasher, wilder take on her usual themes. A young mother yearning to escape, embarks on a dangerous adventure. River of Grass comes off like a cross between two other famous debuts: Chantal Akerman’s Je, Tu, Il, Elle and Wes Anderson’s Bottle Rocket.
(2006) – Read full review.
Perhaps Reichardt’s quietest film. A man on the cusp of fatherhood goes on a camping with an old friend. The soothing trip through the lush green forests of Oregon scored by Yo La Tengo, is juxtaposed against the tension between the two men. Both face uncertain futures, and time has worn away at their friendship. In the isolation of the forest, however, tiny fragments of honesty penetrate the masculine facade to speak to these anxieties, but any insight or change fades away on the return home.
Wendy and Lucy
Reichardt’s third film, and one of her most beloved, stars Michelle Williams as a drifter making her way up to Alaska to start anew with her dog. Her struggle to make this journey is amplified at every turn, by each mounting problem. This is a incredible depiction of life on the margins, showing exactly how expensive it is to be poor, and Williams gives this role a gripping emotional foundation.
The first Kelly Reichardt film set in the past is also her most daring. Her deconstruction of the American Western through a feminist lens is a fierce teardown of a mythos built on white male fantasy. Violent and incompetent men lead a caravan in circles, lost in the desert as the women quietly watch and endure what appears to be a slow march to their deaths. The masterful cinematography and an excellent cast brings this story to life, making this a must watch.
Reichardt’s take on a crime thriller is fascinating. While the plot is fairly conventional, the journey is suspenseful and underlying themes entrancing. Three environmentalists plan to blow up a dam. Familiar Reichardt themes abound as she applies her incisive lens onto the subject of eco-terrorism. Notable parallels can be found to the feminism of Meek’s Cutoff, as well as the ethical interrogations of Paul Schrader’s First Reformed and Bertrand Bonello’s fantastic Nocturama.
Where to stream: Amazon Prime
(2016) – Read full review
Reichardt’s latest, and my favorite of her films thus far, is based on the short stories of Malie Maloy. It tells three loosely intertwined stories of women living in rural Montana. Each of these characters is filled with a profound longing that they are unable to satisfy. Each character is in a state of yearning, hoping to uncover something to validate the small indignities of the day to day. A fantastic cast comprised of Laura Dern, Michelle Williams, Lily Gladstone, and Kristen Stewart make give this spectacular meditation on loneliness, womanhood, and the American West the emotional foundations it needs.
Where to stream: Netflix
Kelly Reichardt’s next film is set to release in the US in 2020, and is based on the novel The Half-Life by frequent collaborator Jonathan Raymond. Raymond had written the story for Old Joy, and screenplays for Wendy & Lucy, Meek’s Cutoff, and Night Moves.
Like Meek’s Cutoff the film will once again dive into the past taking place in 1820’s Oregon. However, this time, the journey won’t be restricted to the continent, taking place in both America and China.
Release date: March 2020
2019 was an incredible year for film, but you might not know it from watching the Oscars. Here are six films that are thrilling, gorgeous, innovative, emotional – and have all been ignored by the Academy.
The coverage of New York Film Festival continues with the much hyped Parasite, Joker, Beanpole, Motherless Brooklyn and more.
The first week of New York Film Festival featured the hotly anticipated Portrait of a Lady on Fire, Pain and Glory, Marriage Story, First Cow, and more.
Kelly Reichardt’s film about old friends on a weekend camping trip is a perfect showcase of her mastery of pace and tone, and a great entry point into her filmography.
James Gray follow up to The Lost City of Z is a brutal sci-fi film that captures the inter-generational conflict over climate change.
A review of the startling Styx (2019). This taut moral thriller explores the costs of inaction in the face of crisis.


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Ultimate reflexology guidebook for cats
Ebook now available in Epub and PDF. Head over to my Shop to purchase!
Reflexology for Cats is a comprehensive guide to connecting to,
and healing, your feline companion.
It focuses on reflexology, but also deals with several other holistic therapies
The book contains many illustrations and photographs and
casestudies from experts in holistic animal healing.
First ever Reflexology for Cats book!
A holistic health practitioner for more than 20 years she has spread her wings to give health and spiritual support for cats as well.
Snippets from the book
Cats also experience stress just like us. Chronic stress is the most common cause of all illness and disease in pets and humans alike. Stress contributes to 85% of all major illnesses and plays a crucial part in nearly every condition that a veterinarian treats.
Cats in particular have received a bad rep as being emotionless but it is the opposite that is true. Author Jeffrey Masson, in his book The Nine Emotional Lives of Cats, has identified nine primary emotions- narcissism, love, contentment, attachment, jealously, fear, anger, curiosity and playfulness.


