"""
Enhanced CPU Module with Zero-Allocation Architecture

This module implements a pure storage-based CPU architecture with:
- Unlimited CPUs performing mining calculations
- Zero memory allocation - pure storage operations
- Direct electron-speed computation
- Storage-based thread and core management
"""

import time
import gc
import os
import psutil
from enum import Enum, auto
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Union, Tuple, Any
from electron_speed import max_switch_freq, drift_velocity, transit_time
from local_storage_manager import LocalStorageManager

# Initialize global storage manager
storage = LocalStorageManager(db_path="data/cpu_storage.db")




# Resource management constants - Zero-allocation architecture
MAX_HOST_CPU_PERCENT = 98  # Maximum CPU usage with DB storage
MAX_HOST_MEMORY_PERCENT = 95  # Maximum memory with DB storage
BATCH_SIZE = 10000000  # 10M batch size for DB operations
DB_COMMIT_INTERVAL = 1000000  # 1M operations per commit for better throughput

# Virtual system limits - Scaled down for testing
DEFAULT_TOTAL_CPUS = 1000  # 1k CPUs
DEFAULT_CORES_PER_CPU = 600000  # 600k cores per CPU
DEFAULT_THREADS_PER_CORE = 400000  # 400k threads per core

def check_host_resources():
    """Check if host system resources are within safe limits"""
    process = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
    cpu_percent = process.cpu_percent()
    memory_percent = process.memory_percent()
    
    return (cpu_percent < MAX_HOST_CPU_PERCENT and 
            memory_percent < MAX_HOST_MEMORY_PERCENT)

def throttle_if_needed():
    """Minimal throttling since we're using DB storage"""
    if not check_host_resources():
        time.sleep(0.001)  # Minimal delay since DB handles storage
        gc.collect()  # Quick cleanup


# Constants for electron-speed operation
ELECTRON_FREQ = max_switch_freq  # ~9.80e14 Hz
ELECTRON_VELOCITY = drift_velocity  # m/s
GATE_DELAY = transit_time  # seconds
THREADS_PER_CORE = int(ELECTRON_FREQ / GATE_DELAY)  # Threads based on electron timing

class CPUState(Enum):
    """CPU operational states"""
    IDLE = auto()
    COMPUTING = auto()
    WAITING = auto()
    ERROR = auto()

class CPUGroupType(Enum):
    """CPU processing types at electron speed"""
    COMPUTATION = auto()
    STREAMING = auto()
    NETWORK = auto()
    UI_DISPLAY = auto()
    SYSTEM_TASKS = auto()

@dataclass
class RegisterState:
    """Direct electron-speed register state"""
    register_id: int
    value: int = 0
    last_access: float = 0
    
    def write(self, value: int):
        """Write at electron speed"""
        self.value = value
        self.last_access = time.time()
        
    def read(self) -> int:
        """Read at electron speed"""
        self.last_access = time.time()
        return self.value

@dataclass
class DynamicMemory:
    """Zero-allocation dynamic memory at electron speed"""
    size: int
    access_time: float = 0
    switch_freq: float = max_switch_freq
    value: int = 0
    
    def compute_latency(self) -> float:
        """Calculate electron-speed access latency"""
        return self.size * GATE_DELAY
    
    def write(self, value: int):
        """Write value at electron speed"""
        cycle_time = 1.0 / self.switch_freq
        self.value = value
        
    def read(self) -> int:
        """Read value at electron speed"""
        cycle_time = 1.0 / self.switch_freq
        return self.value

class ElectronRegister:
    """Register operating at electron switching speeds"""
    def __init__(self, reg_id: int, switch_freq: float):
        self.reg_id = reg_id
        self.switch_freq = switch_freq
        self.value = 0
        self.last_access = 0.0
        
    def write(self, value: int):
        """Write at electron speed"""
        cycle_time = 1.0 / self.switch_freq
        self.value = value
        self.last_access = time.time()
        
    def read(self) -> int:
        """Read at electron speed"""
        cycle_time = 1.0 / self.switch_freq
        self.last_access = time.time()
        return self.value

class RegisterBank:
    """Register bank with electron-speed operations"""
    def __init__(self, switch_freq: float):
        self.switch_freq = switch_freq
        self.registers = [
            ElectronRegister(i, switch_freq=switch_freq)
            for i in range(32)  # 32 registers per bank
        ]
    
    def read(self, reg_id: int) -> int:
        """Read register at electron speed"""
        if 0 <= reg_id < len(self.registers):
            return self.registers[reg_id].read()
        return 0
        
    def write(self, reg_id: int, value: int):
        """Write register at electron speed"""
        if 0 <= reg_id < len(self.registers):
            self.registers[reg_id].write(value)
            
    def clear(self):
        """Clear all registers"""
        for reg in self.registers:
            reg.write(0)

# Removed GPU dependency for pure CPU mining

# Using the existing CPUGroupType enum from above

class EnhancedCPU:
    """Enhanced CPU with pure storage operations - no memory allocation"""
    
    def __init__(self, cpu_id: int, group_type: CPUGroupType):
        """Initialize CPU using pure storage - no memory allocation"""
        self.cpu_id = cpu_id
        
        # Store CPU configuration directly in storage
        storage.cursor.execute('''
            INSERT OR REPLACE INTO cpu_config 
            (cpu_id, gate_delay, switch_freq, drift_speed, clock_freq, group_type, core_count, thread_count, last_updated)
            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
        ''', (
            cpu_id,
            transit_time,
            max_switch_freq,
            drift_velocity,
            1.0 / (transit_time * 2),
            group_type.value,
            VirtualCPU.CORES_PER_CPU,
            VirtualCPU.THREADS_PER_CORE,
            time.time_ns()
        ))
        storage.conn.commit()
        
        # Initialize virtual CPU
        self.virtual_cpu = VirtualCPU(cpu_id=cpu_id, group_type=group_type)
        
    def compute_cycle(self):
        """Execute compute cycle using pure storage operations"""
        # Check system resources before computation
        throttle_if_needed()
        
        # Get current CPU state from storage
        storage.cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM cpu_config WHERE cpu_id = ?', (self.cpu_id,))
        config = storage.cursor.fetchone()
        
        if config:
            # Update last operation time
            storage.cursor.execute('''
                UPDATE cpu_config 
                SET last_updated = ? 
                WHERE cpu_id = ?
            ''', (time.time_ns(), self.cpu_id))
            
            # Process pending operations in storage with resource checking
            self._process_batch()
            
        storage.conn.commit()
    
    def _process_batch(self):
        """Process a batch of operations with resource management"""
        throttle_if_needed()
        # Process smaller batches to maintain responsiveness
        self.virtual_cpu.compute_at_electron_speed(data_size=BATCH_SIZE)
            
    def clear_state(self):
        """Reset CPU state in storage"""
        storage.cursor.execute('DELETE FROM thread_state WHERE cpu_id = ?', (self.cpu_id,))
        storage.cursor.execute('DELETE FROM core_state WHERE cpu_id = ?', (self.cpu_id,))
        storage.cursor.execute('DELETE FROM cpu_config WHERE cpu_id = ?', (self.cpu_id,))
        storage.conn.commit()
        
        # Reinitialize virtual CPU
        self.virtual_cpu._init_electron_cores()

class VirtualCPU:
    """Virtual CPU using pure storage operations - no memory allocation"""
    
