Patrick Manning has shown that the slave trade did have a profound impact on African demographics and social institutions, but criticized Inikori's approach for not taking other factors (such as famine and drought) into account, and thus being highly speculative.
帕特里克·曼宁认为奴隶贸易没有对非洲人口和社会制度造成重大影响，但是对印尼柯尔忽略其他因素（如饥荒或干旱）加以批评，并对此高度质疑。