In 1938, Justice Harlan F. Stone wrote the famous "footnote four" in United States v. Carolene Products Co. in which he suggested that state laws which impede civil liberties would – henceforth – require compelling justification.
1938年， Harlan F. Stone 大法官在 United States v. Carolene Products Co.中写下了著名的“脚注四”，他建议从今以后，妨碍公民自由的国家的法律需要更明显的证据。