    # Class-level constants
    CORES_PER_CPU = DEFAULT_CORES_PER_CPU
    THREADS_PER_CORE = DEFAULT_THREADS_PER_CORE
    
    @staticmethod
    def init_db():
        """Initialize database tables"""
        storage.cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cpu_system_config")
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            CREATE TABLE cpu_system_config (
                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
                total_cpus INTEGER,
                cores_per_cpu INTEGER,
                threads_per_core INTEGER,
                batch_size INTEGER,
                initialized INTEGER DEFAULT 0
            )
        """)
        storage.conn.commit()
    
    @classmethod
    def initialize_system(cls, total_cpus=DEFAULT_TOTAL_CPUS, 
                         cores_per_cpu=DEFAULT_CORES_PER_CPU, 
                         threads_per_core=DEFAULT_THREADS_PER_CORE, 
                         batch_size=BATCH_SIZE):
        """Initialize the CPU system configuration in storage without loading anything in RAM"""
        cls.BATCH_SIZE = batch_size # Set class-level batch size
        cls.CORES_PER_CPU = cores_per_cpu  # Update class-level cores
        cls.THREADS_PER_CORE = threads_per_core  # Update class-level threads
            
        # Check system resources before initialization
        throttle_if_needed()
        
        # Initialize database tables
        cls.init_db()
        
        # Insert system configuration
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            INSERT INTO cpu_system_config 
            (id, total_cpus, cores_per_cpu, threads_per_core, batch_size, initialized)
            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
        """, (1, total_cpus, cores_per_cpu, threads_per_core, batch_size, 1))
        storage.conn.commit()
        
        print(f"\nVirtual CPU system configured for {total_cpus:,} CPUs, {cores_per_cpu:,} cores/CPU, {threads_per_core:,} threads/core")
    
    @staticmethod
    def get_system_config():
        """Get current system configuration from storage"""
        VirtualCPU.init_db()  # Ensure table exists with correct schema
        
        # Get config
        storage.cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM cpu_system_config WHERE id = 1")
        config = storage.cursor.fetchone()
        
        # If no config exists, create default
        if not config:
            storage.cursor.execute("""
                INSERT INTO cpu_system_config 
                (id, total_cpus, cores_per_cpu, threads_per_core, batch_size, initialized)
                VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
            """, (1, DEFAULT_TOTAL_CPUS, DEFAULT_CORES_PER_CPU, DEFAULT_THREADS_PER_CORE, BATCH_SIZE, 1))
            storage.conn.commit()
            storage.cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM cpu_system_config WHERE id = 1")
            config = storage.cursor.fetchone()
            
        return config
    
    def __init__(self, cpu_id: int, group_type: CPUGroupType):
        """Initialize CPU reference (actual initialization happens lazily)"""
        # Just store the CPU ID and configuration - no actual initialization
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            INSERT OR REPLACE INTO cpu_config 
            (cpu_id, gate_delay, switch_freq, drift_speed, clock_freq, group_type, 
             core_count, thread_count, initialized, last_updated)
            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 0, ?)
        """, (
            cpu_id,
            transit_time,
            max_switch_freq,
            drift_velocity,
            1.0 / (transit_time * 2),
            group_type.value,
            self.get_system_config()[2],  # cores_per_cpu
            self.get_system_config()[3],  # threads_per_core
            time.time_ns()
        ))
        storage.conn.commit()
        
        # Store just the ID in memory - everything else in storage
        self.cpu_id = cpu_id
        
    def _lazy_init_cpu(self):
        """Lazily initialize CPU resources only when needed"""
        # Check if already initialized
        storage.cursor.execute(
            "SELECT initialized FROM cpu_config WHERE cpu_id = ?",
            (self.cpu_id,)
        )
        if storage.cursor.fetchone()[0]:
            return True
            
        # Get system configuration
        config = self.get_system_config()
        if not config:
            raise RuntimeError("System not initialized")
            
        cores_per_cpu = config[2]
        threads_per_core = config[3]
        batch_size = config[4]  # batch_size from cpu_system_config
        
        # Cores and threads are implicitly handled by the cpu_config table and the mining loop
        # Mark CPU as initialized
        storage.cursor.execute(
            "UPDATE cpu_config SET initialized = 1 WHERE cpu_id = ?",
            (self.cpu_id,)
        )
        storage.conn.commit()
        
    def compute_at_electron_speed(self, data_size: int) -> None:
        """Process data using pure storage operations - no memory allocation"""
        # Lazy initialization of CPU resources
        self._lazy_init_cpu()
        
        start_time = time.time()
        
        # Get CPU configuration from storage
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            SELECT gate_delay, switch_freq, drift_speed 
            FROM cpu_config 
            WHERE cpu_id = ?
        """, (self.cpu_id,))
        gate_delay, switch_freq, drift_speed = storage.cursor.fetchone()
        
        # Store computation directly in storage - no dict allocation
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            INSERT INTO compute_state (
                cpu_id, cycles, frequency, latency, throughput, compute_time
            ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
        """, (
            self.cpu_id,
            data_size,
            switch_freq,
            data_size * gate_delay,
            data_size * drift_speed,
            time.time()
        ))
        
        # Update thread states in batches
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            UPDATE thread_state 
            SET busy = 1,
                last_op = datetime('now')
            WHERE cpu_id = ? 
            AND thread_id IN (
                SELECT thread_id 
                FROM thread_state 
                WHERE cpu_id = ? 
                AND busy = 0 
                LIMIT ?
            )
        """, (self.cpu_id, self.cpu_id, data_size))
        
        # Cleanup old compute states periodically
        if (time.time() - start_time) > 60:  # Every minute
            storage.cursor.execute("""
                DELETE FROM compute_state 
                WHERE compute_time < datetime('now', '-1 hour')
            """)
            storage.cleanup()
            
        storage.conn.commit()
        # Get CPU config from storage
        storage.cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM cpu_config WHERE cpu_id = ?', (self.cpu_id,))
        config = storage.cursor.fetchone()
        
        if not config:
            raise ValueError(f"CPU {self.cpu_id} not found in storage")
            
        # Get available threads
        storage.cursor.execute('''
            SELECT thread_id, core_id 
            FROM thread_state 
            WHERE cpu_id = ? AND busy = 0 
            LIMIT ?
        ''', (self.cpu_id, data_size))
        
        available_threads = storage.cursor.fetchall()
        
        # Mark threads as busy and record operation
        for thread_id, core_id in available_threads:
            storage.cursor.execute('''
                UPDATE thread_state 
                SET busy = 1, last_op = ? 
                WHERE thread_id = ? AND core_id = ? AND cpu_id = ?
            ''', (str(time.time_ns()), thread_id, core_id, self.cpu_id))
            
        storage.conn.commit()
        
    def _init_electron_cores(self):
        """Initialize cores using pure storage operations - no memory allocation"""
        # Get CPU configuration from storage
        storage.cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM cpu_config WHERE cpu_id = ?', (self.cpu_id,))
        config = storage.cursor.fetchone()
        
        if not config:
            raise ValueError(f"CPU {self.cpu_id} not found in storage")
            
        # Initialize cores in storage
        for i in range(config[6]):  # core_count is at index 6
            storage.cursor.execute('''
                INSERT OR REPLACE INTO core_state 
                (core_id, cpu_id, frequency, gate_delay, drift_speed)
                VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
            ''', (i, self.cpu_id, config[2], config[1], config[3]))
            
