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REDUCING FOOD LOSSES THROUGH POSTHARVEST TRAINING
Once harvested, 30-80 percent of fruits and vegetables in Sub-Saharan Africa are lost to poor handling. Food quality, safety and nutritional value are also affected by poor postharvest practices.
In an effort to improve postharvest handling of horticultural crops, Feed the Future partners opened a model postharvest center in Tanzania and deployed newly trained experts from seven countries to train farmers.
In October 2012, 36 professionals from Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Benin completed a year-long training in postharvest practices, led by an international team under the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Horticulture.
Through online learning and mentoring, the trainer candidates each completed a series of 10 assignments ranging from assessing commodity systems to developing training programs. The trainings were led by Lisa Kitinoja of the World Food Logistics Organization, with Diane Barrett of the University of California, Davis, and additional training support from the University of Georgia, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Amity University, UC Davis, and the Postharvest Education Foundation.
These 36 new postharvest trainers became the first graduates of the new Horticulture Innovation Lab Postharvest Training and Services Center, located at AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center in Arusha, Tanzania. The trainers learned about a variety of postharvest technologies, including the use of shade, harvesting tools, packaging, containers, grading, washing, cooling technologies, drying, and processing. They learned how to use various tools, including sizing rings, color charts, chlorine test strips, and refractometers, to measure postharvest quality.
Then new trainers officially opened the center by leading more than 100 local farmers through a day of postharvest instruction and demonstrations. Upon graduating, each of the trainers received a postharvest toolkit to help them get started with their next task—training farmers in their own countries. Ultimately, they are tasked with opening up their own postharvest training and service centers, each offering training, research, equipment retail and fee-based services.
In 12 months following their graduation, the 36 trainers have directly trained 7,474 farmers in postharvest practices and technologies across seven countries, with a potential multiplier effect of an additional 8,900 practitioners.
Designs for more than 80 additional Postharvest Training and Services Centers—including suitable sites, partners and costs—have been developed by trainers who took the year-long course.
Experts affiliated with the Horticulture Innovation Lab also continued to offer training through the center in Arusha for small-scale growers, marketers and processors. Over a two-year period that included the train-the-trainers, more than 16,000 farmers were trained in improved postharvest practices through this project.
“Many of our new ‘postharvest specialists’ are already working together on postharvest research projects or writing new proposals for training programs,” Kitinoja said. “Others have been hired for consulting assignments in the region or awarded fellowships that will allow them to continue their postharvest studies and/or extension work in their own countries.”
REDUCING DRUDGERY, IMPROVING SOIL FOR VEGETABLE FARMERS
Most commonly used with field crops, conservation agriculture combines three practices that help farmers invest in soil health, specifically:
- minimal soil disturbance (“no till”),
- continuous mulch cover, and
- rotating diverse crops.
These practices can also reduce labor and reduce water evaporation from the soil.
Manuel Reyes, professor at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, has helped farmers in many countries improve their soil and use water efficiently. In doing so, he has also partnered with three Feed the Future Innovation Labs, funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development.
Beginning in 2010, Reyes started working with farmers in Cambodia on conservation agriculture for field crops, with an international team supported by the SANREM Innovation Lab. Two years later, the team worked with 56 households over 149 hectares to use conservation agriculture principles.
After testing conservation agriculture practices with vegetable crops in the United States, Reyes expanded his conservation agriculture work in Cambodia to focus on vegetable farmers. Now with additional funding from the Horticulture Innovation Lab, he added drip irrigation to conservation agriculture practices for vegetable farmers. This research sought to find whether combining these practices could reduce labor needs, increase yield, increase income and ultimately receive support from vegetable farmers.
For field trials in Cambodia, women farmers grew a variety of vegetables, including string beans, cucumber, Chinese cabbage, kale, tomatoes and eggplant. Unlike the first few years of using conservation agriculture with field crops, this trial with vegetables found no significant differences in yields or income between the various treatments.
But what did change with the new practices was the farmers’ labor. The researchers estimate that growing vegetables on 100 square meters with traditional methods and hand watering requires hauling about 1,300 pounds of water per day during the dry season — and even twice as much during very dry seasons. Drip irrigation and conservation agriculture freed the women farmers from carrying water, tilling and weeding.
Many of the women farmers were so pleased with the new practices that they asked to end the experiment early, to avoid the extra labor of tilling, hand-watering and weeding required to maintain the field tests.
