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He became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and the earliest known ballads featuring him are from the 15th century. There have been numerous variations and adaptations of the story over the last six hundred years, and the story continues to be widely represented in literature, film and television.
Robin Hood is considered one of the best known tales of English folklore. The historicity of Robin Hood is not conclusively proven and has been debated for centuries.
There are numerous references to historical figures with similar names that have been proposed as possible evidence of his existence, some dating back to the late 13th century.
At least eight plausible origins to the story have been mooted by historians and folklorists, including suggestions that "Robin Hood" was a stock alias used by outlaws in general who did not want to reveal their identity.
The first clear reference to 'rhymes of Robin Hood' is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman , thought to have been composed in the s, but the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the second half of the 15th century, or the first decade of the 16th century.
In these early accounts, Robin Hood's partisanship of the lower classes, his Marianism and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer , his anti-clericalism, and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear.
The latter has been part of the legend since at least the later 15th century, when he is mentioned in a Robin Hood play script. In modern popular culture, Robin Hood is typically seen as a contemporary and supporter of the lateth-century king Richard the Lionheart , Robin being driven to outlawry during the misrule of Richard's brother John while Richard was away at the Third Crusade.
This view first gained currency in the 16th century. The early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode , names the king as 'Edward'; and while it does show Robin Hood accepting the King's pardon, he later repudiates it and returns to the greenwood.
The oldest surviving ballad, Robin Hood and the Monk , gives even less support to the picture of Robin Hood as a partisan of the true king.
The setting of the early ballads is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th century or the 14th, although it is recognised they are not necessarily historically consistent.
The early ballads are also quite clear on Robin Hood's social status: While the precise meaning of this term changed over time, including free retainers of an aristocrat and small landholders, it always referred to commoners.
The essence of it in the present context was 'neither a knight nor a peasant or "husbonde" but something in between'.
As well as ballads, the legend was also transmitted by 'Robin Hood games' or plays that were an important part of the late medieval and early modern May Day festivities.
The first record of a Robin Hood game was in in Exeter , but the reference does not indicate how old or widespread this custom was at the time.
The Robin Hood games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and 16th centuries. Written after ,  it contains many of the elements still associated with the legend, from the Nottingham setting to the bitter enmity between Robin and the local sheriff.
The first printed version is A Gest of Robyn Hode c. Other early texts are dramatic pieces, the earliest being the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham  c.
These are particularly noteworthy as they show Robin's integration into May Day rituals towards the end of the Middle Ages; Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham , among other points of interest, contains the earliest reference to Friar Tuck.
The plots of neither "the Monk" nor "the Potter" are included in the Gest; and neither is the plot of " Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne ", which is probably at least as old as those two ballads although preserved in a more recent copy.
Each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, so it is unclear how much of the medieval legend has survived, and what has survived may not be typical of the medieval legend.
It has been argued that the fact that the surviving ballads were preserved in written form in itself makes it unlikely they were typical; in particular, stories with an interest for the gentry were by this view more likely to be preserved.
The character of Robin in these first texts is rougher edged than in his later incarnations. In "Robin Hood and the Monk", for example, he is shown as quick tempered and violent, assaulting Little John for defeating him in an archery contest; in the same ballad Much the Miller's Son casually kills a 'little page ' in the course of rescuing Robin Hood from prison.
As it happens the next traveller is not poor, but it seems in context that Robin Hood is stating a general policy. The first explicit statement to the effect that Robin Hood habitually robbed from the rich to give the poor can be found in John Stow 's Annales of England , about a century after the publication of the Gest.
That tilleth with his ploughe. No more ye shall no gode yeman: That walketh by gren-wode shawe;: Ne no knyght ne no squyer: That wol be a gode felawe.
Within Robin Hood's band, medieval forms of courtesy rather than modern ideals of equality are generally in evidence. In the early ballad, Robin's men usually kneel before him in strict obedience: The only character to use a quarterstaff in the early ballads is the potter, and Robin Hood does not take to a staff until the 17th-century Robin Hood and Little John.
The political and social assumptions underlying the early Robin Hood ballads have long been controversial. It has been influentially argued by J.
Holt that the Robin Hood legend was cultivated in the households of the gentry, and that it would be mistaken to see in him a figure of peasant revolt.
He is not a peasant but a yeoman, and his tales make no mention of the complaints of the peasants, such as oppressive taxes. By the early 15th century at the latest, Robin Hood had become associated with May Day celebrations, with revellers dressing as Robin or as members of his band for the festivities.
This was not common throughout England, but in some regions the custom lasted until Elizabethan times, and during the reign of Henry VIII , was briefly popular at court.
A complaint of , brought to the Star Chamber , accuses men of acting riotously by coming to a fair as Robin Hood and his men; the accused defended themselves on the grounds that the practice was a long-standing custom to raise money for churches, and they had not acted riotously but peaceably.
It is from the association with the May Games that Robin's romantic attachment to Maid Marian or Marion apparently stems.
The earliest preserved script of a Robin Hood play is the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham  This apparently dates to the s and circumstantial evidence suggests it was probably performed at the household of Sir John Paston.
This fragment appears to tell the story of Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne. This includes a dramatic version of the story of Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar and a version of the first part of the story of Robin Hood and the Potter.
Neither of these ballads are known to have existed in print at the time, and there is no earlier record known of the "Curtal Friar" story.
The publisher describes the text as a ' playe of Robyn Hood, verye proper to be played in Maye games ', but does not seem to be aware that the text actually contains two separate plays.
These plays drew on a variety of sources, including apparently A Gest of Robin Hood , and were influential in fixing the story of Robin Hood to the period of Richard I.
Skelton himself is presented in the play as acting the part of Friar Tuck. Some scholars have conjectured that Skelton may have indeed written a lost Robin Hood play for Henry VIII's court, and that this play may have been one of Munday's sources.
Robin Hood is known to have appeared in a number of other lost and extant Elizabethan plays. Lleweleyn, the last independent Prince of Wales, is presented playing Robin Hood.
In it, the character Valentine is banished from Milan and driven out through the forest where he is approached by outlaws who, upon meeting him, desire him as their leader.
They comment, 'By the bare scalp of Robin Hood's fat friar, This fellow were a king for our wild faction!
When asked about the exiled Duke Senior, the character of Charles says that he is '"already in the forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England'.
It is about half finished and writing may have been interrupted by his death in It is Jonson's only pastoral drama, it was written in sophisticated verse and included supernatural action and characters.
The London theatre closure by the Puritans interrupted the portrayal of Robin Hood on the stage. The theatres would reopen with the Restoration in This short play adapts the story of the king's pardon of Robin Hood to refer to the Restoration.
However Robin Hood appeared on the 18th-century stage in various farces and comic operas. With the advent of printing came the Robin Hood broadside ballads.
Exactly when they displaced the oral tradition of Robin Hood ballads is unknown but the process seems to have been completed by the end of the 16th century.
Near the end of the 16th century an unpublished prose life of Robin Hood was written, and included in the Sloane Manuscript. Largely a paraphrase of the Gest, it also contains material revealing that the author was familiar with early versions of a number of the Robin Hood broadside ballads.
However, the Gest was reprinted from time to time throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. No surviving broadside ballad can be dated with certainty before the 17th century, but during that century, the commercial broadside ballad became the main vehicle for the popular Robin Hood legend.
The broadside ballads were fitted to a small repertoire of pre-existing tunes resulting in an increase of "stock formulaic phrases' making them 'repetitive and verbose',  they commonly feature Robin Hood's contests with artisans: Among these ballads is Robin Hood and Little John telling the famous story of the quarter-staff fight between the two outlaws.
Dobson and Taylor wrote, 'More generally the Robin of the broadsides is a much less tragic, less heroic and in the last resort less mature figure than his medieval predecessor'.
The 17th century introduced the minstrel Alan-a-Dale. He first appeared in a 17th-century broadside ballad , and unlike many of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend.
In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more farcical vein. From this period there are a number of ballads in which Robin is severely 'drubbed' by a succession of tradesmen including a tanner , a tinker and a ranger.
Yet even in these ballads Robin is more than a mere simpleton: The tinker, setting out to capture Robin, only manages to fight with him after he has been cheated out of his money and the arrest warrant he is carrying.
In Robin Hood's Golden Prize , Robin disguises himself as a friar and cheats two priests out of their cash. Even when Robin is defeated, he usually tricks his foe into letting him sound his horn, summoning the Merry Men to his aid.
When his enemies do not fall for this ruse, he persuades them to drink with him instead see Robin Hood's Delight.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Robin Hood ballads were mostly sold in "Garlands" of 16 to 24 Robin Hood ballads; these were crudely printed chap books aimed at the poor.
The garlands added nothing to the substance of the legend but ensured that it continued after the decline of the single broadside ballad. In Thomas Percy bishop of Dromore published Reliques of Ancient English Poetry , including ballads from the 17th-century Percy Folio manuscript which had not previously been printed, most notably Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne which is generally regarded as in substance a genuine late medieval ballad.
A collection of all the Ancient Poems Songs and Ballads now extant, relative to that celebrated Outlaw. The only significant omission was Robin Hood and the Monk which would eventually be printed in Ritson's interpretation of Robin Hood was also influential.
Himself a supporter of the principles of the French Revolution and admirer of Thomas Paine Ritson held that Robin Hood was a genuinely historical, and genuinely heroic, character who had stood up against tyranny in the interests of the common people.
In his preface to the collection Ritson assembled an account of Robin Hood's life from the various sources available to him, and concluded that Robin Hood was born in around , and thus had been active in the reign of Richard I.
He thought that Robin was of aristocratic extraction, with at least 'some pretension' to the title of Earl of Huntingdon, that he was born in an unlocated Nottinghamshire village of Locksley and that his original name was Robert Fitzooth.
Ritson gave the date of Robin Hood's death as 18 November , when he would have been around 87 years old. In copious and informative notes Ritson defends every point of his version of Robin Hood's life.
Nevertheless, Dobson and Taylor credit Ritson with having 'an incalculable effect in promoting the still continuing quest for the man behind the myth', and note that his work remains an 'indispensable handbook to the outlaw legend even now'.
Ritson's friend Walter Scott used Ritson's anthology collection as a source for his picture of Robin Hood in Ivanhoe , written in , which did much to shape the modern legend.
In the 19th century the Robin Hood legend was first specifically adapted for children. Children's editions of the garlands were produced and in a children's edition of Ritson's Robin Hood collection.
Children's Robin Hood novels began to appear. It is not that children did not read Robin Hood stories before, but this is the first appearance of a Robin Hood literature specifically aimed at them.
Egan made Robin Hood of noble birth but raised by the forestor Gilbert Hood. Nevertheless, the adventures are still more local than national in scope: These developments are part of the 20th-century Robin Hood myth.
Pyle's Robin Hood is a yeoman and not an aristocrat. The idea of Robin Hood as a high-minded Saxon fighting Norman lords also originates in the 19th century.
In this last work in particular, the modern Robin Hood—'King of Outlaws and prince of good fellows! The 20th century grafted still further details on to the original legends.
