According to Julian Barnes, "though many Jews might have been relieved by the first arrival of the Soviets in 1939, which freed them from anti-Semitic Nazis who had invaded earlier in the year, the new arrivals brought their own (Russian and atheistic) anti-Semitism".
根据朱利安·巴恩斯的说法，“许多犹太人可能在苏联人于1939年首次到来时感到如释重负，因为苏联人让他们摆脱了今年早些时候入侵的反犹太纳粹分子；然而，新来的入侵者带来了他们自己的（俄罗斯和无神论者的）反犹太主义”。