The next step? Reyes is working with these Cambodian women farmers on a new Horticulture Innovation Lab project, this time on marketing their vegetables and building a local brand that promotes their conservation practices.
This article is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development. The contents are the responsibility of the Horticulture Innovation Lab and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. 06/15
In many developing countries, more than half of all fruits and vegetables are never eaten, but instead are damaged or spoiled after harvest. These post-harvest losses can mean that farmers need to sell their fresh produce immediately at whatever price they can get, before they lose the crops that represent investments of labor, water, and agricultural inputs. Improving how fruits and vegetables are handled after harvest can significantly prolong freshness — and cooling is key.
“The three most important aspects of postharvest handling are: temperature, temperature, temperature,” said Michael Reid, postharvest specialist with the Horticulture Innovation Lab. “In the developing world in particular, affordable cooling technology is mostly absent.”
Cooling can be an expensive challenge — even for American farmers.
As a farmer in upstate New York, Ron Khosla knew this problem too well and could not afford to buy a walk-in cooler for his small farm. So he invented a solution: an electrical device called a CoolBot that tricks an air conditioner into getting colder, turning a well-insulated room into a cold room for less than it costs to buy a refrigeration unit.
“I was hoping for a cheap, do-it-yourself solution that I could maintain, but mostly I just needed to keep my leafy greens and strawberries cold,” Khosla said. He later started a small business to sell the CoolBot called Store It Cold, LLC.
Khosla’s CoolBot invention caught the eye of postharvest researchers, including Reid who in 2010 first partnered with agricultural scientists from Uganda, Honduras, and India to test this new device in their climates and with local materials.
Since that first project, the Horticulture Innovation Lab has tested CoolBots for cold storage in Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda, Thailand, Cambodia, Bangladesh, India and Honduras. Reid has also tested options for solar-powered CoolBots.
One Horticulture Innovation Lab partner — Jane Ambuko of the University of Nairobi — received a grant to pilot this technology among horticultural farmers for the Kenya Feed the Future Innovation Engine.
“I see the CoolBot making a whole lot of difference,” Ambuko said during a TEDxNairobi speech. “But for it to make that desired difference we have to make it cost-effective and affordable for the smallholder farmers.”
In the wake of these successes, Feed the Future Partnering for Innovation also chose to invest in scaling up the CoolBot among exporters and agricultural associations in Honduras.
And Khosla’s small business has been growing. In early 2016, it had grown to employ six people and had sold more than 27,500 CoolBots in 51 countries.
“I’m thrilled and so grateful to be a part of helping lots of people. Working with USAID has gotten us known in other countries, and I’m looking forward to the day when we have enough in-roads in India and Africa where we can work directly with farmers there,” Khosla said. “People didn’t believe the CoolBots worked at first. But now we get the most amazing letters from people whose business has doubled or quadrupled. Good postharvest care makes such a difference. Once they try it, then they see.”
INVENTING A LOW-COST SOLUTION TO REDUCE MOLDY FOODS
‘DryCard’ wins Africa postharvest prize, takes guesswork out of drying
How do you see dryness? Drying food is one way many farmers preserve their harvest, but knowing when food is dry enough to store can be difficult — and mold growth on dried foods is a pervasive problem. For farmers, mold growth can mean postharvest losses and lowered market value. For consumers, aflatoxins from moldy foods can suppress the immune system, increase disease rates, and cause lifelong stunting in children.
To that end, researchers from the University of California, Davis researchers Michael Reid and James Thompson invented a low-cost, easy-to-use tool that farmers can use to measure food dryness, called the DryCardTM.
The DryCard is the size of a business card and combines cobalt chloride paper, which indicates dryness by changing color, with a color guide on a laminated piece of paper. Repackaging the cobalt chloride paper with the color guide increases the usability of the strips and allows farmers to access this dryness indicator at just pennies per card.
To check that food is dry enough for safe storage, farmers can seal a DryCard and a sample of dried product in an airtight container. After a brief wait, the card indicator changes color based on relative humidity within the container. Matching the color of the indicator with the guide on the card shows whether food is dry enough to prevent mold growth. The DryCard is reusable as long as it is stored safely away from water.
