He rejected all symbolic approaches (both McCarthy's logic and Minsky's frames), arguing that AI needed to understand the physical machinery of vision from the bottom up before any symbolic processing took place.
他排斥所有符號化方法（不論是McCarthy的邏輯學還是Minsky的框架），認為實現AI需要自底向上地理解視覺的物理機制，而符號處理應在此之後進行。