At the same time, the academic foundations of the "predict and provide" approach to transport were being questioned, notably by Peter Newman in a set of comparative studies of cities and their transport systems dating from the mid-1980s.
与此同时，学术基金会对交通“预测和提供”的方法被质疑，特别是20世纪80年代中期，彼得·纽曼提出的一系列对城市和它们的运输系统的比较研究。