The film, The Adventures of Robin Hood , starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland , portrayed Robin as a hero on a national scale, leading the oppressed Saxons in revolt against their Norman overlords while Richard the Lionheart fought in the Crusades; this movie established itself so definitively that many studios resorted to movies about his son invented for that purpose rather than compete with the image of this one.
In , during the McCarthy era, the Republican members of the Indiana Textbook Commission called for a ban of Robin Hood from all Indiana school books for promoting communism because he stole from the rich to give to the poor.
In the animated Disney film, Robin Hood , the title character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic fox voiced by Brian Bedford.
Years before Robin Hood had even entered production, Disney had considered doing a project on Reynard the Fox. However, due to concerns that Reynard was unsuitable as a hero, animator Ken Anderson adapted some elements from Reynard into Robin Hood , thus making the title character a fox.
The British-American film Robin and Marian , starring Sean Connery as Robin Hood and Audrey Hepburn as Maid Marian, portrays the figures in later years after Robin has returned from service with Richard the Lionheart in a foreign crusade and Marian has gone into seclusion in a nunnery.
Retrieved August 6, Retrieved October 14, Origins' Opposite Taron Egerton". Retrieved October 17, Retrieved January 13, Retrieved November 17, Retrieved December 22, Retrieved February 15, Retrieved January 26, Retrieved October 24, Retrieved September 22, — via Twitter.
Retrieved 28 September Retrieved February 27, Retrieved November 1, Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Men in Tights Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter Rose the Red and White Lily Robyn and Gandeleyn A Gest of Robyn Hode Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne Robin Hood and the Monk Enraged that government has meddled in his church, Friar Tuck lashes out at the Sheriff, for which he is quickly arrested.
Prince John orders Friar Tuck hung, knowing Robin Hood will come out of hiding to rescue his friend and give the potential for Robin to be caught.
Robin and Little John learn of the plot and sneak in during the night, with Little John managing to free all of the prisoners whilst Robin steals Prince John's taxes with a makeshift ropeway conveyor , but Sir Hiss awakens to find Robin fleeing.
Chaos follows as Robin and the others try to escape to Sherwood Forest. The Sheriff corners Robin after he is forced to return to rescue Tagalong, Skippy's little sister.
During the chase, Prince John's castle catches fire and Robin jumps into the moat, where he is seemingly skewered by the soldiers' arrows.
Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing tube.
We have such a terrific kid audience That's the trouble — too sophisticated. We'll take a nosedive doing it with animals. Ultimately, the idea was nixed as Treasure Island would become the studio's first fully live-action film.
Over the years, the studio decided to make Reynard the villain of a musical feature film named Chanticleer and Reynard based on Edmond Rostand 's Chanticleer , but the production was scrapped in the early s in favor of The Sword in the Stone While The Aristocats was in production, Ken Anderson began exploring possibilities for the next film.
Studio executives favored a "classic" tale as the subject for the next film, in which Anderson suggested the tale of Robin Hood , which was received enthusiastically.
However, the executives were wary of the reputation of Song of the South , which was followed by Wolfgang Reitherman 's decision to set the film in its traditional English location inspired by The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men As production went further along, Robin Allan wrote in his book Walt Disney and Europe , that "Ken Anderson wept when he saw how his character concepts had been processed into stereotypes for the animation on Robin Hood.
Because of the time spent on developing several settings and auditioning actors to voice Robin Hood, production fell behind schedule.
By October , most of the voice actors were confirmed, with the exception of Tommy Steele cast in the title role.
However, Steele was unable to make his character sound more heroic,  and his replacement came down to final two candidates which were Bernard Fox and Brian Bedford ,  with the latter being chosen.
Meanwhile, Louis Prima was so angered at not being considered for a role that he personally paid the recording expenses for the subsequent album, Let's "Hear" it For Robin Hood , which he sold to Disneyland Records.
However, Robin Hood was viewed as the first choice since it was not held in such high esteem as some of the other titles, and was less likely to get another theatrical release as its reissue proved to be disappointing.
It was re-released in Judith Crist , reviewing the film in the New York magazine, said it was "nicely tongue-in-cheek without insult to the intelligence of either child or adult.
Ever since the old maestro died, the cartoon features have shown distressing signs of a drop in quality, both in art work and in voice characterization.
But the blending of appealing cartoon animals with perfect voices for the part makes Robin Hood an excellent evening out for the whole family.
Also writing in the New York magazine, Ruth Gilbert called it "a sweet, funny, slam-bang, good-hearted Walt Disney feature cartoon with a fine cast" and wrote it was "a feast for the eyes for kiddies and Disney nostalgics.
There is not a single moment of the hilarity or deep, eerie fear that the Disney people used to be able to conjure up, or of the sort of visual invention that made the early features so memorable.
Robin Hood ' s basic problem is that it is rather too pretty and good natured. Decades since the film's release, the film was heavily noted for the recycled scenes of animation.
The website's consensus states that "One of the weaker Disney adaptations, Robin Hood is cute and colorful but lacks the majesty and excitement of the studio's earlier efforts.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:. The music played in the background while Lady Kluck fights off Prince John's soldiers in an American football manner, following the archery tournament, is an arrangement of " Fight On " and " On, Wisconsin ", the respective fight songs of the University of Southern California and the University of Wisconsin.
A record of the film was made at the time of its release in , which included its songs, score, narration, and dialogue.
The full soundtrack of the film was released to the general public on August 4, as part of the Walt Disney Records: The Legacy Collection series on compact disc and digital, and was a timed exclusive to the D23 Expo.
The song "Love" is featured in the feature film Fantastic Mr. The tone is said to be similar to the Pirates of the Caribbean film series.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the character, see Robin Hood Disney character. From there it was logical that Maid Marian should be a pretty vixen.
Little John, legendarily known for his size, was easily a big overgrown bear. Friar Tuck is great as a badger, but he was also great as a pig, as I had originally planned.
Then I thought the symbol of a pig might be offensive to the Church , so we changed him. Richard the Lion-hearted, of course, had to be a regal, proud, strong lion; and his pathetic cousin [historically, and in the movie, his brother] Prince John, the weak villain, also had to be a lion, but we made him scrawny and childish.
I originally thought of a snake as a member of the poor townspeople but one of the other men here suggested that a snake would be perfect as a slithering consort [Sir Hiss] to mean Prince John.
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The Meanderer's Copy of the subject volume.
The History of the Last Campagne in the Spanish Netherlands, Anno Dom 1693, Edward D'Auvergne, can be read online or downloaded in pdf form via Google Books.
In this post, dear readers, we take a diversion (a meander) into the the eighth installment of my e-book for antiquarians series. In these, I share passages and commentary on an open access e-book of interest that has been scanned and made available in its original form on the interwebs, rendering as close to an authentic reading experience as possible--for free--of an antiquarian volume of interest. If you click the "e-book" link in the blog labels to the right, you can find the other e-book posts. In this case, we visit a contemporary English language account of one of the the wars of Louis XIV: specifically, an account of the campaign of 1693 of the Nine Years War (or War of the Grand Alliance.). This account was done by Edward D' Auvergne, Chaplain to the Scots Guards, and has first hand accounts of the campaign--it was also penned in November 1693, so is told from a contemporary viewpoint as events were unfolding. The 1693 campaign had the major battles of the war, Steenkerke and Neerwinden (or Landen) primary among them, as well as the engagement of Leuze and several major siege operations, such Charleroi and Namur. In addition, this narrative provides a complete picture of a military campaigning of the era, providing both information and inspiration for big battles and small unit actions. The latter is perfect stuff for rules such as The Perfect Captain's Actions series, Osprey's Pikeman's Lament or my very own modest Smalle Warre system. Finally, for those peculiar fellows who, like me, derive some small and unreasonable pleasure from reading 17th century typology where "f" is "s"--this book is right up your alley!
ORDERS OF BATTLEDespite being from an English perspective, this little tome has complete orders of battle for both the French and Grand Alliance. Of particular interest is the contemporary convention for publishing army lists, which runs in order of preference: Page 1 is the Right Wing of Horse. Page 2 is the "Body" of Foot. Page 3 is the Left Wing of Horse. Each section is then divided into a first and second line, with the squadrons and battalions bracketed into brigades. Interestingly, this format provides both a listing and an abstract representation the army deployment--albeit "mirrored" since we read from left to right but the list proceeds from right to left. Also of interest is the term of art of the era, which provides insight into operations. The middle of the army is not referred to as the "center" but as the "body"--and this is synonymous with the infantry lines (ie, the "body" of foot). In this post, as in previous ones, I have included images from the original text as samples: you should be able to clix pix for BIG PIX in order to view them for yourself in this blog. Nevertheless, I encourage more in depth reading via the online text:
(Detached Allied Body of Horse)
HORSE THIEVERY AND OTHER "SMALLE WARRE" INCIDENTS
Although often mentioned, this narrative brings home how much operations were shaped by the imperatives of logistics--particularly with multiple large armies operating in a relatively small theater of operations. It is safe to say that pitched battles represented one form of conflict, but there was an equally, if not more important, form of conflict going on all the time as armies fought to both control resources and deny them to the opposing sides. All of these provide grist for the gaming mill.
The imperative to provide grazing and fodder for the thousands of livestock, the cavalry in particular, was often a major consideration in army operations as well as a security challenge. Here is a fascinating narrative of combat between small bodies of troops over grazing horses, one that probably is not unique to this campaign:
Below is an account of a more sizeable mission to gather forced "contributions" from enemy territory (something we would call a "raid" nowadays). It is interesting to note in the below how flexible these armies actually were. Note the specific task organization of the raiding force gathered together for this kind of mission ( also the types involved: dragoons, grenadiers, etc):
There are several accounts of combats brought about by either protecting or trying to intercept convoys--another common component of warfare in the era that is not often mentioned:
There are fascinating glimpses into assumptions and imperatives for managing armies on campaign during this era, such as avoiding wooded areas in order to limit desertions. In this particular passage, a common set of woods between the armies becomes an avenue for desertions from both. It is also interesting to note the illustration of another bit of 17th Century military culture--captured or deserting troops taking up service in opposing armies. In this case, it mentions Swiss deserters from the French army getting rounded up and impressed into service with the Swiss regiments in Dutch service:One normally associates lines of entrenchments stretching across (modern day) Belgium and the low countries with the Great War. However, this was also the case during the War of the Spanish Succession and the Nine Years War. In order to control territory (and to prevent the enemy from raiding and denuding territory) there were extensive "lines" dotted with redoubts stretching across the landscape. For instance, during the War of the Spanish Succession the "Lines of Brabant" consisted of an arc of 70 miles of fieldworks stretching from Antwerp to Namur. The same thing happened during the Nine Years War, which preceded the WSS. Punching through these lines in order to raid the territory on the other side provides another model of operation not often thought of. Below is a particularly interesting narrative of the allied operation to storm the Point David Redoubt in order to break through the French lines, led by four battalions with a task organized group of grenadiers and pikemen in support--the pikes being bundled together in fours to be used as planks over which fascines would be laid to get over the ditch: try finding that in a set of wargame rules!
The full account of this action is too extensive to reproduce here. I would recommend finding it and reading it in the online text (it starts on page 41). After the above breakthrough, there is an account of the ongoing operation into enemy territory. It provides both an example of how the armies operated in these missions as well as a reminder of the brutality of warfare, in this case the burning of towns prior to withdrawing in order to denude the area of resources.
Well, I think that's more than enough to give a sense of this small text. There are also quite detailed accounts of the major battles and sieges, which I will leave to you, dear reader, to discover for yourself in the readily available online e-text. Highly recommended for anyone with an interest in the era!


