title: Презентация на тему: Anglican cathedrals

text:
Saxon and Normancathedrals
Introduction
Words for better understanding
Saxon   Cathedrals
Saxon period
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
Brixworth was thought of as a suitable centre from which to spread the Gospel to the non-Christian natives of Marcia, the middle kingdom of early England. . According to an early twelfth century passage in the Peterborough Chronicle following the appointment of Sexwulf as Bishop of Marcia in AD 675 "it came to pass that from that very monastery were founded many others with monks and abbots from the same congregation, as at ... Brixworth, Bredon, Bermondsey, Repton, Woking and at many other places".
Who inspired the building of a church here? One theory supposes that it was Wilfrid, Bishop of Hexham. He was a regular visitor to France and Italy to help build the churches which he was founding. There is no doubt that Brixworth shows both Saxon and Italian or Syrian influence in a marked degree and this in itself is a puzzle that needs explanation.
All of these arguments for an early date are interesting, but it must be borne in mind that the church we have today may not be that mentioned in the Peterborough Chronicle but one built in the 8th or early 9th century. It could have been built about 750 by King Ethelbald of Marcia in honor of his friend Boniface. Although Brixworth has similarities with many contemporary buildings, it does not follow any one type slavishly, and this may well be because of its geographical position where it was open to many influences from all sides.
Why has the church survived so long? Probably due to a number of fortunate coincidences. At first it was an important monastic centre an then quite quickly the church became the parish church of a not very important village and perhaps it was just ignored.
The higher proportion of Anglo-Saxon remains may lend itself to the potential for architectural diversity, it has been suggested that the masons of Northamptonshire were "architectural pioneer[s]". historians have accepted the date of AD 675 as the foundation of the building, they have looked at the features that are typically found in structures of a later date and called the Brixworth builders pioneers. Were the builders of Brixworth "architectural pioneers" or was the building actually built at a later date? There were archaeological
    excavations held near the church in the early 1980s. A large ditch was discovered that has been dated to the late seventh or early eighth century. The ditch does not necessarily indicate a monastery was present at that time. A possible earlier foundation can not be ruled out by this archaeological evidence either.
The 'Brixworth Relic' has quite an involved history. The reliquary was found beneath the middle window of the Lady Chapel when some restoration work was being undertaken in 1821. When it was opened a wooden box was discovered containing a fragment of bone wrapped in cloth. The wooden box had an inscription believed to be the initials of Thomas Bassenden, the last chantry priest, and the date when he had the relic bricked up in the wall for posterity - circa 1500. It is believed that St Boniface was martyred in his own cathedral and that someone acquired his larynx bone and brought it to Brixworth. It was considered important in those early times to have some connection with a known holy person. The reliquary was displayed for many years above the pulpit, but increased vandalism and theft of the building in recent years has forced its removal to a safer place, the location of which I cannot disclose! The feast of St Boniface is commemorated today with the annual church fete, always on the first weekend in June.
The church of St. Mary
Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter, Princess Aelflaed, a nun at Wilton who became the first Abbess of Ramsey. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943.
During the popular reformation of the late 10th century, Ramsey Abbey was completely re-founded under the Benedictine Rule by King Edgar the Peaceable (967). The Saxon Abbey complex was destroyed by Sweyn Forkbeard and his Viking soldiers during a raid in 994.
The Nuns may not have returned to Ramsey until the reign of King Chanute around 1020. It is not clear in what state they found the monastery buildings, but ten years later the community was thriving, as a unique census of fifty-four nuns under Abbess Wulfwynn shows.
The Abbey continued to thrive until April 1539 when it was formerly dissolved. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
Architecturally, Ramsey Abbey is almost entirely of the Norman period and a finer example, you will be hard pushed to find. However, amongst the stonework are some extraordinary survivors from an earlier Saxon Building.
On the wall of the transept outside the Abbess' Door, on the South side of the Abbey Church, is a large high relief carving of Christ on the Cross which dates from around 1000-1025. It may originally have graced the east wall of the nave of the old Saxon Church.
Above the altar in St. Anne's Chapel, in the South Quire Aisle of the Abbey Church, is a second, this time low relief, carving of the Crucifixion. With its Byzantine influences, it is considered by many experts to be the oldest such sculpture in the country.
Discoveries in 1900, as well as more formal excavations undertaken in 1975 and 1979, have revealed much about the early monastic buildings at Ramsey.
Three Noble Saxon burials lying on beds of charcoal and dating from the early 9th century have been discovered adjoining the present church. These are associated with the packed chalk footings of an early building and indicate that there was a church on this site even before the foundation of the first Abbey. When the nuns moved to the site, early the following century, the earliest building was replaced by an equal-armed cross-shaped church, 28m long and wide, with a large apse at the eastern end. The base of the finely jointed ashlars blocks, which were brought from the Isle of Wight to build the Abbey Church, can still be seen just protruding from where they were excavated adjoining the north wall of the present nave. The remains of the apsidal chancel can be viewed beneath the tower crossing inside the abbey.
The church of St. Laurence
There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. The estimates range from the early eighth century to the mid eleventh century, depending upon the dating technique used. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Some have suggested that it was the church built in AD 705 by St. Aldhelm as recorded by William of Malmesbury; however, the stylistic features suggest that it was built at a later date. Others have tried to reconcile these two
     theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
The Saxon church was discovered by chance. After the ecclesiastical uses of the building ceased, it was converted for secular use. The nave had been used as a school since 1715 and the chancel was owned by somebody different and was used as a private cottage. Because of the Saxon tradition of building tall churches, it was possible to divide the building horizontally and thus add an upper storey for living space.
The Saxon fabric of the building was recognized in 1856 by Canon Jones, Vicar of Bradford. During some repairs on the building, the Bradford Angels were discovered. This discovery led Canon Jones to believe that the building was an ancient church. He began research and discovered a passage in William of Malmesbury's Gesta Pontificum (dated circa 1125) which stated that "to this day at that place there exists a little church which Aldhelm is said to have built to the name of the most blessed Laurence".
In 1871 the church was purchased and recognized as an "ancient monument" as Jones believed it to be the church about which William of Malmesbury wrote. Thus, it was rededicated to St. Laurence, reconsecrated, and opened to the public. It remains one of the gems of Anglo-Saxon architecture and is well worth the visit.
St. Oswald's Priory in Gloucester was founded by the last King of Marcia, Aethelred II, and his formidable wife, Lady Aethelflaed, in about 890. Aethelflaed was the daughter of her husband's overlord, the powerful King Alfred the Great of Wessex. She had been virtually ruling the Kingdom of Marcia since her husband had been struck down with a debilitating illness about two years before. Perhaps the foundation was undertaken in the hope of some divine relief for the ailing monarch.
The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.
The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south. There was also a cross-wall in the nave which appears to have been painted with a large depiction of angels flying over the crucifixion. It acted as a rood-screen. We can only imagine the portable decoration of rich hangings, candlesticks and other ornaments.
In the 10th century the church at St. Oswald's expanded, with the addition of a tower. The canons produced their own bells for this new edifice in a bell-pit excavated on the site. The western apse was demolished and a clerestory window converted into a door, suggesting the addition of a western gallery inside as at nearby Deerhurst.
Deerhurst a village with two Saxon churches
Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
The parish church of St. Mary in the centre of the village, a large towered building alongside a picturesque farmhouse. At first glance, it looks a typical medieval building with several windows added in the Tudor period.
The church's ancient origins soon become obvious. Herringbone masonry, crude animal head busts and a high doorway opening into nowhere for relic display: Deerhurst is one of the finest remaining Saxon Churches in the country.
Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804. It has been suggested that the priory was always the main church of the Hwicce and that there Kings were traditionally buried here.
It is the church itself which tells us most about the building's story. It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. In the 9th century the apse was rebuilt as a polygon and individual chapels extended all the way down both sides. The 10th century saw the western porch extended to form a tower and it is from here that you enter St. Mary's. Odda's Chapel is a tiny Saxon chapel now built into a medieval timber-framed farmhouse which obscures the eastern chancel. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