Magnificat Lenten Companion 2012
More Details Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.
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- Magnificat Advent Companion App Review!
- The State Is Out of Date: We Can Do It Better.
To ask other readers questions about Magnificat Lenten Companion , please sign up. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Sort order. Glass by Daryl Gregory 4. The Art of Alchemy by Ted Kosmatka 8. Magnificat Lenten Companion book.
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Read reviews from world's largest community for readers. A Compa. The mystery of the Passion is deeply felt by the people of northern Portugal, no more so than during Lent and Holy Week. Lenten Customs The city of Braga.
Magnificat’s new Lenten Companion App will guide your 40-day fast
Plays Also Individual 1. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe 2.
Books of the Bible Done 1. Philemon 2. Jude 5. Acts 6.
Revelation 7. James 8. Matthew 9. Mark Luke I know, I kind of got a head start on this category, but I need it. I did not realize as I was tracking my reading on paper that I had never updated online! I am only halfway through the books of the Bible, even with a head start! Right now I am taking an interesting class on Revelation, so I will add that one soon.
I have only one more left to read for the list and have started on it already. I have a long way to go for the plays.
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Have you read it? Augustine Catholic Church. Elizabeth Ministry is an international movement designed to offer hope and healing for women and their families on issues related to childbearing, sexuality, and relationships. I look forward to sharing more information about the ministry in the weeks, months, and God willing, years to come. And speaking of childbearing and sexuality issues, the St. Jospeh Education Center of Iowa and the St. Damon Cudihy on Thursday, March 1 from — p. Augustin Church in Des Moines. He will discuss the challenges and the joys of living his faith in the workplace.follow
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Register now for Dr. Not to get the cart before the horse, but after we journey through the six weeks of Lent, Easter will be upon us and in many parishes, that brings the celebration of First Communion, Confirmation, and graduation. If you have one of these special events to celebrate, how about giving your child a personalized memory book to treasure?
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Thursday, December 6, 2012
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Wilmington Trust Newsroom
The latest news from Wilmington Trust.
Authors Walter Mosely, Ibram X. Kendi and other Cultural Thinkers to Present New Works, Conversations, and Dynamic Content for Center’s Black History Month Series
New York, NY – February 2, 2021 – M&T Bank and Wilmington Trust announce today that they are partnering with The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, a research library that is part of The New York Public Library and located in Harlem, New York. The exclusive sponsorship will celebrate Black History Month and offer a series of four virtual events throughout the month of February, featuring recognized authors and cultural leaders representing different aspects of African American culture within the United States.
This will mark the third year that M&T Bank has supported individual events at the Schomburg Center during Black History Month, but it is the first time they have partnered to sponsor a series of experiences as part of the commemoration.
“This is a pivotal time in our nation’s history to more deeply explore and understand issues of race, gender, and relationships. As a result, we’re proud to support The Schomburg Center in its efforts to feature the nation’s most dynamic Black cultural thinkers” said Troy Debroux, president of M&T Bank’s Metro NYC/NJ African American Resource Group. “This series will provide an opportunity to participate in conversations on an exciting array of topics, including pulp fiction, epic historical journeys, and economic philosophy. We look forward to how the events will spark curiosity and healthy debate.”
These free virtual events are open to the public and will feature live video and interactive Q&A sessions, each with a unique story, lesson, or performance.
“While every month is Black History month at the Schomburg Center, we are thrilled to have M&T Bank’s support to produce this series of virtual programs that portrays the vastness of Black culture and identities.” said Novella Ford, associate director of Public Programs and Exhibitions for the Schomburg Center. “Each program brings attention to our archival collections that help connect our past to this current moment.”
For more information and to attend the events listed below, we invite you to visit the Black History Month Series page.
- Tuesday, Feb. 9th at 7:00 pm: Between the Lines: FOUR HUNDRED SOULS
- Four Hundred Souls is a unique one-volume “community” history of African Americans. Ibram X. Kendi along with co-editor, award-winning historian Keisha N. Blain, assembled 90 writers to consider the 400-year journey of African Americans from 1619 to the present. Each member of the “community choir,” as Kendi calls it—“women and men, cisgender and transgender, younger and older, straight and queer, dark-skinned and light-skinned"—takes on a five-year period, examining it from their unique point of view and set of experiences.
- Join the editors Drs. Kendi and Blain alongside contributors Robert Jones, Jr. , Bernice L. McFadden, Dr. Blair L.M. Kelley for readings from the collection and a discussion on what it takes to develop a community history, by a community.
- Produced in partnership with the LIVE from NYPL
- Tuesday, Feb. 16th at 7:00 pm: Between the Lines: Unsung: Unheralded Narratives of American Slavery & Abolition
- A comprehensive collection “that should be required reading in history and literature courses,” writes Kirkus about the upcoming book, Unsung: Unheralded Narratives of American Slavery & Abolition. Edited by Dr. Michelle Commander, curator and associate director of the Lapidus Center for the Historical Analysis of Transatlantic Slavery at the Schomburg Center, with a foreword by former Schomburg Center Director Kevin Young, the anthology weaves together well- and lesser-known documents by abolitionists and highlights materials from Arturo Schomburg’s seed collection. Unsung is the first in a series of upcoming anthologies from the Schomburg Center published in partnership with Penguin Classics. The event will feature readings from the collection which includes essays, speeches, plays, and more. Dr. Michelle Commander will also be in conversation with Dr. Kellie Carter Jackson, Knafel Assistant Professor of the Humanities in the Department of Africana Studies at Wellesley College; Joy Bivins, Associate Director of Collections and Research Services, Schomburg Center, and Jonathan McCrory, Artistic Director at Dr. Barbara Ann Teer's National Black Theatre.
- Companion online exhibition available - Subversion & The Art of Slavery Abolition began in early 2020. This exhibition highlights several of the ways that abolitionists engaged with the arts to agitate for enslaved people’s liberty in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
- Monday, Feb. 22nd at 6:30pm: The Philosophy of Malcolm X
- The Schomburg Centers celebrates the life of Malcolm X during Black History Month – coinciding with the anniversary of his assassination on February 21, 1965. The virtual program will feature a conversation and presentations by Anna Malaika Tubbs, author of The Three Mothers: How the Mothers of Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and James Baldwin Shaped a Nation and Dr. Michael Sawyer, author of Black Minded: The Political Philosophy of Malcolm X. Together, we will explore how Malcolm X's mother's language of liberation and resistance is foundational to his political growth, and examine his political philosophy of economic and social justice, strident opposition to white supremacy and Black internationalism. Dr. Imani Perry, will moderate the conversation and offer a passage from her recent work, Breathe: A Lesson to My Sons. Exploring themes of ontology, the body, geographic space and revolution, Black Minded provides a much-needed appraisal of Malcolm X's political philosophy.
- Thursday, Feb. 25th at 6:30 pm: 30 Years of Easy Rawlins with Walter Mosley
- A discussion with American Novelist, Walter Ellis Mosley, first Black male recipient of the 2020 National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. Most-widely recognized for his crime fiction, he has written a series of best-selling historical mysteries featuring the hard-boiled detective Easy Rawlins, a black private investigator living in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Walter Mosley introduced Easy Rawlins in 1990, in his debut novel Devil in a Blue Dress.
About M&T Bank
M&T Bank Corporation is a financial holding company headquartered in Buffalo, New York. M&T’s principal banking subsidiary, M&T Bank, operates banking offices in New York, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. Trust-related services are provided by M&T’s Wilmington Trust-affiliated companies and by M&T Bank.
About Wilmington Trust
Wilmington Trust’s Wealth Management offers a wide array of personal trust, planning, fiduciary, asset management, private banking, and family office services designed to help high-net-worth individuals and families grow, preserve, and transfer wealth. Wilmington Trust focuses on serving families with whom it can build long-term relationships, many of which span multiple generations.
Wilmington Trust also provides Corporate and Institutional Services for clients around the world.
Wilmington Trust has clients in all 50 states and numerous countries, with offices throughout the United States and internationally in London, Dublin, Paris, and Frankfurt. For more information, visit www.wilmingtontrust.com.
About The Schomburg Center
Founded in 1925 and named a National Historic Landmark in 2017, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is one of the world’s leading cultural institutions devoted to the research, preservation, and exhibition of materials focused on African American, African Diaspora, and African experiences. As a research division of The New York Public Library, the Schomburg Center features diverse programming and collections spanning over 11 million items that illuminate the richness of global black history, arts, and culture.
Established with the collections of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg 95 years ago, the Schomburg has collected, preserved, and provided access to materials documenting black life in America and worldwide. It has also promoted the study and interpretation of the history and culture of people of African descent. In 2015, the Schomburg won the National Medal for Museum and Library Service and in January 2017, the Schomburg Center was named a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service, recognizing its vast collection of materials that represent the history and culture of people of African descent through a global, transnational perspective. Today, the Schomburg continues to serve the community not just as a center and a library, but also as a space that encourages lifelong education and exploration.
Director of Corporate Communications
phone: (212) 415-0557
Wilmington Trust is a registered service mark used in connection with various fiduciary and non-fiduciary services offered by certain subsidiaries of M&T Bank Corporation including, but not limited to, Manufacturers & Traders Trust Company (M&T Bank), Wilmington Trust Company (WTC) operating in Delaware only, Wilmington Trust, N.A. (WTNA), Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors, Inc. (WTIA), Wilmington Funds Management Corporation (WFMC), and Wilmington Trust Investment Management, LLC (WTIM). Such services include trustee, custodial, agency, investment management, and other services. International corporate and institutional services are offered through M&T Bank Corporation’s international subsidiaries. Loans, credit cards, retail and business deposits, and other business and personal banking services and products are offered by M&T Bank, member FDIC.
This article is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended as an offer or solicitation for the sale of any financial product. Investors should seek financial advice regarding the suitability of investment strategies based on their objectives, financial situations, and particular needs.
Wilmington Trust is not authorized to and does not provide legal, accounting or tax advice.
All investments involve risks, including the possible loss of principal. There is no assurance that any investment strategy will be successful.
Third-party trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.
The opinions of the above mentioned individuals are their own and do not necessarily represent those of Wilmington Trust, M&T Bank or any of its affiliates. Wilmington Trust, M&T Bank and its subsidiaries are not affiliated with The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture or The New York Public Library.
Investments: • Are NOT FDIC-Insured • Have NO Bank Guarantee • May Lose Value
© 2021 M&T Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved.