            # Initialize threads for this core in storage
            for j in range(config[7]):  # thread_count is at index 7
                storage.cursor.execute('''
                    INSERT OR REPLACE INTO thread_state
                    (thread_id, core_id, cpu_id, busy, last_op)
                    VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
                ''', (j, i, self.cpu_id, 0, None))
                
        storage.conn.commit()
    
    def get_core_stats(self) -> dict:
        """Get current core statistics"""
        return {
            "busy_cores": self.busy_cores,
            "busy_threads": self.busy_threads,
            "total_cores": self.core_count,
            "total_threads": self.thread_count
        }

    def get_state(self) -> Dict:
        """Get current CPU state from memory"""
        return {
            'cpu_id': self.cpu_id,
            'group_type': self.group_type,
            'core_count': self.core_count,
            'thread_count': self.thread_count,
            'busy_cores': self.busy_cores,
            'busy_threads': self.busy_threads
        }
        
    @classmethod
    def from_json(cls, data: Dict) -> 'VirtualCPU':
        """Create CPU from stored JSON state"""
        return cls(
            cpu_id=data['cpu_id'],
            group_type=CPUGroupType[data['group_type']],
            core_count=data.get('core_count', 50),
            thread_count=data.get('thread_count', 100),
            busy_cores=data.get('busy_cores', 0),
            busy_threads=data.get('busy_threads', 0)
        )
    
@dataclass
class CPUGroup:
    group_type: CPUGroupType
    start_id: int
    end_id: int
    cpus: List[VirtualCPU]
    
    def to_json(self) -> Dict:
        """Convert group state to JSON for storage"""
        return {
            'group_type': self.group_type.name,
            'start_id': self.start_id,
            'end_id': self.end_id,
            'cpus': [cpu.to_json() for cpu in self.cpus]
        }
    


    @classmethod
    def from_json(cls, data: Dict) -> 'CPUGroup':
        """Create CPU group from stored JSON state"""
        return cls(
            group_type=CPUGroupType[data['group_type']],
            start_id=data['start_id'],
            end_id=data['end_id'],
            cpus=[VirtualCPU.from_json(cpu_data) for cpu_data in data['cpus']]
        )
    
    @property
    def total_cores(self) -> int:
        return len(self.cpus) * 50
        
    @property
    def total_threads(self) -> int:
        return self.total_cores * 100
        
class InstructionType(Enum):
    MEMORY = auto()
    IO = auto()
    ARITHMETIC = auto()
    CONTROL = auto()

@dataclass
class CPUInstruction:
    type: InstructionType
    opcode: int
    operands: List[int]
    data: Optional[bytes] = None

@dataclass
class CPURegisters:
    """Pure in-memory register state for electron-speed operations"""
    general_purpose: List[int] = None
    flags: int = 0
    instruction_pointer: int = 0
    stack_pointer: int = 0
    
    def __post_init__(self):
        if self.general_purpose is None:
            self.general_purpose = [0] * 16  # 16 general purpose registers
            
    def clear(self):
        """Reset all registers to zero"""
        self.general_purpose = [0] * 16
        self.flags = 0
        self.instruction_pointer = 0
        self.stack_pointer = 0

# Removed VirtualDiskManager - using pure in-memory operations
        
            
    def _init_electron_cores(self):
        """Initialize cores at electron speed"""
        for i in range(self.core_count):
            core = {
                'id': i,
                'frequency': self.switch_freq,
                'gate_delay': self.gate_delay,
                'drift_speed': self.drift_speed,
                'threads': []
            }
            
            # Initialize threads for this core
            for j in range(self.thread_count):
                core['threads'].append({
                    'id': j,
                    'busy': False,
                    'last_execution': 0
                })
                
            self.cores.append(core)
            return None, None
            
        # Parse state JSON into VirtualCPU object
        cpu_state = json.loads(result[0]) if result[0] else None
        cpu = VirtualCPU.from_json(cpu_state) if cpu_state else None
        
        # Parse registers JSON into CPURegisters object
        registers = CPURegisters.from_json(result[1]) if result[1] else CPURegisters()
        
        return cpu, registers

"""
CPU State and Task Management
"""

class RegisterBank:
    """Manages CPU registers with JSON serialization support"""
    def __init__(self, cpu_id: int):
        self.cpu_id = cpu_id
        self.registers = [0] * 32  # Standard 32 registers
        self.last_updated = time.time_ns()
        
    def to_json(self) -> dict:
        """Convert register state to JSON format"""
        return {
            "cpu_id": self.cpu_id,
            "registers": self.registers,
            "last_updated": self.last_updated
        }
        
    @classmethod
    def from_json(cls, data: dict) -> 'RegisterBank':
        """Create RegisterBank instance from JSON data"""
        bank = cls(data["cpu_id"])
        bank.registers = data["registers"]
        bank.last_updated = data["last_updated"]
        return bank
        
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        return self.registers[index]
        
    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
        self.registers[index] = value
        self.last_updated = time.time_ns()

# Using the first EnhancedCPU definition from above
    
    def __init__(self, cpu_id: int, group_type: CPUGroupType):
        if cpu_id >= self.TOTAL_CPUS:
            raise ValueError(f"CPU ID must be less than {self.TOTAL_CPUS}")
            
        self.cpu_id = cpu_id
        self.group_type = group_type
        self.switch_freq = max_switch_freq  # ~9.80e14 Hz electron switching
        self.gate_delay = transit_time      # ~1.02e-15 s flip-flop delay
        self.virtual_cpu = VirtualCPU(cpu_id=cpu_id, group_type=group_type)
        
        # Initialize mining-optimized memory management
        self.memory = CPUMiningMemory(cpu_id)
        self.registers = RegisterBank(switch_freq=self.switch_freq)
        
        # Create disk-based instruction queue
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS instruction_queue (
                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
                cpu_id INTEGER,
                core_id INTEGER,
                instruction TEXT,
                priority INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
                status TEXT DEFAULT 'pending',
                created_at INTEGER DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now'))
            )
        """)
        
        # Create table for virtual thread states
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS virtual_threads (
                thread_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
                cpu_id INTEGER,
                core_id INTEGER,
                status TEXT DEFAULT 'idle',
                current_instruction_id INTEGER NULL,
                last_updated INTEGER DEFAULT (strftime('%s', 'now')),
                FOREIGN KEY(current_instruction_id) REFERENCES instruction_queue(id)
            )
        """)
        
        storage.conn.commit()
        
        self.running = True
        self.gpu_driver = gpu_driver
        
        # Initialize core state
        self._initialize_cpu()
        
    def _init_registers(self):
        """Initialize CPU registers"""
        self.registers = RegisterBank(self.cpu_id)
        
    def _initialize_cpu(self):
        """Initialize the CPU and virtual processing system"""
        # Initialize virtual threads for each core in storage
        for core_id in range(self.virtual_cpu.CORES_PER_CPU):
            for _ in range(2000):  # Create 2000 virtual threads per core
                storage.cursor.execute("""
                    INSERT INTO virtual_threads (cpu_id, core_id)
                    VALUES (?, ?)
                """, (self.cpu_id, core_id))
        storage.conn.commit()
        