    Its importance was only recognized in 1885, despite the fact that an important stone inscription was found nearby some two hundred years before. A copy is on display:
    "Earl Odda had this Royal Hall built and dedicated in honor of the Holy Trinity for the soul of his brother, Aelfric, which left the body in this place. Bishop Eldred dedicated it the second of the Ides of April in the fourteenth year of the reign of Edward, King of the English."
                                                                  [12th April 1056]
Odda is a well known figure of the period. He was Earl of Hwicce and a captain of the Royal Fleet, not to mention, a kinsman of King Edward the Confessor. The stone implies that he and his brother, Aelfric, built (or rebuilt) a large palace complex here which included the chapel. It would not have been unlike that excavated at Cheddar (Somerset). Both men are known to have died at Deerhurst and to have been buried in Pershore Abbey.
Norman cathedrals
Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community. This community is represented not only by the people of the parish of St David's but by all who find peace in this place of prayer and devotion.
In 1541, King Henry VIII made the beautiful abbey church into the seat of a new Bishop. Thus it was saved from the ruinous fate of so many great English abbeys and priories. To the east are the best views of the cathedral and its magnificent perpendicular architecture. The superb latticed tower can, of course, be seen from all angles. Passing around the eastern Lady Chapel brings you to the Northern transept, Locutorium and Chapter House and the ruined arches of the old infirmary - a reminder of the many associated monastic buildings which have long disappeared.
King Richard II held a parliament here in 1378. Through the Gate is College Green and St. Mary's Gateway (13th century) from where the cathedral chapter watched the burning of Bishop Hooper in 1555. His memorial stands just outside.
The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! The Norman style dominates throughout much of the cathedral interior, though it is not obvious from the outside. It continues in the eerie crypt, entered from the South transept.
Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great East Window (currently - 1999 - covered in scaffolding). This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The cathedral of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Norwich
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.
The porch was added about 1380, the eastern extension around 1500 and the central tower was re-built in the mid 1300's and again in the 1880's. In 1539 the monastery was closed by Henry VIII, but 18 months later in 1541, the church became the Cathedral of the new Diocese of Peterborough, with the last abbot as the new bishop, and Peterborough became a city.
In the Civil War much damage was done to the Cathedral by Cromwell's troops, and the Lady Chapel, Chapter House and Cloister were destroyed. The choir stalls, bishop's throne, marble floor and high altar were all created by the Victorian architect Pearson after the tower had been re-built.
In the 1960's new figures were added to the West Front and in the 1970's the spectacular hanging cross was added to the Nave. Since the disastrous fire of November 2001 a massive cleaning and restoration programme has been undertaken, but there is still an expensive and endless task remaining to maintain the building and fulfill its purpose.
The Cathedral is still the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough. The Cathedral is used for many functions including exhibitions, concerts and school outings. There is a permanent exhibition depicting the life of the Cathedral and the daily life of a Benedictine monk. There are also working scale models of how the Cathedral was constructed.
Durham Cathedral
Durham Cathedral is the greatest Norman building in England, perhaps even in Europe. It is cherished not only for its architecture but also for its incomparable setting. For this reason it was inscribed together with the Castle as one of Britain's first World Heritage Sites. In a nationwide BBC poll held in 2001 it was voted the nation's best-loved building. Like Hadrian's Wall and the Angel of the North, it is an icon of north-east England, its image is instantly recognisable to people who love this part of Britain.
As an enduring monument to human skill and inventiveness, the Cathedral speaks powerfully of heritage and history. Its sheer size and splendour testify to the power of Norman overlords establishing their authority in the land they had conquered. Yet it was primarily built as a religious building: as the shrine of a humble saint, as a destination for pilgrims and as home for a community of worship, learning and practical care. It was built for the glory of God.
Cathedral & Abbey church of St. Alban
Saxon and Normancathedrals
Introduction
Words for better understanding
Saxon   Cathedrals
Saxon period
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
Brixworth was thought of as a suitable centre from which to spread the Gospel to the non-Christian natives of Marcia, the middle kingdom of early England. . According to an early twelfth century passage in the Peterborough Chronicle following the appointment of Sexwulf as Bishop of Marcia in AD 675 "it came to pass that from that very monastery were founded many others with monks and abbots from the same congregation, as at ... Brixworth, Bredon, Bermondsey, Repton, Woking and at many other places".
Who inspired the building of a church here? One theory supposes that it was Wilfrid, Bishop of Hexham. He was a regular visitor to France and Italy to help build the churches which he was founding. There is no doubt that Brixworth shows both Saxon and Italian or Syrian influence in a marked degree and this in itself is a puzzle that needs explanation.
All of these arguments for an early date are interesting, but it must be borne in mind that the church we have today may not be that mentioned in the Peterborough Chronicle but one built in the 8th or early 9th century. It could have been built about 750 by King Ethelbald of Marcia in honor of his friend Boniface. Although Brixworth has similarities with many contemporary buildings, it does not follow any one type slavishly, and this may well be because of its geographical position where it was open to many influences from all sides.
Why has the church survived so long? Probably due to a number of fortunate coincidences. At first it was an important monastic centre an then quite quickly the church became the parish church of a not very important village and perhaps it was just ignored.
The higher proportion of Anglo-Saxon remains may lend itself to the potential for architectural diversity, it has been suggested that the masons of Northamptonshire were "architectural pioneer[s]". historians have accepted the date of AD 675 as the foundation of the building, they have looked at the features that are typically found in structures of a later date and called the Brixworth builders pioneers. Were the builders of Brixworth "architectural pioneers" or was the building actually built at a later date? There were archaeological
    excavations held near the church in the early 1980s. A large ditch was discovered that has been dated to the late seventh or early eighth century. The ditch does not necessarily indicate a monastery was present at that time. A possible earlier foundation can not be ruled out by this archaeological evidence either.
The 'Brixworth Relic' has quite an involved history. The reliquary was found beneath the middle window of the Lady Chapel when some restoration work was being undertaken in 1821. When it was opened a wooden box was discovered containing a fragment of bone wrapped in cloth. The wooden box had an inscription believed to be the initials of Thomas Bassenden, the last chantry priest, and the date when he had the relic bricked up in the wall for posterity - circa 1500. It is believed that St Boniface was martyred in his own cathedral and that someone acquired his larynx bone and brought it to Brixworth. It was considered important in those early times to have some connection with a known holy person. The reliquary was displayed for many years above the pulpit, but increased vandalism and theft of the building in recent years has forced its removal to a safer place, the location of which I cannot disclose! The feast of St Boniface is commemorated today with the annual church fete, always on the first weekend in June.
The church of St. Mary
Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter, Princess Aelflaed, a nun at Wilton who became the first Abbess of Ramsey. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943.
During the popular reformation of the late 10th century, Ramsey Abbey was completely re-founded under the Benedictine Rule by King Edgar the Peaceable (967). The Saxon Abbey complex was destroyed by Sweyn Forkbeard and his Viking soldiers during a raid in 994.
The Nuns may not have returned to Ramsey until the reign of King Chanute around 1020. It is not clear in what state they found the monastery buildings, but ten years later the community was thriving, as a unique census of fifty-four nuns under Abbess Wulfwynn shows.
The Abbey continued to thrive until April 1539 when it was formerly dissolved. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
Architecturally, Ramsey Abbey is almost entirely of the Norman period and a finer example, you will be hard pushed to find. However, amongst the stonework are some extraordinary survivors from an earlier Saxon Building.
On the wall of the transept outside the Abbess' Door, on the South side of the Abbey Church, is a large high relief carving of Christ on the Cross which dates from around 1000-1025. It may originally have graced the east wall of the nave of the old Saxon Church.
Above the altar in St. Anne's Chapel, in the South Quire Aisle of the Abbey Church, is a second, this time low relief, carving of the Crucifixion. With its Byzantine influences, it is considered by many experts to be the oldest such sculpture in the country.
Discoveries in 1900, as well as more formal excavations undertaken in 1975 and 1979, have revealed much about the early monastic buildings at Ramsey.