There is also a substantial collection on Bosnia publications like “Bosnia: Works concerning Bosnia”, “Bosnia and the destruction of cultural heritage”, “A background of the battle in the Balkans 1991-2002” “Stories of war and its aftermath” and a lot more that are truly heart touching and also gives you the real image regarding what took place because component of the world throughout the battle time. Not just on the battle there are also several other fiction publications concerning the society, individuals, food and the nation that provides you a significance concerning Bosnia. There are several world renowned authors from Bosnia as well as Balkans that have actually penciled their ideas to share with the remainder of the globe relating to the way of life, society and heritage of the Balkan countries.Go to our young adult fiction book website for more info
You could additionally discover lots of Yugoslavia publications on war literary fiction like “Yugoslavia: A History of its Death”, “The collapse of Yugoslavia 1991-1999”, “The forgotten 500-The unknown tale of the males who ran the risk of all for the best rescue objective of The second world war” and much more books that are genuinely inspiring and also intriguing that you can not take down the book in the center. All these remarkable Balkans publications are readily available on a single platform from the Amazon shop along with scores and also testimonials from the consumers to make your selection. You could get the Kindle variation or the paperback which is offered at discounted rates to include in your book collection.
War literary fiction is constantly a fascinating style for publications as well as there are many preferred authors that have actually composed stories based on the Balkans battle tales as the primary theme. You can find Balkans books on the internet that are not only fascinating yet also bring you the problems that bring about the World war and the duty and political circumstance of the Balkan countries throughout that time. The Balkans fiction publications like” The Balkan wheel” is rather prominent which talks about the conditions over a period of HALF A CENTURY and 2 globe battles and just how the country Yugoslavia got disintegrated from the Balkan Wheel with national politics as well as deceptiveness playing a major function. Though it is fiction, yet you could see the picture of exactly what occurred during that time of the globe wars in the Balkan nations. Other Balkan books consist of “The Balkan Retreat”, “Balkan Cesar”, “The Balkan battles” and many more titles that you can look into from the online shop Amazon.com to review the synopsis and download and install the e version.