        # Start disk-based task processing for each core
        for core_id in range(self.virtual_cpu.CORES_PER_CPU):
            self._process_core_tasks(core_id)
            
    def queue_instruction(self, instruction, core_id=None, priority=0):
        """Queue an instruction for processing using disk storage"""
        if core_id is None:
            # Round-robin assignment to cores if not specified
            storage.cursor.execute("""
                SELECT core_id, COUNT(*) as load 
                FROM instruction_queue 
                WHERE cpu_id = ? AND status = 'pending'
                GROUP BY core_id 
                ORDER BY load ASC 
                LIMIT 1
            """, (self.cpu_id,))
            result = storage.cursor.fetchone()
            core_id = result[0] if result else 0
            
        # Store instruction in disk-based queue
        storage.cursor.execute("""
            INSERT INTO instruction_queue 
            (cpu_id, core_id, instruction, priority) 
            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
        """, (self.cpu_id, core_id, str(instruction), priority))
        storage.conn.commit()
    def _process_core_tasks(self, core_id: int):
        """Process tasks on a CPU core using disk-based virtual threads"""
        while self.running:
            # Get next pending instruction from disk queue
            storage.cursor.execute("""
                UPDATE instruction_queue 
                SET status = 'processing' 
                WHERE id = (
                    SELECT id FROM instruction_queue 
                    WHERE cpu_id = ? AND core_id = ? AND status = 'pending'
                    ORDER BY priority DESC, created_at ASC
                    LIMIT 1
                )
                RETURNING *
            """, (self.cpu_id, core_id))
            
            try:
                instruction_row = storage.cursor.fetchone()
                if instruction_row:
                    # Convert stored instruction back to CPUInstruction object
                    instruction = eval(instruction_row[3])  # index 3 contains the instruction text
                    
                    # Mark virtual thread as busy
                    storage.cursor.execute("""
                        UPDATE virtual_threads 
                        SET status = 'busy', current_instruction_id = ?
                        WHERE cpu_id = ? AND core_id = ? AND status = 'idle'
                        LIMIT 1
                    """, (instruction_row[0], self.cpu_id, core_id))
                    
                    # Process the instruction
                    self._process_instruction(instruction)
                    
                    # Mark instruction as completed
                    storage.cursor.execute("""
                        UPDATE instruction_queue 
                        SET status = 'completed' 
                        WHERE id = ?
                    """, (instruction_row[0],))
                    
                    # Free up the virtual thread
                    storage.cursor.execute("""
                        UPDATE virtual_threads 
                        SET status = 'idle', current_instruction_id = NULL
                        WHERE cpu_id = ? AND core_id = ? AND current_instruction_id = ?
                    """, (self.cpu_id, core_id, instruction_row[0]))
                    
                    storage.conn.commit()
                    
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Error processing task on CPU {self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id}: {e}")
                # Mark instruction as failed
                if instruction_row:
                    storage.cursor.execute("""
                        UPDATE instruction_queue 
                        SET status = 'failed' 
                        WHERE id = ?
                    """, (instruction_row[0],))
                    storage.conn.commit()
                
    def _process_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Process a single instruction on a thread"""
        try:
            if instruction.type == InstructionType.MEMORY:
                self._handle_memory_instruction(instruction)
            elif instruction.type == InstructionType.IO:
                self._handle_io_instruction(instruction)
            elif instruction.type == InstructionType.ARITHMETIC:
                self._handle_arithmetic_instruction(instruction)
            elif instruction.type == InstructionType.CONTROL:
                self._handle_control_instruction(instruction)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error processing instruction on CPU {self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id}: {e}")
            
    def _init_registers(self):
        """Initialize CPU registers"""
        self.registers = RegisterBank(self.cpu_id)
        
    def allocate_thread_memory(self, thread_id: int) -> List[Tuple[int, memoryview]]:
        """Allocate double-buffered mining blocks for a thread"""
        return self.memory.allocate_thread_blocks(thread_id)
            
    def free_thread_memory(self, thread_id: int):
        """Free all memory blocks associated with a thread"""
        self.memory.free_thread_blocks(thread_id)
        
    def get_memory_stats(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Get memory usage statistics"""
        return self.memory.get_stats()
                        
    def get_memory_block(self, block_id: int) -> Optional[bytearray]:
        """Get a memory block by ID"""
        return self.memory_blocks.get(block_id)
        
    def _get_register(self, reg_id: int) -> int:
        """Get register value from database"""
        reg = self.virtual_cpu.db.query(RegisterState).filter_by(
            cpu_id=self.cpu_id,
            register_id=reg_id
        ).first()
        return reg.value if reg else 0
        
    def _set_register(self, reg_id: int, value: int):
        """Set register value in database"""
        reg = self.virtual_cpu.db.query(RegisterState).filter_by(
            cpu_id=self.cpu_id,
            register_id=reg_id
        ).first()
        if reg:
            reg.value = value
            reg.last_updated = time.time_ns()
            self.virtual_cpu.db.commit()
            
    def _handle_memory_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle memory-related instructions using unlimited dynamic memory"""
        try:
            if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # READ
                task_context = instruction.operands[0]  # Task identifier
                memory_key = self.virtual_cpu.get_task_memory(task_context)
                return self.virtual_cpu.read_memory(memory_key)
                
            elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # WRITE
                task_context = instruction.operands[0]
                data = instruction.data
                memory_key = self.virtual_cpu.get_task_memory(task_context)
                self.virtual_cpu.write_memory(memory_key, data)
                
            # No need for explicit allocate/free operations - memory is handled automatically
                
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Memory operation failed on CPU {self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id}: {str(e)}")
            raise
            
    def _handle_io_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle I/O instructions using virtual disk and GPU for UI group"""
        if self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.UI_DISPLAY:
            # Handle GPU-related I/O for UI/Display CPUs
            if instruction.opcode == 0x03:  # GPU_WRITE
                return self._handle_gpu_instruction(instruction)
                
        # Handle regular I/O
        if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # READ
            data = self.disk_manager.get_cpu_state(instruction.operands[0])
            return data
        elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # WRITE
            self.disk_manager.update_cpu_state(self.virtual_cpu)
            
    def _handle_gpu_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle GPU instructions through driver API"""
        try:
            cmd_type = instruction.operands[0]
            cmd_data = instruction.data
            
            # Handle based on CPU group type and command
            if self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.UI_DISPLAY:
                # UI/Display optimized for graphics operations
                if cmd_type == 0x01:  # RENDER
                    return self.gpu_driver.render_frame(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x02:  # UPDATE_FRAMEBUFFER
                    return self.gpu_driver.update_framebuffer(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x03:  # PRESENT
                    return self.gpu_driver.present_frame()
                    
            elif self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.COMPUTATION:
                # Computation group optimized for GPGPU tasks
                if cmd_type == 0x04:  # LAUNCH_KERNEL
                    return self.gpu_driver.launch_compute_kernel(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x05:  # TENSOR_OP
                    return self.gpu_driver.execute_tensor_operation(cmd_data)
                    
            elif self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.IO_STORAGE:
                # I/O group optimized for data transfer
                if cmd_type == 0x06:  # GPU_MEMORY_TRANSFER
                    return self.gpu_driver.transfer_memory(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x07:  # GPU_BUFFER_OPERATION
                    return self.gpu_driver.manage_buffer(cmd_data)
                    
            elif self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.SYSTEM_TASKS:
                # System tasks group for management operations
                if cmd_type == 0x08:  # GPU_POWER_MANAGEMENT
                    return self.gpu_driver.manage_power_state(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x09:  # GPU_SCHEDULER
                    return self.gpu_driver.schedule_tasks(cmd_data)
                    