Three Noble Saxon burials lying on beds of charcoal and dating from the early 9th century have been discovered adjoining the present church. These are associated with the packed chalk footings of an early building and indicate that there was a church on this site even before the foundation of the first Abbey. When the nuns moved to the site, early the following century, the earliest building was replaced by an equal-armed cross-shaped church, 28m long and wide, with a large apse at the eastern end. The base of the finely jointed ashlars blocks, which were brought from the Isle of Wight to build the Abbey Church, can still be seen just protruding from where they were excavated adjoining the north wall of the present nave. The remains of the apsidal chancel can be viewed beneath the tower crossing inside the abbey.
The church of St. Laurence
There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. The estimates range from the early eighth century to the mid eleventh century, depending upon the dating technique used. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Some have suggested that it was the church built in AD 705 by St. Aldhelm as recorded by William of Malmesbury; however, the stylistic features suggest that it was built at a later date. Others have tried to reconcile these two
     theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
The Saxon church was discovered by chance. After the ecclesiastical uses of the building ceased, it was converted for secular use. The nave had been used as a school since 1715 and the chancel was owned by somebody different and was used as a private cottage. Because of the Saxon tradition of building tall churches, it was possible to divide the building horizontally and thus add an upper storey for living space.
The Saxon fabric of the building was recognized in 1856 by Canon Jones, Vicar of Bradford. During some repairs on the building, the Bradford Angels were discovered. This discovery led Canon Jones to believe that the building was an ancient church. He began research and discovered a passage in William of Malmesbury's Gesta Pontificum (dated circa 1125) which stated that "to this day at that place there exists a little church which Aldhelm is said to have built to the name of the most blessed Laurence".
In 1871 the church was purchased and recognized as an "ancient monument" as Jones believed it to be the church about which William of Malmesbury wrote. Thus, it was rededicated to St. Laurence, reconsecrated, and opened to the public. It remains one of the gems of Anglo-Saxon architecture and is well worth the visit.
St. Oswald's Priory in Gloucester was founded by the last King of Marcia, Aethelred II, and his formidable wife, Lady Aethelflaed, in about 890. Aethelflaed was the daughter of her husband's overlord, the powerful King Alfred the Great of Wessex. She had been virtually ruling the Kingdom of Marcia since her husband had been struck down with a debilitating illness about two years before. Perhaps the foundation was undertaken in the hope of some divine relief for the ailing monarch.
The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.
The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south. There was also a cross-wall in the nave which appears to have been painted with a large depiction of angels flying over the crucifixion. It acted as a rood-screen. We can only imagine the portable decoration of rich hangings, candlesticks and other ornaments.
In the 10th century the church at St. Oswald's expanded, with the addition of a tower. The canons produced their own bells for this new edifice in a bell-pit excavated on the site. The western apse was demolished and a clerestory window converted into a door, suggesting the addition of a western gallery inside as at nearby Deerhurst.
Deerhurst a village with two Saxon churches
Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
The parish church of St. Mary in the centre of the village, a large towered building alongside a picturesque farmhouse. At first glance, it looks a typical medieval building with several windows added in the Tudor period.
The church's ancient origins soon become obvious. Herringbone masonry, crude animal head busts and a high doorway opening into nowhere for relic display: Deerhurst is one of the finest remaining Saxon Churches in the country.
Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804. It has been suggested that the priory was always the main church of the Hwicce and that there Kings were traditionally buried here.
It is the church itself which tells us most about the building's story. It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. In the 9th century the apse was rebuilt as a polygon and individual chapels extended all the way down both sides. The 10th century saw the western porch extended to form a tower and it is from here that you enter St. Mary's. Odda's Chapel is a tiny Saxon chapel now built into a medieval timber-framed farmhouse which obscures the eastern chancel. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
    Its importance was only recognized in 1885, despite the fact that an important stone inscription was found nearby some two hundred years before. A copy is on display:
    "Earl Odda had this Royal Hall built and dedicated in honor of the Holy Trinity for the soul of his brother, Aelfric, which left the body in this place. Bishop Eldred dedicated it the second of the Ides of April in the fourteenth year of the reign of Edward, King of the English."
                                                                  [12th April 1056]
Odda is a well known figure of the period. He was Earl of Hwicce and a captain of the Royal Fleet, not to mention, a kinsman of King Edward the Confessor. The stone implies that he and his brother, Aelfric, built (or rebuilt) a large palace complex here which included the chapel. It would not have been unlike that excavated at Cheddar (Somerset). Both men are known to have died at Deerhurst and to have been buried in Pershore Abbey.
Norman cathedrals
Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community. This community is represented not only by the people of the parish of St David's but by all who find peace in this place of prayer and devotion.
In 1541, King Henry VIII made the beautiful abbey church into the seat of a new Bishop. Thus it was saved from the ruinous fate of so many great English abbeys and priories. To the east are the best views of the cathedral and its magnificent perpendicular architecture. The superb latticed tower can, of course, be seen from all angles. Passing around the eastern Lady Chapel brings you to the Northern transept, Locutorium and Chapter House and the ruined arches of the old infirmary - a reminder of the many associated monastic buildings which have long disappeared.
King Richard II held a parliament here in 1378. Through the Gate is College Green and St. Mary's Gateway (13th century) from where the cathedral chapter watched the burning of Bishop Hooper in 1555. His memorial stands just outside.
The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! The Norman style dominates throughout much of the cathedral interior, though it is not obvious from the outside. It continues in the eerie crypt, entered from the South transept.
Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great East Window (currently - 1999 - covered in scaffolding). This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The cathedral of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Norwich
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.
The porch was added about 1380, the eastern extension around 1500 and the central tower was re-built in the mid 1300's and again in the 1880's. In 1539 the monastery was closed by Henry VIII, but 18 months later in 1541, the church became the Cathedral of the new Diocese of Peterborough, with the last abbot as the new bishop, and Peterborough became a city.
In the Civil War much damage was done to the Cathedral by Cromwell's troops, and the Lady Chapel, Chapter House and Cloister were destroyed. The choir stalls, bishop's throne, marble floor and high altar were all created by the Victorian architect Pearson after the tower had been re-built.
In the 1960's new figures were added to the West Front and in the 1970's the spectacular hanging cross was added to the Nave. Since the disastrous fire of November 2001 a massive cleaning and restoration programme has been undertaken, but there is still an expensive and endless task remaining to maintain the building and fulfill its purpose.
The Cathedral is still the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough. The Cathedral is used for many functions including exhibitions, concerts and school outings. There is a permanent exhibition depicting the life of the Cathedral and the daily life of a Benedictine monk. There are also working scale models of how the Cathedral was constructed.
Durham Cathedral
Durham Cathedral is the greatest Norman building in England, perhaps even in Europe. It is cherished not only for its architecture but also for its incomparable setting. For this reason it was inscribed together with the Castle as one of Britain's first World Heritage Sites. In a nationwide BBC poll held in 2001 it was voted the nation's best-loved building. Like Hadrian's Wall and the Angel of the North, it is an icon of north-east England, its image is instantly recognisable to people who love this part of Britain.
As an enduring monument to human skill and inventiveness, the Cathedral speaks powerfully of heritage and history. Its sheer size and splendour testify to the power of Norman overlords establishing their authority in the land they had conquered. Yet it was primarily built as a religious building: as the shrine of a humble saint, as a destination for pilgrims and as home for a community of worship, learning and practical care. It was built for the glory of God.
Cathedral & Abbey church of St. Alban
Anglican cathedrals
Introduction
Words for better understanding
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
Brixworth was thought of as a suitable centre from which to spread the Gospel to the non-Christian natives of Marcia, the middle kingdom of early England. . According to an early twelfth century passage in the Peterborough Chronicle following the appointment of Sexwulf as Bishop of Marcia in AD 675 "it came to pass that from that very monastery were founded many others with monks and abbots from the same congregation, as at ... Brixworth, Bredon, Bermondsey, Repton, Woking and at many other places".
Who inspired the building of a church here? One theory supposes that it was Wilfrid, Bishop of Hexham. He was a regular visitor to France and Italy to help build the churches which he was founding. There is no doubt that Brixworth shows both Saxon and Italian or Syrian influence in a marked degree and this in itself is a puzzle that needs explanation.