In March, the DryCard was selected as a top emerging technology for improving postharvest practices in Africa — beating more than 200 technologies to win the grand prize at the All Africa Postharvest Technology and Innovation Challenge. Top technologies and innovations were invited to pitch to an audience of about 600 participants, including researchers, investors, extension agents, government executives, and farmers.
“I have never seen such strong interest in a technology like this,” said Elizabeth Mitcham, director of the Horticulture Innovation Lab, who represented the card during the competition. “This technology has high potential to make an impact—and not only with dried produce and vegetable seeds, which was our original intent. A lot of the interest we have seen is from organizations that work with staple crops too.”
In the wake of the competition and resulting publicity, interest in the DryCard has been high. In response to requests for samples, the Horticulture Innovation Lab has distributed more than 1,400 cards to organizations in 17 countries. The team is also in talks with local entrepreneurs who are interested in manufacturing and marketing the cards in their own countries.
Bertha Mjawa is one of the first researchers to test out and promote the DryCard in Africa, with her Postharvest Consult and Capacity Building Company in Tanzania. Over the course of 5 months, Mjawa and her team sold 2,500 DryCards to 500 local farmers and organizations.
“The DryCard makes a promising solution for African farmers due to its cost effectiveness, clear indicators and ease of use,” Mjawa said. “Both farmers and agricultural experts can benefit from this technology.”
For updates, samples and more information about the DryCard, visit http://drycard.ucdavis.edu.
This article is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development. The contents are the responsibility of the Horticulture Innovation Lab and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. 10/17
In a classroom in Ghana, graduate student Dev Paudel from the University of Florida bent over computers with students and research assistants as they learned the basics of R, a free, open-source programming language for statistical analysis that he had installed on the computers earlier that week. As participants in this Kayaba Management Foundation training, the class members would next analyze the results of a needs survey of more than 300 farmers and vegetable vendors from nearby communities. Their goal?
“If we can use state-of-the-art statistical tools (including R) in Ghana, we can generate research findings that would be accepted by both policy makers and the international investor community,” said Hussein Yunus Alhassan, CEO of the Kayaba Management Foundation and chief instructor at Tamale Polytechnic. His new foundation is laying the groundwork for locally led research that supports the horticulture sector in northern Ghana, markets for horticulture value chains, and women’s empowerment.
As a doctoral graduate student, Paudel uses statistical analysis software frequently. His previous experience as a horticulture development officer in Nepal was an early step in his international development career.
Paudel’s work in Ghana — including his first trip to Africa — is supported by the Trellis Fund, an innovative program that pairs U.S. graduate students with organizations engaged with local farmers in developing countries. The Trellis Fund is part of the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Horticulture, led by the University of California, Davis.
The Horticulture Innovation Lab’s two main goals for the Trellis Fund are complementary: strengthen smaller organizations with the horticultural expertise that a graduate student can offer, and provide experience to the graduate student that could expand their career horizons toward international development. The connections with smaller organizations and young professionals also strengthen the Horticulture Innovation Lab’s network for future projects.
“Trellis promotes horticultural science to organizations that are often smaller than we might otherwise work with. They become part of our Horticulture Innovation Lab family, and many become good partners for us in the future,” said Elizabeth Mitcham, director of the Horticulture Innovation Lab.
The first 47 completed Trellis projects included 7,400 farmer participants, 219 demonstration plots and 238 training meetings. Those projects involved 47 students from five U.S. universities, who served as consultants for projects spanning 15 Feed the Future focus countries in Africa, Asia and Central America.
Though their 6-month Trellis Fund project is officially complete, Paudel, Alhassan and the Kayaba Management Foundation team continued to work together remotely with the goal of publishing a journal article based on their robust analysis of farmer needs from the survey.
“Working with students and research assistants is great because they are really open to new ideas and grasp things very easily,” Paudel said. “This was a challenging course for some of them, particularly those who did not have training in basic programming skills. However, they are practicing their skills with the survey analysis now. I believe this training will be advantageous to the students as they leap into their new careers.”
SUPPORTING POSTHARVEST IN TANZANIA’S HORTICULTURE SECTOR
In Tanzania horticulture is one of three value chains that Feed the Future activities focus on for greatest impact. Horticultural crops are particularly sensitive to poor postharvest practices, with estimates that half of fruits and vegetables grown in many sub-Saharan Africa countries are lost during postharvest phases.