            # Common operations for all groups
            if cmd_type == 0x0A:  # SYNC
                return self.gpu_driver.sync_gpu_state()
            elif cmd_type == 0x0B:  # QUERY_STATE
                return self.gpu_driver.query_gpu_state()
                
            raise GPUError(f"Unsupported GPU operation {hex(cmd_type)} for CPU group {self.virtual_cpu.group_type}")
            
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"GPU instruction error on CPU {self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id}: {e}")
            return {'status': 'error', 'message': str(e)}
            
    def _handle_arithmetic_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle arithmetic operations"""
        if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # ADD
            result = instruction.operands[0] + instruction.operands[1]
            self.registers.general_purpose[0] = result
        elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # SUB
            result = instruction.operands[0] - instruction.operands[1]
            self.registers.general_purpose[0] = result
            
    def _handle_control_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle control flow instructions"""
        if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # JUMP
            self.registers.instruction_pointer = instruction.operands[0]
        elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # CALL
            self.registers.stack_pointer -= 8
            self.memory.seek(self.registers.stack_pointer)
            self.memory.write(self.registers.instruction_pointer.to_bytes(8, 'little'))
            self.registers.instruction_pointer = instruction.operands[0]
            
    def shutdown(self):
        """Gracefully shutdown the CPU"""
        self.running = False
        self.thread_pool.shutdown(wait=True)
        
class CPUGrid:
    """Manages the 5000 CPU mining grid system with electron-speed operations"""
    def __init__(self):
        # Electron-speed parameters
        self.switch_freq = max_switch_freq  # Hz
        self.drift_speed = drift_velocity   # m/s
        self.gate_delay = transit_time      # seconds
        
        # All CPUs are mining CPUs
        self.mining_group = CPUGroup(
            group_type=CPUGroupType.COMPUTATION,
            start_id=0,
            end_id=4999,  # 5000 CPUs total
            cpus=[]
        )
        # Store as single group for mining
        self.groups = {
            CPUGroupType.COMPUTATION: self.mining_group
        }
        self.initialize_grid()
        
    def initialize_grid(self):
        """Initialize all 5000 CPUs for mining with zero allocations"""
        group = self.mining_group
        
        # Initialize minimal CPU cores
        for cpu_id in range(group.start_id, group.end_id + 1):
            # Create CPU with only essential state
            cpu = EnhancedCPU(
                cpu_id=cpu_id,
                group_type=CPUGroupType.COMPUTATION,
                switch_freq=self.switch_freq,
                gate_delay=self.gate_delay
            )
            group.cpus.append(cpu)
            
        # Set mining group
        self.mining_group = group
                
    def get_cpu(self, cpu_id: int) -> Optional[EnhancedCPU]:
        """Get a CPU by its ID with latest state"""
        for group in self.groups.values():
            if group.start_id <= cpu_id <= group.end_id:
                cpu = next(
                    (cpu for cpu in group.cpus if cpu.cpu_id == cpu_id),
                    None
                )
                if cpu:
                    # Ensure we have latest state from storage
                    saved_state, saved_registers = self.disk_manager.get_cpu_state(cpu_id)
                    if saved_state:
                        cpu = saved_state
                        cpu.registers = saved_registers
                return cpu
        return None
        
    def get_available_cpu(self, group_type: CPUGroupType) -> Optional[EnhancedCPU]:
        """Get a CPU with available cores in the specified group"""
        group = self.groups[group_type]
        for cpu in group.cpus:
            if cpu.busy_cores < cpu.core_count:
                return cpu
        return None
        
    def shutdown(self):
        """Gracefully shutdown all CPUs"""
        for group in self.groups.values():
            for cpu in group.cpus:
                cpu.shutdown()
        
        # Initialize CPU components
        self._initialize_cpu_components()
        
    def _initialize_cpu_components(self):
        """Initialize core CPU components"""
        self.cores = []
        for i in range(50):  # 50 physical cores
            core = {
                'id': i,
                'threads': [],
                'cache': {
                    'L1': bytearray(32 * 1024),    # 32KB L1 cache
                    'L2': bytearray(256 * 1024),   # 256KB L2 cache
                    'L3': bytearray(2 * 1024 * 1024)  # 2MB L3 cache per core
                }
            }
            for j in range(2):  # 2 threads per core
                thread = {
                    'id': j,
                    'registers': CPURegisters(),
                    'state': 'idle'
                }
                core['threads'].append(thread)
            self.cores.append(core)

    def schedule_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Schedule an instruction for execution on this CPU"""
        self.instruction_queue.put(instruction)
        self._set_efer_lme()
        # Enable paging
        self._enable_paging()

    def get_status(self) -> dict:
        """Get the current status of this CPU"""
        return {
            'cpu_id': self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id,
            'group_type': self.virtual_cpu.group_type.name,
            'busy_cores': self.virtual_cpu.busy_cores,
            'busy_threads': self.virtual_cpu.busy_threads,
            'total_cores': self.virtual_cpu.core_count,
            'total_threads': self.virtual_cpu.thread_count
        }

"""Core CPU Components"""

"""Enhanced CPU Core Management"""
            
class EnhancedCore:
    """Enhanced CPU Core implementation"""
    
    def __init__(self, core_id: int, thread_count: int = 2):
        super().__init__()
        self.core_id = core_id
        self.thread_count = thread_count
        self.threads = []
        self.thread_states = {}
        self.cache_l1 = {}
        self.cache_l2 = {}
        self.instruction_buffer = queue.Queue()
        self.power_state = "active"
        
        # Initialize threads
        self._init_threads()
        
    def _init_threads(self):
        """Initialize core threads"""
        for i in range(self.thread_count):
            thread = threading.Thread(
                target=self._thread_loop,
                args=(i,),
                daemon=True
            )
            self.threads.append(thread)
            self.thread_states[i] = {
                "registers": CPURegisters(),
                "status": "ready",
                "priority": 0
            }
            thread.start()
            
    def _thread_loop(self, thread_id: int):
        """Main thread execution loop"""
        while self.running:
            if self.power_state == "sleep":
                time.sleep(0.1)
                continue
                
            try:
                instruction = self.instruction_buffer.get(timeout=0.1)
                self._process_instruction(instruction, thread_id)
            except queue.Empty:
                continue
                
    def _process_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, thread_id: int):
        """Process a CPU instruction"""
        registers = self.thread_states[thread_id]["registers"]
        
        try:
            if instruction.type == "memory":
                self._handle_memory_instruction(instruction, registers)
            elif instruction.type == "io":
                self._handle_io_instruction(instruction, registers)
            elif instruction.type == "arithmetic":
                self._handle_arithmetic_instruction(instruction, registers)
            elif instruction.type == "control":
                self._handle_control_instruction(instruction, registers)
        except Exception as e:
            self._handle_exception(e, thread_id)
            
    def _handle_memory_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle memory-related instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "load":
            # Check L1 cache
            if instruction.address in self.cache_l1:
                registers.eax = self.cache_l1[instruction.address]
                return
                
            # Check L2 cache
            if instruction.address in self.cache_l2:
                value = self.cache_l2[instruction.address]
                self.cache_l1[instruction.address] = value
                registers.eax = value
                return
                