All of these arguments for an early date are interesting, but it must be borne in mind that the church we have today may not be that mentioned in the Peterborough Chronicle but one built in the 8th or early 9th century. It could have been built about 750 by King Ethelbald of Marcia in honor of his friend Boniface. Although Brixworth has similarities with many contemporary buildings, it does not follow any one type slavishly, and this may well be because of its geographical position where it was open to many influences from all sides.
Why has the church survived so long? Probably due to a number of fortunate coincidences. At first it was an important monastic centre an then quite quickly the church became the parish church of a not very important village and perhaps it was just ignored.
The higher proportion of Anglo-Saxon remains may lend itself to the potential for architectural diversity, it has been suggested that the masons of Northamptonshire were "architectural pioneer[s]". historians have accepted the date of AD 675 as the foundation of the building, they have looked at the features that are typically found in structures of a later date and called the Brixworth builders pioneers. Were the builders of Brixworth "architectural pioneers" or was the building actually built at a later date? There were archaeological
    excavations held near the church in the early 1980s. A large ditch was discovered that has been dated to the late seventh or early eighth century. The ditch does not necessarily indicate a monastery was present at that time. A possible earlier foundation can not be ruled out by this archaeological evidence either.
The 'Brixworth Relic' has quite an involved history. The reliquary was found beneath the middle window of the Lady Chapel when some restoration work was being undertaken in 1821. When it was opened a wooden box was discovered containing a fragment of bone wrapped in cloth. The wooden box had an inscription believed to be the initials of Thomas Bassenden, the last chantry priest, and the date when he had the relic bricked up in the wall for posterity - circa 1500. It is believed that St Boniface was martyred in his own cathedral and that someone acquired his larynx bone and brought it to Brixworth. It was considered important in those early times to have some connection with a known holy person. The reliquary was displayed for many years above the pulpit, but increased vandalism and theft of the building in recent years has forced its removal to a safer place, the location of which I cannot disclose! The feast of St Boniface is commemorated today with the annual church fete, always on the first weekend in June.
The church of St. Mary
Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter, Princess Aelflaed, a nun at Wilton who became the first Abbess of Ramsey. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943.
During the popular reformation of the late 10th century, Ramsey Abbey was completely re-founded under the Benedictine Rule by King Edgar the Peaceable (967). The Saxon Abbey complex was destroyed by Sweyn Forkbeard and his Viking soldiers during a raid in 994.
The Nuns may not have returned to Ramsey until the reign of King Chanute around 1020. It is not clear in what state they found the monastery buildings, but ten years later the community was thriving, as a unique census of fifty-four nuns under Abbess Wulfwynn shows.
The Abbey continued to thrive until April 1539 when it was formerly dissolved. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
Architecturally, Ramsey Abbey is almost entirely of the Norman period and a finer example, you will be hard pushed to find. However, amongst the stonework are some extraordinary survivors from an earlier Saxon Building.
On the wall of the transept outside the Abbess' Door, on the South side of the Abbey Church, is a large high relief carving of Christ on the Cross which dates from around 1000-1025. It may originally have graced the east wall of the nave of the old Saxon Church.
Above the altar in St. Anne's Chapel, in the South Quire Aisle of the Abbey Church, is a second, this time low relief, carving of the Crucifixion. With its Byzantine influences, it is considered by many experts to be the oldest such sculpture in the country.
Discoveries in 1900, as well as more formal excavations undertaken in 1975 and 1979, have revealed much about the early monastic buildings at Ramsey.
Three Noble Saxon burials lying on beds of charcoal and dating from the early 9th century have been discovered adjoining the present church. These are associated with the packed chalk footings of an early building and indicate that there was a church on this site even before the foundation of the first Abbey. When the nuns moved to the site, early the following century, the earliest building was replaced by an equal-armed cross-shaped church, 28m long and wide, with a large apse at the eastern end. The base of the finely jointed ashlars blocks, which were brought from the Isle of Wight to build the Abbey Church, can still be seen just protruding from where they were excavated adjoining the north wall of the present nave. The remains of the apsidal chancel can be viewed beneath the tower crossing inside the abbey.
The church of St. Laurence
There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. The estimates range from the early eighth century to the mid eleventh century, depending upon the dating technique used. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Some have suggested that it was the church built in AD 705 by St. Aldhelm as recorded by William of Malmesbury; however, the stylistic features suggest that it was built at a later date. Others have tried to reconcile these two
     theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
The Saxon church was discovered by chance. After the ecclesiastical uses of the building ceased, it was converted for secular use. The nave had been used as a school since 1715 and the chancel was owned by somebody different and was used as a private cottage. Because of the Saxon tradition of building tall churches, it was possible to divide the building horizontally and thus add an upper storey for living space.
The Saxon fabric of the building was recognized in 1856 by Canon Jones, Vicar of Bradford. During some repairs on the building, the Bradford Angels were discovered. This discovery led Canon Jones to believe that the building was an ancient church. He began research and discovered a passage in William of Malmesbury's Gesta Pontificum (dated circa 1125) which stated that "to this day at that place there exists a little church which Aldhelm is said to have built to the name of the most blessed Laurence".
In 1871 the church was purchased and recognized as an "ancient monument" as Jones believed it to be the church about which William of Malmesbury wrote. Thus, it was rededicated to St. Laurence, reconsecrated, and opened to the public. It remains one of the gems of Anglo-Saxon architecture and is well worth the visit.
St. Oswald's Priory in Gloucester was founded by the last King of Marcia, Aethelred II, and his formidable wife, Lady Aethelflaed, in about 890. Aethelflaed was the daughter of her husband's overlord, the powerful King Alfred the Great of Wessex. She had been virtually ruling the Kingdom of Marcia since her husband had been struck down with a debilitating illness about two years before. Perhaps the foundation was undertaken in the hope of some divine relief for the ailing monarch.
The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.
The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south. There was also a cross-wall in the nave which appears to have been painted with a large depiction of angels flying over the crucifixion. It acted as a rood-screen. We can only imagine the portable decoration of rich hangings, candlesticks and other ornaments.
In the 10th century the church at St. Oswald's expanded, with the addition of a tower. The canons produced their own bells for this new edifice in a bell-pit excavated on the site. The western apse was demolished and a clerestory window converted into a door, suggesting the addition of a western gallery inside as at nearby Deerhurst.
Deerhurst a village with two Saxon churches
Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
The parish church of St. Mary in the centre of the village, a large towered building alongside a picturesque farmhouse. At first glance, it looks a typical medieval building with several windows added in the Tudor period.
The church's ancient origins soon become obvious. Herringbone masonry, crude animal head busts and a high doorway opening into nowhere for relic display: Deerhurst is one of the finest remaining Saxon Churches in the country.
Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804. It has been suggested that the priory was always the main church of the Hwicce and that there Kings were traditionally buried here.
It is the church itself which tells us most about the building's story. It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. In the 9th century the apse was rebuilt as a polygon and individual chapels extended all the way down both sides. The 10th century saw the western porch extended to form a tower and it is from here that you enter St. Mary's. Odda's Chapel is a tiny Saxon chapel now built into a medieval timber-framed farmhouse which obscures the eastern chancel. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
    Its importance was only recognized in 1885, despite the fact that an important stone inscription was found nearby some two hundred years before. A copy is on display:
    "Earl Odda had this Royal Hall built and dedicated in honor of the Holy Trinity for the soul of his brother, Aelfric, which left the body in this place. Bishop Eldred dedicated it the second of the Ides of April in the fourteenth year of the reign of Edward, King of the English."
                                                                  [12th April 1056]
Odda is a well known figure of the period. He was Earl of Hwicce and a captain of the Royal Fleet, not to mention, a kinsman of King Edward the Confessor. The stone implies that he and his brother, Aelfric, built (or rebuilt) a large palace complex here which included the chapel. It would not have been unlike that excavated at Cheddar (Somerset). Both men are known to have died at Deerhurst and to have been buried in Pershore Abbey.
Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community. This community is represented not only by the people of the parish of St David's but by all who find peace in this place of prayer and devotion.
In 1541, King Henry VIII made the beautiful abbey church into the seat of a new Bishop. Thus it was saved from the ruinous fate of so many great English abbeys and priories. To the east are the best views of the cathedral and its magnificent perpendicular architecture. The superb latticed tower can, of course, be seen from all angles. Passing around the eastern Lady Chapel brings you to the Northern transept, Locutorium and Chapter House and the ruined arches of the old infirmary - a reminder of the many associated monastic buildings which have long disappeared.
King Richard II held a parliament here in 1378. Through the Gate is College Green and St. Mary's Gateway (13th century) from where the cathedral chapter watched the burning of Bishop Hooper in 1555. His memorial stands just outside.
The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! The Norman style dominates throughout much of the cathedral interior, though it is not obvious from the outside. It continues in the eerie crypt, entered from the South transept.
Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great East Window (currently - 1999 - covered in scaffolding). This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.
The porch was added about 1380, the eastern extension around 1500 and the central tower was re-built in the mid 1300's and again in the 1880's. In 1539 the monastery was closed by Henry VIII, but 18 months later in 1541, the church became the Cathedral of the new Diocese of Peterborough, with the last abbot as the new bishop, and Peterborough became a city.
In the Civil War much damage was done to the Cathedral by Cromwell's troops, and the Lady Chapel, Chapter House and Cloister were destroyed. The choir stalls, bishop's throne, marble floor and high altar were all created by the Victorian architect Pearson after the tower had been re-built.
In the 1960's new figures were added to the West Front and in the 1970's the spectacular hanging cross was added to the Nave. Since the disastrous fire of November 2001 a massive cleaning and restoration programme has been undertaken, but there is still an expensive and endless task remaining to maintain the building and fulfill its purpose.
The Cathedral is still the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough. The Cathedral is used for many functions including exhibitions, concerts and school outings. There is a permanent exhibition depicting the life of the Cathedral and the daily life of a Benedictine monk. There are also working scale models of how the Cathedral was constructed.
Anglican cathedrals
Introduction
Words for better understanding
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
   The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
          The church of St. Mary
    Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
The church of St. Laurence
   There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Others have tried to reconcile these two theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
     The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south.
Deerhurst a village with   two Saxon churches
     Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
     Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804.
     It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
     Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community.
    The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great
    East Window This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.
The 'Missing-Link' of Saxon
Architecture
Anglican cathedrals
Introduction
Words for better understanding
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
   The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
          The church of St. Mary
    Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
The church of St. Laurence
   There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Others have tried to reconcile these two theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
     The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south.
Deerhurst a village with   two Saxon churches
     Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
     Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804.
     It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
     Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community.
    The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great
    East Window This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.
Anglican cathedrals
Introduction
Words for better understanding
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
   The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
          The church of St. Mary
    Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
The church of St. Laurence
   There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Others have tried to reconcile these two theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
     The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south.
Deerhurst a village with   two Saxon churches
     Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
     Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804.
     It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
     Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community.
    The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great
    East Window This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.
Anglican cathedrals
Words for better understanding
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
   The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
          The church of St. Mary
    Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
The church of St. Laurence
   There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Others have tried to reconcile these two theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
     The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south.
Deerhurst a village with   two Saxon churches
     Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
     Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804.
     It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
     Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community.
    The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great
    East Window This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.
Anglican cathedrals
Words for better understanding
The church of All Saints
All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire is "perhaps the most imposing architectural monument of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps"        Sir Alfred Clapham
   The date of the construction of All Saints' Church, Brixworth is unclear; however, it is without question one of the most outstanding churches of its period in England. It has been in continuous use as a centre of Christian worship from its building to the present day. It is also the largest structure to survive from those early years although it is thought that a Viking attack destroyed the side aisles in AD 870.
          The church of St. Mary
    Ramsey Abbey was founded by King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter. He had recently completed the building of the New Minster in Winchester. Little is known of this first Abbey, though it may have received a grant of land in Kingsclere from King Edmund the Magnificent in 943. The Abbey Church was saved for future generations when it was bought, for £100, by the parishioners of Ramsey for use as their Parish Church in February 1544.
The church of St. Laurence
   There is much debate about the date of construction of the Chapel of St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon. Based on the written evidence, the building should be dated to the early eighth century but stylistically, it reflects a date in the late tenth or more likely, the early eleventh century. Others have tried to reconcile these two theories by explaining that the church was rebuilt on the foundations of Aldhelm's original church in the tenth or eleventh century, thus incorporating both the written evidence and the stylistic evidence.
     The Priory Church, initially dedicated to St. Peter, was constructed from re-used Roman stones stripped from the ruins of Glevum. Though, it was a monastery of the traditional type housing secular canons, St. Oswald's is of especial interest to architectural historians. There were very few churches built during the late eighth century.The site itself began life as a Christian cemetery filled with finely carved memorial crosses. The first church, erected in the 890s, was a rectangular nave with two small chapels projecting to the north and south.
Deerhurst a village with   two Saxon churches
     Deerhurst is a tiny little village, remarkable in that within it stand, not one, but two Saxon places of worship.
     Little is known of the history of the place. Architecturally, it appears to have been established in the late seventh century, but there are no records of its existence before 804.
     It started as a rectangular building with a western porch in the late seventh century. A circular apse and side chapels were added early the following century. The building is a simple two-cell structure with characteristic Saxon long and short quoins. It is very plain inside, but retains its original chancel arch and a number of Saxon windows.
     Built upon the site of St David's 6th century monastery St David's Cathedral has been a site of pilgrimage and worship for many hundreds of years and remains a church serving a living community.
    The great nave is an impressive survival of heavy Norman architecture whose erection was begun in 1089. The columns are massive and one of those in the south aisle has a definite lean to it! Enter the presbytery to marvel at the jewel of Gloucester Cathedral: the great
    East Window This vast masterpiece of the glazier's craft, erected around 1350.
The most beautiful Norman cathedral in England
The Cathedral Church in Peterborough is dedicated to St Peter, St Paul and St Andrew.
A monastic church was founded here by King Peada in 655 AD, destroyed by the Danes in 870, rebuilt as part of a Benedictine Abbey and re-consecrated in 972, burned down in an accidental fire in 1116 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238.


