Due to the lack of natural resources on the island, Taiwan is forced to import many of its energy needs (currently at 98%). Imported energy totaled US$11.52 billion in 2002, accounting for 4.1% of its GDP. Although the industrial sector has traditionally been Taiwans largest energy consumer, its share has dropped in recent years from 62% in 1986 to 58% in 2002. Taiwans energy consumption is dominated by crude oil & petroleum products (48.52%), followed by coal (29.2%), natural gas (12.23%), nuclear power (8.33%), and hydroelectric power (0.28%). The island is also heavily dependent on imported oil, with 72% of its crude oil coming from the Middle East in 2002. Although the Taiwan Power Company (Taipower), state-owned enterprise, is in charge of providing electricity for the Taiwan area, a 1994 measure has allowed Independent Power Producer (IPPs) to provide up to 20% of the islands energy needs. Indonesia and Malaysia supply most of Taiwans natural gas needs. It currently has three operational nuclear power plants. A fourth plant under construction was mothballed in 2014.
Which types of energy resources each make up less than 13% of consumption in Taiwan?
natural gas