            # Load from main memory
            value = self.memory[instruction.address]
            self.cache_l1[instruction.address] = value
            self.cache_l2[instruction.address] = value
            registers.eax = value
            
        elif instruction.operation == "store":
            # Write-through policy
            self.memory[instruction.address] = registers.eax
            self.cache_l1[instruction.address] = registers.eax
            self.cache_l2[instruction.address] = registers.eax
            
    def _handle_io_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle I/O instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "in":
            value = self._execute_in(instruction.port)
            registers.eax = value
        elif instruction.operation == "out":
            self._execute_out(instruction.port, registers.eax)
            
    def _handle_arithmetic_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle arithmetic instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "add":
            registers.eax = registers.eax + registers.ebx
        elif instruction.operation == "sub":
            registers.eax = registers.eax - registers.ebx
        elif instruction.operation == "mul":
            registers.eax = registers.eax * registers.ebx
        elif instruction.operation == "div":
            if registers.ebx != 0:
                registers.eax = registers.eax // registers.ebx
            else:
                raise Exception("Division by zero")
                
    def _handle_control_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle control flow instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "jump":
            registers.eip = instruction.address
        elif instruction.operation == "call":
            # Save return address
            registers.esp -= 4
            self.memory[registers.esp] = registers.eip
            registers.eip = instruction.address
            self.threads_per_core = getattr(self, 'threads_per_core', 2000)  # Default to 2000 threads
        elif instruction.operation == "ret":
            registers.eip = self.memory[registers.esp]
            registers.esp += 4
            
    def _handle_exception(self, exception: Exception, thread_id: int):
        """Handle CPU exceptions"""
        self.thread_states[thread_id]["status"] = "error"
        # Log exception and potentially trigger interrupt
        
    def schedule_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Schedule an instruction for execution"""
        self.instruction_buffer.put(instruction)
        
    def set_power_state(self, state: str):
        """Set core power state"""
        self.power_state = state
        
    def flush_caches(self):
        """Flush all core caches"""
        self.cache_l1.clear()
        self.cache_l2.clear()


        # Initialize electron-speed components
        self.switch_freq = ELECTRON_FREQ
        self.gate_delay = GATE_DELAY
        self.drift_speed = ELECTRON_VELOCITY
        self.cycle_time = 1.0 / self.switch_freq
        
        # Setup parallel computation
        self.compute_queue = queue.Queue()
        self.compute_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(
            max_workers=THREADS_PER_CORE
        )
        
        # Initialize electron cores
        self._init_electron_cores()
        
    def _init_electron_cores(self):
        """Initialize electron-speed CPU cores"""
        for i in range(self.core_count):
            # Create core with electron timing
            core = {
                'id': i,
                'frequency': self.switch_freq,
                'gate_delay': self.gate_delay,
                'drift_speed': self.drift_speed,
                'compute_queue': queue.Queue(),
                'executor': ThreadPoolExecutor(
                    max_workers=THREADS_PER_CORE
                )
            }
            self.cores.append(core)
            
    def process_on_core(self, core_id: int, data_size: int) -> dict:
        """Execute computation on specific core at electron speed"""
        if 0 <= core_id < len(self.cores):
            core = self.cores[core_id]
            start_time = time.time()
            
            # Direct electron computation
            result = {
                'core_id': core_id,
                'cycles': data_size,
                'frequency': core['frequency'],
                'latency': data_size * core['gate_delay'],
                'throughput': data_size * core['drift_speed']
            }
            
            # Validate timing
            elapsed = time.time() - start_time
            if elapsed > self.cycle_time:
                print(f"Warning: Core {core_id} exceeded electron cycle time")
                
            return result
        return None
    def _init_interrupt_controller(self):
        """Initialize interrupt controller"""
        return {
            "handlers": {},
            "pending": queue.Queue(),
            "masked": set()
        }
        
    def _init_power_manager(self):
        """Initialize power management"""
        return {
            "power_states": {},
            "thermal_data": {},
            "frequency_scaling": {}
        }
        
    def schedule_task(self, task: callable, *args, **kwargs):
        """Schedule a task for execution"""
        return self.scheduler.submit(task, *args, **kwargs)
        
    def handle_interrupt(self, interrupt_number: int):
        """Handle an interrupt"""
        if interrupt_number in self.interrupt_controller["masked"]:
            return
            
        handler = self.interrupt_controller["handlers"].get(interrupt_number)
        if handler:
            self.schedule_task(handler)
            
    def allocate_memory(self, size: int) -> Optional[int]:
        """Allocate memory pages"""
        block_id = self.memory.allocate_general_memory(size)
        if block_id is None:
            return None
        return block_id
            
        start_address = allocated_pages[0] * self.memory_controller["page_size"]
        
        # Update page table
        for i, page in enumerate(allocated_pages):
            self.memory_controller["page_table"][start_address + i * 
                self.memory_controller["page_size"]] = page
            
        return start_address
        
    def set_power_state(self, state: str):
        """Set CPU power state"""
        for core in self.cores:
            core.set_power_state(state)
            
    def cleanup(self):
        """Cleanup CPU resources"""
        for core in self.cores:
            core.running = False
        self.scheduler.shutdown()

"""Virtual Thread Management"""


@dataclass
class VirtualThread:
    """Represents a virtual thread running on a CPU core."""
    thread_id: int
    core_id: int
    program_counter: int = 0
    stack_pointer: int = 255
    registers: Dict[str, int] = None
    status: str = "ready"  # ready, running, waiting, terminated
    priority: int = 1
    
    def __post_init__(self):
        if self.registers is None:
            self.registers = {"AX": 0, "BX": 0, "CX": 0, "DX": 0}


class ThreadScheduler:
    """Simple round-robin thread scheduler for virtual threads."""
    
    def __init__(self, max_threads_per_core: int = 2):
        self.max_threads_per_core = max_threads_per_core
        self.threads: Dict[int, List[VirtualThread]] = {}  # core_id -> list of threads
        self.current_thread_index: Dict[int, int] = {}  # core_id -> current thread index
        self.thread_counter = 0
        
    def create_thread(self, core_id: int, program_counter: int = 0) -> int:
        """Create a new virtual thread on the specified core."""
        if core_id not in self.threads:
            self.threads[core_id] = []
            self.current_thread_index[core_id] = 0
            
        if len(self.threads[core_id]) >= self.max_threads_per_core:
            return -1  # Core is at thread capacity
            
        thread_id = self.thread_counter
        self.thread_counter += 1
        
        thread = VirtualThread(
            thread_id=thread_id,
            core_id=core_id,
            program_counter=program_counter
        )
        
        self.threads[core_id].append(thread)
        return thread_id
        
    def get_current_thread(self, core_id: int) -> Optional[VirtualThread]:
        """Get the currently scheduled thread for a core."""
        if core_id not in self.threads or not self.threads[core_id]:
            return None
            
        threads = self.threads[core_id]
        current_index = self.current_thread_index[core_id]
        
        if current_index < len(threads):
            return threads[current_index]
        return None
        
    def schedule_next_thread(self, core_id: int) -> Optional[VirtualThread]:
        """Schedule the next thread for execution on a core."""
        if core_id not in self.threads or not self.threads[core_id]:
            return None
            
        threads = self.threads[core_id]
        if not threads:
            return None
            
        # Round-robin scheduling
        self.current_thread_index[core_id] = (self.current_thread_index[core_id] + 1) % len(threads)
        return self.get_current_thread(core_id)
        
    def terminate_thread(self, thread_id: int) -> bool:
        """Terminate a virtual thread."""
        for core_id, threads in self.threads.items():
            for i, thread in enumerate(threads):
                if thread.thread_id == thread_id:
                    thread.status = "terminated"
                    threads.pop(i)
                    # Adjust current thread index if necessary
                    if self.current_thread_index[core_id] >= len(threads):
                        self.current_thread_index[core_id] = 0
                    return True
        return False
        
    def get_thread_count(self, core_id: int) -> int:
        """Get the number of active threads on a core."""
        return len(self.threads.get(core_id, []))
        
    def get_total_thread_count(self) -> int:
        """Get the total number of active threads across all cores."""
        return sum(len(threads) for threads in self.threads.values())


class EnhancedCore:
    """Enhanced CPU Core with massive threading support."""
    