BOUND FOR EXILE, Israelites and Judeans under Imperial Yoke, Documents from Assyria and Babylonia
by Mordechai Cogan
Bound for Exile, the companion volume of The Raging Torrent, presents a collection of cuneiform texts that relate to the Israelites and Judeans living under the yoke of the great Mesopotamian empires during the 8th-6th centuries BCE. Through these texts, uncovered in ancient Assyria and Babylonia, as well as in the Land of Israel, we learn of the masses of Israelites and Judeans deported to distant parts of the ancient Near East, and the few left behind to live alongside new settlers who were in turn transferred to Israel.
Little is known of the life led by the exiles abroad. The Hebrew Bible relates to them only in the briefest fashion, but this historical void is filled, in part, by texts from the administration of the Assyrian and Babylonian empires – letters, lists, legal and economic documents – that make mention of Israelites in their daily pursuits. In addition, a number of wall reliefs from Assyrian palaces preserve ancient “photographs” showing the deportees being driven from their homes and at work in the service of their imperial masters. Taken together, these documents throw light on a dark period in the history of the People of Israel.
I liked this, calling the foreign non-Jews:
new settlers who were in turn transferred to Israel


No matter how tense hostilities between the U.S. and Castro’s Cuba escalated, both countries always kept little-known communication channels open, argues William LeoGrande and Peter Kornbluh in their book, Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations Between Washington and Havana.
As the U.S. and Cuba approach another potential period of uncertainty, Back Channel to Cuba offers rigorously researched lessons on what stalled—and what accelerated—U.S.-Cuba relations over the last 57 years.
Each chapter chronicles how U.S. presidential administrations from Eisenhower to Obama dealt with the Castro brothers. The book is loaded with little-known stories that explain how presidents, diplomats, revolutionaries, voters, vigilantes, journalists, and migrants all shaped a half-century relationship that has teetered between détente and nuclear war.
LeoGrande and Kornbluh argue that due to the polarizing nature of U.S.-Cuba relations, communication channels often rested in the hands of unlikely sources. ABC journalist Lisa Howard (she delivered a message to former President Lyndon Johnson from Fidel Castro), author Gabriel García Márquez (he delivered a letter to former President Bill Clinton from Fidel Castro), and Pope Francis (he assisted secret negotiations to normalize relations between the two countries) are just some of the icons who filled the diplomatic gaps.
While those back channels helped resolve some urgent conflicts (prisoner exchanges, migrant crises, and airplane hijackings) they never produced a diplomatic breakthrough until President Obama’s Dec. 17, 2014 announcement that relations would be normalized. For decades, too many thorny issues kept both countries away from the negotiating table. Property seized during the Cuban Revolution was, and continues to be, a persistent thorn. So were the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Angolan Civil War, the shooting down of the Brothers to the Rescue plane, and the Elián González custody battle. The lingering impact of those conflicts are a reminder that U.S.-Cuba relations are delicate despite any recent thaw.
Even though Back Channel to Cuba was updated in 2015 to include an epilogue on how Obama and Raúl Castro reached a breakthrough, the work as a whole still feels incomplete. The death of Fidel Castro and President Donald Trump’s threats to undo Obama’s Cuba opening means the first draft of history is still being written.
Leaders carving the future for both countries will benefit from reading Back Channel to Cuba, especially its penultimate chapter, “Intimate Adversaries, Possible Friends.” Instead of examining a U.S. presidential administration, this chapter lists ten lessons for leaders to consider in future negotiations. It explains why both countries continue to put domestic issues on the negotiating table, even when neither is willing to budge on them. It also explains why Cuba has a hard time understanding the difference between gestures and concessions, and why small successes don’t necessarily lead to big ones.
While it still isn’t clear how far Trump will stray from the opening to Cuba, or to what extent Raúl Castro will ditch the leadership style of his brother, Back Channel to Cuba has important historical context for both administrations to consider.
Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations Between Washington and Havana, by William M. LeoGrande & Peter Kornbluh, UNC Press, 2015, www.uncpress.unc.edu


