In his book The First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity, Thomas Sheehan argues that even Paul's account of the resurrection is not meant to be taken as referring to a literal, physical rising from the grave, and that stories of a bodily resurrection did not appear until as much as half a century following the crucifixion.
” 在他的著作《第一次到来：神的国如何成为基督教》中，托马斯·希恩（ Thomas Sheehan）认为，即使保罗对复活的描述也不是指从一个真实的、物理的身体从坟墓中复活，而且，身体性复活的故事直到十字架事件后半个世纪才出现。