I checked out this slim little volume at the library a couple of weeks ago. Since my father's passing at new year, and my mother's last spring, my sisters and I are faced with the dispersal of a lifetime of stuff from the family home. The questions around what people choose to keep and what they eventually let go of, are central to my practice as an artist. Most of the materials I use, even the threads, have lived in other places, been kept by someone, for some reason. So much of it came from the basement and closets of the same home we are now cleaning out, piece by piece. In the book, Margareta Magnusson is advocating we do our "death cleaning" before we die. I'm on board. Deep breath.
Mother Nature and climate change did some of my stuff reduction for me. In the late summer of 2016, we had 11 or 12 inches of rain in as many hours, unprecedented, and in amounts that our aging storm sewers could not handle. For the first time in the 30 years we have lived in our 1920 house, the basement flooded, badly. The water receded quickly, leaving behind a sodden mess. A lot of the wet stuff was paper--mat board and cardboard, college papers from the whole family, notebooks, lesson plans, my high school diploma, college portfolio, yearbooks, 35 years of National Geographic; all hard to discard when dry, not salvageable when wet. There is more to be done down there, but the total was reduced by at least half. We also have a walk-up attic, full of carelessly stashed stuff. Another deep breath.
I have been working on a large series of work focused on laundry. Based on fragments from a dozen found white men's dress shirts, cotton and wrinkly, this series is yet another chapter in the history of toil. The white shirts were a perfect canvas for mark-making and fabric manipulation. Dr. Ruth R. Benerito, a chemist working for the USDA, is credited with the discovery and development of wrinkle-free cotton and permanent press fabrics. No surprise this revolutionary idea was pioneered by a woman. More on this series to come.
Here are a few titles from my 2018 reading: The Music Shop, by Rachel Joyce; The Exact Nature of Our Wrongs, by Janet Peery; In the Midst of Winter, by Isabel Allende; and a blast from the past, Birdy, by William Wharton.


