However, innovations such as the spread of Hindu numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.
但一些像阿拉伯數字的傳播(5世紀到15世紀)和複式記帳法的法典編纂(1494)等的創新提供工具給管理估計、計畫和控制。