The world of online gaming is a dynamic realm, constantly evolving with technological advancements and player preferences. Two major players that have significantly shaped the landscape are Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming. In this article, we embark on a journey to explore the inner workings of these industry powerhouses, examining their contributions, innovations, and the factors that have propelled them to the forefront of the gaming industry.
- Pragmatic Play: Crafting Experiences Beyond ExpectationsPragmatic Play has become synonymous with innovation and quality in the online gaming sphere. Known for their diverse portfolio of games that span various genres, Pragmatic Play has successfully catered to a wide audience. From immersive video slot88 to engaging live casino games, explore how Pragmatic Play has mastered the art of crafting experiences that go beyond player expectations. Dive into the technical brilliance behind their games and discover what sets Pragmatic Play apart in the competitive world of online gaming.
- MicroGaming: Pioneering the Path to PerfectionMicroGaming’s legacy in the gaming industry is nothing short of legendary. As one of the pioneers, they have consistently pushed boundaries, setting standards for excellence and reliability. From the inception of the first online casino software to their current expansive portfolio, MicroGaming has continuously evolved to meet the ever-changing demands of players. Explore the journey of MicroGaming, delve into their groundbreaking achievements, and understand how their commitment to perfection has made them a formidable force in the online gaming universe.
- Innovation Showdown: Pragmatic Play vs. MicroGamingThe battle for innovation is fierce in the gaming industry, and Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming are at the forefront of this competition. This section takes a closer look at the innovative features, technologies, and gameplay mechanics introduced by these giants. From cutting-edge graphics to revolutionary game mechanics, discover how Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming continuously strive to outdo each other, providing players with unparalleled gaming experiences.
- Player-Centric Approach: The Secret Sauce of SuccessBoth Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming have earned their stripes by placing players at the center of their strategies. This section explores how these developers gather player feedback, adapt to changing preferences, and tailor their games to create a personalized gaming experience. Delve into the strategies employed by Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming to maintain player loyalty and satisfaction, ensuring that every gaming session is memorable and enjoyable.
- The Future of Online Gaming: Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming’s RoadmapWhat lies ahead for these industry giants? This section peeks into the crystal ball, examining the future plans and visions of Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming. From upcoming game releases to potential collaborations and technological advancements, get a glimpse of the roadmap that these developers have charted to continue leading the online gaming revolution.
Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming stand as titans in the online gaming world, each contributing uniquely to the industry’s growth and evolution. As players continue to seek innovative and immersive gaming experiences, these developers will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the future of online gaming. Whether you’re a seasoned player or a newcomer to the gaming scene, understanding the stories, strategies, and innovations behind Pragmatic Play and MicroGaming provides a fascinating insight into the heartbeat of the gaming industry.


Welcome to the Florence R. Sabin College!
Learn about the faculty leaders in Sabin College by reading their faculty biographies.
About The Namesake
Dr. Florence Rena Sabin was born in a small mining town in Colorado in the late 19th century, but because her mother died from puerperal fever when she was just 7, her extended family helped raise her in Denver, Chicago, and finally Vermont. She attended Vermont Academy and was encouraged to go to college. Although she initially desired to become a pianist, she redirected her interests elsewhere after a classmate candidly told her that her musical talent was “merely average.”
Fortunately, for the future of medicine, Sabin redirected her interests towards the sciences. She earned a B.S. in Zoology from Smith College, and set her sights on becoming a physician. A mentor informed her that the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine would begin accepting women, so she submitted an application and matriculated in the fall of 1896.
Despite opening its doors to female medical students, Hopkins, like other institutions in that era, maintained an all-male faculty and reserved its limited number of clinical internships for men. But Sabin’s love for the sciences, and her talent in the classroom and laboratory would transcend tradition. Her hard work and intelligence prompted Dr. Franklin Mall, chair of the Department of Anatomy, to take her under his wing.
The two worked closely together for many years, during which time she made important discoveries in the neural anatomy of infants, and on the origins of lymphatic vessels. Her multiple publications and growing reputation in the scientific community forced Hopkins trustees to reconsider their policies, and in 1902, she became an assistant instructor - the first woman to hold a faculty position at this school. Only 3 years later, she earned a post as an associate professor in the Department of Anatomy.
In the ensuing 25 years as a faculty member, she taught anatomy, embryology, and histology to medical and nursing students. Her reputation as a consummate clinician and scientist soon achieved legendary status because of her warmth and willingness to work side by side with her students, and there were few among them who did not eventually become her friend.
Following her 30 years at Johns Hopkins, she accepted an opportunity at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, where she worked for 13 more years and made major contributions to the understanding of the immunology and pathology of tuberculosis. After retiring and moving back to Colorado, she remained active in scientific and medical circles, and helped shape public health policy in her home state until she passed away in 1953.
Florence Sabin was many things: a brilliant scientist, a trailblazer and role model for women in the medical profession and a steadfast believer in equal opportunities for women, a teacher, a colleague, and a friend. Her students and colleagues praised her professionalism, generosity, and unrelenting thirst for scientific investigation.