Презентация на тему: Англия


title: Презентация на тему: Англицизмы

text:
900igr.net
Crossword
1
2
1
2
3
3
4
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5
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Презентация на тему: Англицизмы в современном русском языке


title: Презентация на тему: An Englishman’s home is his castle

text:
Proverbs.
Home and House.
House- the building that is made for people to live in.

There are many new houses in our street.
What colour is your country house?
Fill in: home or house.
Types of houses in Great Britain:
The definition.

A castle

A palace

A terraced house
A block of flats
 A detached house
Word- list:
Proverbs.
Home and House.
House- the building that is made for people to live in.

There are many new houses in our street.
What colour is your country house?
Fill in: home or house.
Types of houses in Great Britain:
The definition.

A castle

A palace

A terraced house
A block of flats
 A detached house
Word- list:


title: Презентация на тему: Andrew Lloyd Webber

text:
Andrew Lloyd
 Webber

Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948) is an English composer of musical theatre, the elder son of organist William Lloyd Webber and brother of the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber. Lloyd Webber started composing at the age of six, and published his first piece at the age of nine.
Lloyd Webber has achieved great popular success, with several musicals that have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway. He has composed 13 musicals, a song cycle, a set of variations, two film scores, and a Latin Requiem Mass. He has also gained a number of honours, including a knighthood in 1992, followed by a peerage from the British Government for services to Music, seven Tony Awards (and 40 nominations), three Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, seven Olivier Awards, a Golden Globe, and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2006. Several of his songs, notably "The Music of the Night" from The Phantom of the Opera, "I Don't Know How to Love Him" from Jesus Christ Superstar, "Don't Cry for Me, Argentina" from Evita, "Any Dream Will Do" from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and "Memory" from Cats have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals. His company, the Really Useful Group, is one of the largest theatre operators in London.
Lloyd Webber was born in Kensington, London, the son of Jean Hermione (née Johnstone; 1921-1993), a violinist and pianist, and William Lloyd Webber (1914-1982), a composer. His younger brother, Julian Lloyd Webber, is a renowned solo cellist.
Lloyd Webber began writing his own music at a young age, writing his first published suite of six pieces at the age of nine. He also put on "productions" with Julian and his aunt Viola in his toy theatre (which he built at the suggestion of Viola). Later, he would be the owner of a number of West End theatres, including the Palace. His aunt Viola, an actress, took Lloyd Webber to see many of her shows and through the stage door into the world of the theatre. He also claims that he had originally set music to Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats at the age of fifteen.
He married his first wife, Sarah Hugill, on 24 July 1972, and had two children, Imogen Lloyd Webber (born 31 March 1977) and Nicholas (born 2 July 1979). Lloyd Webber and Hugill were divorced 14 November 1983.
He married his second wife, singer/dancer Sarah Brightman, on 22 March 1984 in Hampshire. He cast Brightman in the lead role in his musical The Phantom of the Opera; they divorced 3 January 1990.
 Madeleine Gurdon is his third wife, since they married on 9 February 1991 in Westminster, London. They have three children, all of whom were born in Westminster: Alastair Adam (born 3 May 1992), William Richard (born 24 August 1993), and Isabella Aurora (born 30 April 1996). Alastair and William attend Eton College. Madeleine became Lady Lloyd Webber in 1992 when her husband was knighted, and retained the same casual style when her husband was created a life peer in 1997 (she is now technically Lady Lloyd-Webber).
Webber's first major collaboration with lyricist Tim Rice was The Likes of Us, a musical based on the true story of Thomas John Barnardo. It was not performed, however, until as recently as 2005 when a production was staged at Lloyd Webber's Sydmonton Festival. Stylistically, The Likes of Us is fashioned after the Broadway musical of the '40s and '50s; it opens with a traditional overture comprising a medley of tunes from the show, and the score reflects some of Lloyd Webber's early influences, particularly Richard Rodgers, Frederick Loewe, and Lionel Bart. In this respect, it is markedly different from the composer's later work which tends to be either predominantly or wholly through-composed and closer in form to opera than to the Broadway musical.
Around this time, Rice and Lloyd Webber wrote a number of individual pop songs that were recorded as singles for record labels. Wes Sands, Ross Hannaman, Paul Raven, and Gary Bond are among the many artists to have recorded early Lloyd Webber/Rice tunes. A selection of these early recordings were re-released on the 5-CD compilation, Andrew Lloyd Webber: Now and Forever (2003).
In 1968, Rice/Lloyd Webber were commissioned to write a piece for Colet Court which resulted in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, a retelling of the biblical story of Joseph in which Lloyd Webber and Rice humorously pastiche a number of musical styles such as Calypso and country music. Joseph began life as a short cantata that gained some recognition on its second staging with a favourable review in The Times. For its subsequent performances, the show underwent a number of revisions by Rice/Lloyd Webber with the inclusion of additional songs that expanded it to a more substantial length. This culminated in a two-hour long production being staged in the West End on the back of the success of Jesus Christ Superstar.
In 1969 Rice/Lloyd Webber wrote a song for the Eurovision Song Contest called "Try It and See", which was not selected. The Demo version, sung by Rita Pavone (sounding remarkably like Lulu, for whom the song was written) is available on, 'Now and Forever' - The 5 CD box set. With rewritten lyrics it became "King Herod's Song" in their third musical, Jesus Christ Superstar (1970).
Lloyd Webber collaborated with Rice once again to write Evita (1976 in London/1979 in U.S.), a musical based on the life of Eva Perón. As with Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita was released first as a concept album and featured Julie Covington singing the part of Eva Peron. The song "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" became a hit single and the musical was staged at the Prince Edward Theatre in a production directed by Harold Prince and starring Elaine Paige in the title role.The first Eva Peron on Broadway in NYC was played by Patti LuPone. She won a Tony for the role, and after experienced growth of nodes on her vocal cords. Evita was a highly successful show that ran for ten years in the West End. It transferred to Broadway in 1979. Rice and Lloyd Webber parted ways soon after Evita. In 1978, Lloyd Webber embarked on a solo project, the "Variations", with his cellist brother Julian based on the 24th Caprice by Paganini, which reached number two in the pop album chart in the United Kingdom. The main theme is still used as the theme tune for ITV1's long-running South Bank Show.

