In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).
如今，不管是在实际操作中还是在众多精算组织的教学大纲中，精算师这项职业集制表、构建损失模型、随机方法和现代金融理论于一身(Feldblum 2001 pp. 8–9)，尽管这样，精算与现代金融经济仍然是未完全融合。