Why Insurance coverage Businesses Ought to Create Insurance coverage Web site Useful resource Libraries
Your insurance coverage company doubtless has many issues of worth to supply, and doubtless needs to share a minimum of a few of these issues with prospects and purchasers. In that case, your company ought to take into account making a compelling Insurance coverage Company Web site Useful resource Library. Web site useful resource libraries present an incredible alternative for companies, by offering a cheap platform to share data which might appeal to prospects, and enhance shopper retention.
What’s a Web site Useful resource Library?
Consider an Insurance coverage Company Web site Useful resource Library as a content material hub, consisting of paperwork, templates, useful resource hyperlinks, digital instruments, FAQs, advertising and marketing supplies and different essential data. The aim of this insurance coverage content material hub is to enhance data sharing with workers, purchasers and prospects.
Varieties of Content material Used
There are a whole bunch of content material varieties that is likely to be provided in an Insurance coverage Company Web site Useful resource Library, starting from greatest practices suggestions to advertising and marketing collateral. Let’s overview a number of the extra conventional content material varieties that an insurance coverage company would possibly provide of their library. These embrace, however will not be restricted to:
- Greatest Practices (threat, injury prevention, healthcare compliance, and so on.)
- Weblog Posts
- Case Research
- Claims Types
- Instructional Articles
- Vital Web site Hyperlinks
- Insurance coverage Types
- Product Brochures
- Regulatory Updates
- Social Media Profiles (and Teams)
- Movies and Recorded Webinars
These are just some forms of the content material that may be shared with workers, purchasers and prospects. A web site useful resource library permits insurance coverage businesses and brokers to resolve what content material they need shared, and helps them arrange how they need to share this content material.
Bettering Your Content material Group
Useful resource libraries assist businesses higher arrange all of their content material. In some methods, it acts as a forcing perform. By making a central repository, it is sooner and simpler for workers to find and add content material, as they know the place to go to search out the content material, whereas making it simpler so as to add or submit. Moderately than looking by server folders, or visiting a number of pages throughout your web site (assuming the content material they want has even been posted), workers can discover every little thing shortly, in a single simple to look digital venue. For shopper particular content material, or content material that incorporates a few of your “secret sauce”, you may require a password, for these particular recordsdata, or break up your library between prospect (for common content material) and shopper accessible content material.
Advantages of a Useful resource Library
- Permits the company to showcase their experience
- Can be utilized to increase your model
- Simpler to search out, search and entry data
- Helps Producers entry and share your advertising and marketing supplies
- Improved web site stickiness
- It could possibly enable you to develop your opt-in e mail listing
- Makes it simple to share data on social media
- Motivates company workers to provide extra, high quality contentâ€‹
In case your company has not but created an Insurance coverage Web site Useful resource Library, take into account including this initiative to subsequent 12 months’s advertising and marketing plan. These businesses which lack the inner sources to create this library, can take into account outsourcing this initiative to a proficient insurance coverage company advertising and marketing agency.


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(Originally posted May 29, 2012. After many misfires, Hakaan and Jumper finally got to get through the Park River thanks to the Hog River Revival dudes. Relive our journey on this post and check out the awesome work by the guys at the Hartford Art Walk tonight 6-8 at the Hartford Public Library on Main St. Check out more of Sad City and the Park River here.)
We've long since had a dream of riding underneath the city in the mysterious Park River. Yes, we know that as far as dreams go, it's kind underwhelming. But a childhood built upon repeated viewings of The Goonies and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles created a fascination with the subterranean. The mystery that the cement caverns held seemed liked the most amazing adventure promised. Well, thanks to the Hog River Revival guys, our dream was made a reality. And we brought our video camera along!
The video is available after the jump.
So after several failed attempts and missions to explore the underground conduit, we now have a check mark on our bucket list.
The Hog River Revival guys have a couple of days left on their Kickstarter. Anyone interested in going on their own tour of the tunnels should definitely check it out.
Also, for additional perspective, here's Hakaan giving his take on the adventure with our old friend Craig the Porn Star on WCCC.


If you have got any downside in downloading your required book then Z-Library is the best answer. Z library provides you analysis papers, e-books; articles, etc for free of charge and paid. you’ll transfer thousands of books from this website. If the associate author transfers the book while not mentioning the version, it becomes tough to seek out that book. Anyhow if you discover this book through a third party, you have got to buy this.
Introduction to Z-Library
Z-library is the largest eBook library on the web. It offers you millions of books, articles, analysis papers, and journals in pdf type. The previous name of Z library was BookFinder. Z-lib could be immense info of educational and general books.
Most individuals transfer analysis papers from Science Direct and Springer. Z-library is one of the simplest online libraries when Genesis and Sci-hub. This website is working since 2009 and has been thought of as a piracy website. the rationale is that they need to upload nearly every book even some books while not with the permission of the authors. The management, operations, and mission of this website aren’t standard.
They give access to individuals to a restricted share. Sometimes, the library additionally collects charity for development. Researchers will submit their articles for publication on this website. In distinction to others, z library permits their use to make accounts on web site. The unregistered users get restricted read. Z-library is additionally offered on the Tor network wherever principally eBooks are taken down from the sites.
How are you able to access the Z-library?
Simply visit this website https://z-lib.org/. the utilization of this website is straightforward like Google. If you wish to transfer any book merely sort the author name, ISBN name or book name, and you’ll get the results. If you wish to induce unlimited viewership you have got to make an associate account. 3 membership subscriptions square measure being offered by Z-library. These embrace guests, basic members, and premium members. The downloading capability is restricted for guests and basic members. However, if you wish to induce unlimited downloading you must subscribe for a premium.
What you would like to grasp regarding Z-library and its alternatives?
If you’re a book lover and pay hours reading books then you must comprehend Z-library. If you wish to induce thousands of eBooks, articles, and journals in pdf then Z library is the best choice.
Z library is commonly called Z lib. it’s a virtual library that contains info of heap of data in revealed type. There square measure several Z library alternatives to transfer books however Z library is the best among them.
There square measure several alternatives to Z library that you just will access to seek out your required books.
To get free eBooks, FreeBookSpot is the best variety of Z library. you’ll get many free books on completely different topics. There square measure over eighty classes from wherever you’ll opt for your favorite books or scan online. This website is user-friendly and helps them to seek out favorite authors’ books.
Z -ibrary is additionally called Z lib. it’s a virtual library that contains info of heaps of data in revealed type. There square measure several Z library alternatives to transfer books.
You can check any book reviews and outlines of the book before beginning reading. If you’re an associate author, you’ll transfer your books on this Z-library to various websites.
Ebook3000 is another various of Z lib. It offers thousands of free eBooks for its or her users. A user will search books and documents on this website. the foremost fascinating issue regarding this website is you’ll scan books offline with ease. This website offers books on completely different classes like comics, science, technology, engineering, and novels, etc. This website is easy, and you’ll simply notice the most recent book to scan here.
A project printer could be a standard e-library that has sixty,000 and books. you’ll get the latest books on this website. Here you’ll notice the simplest literature written by noted authors within the world. you’ll get several documents that are seen to it by authors. there’s no specific registration and fee for this website. merely you would like to Google this website, open it and browse books online.
Over Drive Media Console
Overdrive is an internet eBook platform that provides you the prospect to transfer your required books. you’ll listen to books on this website if you’re not fascinated by reading. The website is additionally liberal to listen and browsing books. Z Lib provides you the opposite study materials in pdf type. This website is the best Z-library various that is user-friendly and provides a range of options to their user. you’ll access books, audiobooks, magazines, and study material for free of charge and transfer it for reading.
BookFi could be a standard and best platform to scan books and magazines online. you’ll access over twenty-two million eBooks from this website.
It updates books knowledge and uploads new books when every seven days to produce the best user expertise. you’ll choose books from completely different classes and browse with no limitation. This website is standard as a result of it offers books and provides you access to scores of articles and magazines worldwide.