Andrew Lloyd Webber embarked on his next project without a lyricist, turning instead to the poetry of T. S. Eliot. Cats (1981) was to become the longest running musical in London, where it ran for 21 years until it closed. On Broadway, Cats ran for eighteen years, a record which would ultimately be broken by another Lloyd Webber musical, The Phantom of the Opera.
Starlight Express (1984) was a commercial hit but received negative reviews from the critics. It enjoyed a record run in the West End, but ran for less than three years on Broadway. The show has also seen two tours of the US, as well as a three-year UK touring production, which will transfer to New Zealand later in 2009. The show also runs full-time in a custom-built theatre in Bochum, Germany, where it is has been running for twenty-one years to date.
Lloyd Webber wrote a Requiem Mass dedicated to his father, William, who had died in 1982. It premiered at St. Thomas Church in New York on 25 February 1985. Church music had been a part of the composer's upbringing and the composition was inspired by an article he had read about the plight of Cambodian orphans. Lloyd Webber had on a number of occasions written sacred music for the annual Sydmonton Festival. Lloyd Webber received a Grammy Award in 1986 for Requiem in the category of best classical composition. Pie Jesu from Requiem achieved a high placing on the UK pop charts.
In 1986, Lloyd Webber premiered his next musical, The Phantom of the Opera, inspired by the 1911 Gaston Leroux novel. He wrote the part of Christine for his then-wife, Sarah Brightman, who played the role in the original London and Broadway productions alongside Michael Crawford as the Phantom. The production was directed by Harold Prince, who had also earlier directed Evita. Charles Hart wrote the lyrics for Phantom with some additional material provided by Richard Stilgoe, and Lloyd Webber co-wrote the musical's book with Stilgoe. It became a hit and is still running in both the West End and on Broadway; in January 2006 it overtook Cats as the longest-running musical on Broadway.
Aspects of Love followed in 1989, a musical based on the story by David Garnett. The lyrics were by Don Black and Charles Hart and the original production was directed by Trevor Nunn. There was a noticeable shift of emphasis towards a quieter and more intimate theatrical experience; the staging and production values were less elaborate than Phantom of the Opera and Lloyd Webber chose to write for a smaller musical ensemble making the through composed score more akin to a chamber work. Aspects had a run of four years in London but closed after less than a year on Broadway. It has since gone on a tour of the UK, and is beginning to enjoy more acclaim than its original production. Lloyd Webber has gone on record saying that he feels that Aspects will be one of his works that stands the test of time and even going as far as to compare it to South Pacific.
Lloyd Webber produced a staging of The Sound of Music, which débuted November 2006. He made the controversial decision to choose an unknown to play leading lady Maria, who was found through the reality television show How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?, in which he was a judge. The winner of the show was Connie Fisher.

There have been a number of film adaptations of Lloyd Webber's musicals: Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) was directed by Norman Jewison, Evita (1996) was directed by Alan Parker, and most recently The Phantom of the Opera was directed by Joel Schumacher (and co-produced by Lloyd Webber). Lloyd Webber produced Bombay Dreams with Indian composer A. R. Rahman in 2002.

It was announced on 25 August 2006, on his personal website that his next project would be The Master and Margarita (however, Lloyd Webber has stated that the project will most likely be an opera rather than a musical).
In September 2006, Lloyd Webber was named to be a recipient of the prestigious Kennedy Center Honors with Zubin Mehta, Dolly Parton, Steven Spielberg, and Smokey Robinson. He was recognised for his outstanding contribution to American performing arts. He attended the ceremony on 3 December 2006; it aired on 26 December 2006. On 11 February 2007, Lloyd Webber was featured as a guest judge on the reality television show Grease: You're the One that I Want! The contestants all sang "The Phantom of the Opera".
Lloyd Webber accepted the challenge of managing the UK's entry for the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest, to be held in Moscow. In early 2009 a series, called Eurovision: Your Country Needs You, was broadcast to find a performer for a song that he would compose for the competition. Jade Ewen won the right to represent Britain, winning with It's My Time, by Lloyd Webber and Diane Warren. At the contest, Jade was accompanied on stage by Lloyd Webber, who played the piano during the performance. Great Britain finished 5th in the contest.
Lloyd Webber was knighted by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 1992.
In 1997, he was created a life peer as Baron Lloyd-Webber, of Sydmonton, in Hampshire (also by Elizabeth II). His title is hyphenated but his surname is not.
Academy Awards
1996 - Best Original Song for "You Must Love Me" from Evita (award shared with Sir Tim Rice)

Plus one nomination for Best Original Song: "Learn to Be Lonely" from the 2004 motion picture The Phantom of the Opera.
Golden Globes
1997 - Best Original Song for "You Must Love Me" from Evita (award shared with Sir Tim Rice)

Plus one nomination for Best Original Song: "Learn to Be Lonely" from the 2004 motion picture The Phantom of the Opera.
Grammy Awards
1980 - Best Cast Show Album for Evita
1983 - Best Cast Show Album for Cats
1986 - Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Composition for Requiem
Tony Awards
1980 - Best Musical for Evita
1980 - Best Original Score for Evita (award shared with Tim Rice)
1983 - Best Musical for Cats
1983 - Best Original Score for Cats
1988 - Best Musical for The Phantom of the Opera
1995 - Best Musical for Sunset Boulevard
1995 - Best Original Score for Sunset Boulevard
Plus 9 additional nominations
1988 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Orchestrations for The Phantom of the Opera
7 Laurence Olivier Awards (including Special Award presented for his 60th birthday in 2008)
Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for live theatre (1993)
Kennedy Center Honors (2006)
Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service (2008)
14 Ivor Novello Awards
2 International Emmy Awards
American Songwriter's Hall of Fame

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           Gorbokonenko Anna
          Makarenkova Polina
          Shelkovnikova Olga

THE END


Презентация на тему: Англия в картинках


title: Презентация на тему: Английская еда

text:
The English usually have 4 meals a day: breakfast, lunch, tea (5 o'clock), and dinner. Breakfast can be a full 'English breakfast' of corn flakes with milk and sugar, or bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee.

At midday everything is stopped for lunch.The English like what they call 'good plain food'. Usually they like steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pudding, and fish and chips.
Afternoon tea is taken at about 5 o'clock, but it can hardly be called a meal. It is a cup of tea and a cake or biscuits.
At the weekends afternoon tea is a special occasion. Friends and visitors are often invited to have a chat over a cup of tea.
Dinner is the most substantial meal of the whole day. It is usually eaten at 7 o'clock. The first course may be soup (though the English don't like it very much.
The main course will often be fish or meat, perhaps the traditional roast beef of old England, and a lot of vegetables.
The next course will be something sweet and often baked, such as a fruit pie.
Last of all there may be cheese, often with biscuits.
The Sunday Roast Dinner

	Sunday lunch traditionally consists of roast meat, (cooked in the oven for about two hours), two different kinds of vegetables and potatoes with a Yorkshire pudding, beef, lamb or pork; chicken is also popular.

On Christmas Day a roast turkey is traditionally cooked for dinner. It is usually followed by Christmas pudding.


Презентация на тему: Английская физминутка


title: Презентация на тему: And enjoyable trip to London

text:
AN ENJOYABLE TRIP TO LONDON
 Dear friends,
   We, pupils of the Henry Box Comprehensive School invite you to London as a friendly visit in a framework of the pupils exchange between the countries.
   We offer you an enjoyable social programe and sightseeing trips around London, and its suburbs.
   We hope you will find your visit full of interest, pleasure and fun.
   We expect you in March 2010 for a week stay. Please,  inform us of your decision and in case of your arrival of the day of your coming.
 Suggestions of the route around London are welcome.
		Hope you can come.
					Yours,
					            Pupils of the A.Yrade.
PATTERN
PATTERN
PATTERN
PATTERN
Pattern

The Tower of London
                              British Museum

           Big Ben
                                             Buckingham Palace

Hyde park

amazing                  fantastic               great
   beautiful          lovely         magnificent
                          spectacular


Презентация на тему: Англия. Вперед, по пабам!


