Despite significant casualties and the crisis of Kurdish refugees in bordering regions of Iran and Turkey, the Peshmerga success and the Western establishment of the northern Iraqi no-fly zone following the First Gulf War in 1991 created the basis for Kurdish self-rule and facilitated the return of refugees.
尽管导致了大量的人员伤亡并引发了伊朗、土耳其边境地区的难民危机，但自由斗士的胜利和1991年第一次海湾战争后北部禁飞区的设立，给库尔德自治与难民返乡创造了条件。