Letter from the Chairman
Letter from the Program Director
Continuity Clinic (COPE)
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Information About St. Louis
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The Medical Center
St. Louis Children’s Hospital
Washington University School of Medicine
House Staff Assistants
(HSAs) support house officers by acting as liaisons between the house officer and referring physicians' offices, ancillary personnel and parents. HSAs provide house officers with "protected time" for resident education at conferences and meetings. They organize all patient discharge planning and facilitate efficient and effective communications withthe multi-disciplinary medical team and patients/families.
Washington University Bernard Becker Medical Library
is one block away. The library regularly receives more than 2,800 medical journals and residents have access through their website to PubMed, Embase, UpToDate, eBooks, and journals. Residents also have access to free, unlimited mobile access to UpToDate.
Children's Hospital Medical Library
is located next to our housestaff lounge is is open 24 hours. Bound and recent journals, monographs and books appropriate to the needs of clinicians are maintained in the Children's Hospital Medical Library, and residents have free photocopying and printing privileges.
are located on each clinical unit in the hospital, in the resident lounge and in the Children's Hospital Medical Library for use of our computerized medical record system and for searching medical literature. User fees are paid by the hospital.
A number of self-produced guides and
, such as the HOG (Heme/Onc Guide) and PICU Guide, are given to residents, as well as a number of laminated, pocket-sized cards.
Residents receive the
Washington Manual of Pediatrics
at the beginning of internship. A classic
of the resident's choosing is given at graduation.
Dues for membership in the
American Academy of Pediatrics
During your residency, you will obtain
in neonatal resuscitation (NRP), pediatric advanced life support (PALS) and basic life support (BLS).
Child Development Center
is available and located nearby to provide
for employees of St. Louis Children's Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine. The center is open from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday through Friday, with extended evening care available until 8 p.m. Programs are available for infants through kindergarten-age children year-round, and camp for school-age children is offered during the summer months.
Residents regularly attend
together. Once monthly, or twice weekly during recruitment season, we have a residency program-sponsored event.
All residents are relieved of their clinical duties twice yearly. In the Fall, the program sponsors a
, and in the Spring, the residents all attend a
St. Louis Cardinals Game
while fellows cover the patients in the hospital.
exist all over the world. In recent years, residents have worked abroad on electives in Africa, Antigua, Australia, Honduras, Indonesia, Israel, Malawi, New Zealand and Santa Domingo, and in the United States at Atlanta, Bethesda, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, Nashville, New Haven and New York.
is provided for residents too fatigued to drive home.
are available after hours to all residents working nights.
are covered or subsidized for away electives as well as resident attendance at
is provided in the housestaff lounge each morning, consisting of coffee, juice, bagels, pastries and fruit. There is free Keurig coffee in the housestaff lounge 24 hours a day.
is provided at most noon-time resident conferences.
is a comfortable place for residents to relax between patient care activities. It is outfitted with a Keurig coffee maker, refrigerator, tables, couches, computers, coat racks, and a large TV with DVD player.
are available close to the hospital -- Wellness & Fitness facilities accessibility: IWJ Rehabilitation Building, BJC Well Aware, WU Athletic Complex, Olin Gym Center, The Center of Clayton, YMCA of Greater St. Louis.
is provided for all residents. It is walking distance to the hospital and a free shuttle service is also available.
Each intern is assigned a
at the start of their residency who is a great resource for career planning and finding research opportunities.
winter holiday schedules
permit time with families.
to the St. Louis Repertory Theatre and to the world-renowned Saint Louis Symphony are offered throughout the year.
is a St. Louis treasure within walking distance of the hospital. Features include tennis courts, an ice-skating rink, walking/bike paths, as well as the Art Museum, History Museum, Zoo, and the MUNY Theater.
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Dr. Steve Barrett, Senior Research Fellow at the University of Liverpool makes a welcome return to SciBar.
In March 2021 he gave us a Zoom talk entitled “The Beginning of Everything”. Now he finishes the story in person with a view into the future, describing the fate of the Earth, the Sun, the galaxy … and the Universe. Hold on to your hats!
Post-talk note Steve has sent links to his handout and talks:
If anybody missed picking up a handout of the slides from my talk, they can be downloaded here: https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/~sdb/Talks/End-Everything-KnSciBar.pdf and a video recording of the talk is here: https://stream.liv.ac.uk/s/9nx3kj5r As there were some questions afterwards about the idea of galaxies receding from us faster than the speed of light, here's a reminder of the links to my 'Ancient Light' talk to Knutsford SciBar from May 2021. The handout: https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/~sdb/Talks/Ancient-Light-KnSciBar.pdf The recording: https://stream.liv.ac.uk/8sq82hf6 Recordings and handouts of all my talks are here: https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/~sdb/Talks/Outreach.html


The U.S. Trotting Association announced on Wednesday (June 29) that a new, online version of the Trotting & Pacing Guide, the harness racing industry’s media guide, was launched on its website, www.ustrotting.com.
“Through the efforts of several departments at the USTA who have worked closely together on this project, we now have the most complete compilation of up-to-date information, statistics and records in the history of our industry,” said USTA Executive Vice President and CEO Mike Tanner in making the announcement. “The new, online T&P Guide contains more current information than the annual, printed publication and it is available anywhere, anytime on any internet-capable device.”
The online version contains much more information than the printed edition and provides up-to-date information, statistics and records on a daily basis instead of being restricted to annual updates. It will now provide interactive features for desktop and laptop computers as well as mobile devices.
Since the information resides in a number of different places, a new landing page was created for the T&P Guide that will provide navigation to the previous information in the book as well as all of the new information that is now available. A new T&P Guide tab is located on the top (black) menu bar on every page of www.ustrotting.com beside the existing PATHWAY link for ease of access.
Up-to-date, industry-wide statistical information will reside in PATHWAY to provide greatly expanded reports and categories. Many reports will be available at no cost, but will also include hyperlinks and the ability to research other paid PATHWAY offerings, including video replays.
In addition, a new All-Time category is offered for the Top Performers’ reports. Updated daily for current leaders, this will also allow easy online research of all previous year’s Top Performers’ information without the need for a library of the annual, printed editions of the T&P Guide books.
Additional statistical categories and more new information will be added moving forward.


South Mountain YMCA also wrapping up 2013 Strong Kids Campaign.
Hello Darlings! Friday was SEUSStastic! Usually I don't make a big deal about Dr. Seuss' birthday because most activities out there are tailored to the younger kiddos. We third grade teachers have to be "serious" and we
American Public Media takes note March 2 of the birthday of Dr. Seuss, otherwise known as Theodor “Ted” Geisel, considered by many the most beloved children's book writer in history. Geisel, a Dartmouth graduate of the
Today, in conjunction with Random House and the National Education Association, the annual Read Across America event is intended not only to celebrate and honor Dr. Seuss but also to encourage children to keep reading and learning. Semir Mehemed, a
His first book was rejected by more than 20 publishers before being accepted, but now, creeping up on a century later, Theodore Seuss Geisel has ingr.


