Hollander et al. and Glazer cite railroads in port cities, the depreciation of national infrastructure (i.e., highways), and suburbanization as possible causes of de-urbanization.
Hollander等人和Glazer引用港口城市的铁路、国家基础设施（如高速公路）的老化，以及郊区化作为逆城市化的可能原因。