pan·do·ric | pan-ˈdȯr-ik |
The prison. The puzzle. The lock & the key…
Origin: From the Greek, Pan ‘all’ + dōron ‘gift’ + ikos ‘having characteristics of.’
On the surface, a Pandoric can be seen as a decorative object constructed originally from Gopher wood,(see biblical arc: creation of), also a variant of Cedar found in Northern Libya. The word Pandoric describes a concept more than an object and has a much fuller meaning in the translation from its original Babylonian and can be described as; a prison, a puzzle, a lock, a key, or all depending on its use in context.
The earliest accounts of Pandorics being recorded can be tranced as back as early as 5000 B.C. They share strong ties to a mystical cult-like religious order known referred to as the Dancers of the Spirals. It is uncertain if the members were charged with the construction or safeguarding of these artifacts. From one historical account a description of a ceremony to “Embrace the Deity” has been tied to many of the legends of Nimrod and the early death cults of Bal throughout the old world. The phrase “Embrace the Deity” can also be construed to be a meditative state to focus the channeling of the god or to even contain the god.
Tales describe the Pandorics as having a myriad of properties making them hard to understand what purpose they serve. Most stories or accounts hint that they augment a (mystical) connection between the worlds that can only be achieved by sacrificing ones self in a union with the Pandoric. A physical and spiritual alchemy. But that is only a hint at scratching the surface to the truths making up the cosmology of the Pandorics. Connection points or gateways to a myriad planes that intersect our own. They are the doors that open between Ya’lgo’weth, (the physical planes of Earths), Sheol, (the spirit planes, or biblical Hells) and the Heavens.
dark his·to·ry | ˈdärk ˈhi-st(ə-)rē |
The undisclosed records concealed from the chronicling in the annals of mankind.
Events and people purposefully obscured from society that relates to the grand game and the players,
Origin: From Old English deorc ‘sinister,’ + from the Old French estoire ‘chronicle.’
Within these hallowed walls you will soon learn that everything has its place in the great design. The histories, chronicles and other written accounts are yours to discover. Doubtless a few secrets will be unearthed in your studies…but not all will be easily understood. Time and patients is required for you are on a long journey and it will prove a sad fact that the more you discover, the more you will question. Don’t let the knowledge they impart keep you from the path.
dark art | därk ˈärts |
The mysterious use of creative skills to produce unsettling works of a hidden nature.
Origin: From the Latin ars ‘skill, craft.’
Sectioned off for those who are predisposed to a more visual nature, the Dark Arts is the area of the Pandorics devoted to the artwork, design and working notes left by the Makers. For now, the three main areas comprising the works are:
sche·mat·ic | ski-ˈmat-ik |
Formula, diagram, symbol or representation to display to the complexities of the subject matter.
Origin: From the Medieval Latin schēma ‘diagram, form, figure.’
For those of you coming to seek the pleasures of the Dark Arts you will find the creator notes on each Pandoric detailing the meanings behind the designs.
an·i·mus | ˈanəməs |
An animating or energizing spirit of purpose and intention.
Origin: From the Latin, anima ‘spirit, mind, soul.’
Countless hours of work has gone into providing animated views of the work to further study and understand. For the uninitiated you can spend time in meditative studies to learn the deeper mysteries and meanings to the Pandorics.
cells | sels |
Various components that form the parts of a whole acting as a unit within a larger organization.
Origin: From the Old French, celle ‘a small chamber or prison, an arrangement of parts.’
Galleries of work for you to appreciate and wander about.
pan·do·ri·um | panˈdôrēəm |
A collection of unique paraphernalia, reproductions and limited hand made editions by the artist.
Origin: From the Greek pan ‘all,’ + dōron ‘gift’ + emporos ‘merchant.’
Beautiful hand made creations painstakingly crafted down to the last detail by the Pandoric Maker himself.
Assorted offerings and other paraphernalia available to order from the shop.
“Everything has its price in the Pandorium…
what would YOU be willing to pay?”