I mentioned in a previous post that the key was write something you wanted to read. When Rick Chesler put the word out he was looking for co-authors for his new action series, I stepped forward because those of the type of novels I like to read. So I decided to put forward a post about what sort of novels I liked and why I I wanted to write African Firestorm.
So, I divided this up into two different posts. This one is about the adventure series that I enjoy reading. The next is about those authors whose adventure/thriller novels I enjoy reading. There's different set of authors I enjoy in other genre, but that 's for another post.
Here they are:
Trained from birth to be a hero, Clark Savage Jr. ("Doc") was both a physical marvel and a mental giant, who traveled the world with his team of men, fighting evils in all forms. Villains using science-fiction weapons, lost civilizations, and monsters were taken head on with Doc and his team's brains and brawn. Like the cliffhanger serials of the 1930s, Doc saved the world from all sorts of danger. The most interesting this is that a lot of the futuristic technology in these novels are commonplace today.
I can to these novels through the 1975 George Pal Movie and the first one I brought through the Scholastic Book program through school. When I was old enough, I would haunt through used book stores, looking for the Bantam paperbacks. The reprints by Vintage Library I have the first dozen, but my budget hasn't allowed me to continue buying them or the new ones written by Will Murray. But I have most of the Bantam run, and when I need to escape into a cliffhanger, that's where I go.
But while Batman is (mostly) a solo act, the Shadow had a network of agents to aid him in his fight against evil. But the Shadow and his twin .45s were never far away, and bad guys never knew when he was coming.
While I was aware of The Shadow (Though the radio show), my first exposure was the comics of the 80's. After that, the Movie, then the Vintage Library's reprints. Sadly, like with the Doc Savage, I haven't been able to keep up with the series. but I have a few radio shows, a few of the Vintage Library reprints and if my mood takes me, both the modern movie on DVD and the movie soundtrack (I like Tyler Dane's "Original Sin" from the soundtrack).
Mack Bolan: The Executioner
For forty years, Mack Bolan, special forces and war vet (Originally the Vietnam war) has been fighting the evil man brings to his fellow man. When most of his family died, he was called home to bury them. Once there, he found that the mafia had been indirectly involved with their death. Untouchable by the police, the local mafia saw themselves above the law --- until Bolan decided to declare war on them. For the first forty or so volumes, Bolan's war was against the Mafia, going across the country, conducting a guerrilla war. Later, he took on terrorists, criminal cartels, madmen of all types, at first for the US Government agent, then as a lone wolf with an arm's length relationship. With his near trade mark 9mm Beretta and his .50 Desert Eagle, Bolan wages a war against anyone who threatens innocents anywhere in the word.
In addition to Bolan series, I also read two related series, Phoenix Force and Able Team. All operate under an umbrella of Stony Man group. They too fight threats against innocents and good people.
The Death Merchant
Richard Camellion is a mercenary working for the CIA, taking extreme missions and leaving a high body count behind him. He is cynical. nihilistic, and has a high IQ. The stories are a little more out there --- Mind control drugs, Clones, underwater cities, man-triggered natural disasters are a few of the plots Camelion must stop.
While the plots are on the edge, the action is realistic and brutal. Someone isn't just shot; instead, where each round goes and what damage it does is described in detail. The same with other forms of mayhem. There are also small nuggets of information to pick up on. This is not everyone sort of series; Camelion is a bit of an asshole, and holds strong views. He also has a low regard for most of the human race, and doesn't hide it.
But I like the series because it is different. There's enough little things I can pick up on for use elsewhere, and it showed me how to write a anti-hero and make still the good guy besides his faults.
Well, that's it. Next time should be the authors I like in the adventure/thriller field.


The photo shows the Reading Room with the Village Hall behind. The entrance to the Village Hall is up the path, on the side of the building. The Village Hall has a stage, kitchen and toilets. The Reading Room has a kitchen and a wall-mounted projection screen. Both buildings are available for booking: phone or email Margaret Barwise on C 840205, firstname.lastname@example.org . Certificates for both buildings can be found here.
In the Calendar below, a dot dash grey line means that there is an appointment that day: click on the day itself, then scroll down to see details of any bookings.


FolkSoc has produced two tune books. These have the sheet music to some of the most common tunes and songs that we play in our sessions. They are a great way to get into playing folk music and expand your repertoire.
Tune books cost £5 each and are available to buy at FolkSoc sessions. FolkSoc membership and tune books can also be bought together for the combined price of £7!
A third tune book is currently being arranged. If you have a suggestion for a tune you think should be included please let us know!


A Little History
Ancient Mesopotamia : Mesopotamia, ancient Greek meaning ‘Between two rivers' the Tigris-Euphrates, the biblical land known as Ancient Mesopotamia, The Fertile Crescent, on The Silk Route, the rise of the first civilisation of the world, where time began, Sumerians : 60 parts, 60 seconds, 60 minutes, Luna calendar 12 months, 360 degrees, the wheel, weaving cloth, the cart, the chariot, the sailboat, the plough, mathematics, architecture, sun-dried bricks, astronomy, astrology, agriculture, irrigation, cuneiform writing, monarchy, copper tools, arrowheads, razors, swords, harpoons, maces, slings and clubs. The first recorded evidence of soap production written in cuneiform on a clay tablet 2800 BC, Sumerians. 2200 BC, Sumerians (where oils in soap began), a formula of soap consisting of water, alkali (ash) and cassia oil (cinnamomum) was written on a clay tablet (two thousand years before The Silk Route opened) . King Nabonidus, Neo-Babylonian 6th century BC : ashes, cypress extract, sesame oil (antibacterial, antiviral) written on clay cylinders, Ur. Babylon : the eighth gate to the inner city, The Ishtar Gate 575 BC, one of the seven wonders of the world, 2500 acres, 11 miles of wall wrapped around the most famous city of Ancient Mesopotamia. Greek historian Herodotus, declaring 'Overwhelmingly opulent, the walls so broad chariots could race around them', later confirmed by architect Callimachus of Cyrene. Antipater of Sidon, Greek writer,Poet 2nd century BC begins the official listing replacing The Ishtar Gate for The Lighthouse of Alexandria.
The first handmade olive oil, pistachio oil, laurel berry oil and almond oil soaps traded on The Silk Route at a time when Jesus was born, Roman Emperors, Kings, Queens, Princesses, Pharaohs of Egypt reigned. Galen of Pergamum : 2nd Century AD, Philosopher, Greek Physician, Surgeon, Personal Physician of The Emperors, Chief Physician for the treating of wounds to the gladiator school in Pergamum. Discoverer, that urine was formed in the kidney and arteries carried blood. His theories dominated medicine for 1500 years. His stay in Antioch and Aleppo were frequent, declaring to his patients the importance of the healing powers of the oils in soap (antiseptic, anti-itching, antibacterial). Zosimos of Panopolis 3rd century AD, Greek-Egyptian Alchemist, investigates the composition and chemical changes that occurred in the water and oils. Centuries later, still handmade today, remarkably, from the same historical areas, as the Soapmakers continue making history; hand-cut, dried stored for months being traditionally produced by hand through the generations of families, with only natural ingredients, unchanged throughout the centuries.
The Silk Route : The Merchants of Antioch earned their reputation for hundreds of years from the sale of silk, soap, glass, spices, cotton and copper tools, trading under 1400 Roman columns and porticoes for more than two miles, using their vegetable oil filled lamps each night to light up the colonnaded street for more than 800 years. Persian Sogdian Traders travelled and spoke the language of Sogdiana for hundreds of years from Chang'an, (perpetual peace), Han Dynasty, Samarkand to Antioch the third largest city of The Roman Empire, where Hadrian was in command of the army of the East. Commissioned by the 9th Emperor Vespasian establishing The Praetorian Fleets : Classis (Fleet) Syriaca. Cassis (Fleet) Mesopotamica. Patrolling Antioch (Selucia, seaport) to Alexandria, reinforced, if necessary, with 200 ships from Classes Praetoriae. Emperor Hadrian nominated by his legions of the East, Antioch 117AD.
Silk : 2696 BC Lei Zu, daughter of Xi Ling, Empress, Wife of The Yellow Emperor, the implementer of silk; by chance a silkworm cocoon fell from a tree into her tea cup unwrapping the silk and strong but, soft thread. Yellow silk : a class distinction. 552 AD : Emperor Justinian I sends two emissaries (Nestorian monks) to China to smuggle silkworm eggs, hidden in rods of bamboo, tired of paying exorbitant silk prices. Later, sericulture (silk farming) began.