Презентация на тему: английская церковь


Презентация на тему: Англия и Америка - две страны, разделенные одним языком


title: Презентация на тему: АМЕРИКАНСКИЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ: КРАТКИЙ ЭКСКУРС В ИСТОРИЮ И ПРАКТИКУ

text:
AMERICAN ENGLISH:  BRIEF HISTORY
Have you ever thought about the questions:
Are AmE and BrE different languages or two variants of English?
How did American English come into being?
Barack Obama (USA)
Follow AmE
Follow BrE
mixed influences (Canada)
From T. McArthur, 1987
Queen Elizabeth II (UK)
Barack Obama (USA)
Australian English
WORLD
STANDARD
ENGLISH
Australian,
New Zealand,
& South Pacific
Standard
 English
British and
Irish Standard English
American
Standard
English
Canadian
Standard
English
Caribbean
Standard
English
West. East, and Southern African
   Standard
     English
South Asian
Standard
 English
East Asian
Standard
English
Irish English
British English
American English
Indian English
Pakistani English
Ukrainian English
Kenyan English
Caribbean English
Canadian English
African English
New Zealand  English
Japanese English
Malaysian English
started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes,  in Britain during the 5th century AD.
The three stages of  the development of the English language:
Old English (450-1100 AD)
Middle English (1100-1500)
Modern English (1500-the Present)
The Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into Old English.
Old English did not sound like English today. Half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.
Old English engaged with the Scandinavian languages. Latinisms appeared in the English lexicon through the spread of Christianity in England. In the 8th -9th  centuries there was a transition to the Latin alphabet.
EARLY. Towards the end of Middle English, a distinct change in pronunciation started (vowels  pronounced shorter.)
From the 16th century new words and phrases entered the language. Printing brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
LATE. The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary.
1. 1620- the first pilgrims came on the ship Mayflower and founded New England;
2.The 18th century - a wave of immigrants from North Ireland and Scotland;
3. From 1840 to 1910 - 28 mln immigrants came to America;
4. From 1901 to 1930 - 1 mln Mexicans came to Texas and California;
5. 1975 - immigrants from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
6. Immigration laws restricting the flow of immigrants into the US.
I am not African. African is in me, but I cannot return.

I am not Taina. Taino is in me, but there is no way back,

I am not European. Europe lives in me, but I have no home there.

I am new. History made me. My first language was Spanglish.

I was born at the crossroads
And I am whole.

Aurora Levins Morales [b. 1954], was written in 1986
Melting Pot;
Cooking Pot;
Salad Bowl;
Pizza;
Mosaic.
Description
Number
Per cent
1) White (European/Caucasian)
198,176,991
66.19%
2) Hispanic or Latino
44,252,278
14.78%
3) Black or African American
36,434,530
12.17%
4) Asian
12,945,401
4.32%
5) Two or more (mixed race)
4,397,722
1.47%
6) American Indian and Alaska Native
2,035,551
0.68%
7) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
387,230
0.13%
TOTAL:
299,398,485
100.00%
Statistical source: 2006 American Community Survey
The major sources of early-borrowed words in English: Latin, French, and Scandinavian.

Modern English loans  from Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, Persian, and Russian.
African
banjo: a musical instrument with four strings, a long neck, and a body like a drum, use to play a popular music;
Dutch
coleslaw: a salad made from raw chopped cabbage;
French
prairie: a wide, treeless grassy plain;
German
hamburger: a sandwich made of a ground beef patty placed in a soft roll;
pretzel: a hard glazed and salty bread shaped like a loose knot;
Native American
moccasin: a soft leather shoe;
squash: a gourd-like vegetable grown on a vine;
Spanish
ranch: a large farm where sheep, cattle, horses are produced;
Yiddish
bagel: a hard glazed doughnut-shaped roll;
indicate American lifestyle:
http://socialism-vk.livejournal.com/399650.html - Barack Obama (USA)
The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into Old English.
Old English did not sound or look like English today. Half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.
Old English actively engaged with the Scandinavian languages. Latinisms appeared in the English lexicon as a result of the spread of Christianity in England. In the 8th -9th  centuries there was a transition to the Latin alphabet.
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

For example, the names of pets have a Germanic origin, and the names of its meat have a French origin. But the English Grammar has developed independently. The London dialect was formed in the XVth century, which became the official language of the country and the basis of modern literary English. As a consequence of government repression, many Puritans were forced to move to continental Europe, as well as in North America. So, the Puritans were pioneers the United States because it is from the settlement of the Puritans in 1620 in Massachusetts actually began the British colonization of North America.
EARLY. Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
LATE. The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: the Industrial Revolution and technology and the British Empire formation.

The first Europeans who emigrated to America on the ship Mayflower in 1620, founded the New England (New England) and other first states of America.In the period from 1840 to 1910 more than 28 million immigrants came to America. In the 20 century, immigrants began arriving from different countries, bringing with it a newreligion and customs. From 1901 to 1930 more than a million Mexicans have settled on the farms of Texas and California and worked in the armaments industry. In 1975,refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos began to arrive in the United States. The U.S. Congress approved a series of immigration laws, restrict the flow of immigrantsinto the country.
The idea of the poem is that almost every American has various backgrounds- many of them came from different countries and others were born into multinational American families.


title: Презентация на тему: Английская грамматика

text:
900igr.net
Essential Grammar in UseElementary
Essential Grammar in UseElementary
English Grammar in UseIntermediate
English Grammar in UseIntermediate
Advanced Grammar in UseAdvanced
Advanced Grammar in UseAdvanced
 Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate
Present Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous. Past Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous.
The future. Present Continuous, be going to, Present Simple. Future Continuous and Future Perfect.
Modal verbs. Link words or phrases: purpose and reason.
Question words. Question tags. Phrases of agreement
Conditionals. I wish, If only.
Time and condition clauses with future reference. Expressions of time and preference.

 Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate
Oxford Practice GrammarIntermediate
Oxford Practice GrammarIntermediate
Oxford Practice GrammarIntermediate
Games for Grammar Practice Beginner to Advanced
Games for Grammar Practice Beginner to Advanced
Present
Past
Present perfect and past perfect
Future
Mixed tenses
Conditional and wish constructions
Reported speech
Modals
Passive and causative
Questions and auxiliaries
Articles
There and it
Verb forms
Prepositions
Comparisons
Possessives


title: Презентация на тему: Английская кухня

text:
TraditionalEnglish food.
FRUIT SALAD
SOUP WITH ONION AND CHEESE
VEGETABLE SOUP
"Bloody Mar y"
Ingredients:-1 onion-2 celery-400 grams tomatoes-1 liter of tomato juice-2 tablespoons white corn-1 lemon-50 ml vodka-pepper
LEMON CREAM
PuddIng


Презентация на тему: Англия и Америка


title: Презентация на тему: Английская лексика

text:
Welcome to the lesson
Wall
Window
Wardrobe
Sofa
Table
Chair
Desk
Door
There is

There are
There is a chair near the wall.

There are two chairs near the wall.
There is, there are
There is, there are
1. There is a bookcase in the room.
2.There are two windows in the room.
3. There are five cassettes on the desk.
4. There is a bag under the desk.
5. There is  a ball on the floor.
near
in the middle
on the left
on the right
in the corner
There is a sofa on the left.
There are books on the desk.
There is a table in the middle.
There is a wardrobe near the door.
There are chairs near the table.
This is my living room. It is big and comfortable. There is a window in the room. On the right there is a cupboard. There is a clock on it. In the corner there is a plant. The table is in the middle of the room. There are six chairs near the table. Near the door there is an armchair. I like my room.