Ray (1995) requires that at least 50% of the adult population is allowed to vote and that there has been at least one peaceful, constitutional transfer of executive power from one independent political party to another by means of an election.
Ray（1995）要求至少要有50%的成年人口被允許投票，而且至少要有一次和平的、符合憲法的政權轉移出現過，亦即透過選舉的方式將執政權力從一個政黨手中轉移給另一個獨立政黨。