    def __init__(self, core_id: int):
        self.core_id = core_id
        self.instruction_buffer = queue.Queue()
        self.thread_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=100)  # 100 threads per core
        self.running = True
        self.power_state = "active"
        self.threads = []
        self.busy_threads = 0
        
        # Cache configuration
        self.cache_l1 = {}  # L1 cache
        self.cache_l2 = {}  # L2 cache
        
        # Enhanced instruction set
        self.cpu_instructions = {
            # Arithmetic Operations
            'ADD', 'SUB', 'MUL', 'DIV', 'MOD',
            
            # Memory Operations
            'LOAD', 'STORE', 'MOVE', 'PUSH', 'POP',
            
            # Control Operations
            'JUMP', 'BRANCH', 'CALL', 'RETURN',
            
            # Thread Operations
            'THREAD_CREATE', 'THREAD_EXIT', 'THREAD_YIELD', 'THREAD_JOIN',
            
            # Synchronization
            'LOCK', 'UNLOCK', 'ATOMIC_ADD', 'ATOMIC_CAS'
        }
        
        # Initialize threads
        self._init_threads()
        
    def _init_threads(self):
        """Initialize core threads"""
        for i in range(100):  # 100 threads per core
            thread = {
                'id': i,
                'status': 'ready',
                'registers': CPURegisters(),
                'priority': 0
            }
            self.threads.append(thread)
            
    def create_thread(self) -> int:
        """Create a new thread on this core"""
        for thread in self.threads:
            if thread['status'] == 'ready':
                thread['status'] = 'running'
                self.busy_threads += 1
                return thread['id']
        return -1
        
    def get_status(self) -> dict:
        """Get core status"""
        return {
            'core_id': self.core_id,
            'power_state': self.power_state,
            'total_threads': len(self.threads),
            'busy_threads': self.busy_threads
        }
        
    def create_virtual_thread(self, program_counter: int = 0) -> int:
        """Create a new virtual thread on this core."""
        return self.thread_scheduler.create_thread(self.core_id, program_counter)
        
    def execute_with_threading(self, instruction):
        """Execute instruction with threading support."""
        current_thread = self.thread_scheduler.get_current_thread(self.core_id)
        
        if current_thread is None:
            # No threads, execute normally
            return self.execute(instruction)
            
        # Save current core state to thread
        current_thread.registers["AX"] = self.AX
        current_thread.registers["BX"] = self.BX
        current_thread.registers["CX"] = self.CX
        current_thread.registers["DX"] = self.DX
        current_thread.program_counter = self.PC
        current_thread.stack_pointer = self.SP
        
        # Execute instruction
        result = self.execute(instruction)
        
        # Restore thread state to core
        self.AX = current_thread.registers["AX"]
        self.BX = current_thread.registers["BX"]
        self.CX = current_thread.registers["CX"]
        self.DX = current_thread.registers["DX"]
        self.PC = current_thread.program_counter
        self.SP = current_thread.stack_pointer
        
        return result
        
    def execute(self, instruction):
        """Enhanced execute method with advanced CPU instruction support."""
        op = instruction.get("op")
        
        # Handle standard CPU instructions
        if op in self.cpu_instructions:
            return self._execute_cpu_instruction(instruction)
            
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown instruction operation: {op}")
            
        # Handle enhanced CPU instructions
        if op in self.cpu_instructions:
            return self._execute_enhanced_cpu_instruction(instruction)
        
        # Handle regular CPU instructions
        return super().execute(instruction)
        
    def _execute_vram_instruction(self, instruction):
        """Execute VRAM-specific instructions."""
        op = instruction.get("op")
        try:
            if op == 'VRAM_ALLOC':
                size = instruction.get('size', 0)
                block_id = self.vram_interface.allocate_memory(size)
                self.vram_blocks[block_id] = size
                self.AX = hash(block_id) & 0xFFFF  # Store block ID hash in AX
                
            elif op == 'VRAM_FREE':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id and self.vram_interface.free_memory(block_id):
                    del self.vram_blocks[block_id]
                    self.ZF = 1  # Success
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0  # Failure
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_WRITE':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                data = instruction.get('data')
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id and isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
                    success = self.vram_interface.write_memory(block_id, data)
                    self.ZF = 1 if success else 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_READ':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id:
                    data = self.vram_interface.read_memory(block_id)
                    if data is not None:
                        self.ZF = 1
                        # Store data size in registers
                        self.AX = data.nbytes & 0xFFFF
                        self.BX = (data.nbytes >> 16) & 0xFFFF
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_MAP':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                virtual_addr = instruction.get('virtual_addr', 0)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id and self.vram_interface.map_memory(block_id, virtual_addr):
                    self.virtual_memory_map[virtual_addr] = block_id
                    self.ZF = 1
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_UNMAP':
                virtual_addr = instruction.get('virtual_addr', 0)
                if virtual_addr in self.virtual_memory_map:
                    if self.vram_interface.unmap_memory(virtual_addr):
                        del self.virtual_memory_map[virtual_addr]
                        self.ZF = 1
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_COPY':
                src_hash = instruction.get('src_block_hash', self.AX)
                dst_hash = instruction.get('dst_block_hash', self.BX)
                src_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == src_hash), None)
                dst_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == dst_hash), None)
                if src_id and dst_id:
                    data = self.vram_interface.read_memory(src_id)
                    if data is not None:
                        success = self.vram_interface.write_memory(dst_id, data)
                        self.ZF = 1 if success else 0
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_ZERO':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id:
                    size = self.vram_blocks[block_id]
                    zero_data = np.zeros(size, dtype=np.uint8)
                    success = self.vram_interface.write_memory(block_id, zero_data)
                    self.ZF = 1 if success else 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Core {self.core_id} VRAM instruction error: {e}")
            self.CF = 1  # Set carry flag to indicate error
        
    def _execute_enhanced_cpu_instruction(self, instruction):
        """Execute enhanced CPU-specific instructions."""
        op = instruction.get("op")
        
        try:
            # SIMD and Vector Operations
            if op == 'SIMD_ADD':
                vec_a = instruction.get('vec_a', [])
                vec_b = instruction.get('vec_b', [])
                self.AX = sum(a + b for a, b in zip(vec_a, vec_b)) & 0xFFFF
            
            elif op == 'SIMD_MUL':
                vec_a = instruction.get('vec_a', [])
                vec_b = instruction.get('vec_b', [])
                self.AX = sum(a * b for a, b in zip(vec_a, vec_b)) & 0xFFFF
            
            elif op == 'VECTOR_DOT':
                vec_a = instruction.get('vec_a', [])
                vec_b = instruction.get('vec_b', [])
                self.AX = sum(a * b for a, b in zip(vec_a, vec_b)) & 0xFFFF
                
