He applied this definition to the cases of Stalin's Soviet Union, China under Mao Zedong and Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge while admitting that "mass killings on a smaller scale" also appear to have been carried out by regimes in North Korea, Vietnam, Eastern Europe and Africa.
他把这一定义应用在了斯大林的苏联、毛泽东领导下的中国和红色高棉领导下的柬埔寨的案例，同时承认人数较少的大屠杀也出现在朝鲜、越南、东欧和非洲。