In the NY Times in January, a book review caught my eye. It was titled: “Beyond the Cruel Facts of Her Life Are Truths That Cut Deep.”
The book is: THE COPENHAGEN TRILOGY Childhood, Youth, Dependency By Tove Ditlevsen
The review is amazingly written, but I wonder if anyone has read the book (originally three books).
The beginning of the book review quotes from the book: “I know every person has their own truth,” Tove Ditlevsen writes in “Childhood,” the first volume of her beautiful and fearless memoirs. “Fortunately, things are set up so that you can keep quiet about the truths in your heart; but the cruel, gray facts are written in the school records and in the history of the world.”
That the Danish author (1917-76) was famous in her own country by her 20s, writing a major body of work that includes 11 books of poetry, seven novels and four story collections, doesn’t mean that expressing those truths came easily. The facts of her early life in a rough corner of Copenhagen’s Vesterbro district were gray and often cruel enough: Hitler was rising to power, her father lost his job, Ditlevsen’s education ended with middle school. Her comely, mercurial mother mocked her desire to be a poet, telling her that “everything written in books is a lie.” The best she could hope for was marriage to “a stable skilled worker who comes right home with his weekly paycheck and doesn’t drink.”
But as the author-to-be went about her housework, “long, mysterious words began to crawl across my soul like a protective membrane. … When these light waves of words streamed through me, I knew that my mother couldn’t do anything else to me because she had stopped being important to me. My mother knew it, too, and her eyes would fill with cold hostility.”


Ender’s Game Quintet Book Series by Orson Scott CardReaditify
If you love science fiction novels then The Ender’s Game Book Series by Orson Scott Card is a must read! You may also have seen the Ender’s Game Movie adaptation and you may perhaps have the idea that’s the plot all about. Young Andrew “Ender” Wiggin is just like any other boy with two not so unusual siblings that were candidates for the space military training. It was a special military draft to only take children with exceptional skills and intelligence. Unfortunately, the two came short of the draft and Andrew Wiggin was taken for the command school instead.
Because of the special and unparalleled skills of Andrew, we was chosen as the leader of the battle room. Eventually, he became the general. Expected to lead the battle to protect the Earth from the third Alien invasion however – he has his own personal battles as well. The isolation from the artificial environment for the soldier children, the longing for his so loved sister Valentina, the fear of leading an army of children to battle the aliens – a war he alone should fight and conquer. The battle has no end – for Ender and for all Earth dwellers. We lost the first war, the second we held it well, but the third is yet to come and Ender has to stop it at all cost. But all of this was only a simulation for him – at least for the moment.
Orson Scott Card captured the imagination of the readers and brings them to the near-reality setting of how things might be in the future where aliens of course may be existing with high probability. The genius of Orson Scott Card has captured the minds of readers from at least 44 regions in the world. Topping among the fans of Enders’ Game Book Series include United States, Canada, New Zealand, Germany, Australia, and a lot more! What’s even better is that you can download the Enders’ Game Novel through our website via Amazon.
|Author||Orson Scott Card|
|Publisher||Tor Science Fiction|
|Publish Date||July 15, 1994|
|Genre||Fiction > Science Fiction|
|Amazon Link||BUY AT AMAZON|
Ender’s Game Quintet Book Review
Despite of this critically acclaimed bestseller work of Orson Scott Card, a lot of criticisms still managed to sneak out. And even it The Enders’ Game Book is rained with 5 star ratings both at Amazon and GoodReads, it still is drizzled with one or two stars ratings all over. Let us first try to scrutinize why there are low scores everywhere about this Ender’s Game Saga or Quintet.
Many readers are left in disgust reading Orson Scott Cards’ Ender’s Game book. Some pointed out that the book tells a lot about nakedness. Ender seeing his companions naked while sleeping or walking at corridors still naked. That’s not new for a book but as six year old thinking too much about nakedness is too much. Still others feel that a six year old knows everything is just too unbelievable and seems like Ender is a 30 year old man trapped in a boy’s body. Even more are saying that some descriptions are too long that it would make up a chapter for some other book by other authors. More are even disliking the The Ender’s Game Book Series because they hate the author himself. Ender also reminds some readers of the evil Hitler brainwashing children and forcing them to kill. Awful and a little contrasting than the accolades that Enders Game Book is receiving from the literary community.
And finally, for the majority positive reviews for Ender Game. Many loved how Orson Scott Card built the characters. Strong and unique characters make good protagonists and antagonists. Some feel that despite of Ender’s almost exceptional abilities to excel in almost every and any task – shows the side of being human. Not just any human but as a child. Bullied and battles loneliness – Ender was able to surpass them all and that what makes Andrew Wiggin well accepted and appreciated as the main protagonist. Well to my surprise – some are even saying that this is better than the movie adaptation. And about the introductory prose – some readers are loving it more than the story itself. Overall, many regard the Ender’s Game as the phenomenal and the best science fiction novel ever written. And perhaps you may want to check the other books included in this quintet like my personal favorite – Ender’s Shadow. You may check them below.
- Ender’s Game
- Speaker for the Dead
- Children of the Mind
- Ender’s Shadow
- Shadow of the Hegemon
- Shadow Puppets
- Shadow of the Giant
- A War of Gifts : And Ender’s Story
- Ender in Exile
- Shadows in Flight
- Earth Unaware
- Earth Afire
- Earth Awakens
- The Swarm
- Children of the Fleet
- The Hive
- The Queens
- Shadow Alive
Despite of the really poor reviews of the Ender’s Game from our fellow bookworms, we at Readitify gives the Ender’s Game Book Series a 4.5 stars rating. We could have given it a perfect 5 stars but we are uncomfortable with Ender molded in the story like a megalomaniac. So that concludes our review and may it serve you well to decide whether to buy Ender’s Game book or not.
Readers' Book Review on Ender's Game