            # Advanced Arithmetic
            elif op == 'FP_ADD':
                a = instruction.get('a', 0.0)
                b = instruction.get('b', 0.0)
                result = a + b
                self.AX = int(result * 1000) & 0xFFFF  # Fixed-point representation
                
            elif op == 'FP_MUL':
                a = instruction.get('a', 0.0)
                b = instruction.get('b', 0.0)
                result = a * b
                self.AX = int(result * 1000) & 0xFFFF
                
            # Memory Operations
            elif op == 'MEM_BARRIER':
                # Ensure all memory operations are complete
                self.thread_scheduler.barrier_all_threads()
                
            elif op == 'ATOMIC_CAS':
                addr = instruction.get('addr', 0)
                old_val = instruction.get('old_val', 0)
                new_val = instruction.get('new_val', 0)
                with threading.Lock():
                    current = self.memory.get(addr, 0)
                    if current == old_val:
                        self.memory[addr] = new_val
                        self.ZF = 1  # Success
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0  # Failure
                        
            # Thread Control
            elif op == 'THREAD_PRIORITY':
                thread_id = instruction.get('thread_id')
                priority = instruction.get('priority', 1)
                current_thread = self.thread_scheduler.get_current_thread(self.core_id)
                if current_thread and current_thread.thread_id == thread_id:
                    current_thread.priority = priority
                    
            elif op == 'THREAD_SYNC':
                barrier_id = instruction.get('barrier_id', 0)
                thread_count = instruction.get('thread_count', 1)
                self.thread_scheduler.synchronize_threads(barrier_id, thread_count)
                
            # System Operations
            elif op == 'SYS_CALL':
                syscall_num = instruction.get('syscall_num', 0)
                args = instruction.get('args', [])
                self.AX = self._handle_syscall(syscall_num, args)
                
            elif op == 'POWER_MODE':
                mode = instruction.get('mode', 'normal')
                if mode == 'low_power':
                    self.clock_speed = self.clock_speed // 2
                elif mode == 'turbo':
                    self.clock_speed = self.clock_speed * 2
                    
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Core {self.core_id} enhanced CPU instruction error: {e}")
            self.CF = 1  # Set carry flag to indicate error
        
    def setup_mmio_regions(self):
        """Set up memory-mapped I/O regions for QEMU device communication"""
        # GPU Command Buffer Region (1MB)
        self.mmio_regions = {
            'gpu_cmd': {
                'base_addr': 0xF0000000,
                'size': 1024 * 1024,
                'buffer': bytearray(1024 * 1024)
            },
            # GPU Framebuffer Region (32MB)
            'gpu_fb': {
                'base_addr': 0xF1000000,
                'size': 32 * 1024 * 1024,
                'buffer': bytearray(32 * 1024 * 1024)
            },
            # GPU Status Region (4KB)
            'gpu_status': {
                'base_addr': 0xF3000000,
                'size': 4096,
                'buffer': bytearray(4096)
            }
        }
        
    def write_mmio(self, addr: int, data: bytes):
        """Handle MMIO writes from QEMU"""
        for region_name, region in self.mmio_regions.items():
            if region['base_addr'] <= addr < region['base_addr'] + region['size']:
                offset = addr - region['base_addr']
                region['buffer'][offset:offset + len(data)] = data
                return True
        return False
        
    def read_mmio(self, addr: int, size: int) -> Optional[bytes]:
        """Handle MMIO reads from QEMU"""
        for region in self.mmio_regions.values():
            if region['base_addr'] <= addr < region['base_addr'] + region['size']:
                offset = addr - region['base_addr']
                return bytes(region['buffer'][offset:offset + size])
        return None
    def handle_mmio_interrupt(self):
        """Handle interrupts from MMIO devices"""
        status_region = self.mmio_regions['gpu_status']
        if status_region['buffer'][0] != 0:
            # GPU has completed a command - clear interrupt
            status_region['buffer'][0] = 0
            # Process any CPU-side effects
            self.CF = 0  # Clear carry flag to indicate success    def run_with_threading(self):
        """Enhanced run method with threading support."""
        # Create initial threads if none exist
        if self.thread_scheduler.get_total_thread_count() == 0:
            self.create_virtual_thread(0)  # Create at least one thread
            
        time_slice = 0.01  # 10ms time slice per thread
        
        while True:
            current_thread = self.thread_scheduler.get_current_thread(self.core_id)
            
            if current_thread is None:
                break  # No threads to execute
                
            if current_thread.status == "terminated":
                self.thread_scheduler.schedule_next_thread(self.core_id)
                continue
                
            # Execute instructions for current thread
            start_time = time.time()
            instruction_count = 0
            
            while (time.time() - start_time) < time_slice and instruction_count < 100:
                try:
                    instruction = self.fetch()
                    decoded_instruction = self.decode(instruction)
                    self.execute_with_threading(decoded_instruction)
                    
                    if decoded_instruction and decoded_instruction.get('op') == 'HLT':
                        current_thread.status = "terminated"
                        break
                        
                    instruction_count += 1
                    
                except Exception as e:
                    print(f"Core {self.core_id} Thread {current_thread.thread_id} error: {e}")
                    current_thread.status = "terminated"
                    break
                    
            # Schedule next thread
            self.thread_scheduler.schedule_next_thread(self.core_id)
            
            # Small delay to prevent busy waiting
            time.sleep(0.001)


class EnhancedMultiCoreCPU:
    """Enhanced multi-core CPU implementation supporting massive threading."""
    
    def __init__(self, cpu_id: int, group_type: CPUGroupType):
        self.cpu_id = cpu_id
        self.group_type = group_type
        self.cores = []
        self.total_cores = 50  # Physical cores
        self.threads_per_core = 100  # Hardware threads per core
        
        # Create cores
        for i in range(self.total_cores):
            self.cores.append(EnhancedCore(i))
            
        # Threading statistics
        self.total_threads = 0
        self.busy_cores = 0
        self.busy_threads = 0
        
    def create_threads(self):
        """Create virtual threads on all cores."""
        for core in self.cores:
            for _ in range(self.threads_per_core):
                if core.create_thread() != -1:
                    self.total_threads += 1
                    
        return self.total_threads
        
    def get_status(self) -> dict:
        """Get CPU status including core and thread utilization."""
        active_threads = 0
        active_cores = 0
        
        for core in self.cores:
            core_status = core.get_status()
            active_cores += 1 if core_status['busy_threads'] > 0 else 0
            active_threads += core_status['busy_threads']
            
        return {
            'cpu_id': self.cpu_id,
            'group_type': self.group_type.name,
            'total_cores': self.total_cores,
            'active_cores': active_cores,
            'total_threads': self.total_threads,
            'active_threads': active_threads
        }
        
    def __str__(self):
        status = self.get_status()
        return (f"CPU {self.cpu_id} ({self.group_type.name}): "
                f"{status['active_cores']}/{self.total_cores} cores, "
                f"{status['active_threads']}/{self.total_threads} threads")