Seven Important Quotes to Read at
the Thanksgiving Table
1. The Old 100th: The Thanksgiving Psalm of the Pilgrims
It was their deep devotion to God, commitment to sound doctrine and the pure faith which primarily motivated the Pilgrims to endure great trials and hardships for the hope of a multi-generational vision of victory. In obedience to God and to strengthen their spirits, the Pilgrims became known as people of song. They loved to sing and did so often, not only during the meeting of the church, but in the course of daily life. The Psalms were in the forefront of their musical repertoire for life, and few Psalms were as beloved as “The Old 100th.” Because books like psalters were precious and rare, they practiced a form of congregational singing in which one line would be sung or “called out” and the congregation would sing it back in unison. Here is the Old 100th, from the Geneva Bible, set to verse, Pilgrim style:
Shout to Jehova all the earth,
Serve ye Jehova with gladness,
Enter his gates with singing mirth,
No that Jehova, he God is.
It’s He that made us and not we,
His folk and sheep of His feeding
Oh with confession enter ye
His gates, his courtyards with praising.
Confess to him, bless ye his name,
Because Jehova he Good is.
His mercy ever is the same,
And his faith unto all ages. Amen.
2. The Greatest Quote Concerning the Resolve of the Pilgrims
The simple sentence below by William Bradford is one of the most powerful in all of Christian literature, for it is a commentary on the meaning of holy risk-taking and the pursuit of righteousness and the kingdom of God:
So they committed themselves to the will of God, and resolved to proceed.
3. William Bradford’s Multi-Generational Vision
Just over fifty Pilgrims survived the first winter. But from them came more than thirty million descendants and a nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. More importantly, their vision was one of holy, Christ-centered, multi-generational faithfulness.
Last and not least, they cherished a great hope and inward zeal of laying good foundations, or at least making some ways toward it, for the propagation and advance of the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in the remote parts of the world, even though they should be but stepping stones to others in the performance of so great a work.
Thus out of small beginnings greater things have been produced by His hand that made all things of nothing, and gives being to all things that are; and, as one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone unto many, yea in some sort to our whole nation; let the glorious name of Jehovah have all the praise.
4. The Mayflower Compact: The Document That Shaped American Freedom under Christ
It has been persuasively argued that the Mayflower Compact, signed just prior to the Pilgrim’s arrival in Plymouth, was not only the critical step to quelling unrest and ensuring the unity and success of the Pilgrim society, but it became a foundation for the covenantal understanding of government under God embraced by the colonies and later the Founding Fathers. Significantly, this document appears to be an inspiration for later charters like the Declaration of Independence. It was a document signed by male heads of household and drafted with the goal of establishing a holy and orderly civil society. It begins with the awe-inspiring words — “In the name of God, Amen” — which is arguably the most powerful introduction of any document in the history of Western Civilization.
In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken, for the Glory of God, and advancements of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God, and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic; for our better ordering, and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Dom. 1620.
5. The Eyewitness Accounts of the Thanksgiving Story from Gov. Winslow’s Mourt’s Relation, and from Governor William Bradford’s Of Plimouth Plantation
There are two and only two primary source accounts of the first Thanksgiving. They are presented below in the original English. They must be read in the context of the larger record given by Bradford and Winslow concerning the Pilgrim story.
The Thanksgiving Story as Told by Edward Winslow
Our harvest being gotten in, our governour sent foure men on fowling, that so we might after a speciall manner rejoyce together, after we had gathered the fruits of our labours ; they foure in one day killed as much fowle, as with a little helpe beside, served the Company almost a weeke, at which time amongst other Recreations, we exercised our Armes, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoyt, with some ninetie men, whom for three dayes we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five Deere, which they brought to the Plantation and bestowed on our Governour, and upon the Captaine and others. And although it be not always so plentifull, as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so farre from want, that we often wish you partakers of our plentie.
The Thanksgiving Story as Told by William Bradford
They begane now to gather in ye small harvest they had, and to fitte up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in health & strenght, and had all things in good plenty; For as some were thus imployed in affairs abroad, others were excersised in fishing, aboute codd, & bass, & other fish, of which yey tooke good store, of which every family had their portion. All ye somer ther was no want. And now begane to come in store of foule, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they came first (but afterward decreased by degrees). And besids water foule, ther was great store of wild Turkies, of which they tooke many, besids venison, &c. Besids, they had about a peck a meale a weeke to a person, or now since harvest, Indean corn to yt proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largly of their plenty hear to their friends in England, which were not fained, but true reports.
6. The Great Declaration of Praise and Thanksgiving Offered by William Bradford for the Providential Deliverance of the Pilgrims
May not and ought not the children of these fathers rightly say: “Our fathers were Englishmen which came over this great ocean, and were ready to perish in this wilderness; but they cried unto the Lord, and he heard their voice, and looked on their adversity, etc.” Let them therefore praise the Lord, because he is good, and his mercies endure forever. Yea, let them which have been redeemed of the Lord, show how he hath delivered them from the hand of the oppressor. When they wandered in the desert wilderness out of the way, and found no city to dwell in, both hungry, and thirsty, their soul was overwhelmed in them. Let them confess before the Lord his loving kindness, and his wonderful works before the sons of men.
7. Pastor John Robinson’s Wise Words of Counsel to the Departing Pilgrims on Their Duties in Building a New Christian Society
The letter of John Robinson to the departing Mayflower Pilgrims ranks as one of the greatest pastoral letters with the most far-reaching influence in all of history. Robinson made the difficult decision to stay behind with those members of the congregation who would not or could not make the journey.
The letter is brilliant for its precision and the powerful concepts communicated, but most importantly, it really embodies the wisdom and holiness of the life and worldview of the Scrooby congregation. Some of the concepts of this pastoral letter were actually incorporated into the Mayflower Compact, a document which itself was built upon themes articulated in the Scrooby Covenant of 1607. Below is a quote, but make sure to read the letter in its entirety.
Lastly, whereas you are become a body politic, using amongst yourselves civil government, and are not furnished with any persons of special eminency above the rest, to be chosen by you into office of government; let your wisdom and godliness appear, not only in choosing such persons as do entirely love and will promote the common good, but also in yielding unto them all due honor and obedience in their lawful administrations, not beholding in them the ordinariness of their persons, but God’s ordinance for your good; not being like the foolish multitude who more honor the gay coat than either the virtuous mind of the man, or glorious ordinance of the Lord. But you know better things, and that the image of the Lord’s power and authority which the magistrate beareth, is honorable, in how means persons soever. And this duty you both may the more willingly and ought the more conscionably to perform, because you are at least for the present to have only them for your ordinary governors, which yourselves shall make choice of for that work.
Robinson also wrote:
This holy army of saints is marshaled here on earth … under the conduct of their glorious Emperor, Christ. Thus it marches in this most heavenly order and glorious array, against all enemies … peaceable in itself, as Jerusalem … terrible to the enemy as an army with banners, triumphing over their tyranny with patience, their cruelty with meekness, and over death itself with dying. . . . The gates of hell, and all the principalities and powers on earth shall not prevail against it.