When I opened the book, and saw that it was not a normal chapter book, but rather a collection of snippets from the viewpoints listed above, I was immediately drawn in to the dynamic story and was not disappointed at all.
"In 1945, when the first atomic bomb was dropped, Dr. Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project team made an incredible discovery: time travel was possible, under certain conditions. Operation Time Sleeper was born. Out of the ashes of the atomic clouds and dusts, the US government created a program to explore this “time tunnel” that sends objects, and human beings, back in time 50 years, to the day.
In the waning days of 2012, as 2013 is looming and the last possible moments to save President Kennedy are closing, Project Camelot launches 30 timesleepers back 50 years on a one-way trip through time to save Kennedy.
Gabriel Fox is one of these timesleepers: a Navy SEAL trained to survive under any situation, even Dallas, circa 1963. But why would he accept this mission? And how close will he get to saving Kennedy?
Mixing time travel and Cold War espionage, intrigue and high-stakes action, Saving Kennedy is pure genre-bending entertainment."
I will admit that I am a sucker for time travel, and the various ways in which it can be conducted. Using the blast from an atomic bomb is something I had never thought of in relation to time travel, and Francis Y. Barel does a fantastic job of making the concept both plausible and believable. If you are a fan of espionage, time travel, political figures, and originality, this is a must read. Never, have I had so much fun reading such a mixed genre book as this "Saving Kennedy".
|Available on Amazon.com (click picture to purchase)|


About Nova Publishers
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. is a STM publisher founded over 30 years ago in New York by the late Frank Columbus, the former Vice President of Plenum Publishing Corporation, now a part of Springer. Nadya Columbus is the current President of Nova Publishers and continues the work she and Frank started, along with with her two daughters and a dedicated staff. Nova's main areas of publishing are the Social Sciences, Medicine and Biology and Science and Technology. We produce over 1,500 new titles by leading researchers each year, and have a network of expert authors, editors and advisors spanning the global academic community in pursuit of advanced research developments. Our publications include hardcover, softcover, electronic books, online publications, videos and DVDs, reference books, monographs and edited collections, as well as over 100 academic and professional journals in print and electronic formats. Many of our books are also currently available as Open Access.


Celebrating the bicentenary of its creation, Rewriting Frankenstein is an interactive exploration of Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, created by Neil Jenkins
Using Victor Frankenstein's creation from mismatched body parts as an analogy, here, you recreate the story, word by word, by choosing the next word that might follow from previous words in Shelley's original text.
Completed sentences that are created here are subsequently tweeted from the @Mary_W_Shelley twitter account, which in turn are replied to in the same manner by @Frankenbotstein – an automated twitter bot. You can also tweet directly @Frankenbotstein to elicit a reply.
First choose whether you would like to start at the beginning of the book, or choose a word that appears in the book


This sweet little cake was made for a Winnie the Pooh themed baby shower!
It was so fun to make this cake in incorporate all the tiny details.
I checked out a copy of Winnie the Pooh from the library (though I really must get my own copy) and selected a scene from one of my favorite stories. Then I painted it onto MM Fondant and let it dry. I also make some little fondant bumblebees with almond wings.
The cake was covered in buttercream and then topped with chocolate ganache.


Resilience and Coping
A practical conversation about developing resilience and coping skills within the context of COVID-19 for AWARE. I joined Dr Keith Gaynor and Dr Claire Hayes for one of the most interesting conversations I've had all year! A chance to reflect on all that I have learned from the amazing people I have interviewed to all over the world, and to learn about Keith's fantastic work and approach to life.
In the article, published in April 2020, I share how I discovered the importance of finding my own voice following my divorce, my experience of self-stigma, in particularly feeling I was not good enough, and how self-inquiry helped me deeply question that and grow as a person. Written by the talented Leonie Corcoran, she draws on wisdom from some amazing women - Amelia Earhart, Michelle Obama and our own inspirational Sinead Burke. She talks about how women often feel the 'imposter syndrome' and stresses the importance of:
1) feeling the fear and doing it anyway,
2) exercising your mind and;
3) stretching yourself out of your comfort zone.
With the current challenges for all of us with COVID-19, this advice is even more important than ever......