They were introduced by Kolyvagin (1990) in his work on Heegner points on modular elliptic curves, which was motivated by his earlier paper Kolyvagin (1988) and the work of Thaine (1988).
De introducerades av Kolyvagin (1990) i hans arbete om Heegnerpunkter av modulära elliptiska kurvor, motiverade av hans tidigare arbete Kolyvagin (1988) och arbetet av Thaine (1988).