Species and fun facts of the elusive, otherworldly, and beautiful Jackalope. These words—and many more—can be used to describe one of North America’s most enigmatic creatures: the jackalope.
The purpose of this field guide is to provide the reader with a "scientifically accurate” description of the jackalope, its habits and habitats, as well as the history of the species and its North American subspecies.
Popular jackalope myths will also be examined to gain further understanding of jackalope behavior. We hope you find this guide an indispensable introduction to the fascinating world of the jackalope!
PLEASE NOTE: This item is shipped separately from clothing and drinkware sold on InvasionNation.com and shipping will be calculated at checkout.
Written & Illustrated by Andy Robbins
48 pages, soft cover, 7" x 5"


George and Hannah "were among the early pioneers of Jay County, where they entered a tract of land and where the father became a man of influence and local prominence. he was a staunch democrat, was a recognized leader of his party, served his county as justice of the peace, county recorder, county treasurer, coutny commissioner, and in other positions of confidence and trust. He was also a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, and at his death the Methodist church lost one of its most devoted and consistent members".
1. James Templer (1751 - 1847
2. Stacy Templer (abt 1782 - 29 October 1864)
3. George Washington Templer (6 March 1812 - 2 June 1886)
Go back to Stacy


Sarah Maslin Nir’s memoir Horse Crazy speaks to the horse lover in all of us, about the animal that holds our affection.
By Abigail Boatwright
“I was bold on a horse, as tall as I last felt inside, as powerful and in control as a child is not in any other part of her life.”
In her book, Sarah Maslin Nir’s poetic description of being 2 years old, riding a Paint gelding named Guernsey, is instantly relatable for any horse lover. That’s because she, too, is tenaciously devoted to these beautiful four-legged creatures.
Sarah is a Pulitzer Prize award finalist, and during her tenure as a journalist with the New York Times, she’s crafted hard-hitting articles about marginalized communities and documented the social life of New York City residents. But her book Horse Crazy: The Story of a Woman and a World in Love with an Animal is her first foray into memoir. Deeply personal, it’s also an homage to the power and beauty of the horses we all adore.
A Safe Place
Sarah grew up in Manhattan, the bustling, beating heart of New York City. The daughter of a Holocaust survivor-turned-respected-child-psychiatrist father and a well-known psychologist mother, Sarah’s love of horses from age 2 was baffling to her non-horsey parents.
Sarah cobbled together a life intertwined with horses. It started with Guernsey, a gentle school horse covered with brown-and-white patches, like the cow for which he was named. He was so well-known, Sarah recalls, that people called his name when he walked down the street, and the horse was given an obituary in the local newspaper when he died.
“He was a community member,” Sarah said. “I think it speaks to the gift that horses are. They give it not just to the people that ride them, but also the people who watch them graze in beauty in a field.”
Sarah discovered a riding academy hidden in the middle of New York City and further developed her horsemanship cantering around Central Park aboard various equines housed in the multi-story facility. Although dual-income, her family had scratched their way into a middle-class status, which afforded a comfortable life but no room to pay for a horse of Sarah’s own. So along the way, she jumped at the opportunity to work with horses at any chance.
Away from the barn, Sarah struggled with feelings of inadequacy compared to her wealthier private-school classmates and with a sense of being an outsider even in her own family, always working to earn her father’s love while battling blame heaved on her shoulders by older stepbrothers, who blamed Sarah for their parents’ divorce. But in the comforting confines of the stable, Sarah found solace in the pure hearts of horses. Their soft nickers gave her a sense of belonging she didn’t find anywhere else.
“Horses don’t care about [wealth], they care that we are their safe place to be,” Sarah said, “In that way, they remind you what’s important, and how to live in the world.”
This is an excerpt from the full article—get the whole story in the Spring 2022 Chrome magazine, which is sent to all current APHA members. Not a member? Join or renew at apha.com/join.


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SHU Photobook Project 2010
A selection of work produced by 3rd year students on the BA Photography course at Sheffiled Hallam University during the Autumn of 2010.
The finished books were exhibited to the public at an event held at the the University on the evening of 14th December 2010. Visitors to the exhibition selected Rachel Robinson as the winner of the 2010 SHU Photobook award for ' Constellations'.
'Faces' by Tom Archer
32 passport photographs, 30 unknown, 2 known, all found.
Handbound book, digital print on heavyweight paper, 32pp
'Untitled' (photo album) by Matt Hagan
Saddle stitched, digital print on heavyweight paper, 32pp


· Choose a topic related to Nutrition
· Select FIVE related articles from reliable journal sources. (ask yourself the questions related to the credibility of a source)
· Prepare a summary to share with colleagues.
· Post your Annotated Bibliography according to CORRECT APA or MLA standards, PLUS a ONE PAGE SUMMARY synthesizing all of your resources in discussion area of D2L Post as one document in DISCUSSION
· What is an Annotated Bibliography?
It is regular bibliography with a few sentences giving the main points of your resource.
The Librarians can be of great assistance! Help is also available on-line.
Summary page should include:
- Statement of your topic and perhaps why you chose this topic.
- An overview of the facts you discovered. What is this about?
- New insights about the topic or perhaps any opposing viewpoints you noted, including ongoing controversy. Why is this important?
- Rational arguments presented. How is this this implemented?
- Your evaluation of the topic highlighting points of interest, ethical issues, and how this information may impact you and others or perhaps your emotive response. Who is this for?
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The internet is a great resource for people who are looking to learn something new. Whether you just want to gain some general additional information or you’re currently in college and looking for some more education, online resources can be a huge help. However, you need to be able to find high-quality education. Low-quality online resources may just teach you incorrect information, which can be very difficult to unlearn. What should you do instead? Try these tips and tricks to get the best information available online.
Ask the Experts Directly
One tip you can try is to ask experts directly. This can be extremely useful; the experts in question often have great tips to help you learn more of the best information out there. Many experts even have their own online resources, which you can access for free or for a paid course fee.
A great benefit of the internet is that it allows people to ask experts even more directly than they used to. Nowadays, many experts have online blog posts and articles available where they let you know which information they recommend.
Read Books From E-Libraries
When you’re looking for online resources to learn more things, you definitely shouldn’t overlook libraries. Although you might think of libraries as being something that you can only find in person, more and more libraries are choosing to move online at least partially, offering people a variety of books and other media on computers, smartphones, and tablets.
Your local library may offer an e-library option that can allow you to get more information, even if you’re not able to make the trip to your local library. Find out more online and start looking at books, e-books, and even movies and TV shows that can teach you a little more about your chosen subject.
Look Into Online Courses
E-courses are a great way to learn more about something you’re interested in, especially if you’re not already enrolled in a college or university. In fact, an online course doesn’t have to be strictly structured like a traditional collegiate course; it can simply provide you with the information you’re interested in, then let you work through it on your own time.
Whether you’ve chosen to look into a course that gives you information on your schedule or you’re interested in taking a more structured course, attending an online course allows you to get high-quality information. This can be a great way to maximize the amount of information you already have about a specific subject.
Consider an Educational Livestream
Nowadays, more people than ever are offering livestreams about all sorts of topics. That includes livestreams that are mostly just for fun and entertainment, as well as livestreams that are more for education. Educational livestreams can actually be very useful if you’re interested in utilizing them.
With an educational livestream like the one you can find at OneClass, there are many opportunities for you to access. That includes opportunities like education from people who are experts and may even teach their chosen subject. It also includes academic information tailored toward many different learning levels, from high school to college.
Clearly, there are many ways to learn online. You don’t just have to rely on potentially low-quality information passed around online. From livestreams taught by professors to online courses that adhere to university quality, you can find out more about all your favorite subjects online. Look around and discover what you can learn using nothing but an internet connection.