To enable Feed the Future partners—including educators, industry professionals, and government employees—to better support horticultural development, the Horticulture Innovation Lab led a project to increase training infrastructure and provide training-of-trainers for improved postharvest practices of fruits and vegetables.
At the Horticultural Research and Training Institute in Tengeru (HORTI Tengeru), Horticulture Innovation Lab team members designed a field packing shed and charcoal cooler, which were later built and installed by partners at the World Vegetable Center. The site had an insulated room, which the Horticulture Innovation Lab converted into a working cold room, with the addition of a CoolBot and air conditioner. These postharvest facilities now allow for packing, cooling and storage of crops harvested from HORTI Tengeru’s acres of field trials, for improved sales at a market nearby.
In July, the Horticulture Innovation Lab provided a five-day course in postharvest handling of horticultural crops to more than 40 professionals from all over Tanzania, including university professors, technical trainers, industry leaders, and government representatives.
The course was led by Michael Reid and Angelos Deltsidis of the Horticulture Innovation Lab, with Marita Cantwell of the UC Davis Postharvest Technology Center, and Ngoni Nenguwo of the World Vegetable Center. The course was hosted at the Postharvest Training and Services Center on the World Vegetable Center campus in Arusha. Juma Shekidele of HORTI Tengeru also provided assistance in organizing the course.
Each day the course started with lectures covering postharvest principles and practices for crops with commercial potential in Tanzania, including eggplants, tomatoes, bananas, mango, papaya, citrus, avocado, leafy greens, green beans, cherimoya, onions, cut flowers, cucumber, potatoes and carrots.
Hands-on activities were also part of the course. Participants conducted exercises to examine maturity, produce quality, cooling, packaging, and water loss. Each participant also received a postharvest toolkit and learned how to use the tools with different fruits and vegetables through the exercises.
The course included a module on solar drying, in which attendees constructed and tested the UC Davis-designed chimney solar dryer. The dryer proved its effectiveness in demonstrations; despite heavily overcast conditions, products dried rapidly.
The class also took a couple of short field trips, visiting the local wholesale market, an export packing operation and HORTI Tengeru to see the postharvest facilities and horticultural field trials.
After the course’s conclusion, evaluations included many positive comments from participants. Weeks later participants also reported incorporating the chimney solar dryer and other demonstrations into farmer field days in other parts of Tanzania.
“I will use and teach this course to my farmers who produces tomatoes and onion,” reported one participant. Many commented that the course should be offered repeatedly in the future.
GROWING THE SCIENCE BEHIND NUTRITIOUS, LEAFY VEGETABLES
As part of Feed the Future, an international team of researchers has been strengthening the value chain of African indigenous vegetables—with nutrition always in mind.
Their work began in western Kenya with a food and farm training program established by the AMPATH health system. Doctors there knew patients who were well-nourished would respond better to medical treatment for HIV/AIDS, so the program sought to encourage clients to grow, eat and sell nutritious crops.
Three common leafy African indigenous vegetables—amaranth, black nightshade and spider plant—were identified as promising crops for the training program.
“We realized the potential was enormous to expand African indigenous vegetable production and meet increasing consumer demand, while addressing important nutrition and income deficiencies,” said Stephen Weller, project leader and horticulture professor at Purdue University.
Assumptions about these vegetables were many, but confirmed science was limited. With funding from USAID, the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Horticulture built a project team to address research gaps in production practices, seed availability, storage, value addition, market linkages and nutritional evaluation. Led by Purdue University, the team includes partners from Rutgers University, ASNAPP, the World Vegetable Center, Eldoret University, Sokoine University, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and Horti Tengeru.
To measure available nutrients, the team developed protocols for sampling the vegetables from field experiments at different stages of maturity, with testing at Sokoine University in Tanzania.
“Knowing the best stage to harvest these vegetables is crucial,” said John Msuya, associate professor at Sokoine University. “While African indigenous vegetables are said to be rich in micronutrients, they also consist of substantial amounts of anti-nutritional factors—phytate, nitrate and oxalate—which can occur naturally.”
Results showed most of the nutrients tested increased as plants aged from 21 to 35 days, and the anti-nutritional factors never reached critical thresholds. Dried leaf samples were also analyzed at Rutgers University for nutritional composition.
“We were pleased to find that nightshade, amaranth and spider plant are indeed rich in vitamins and minerals,” said Jim Simon, professor at Rutgers University. “These leafy greens are as nutritionally dense as spinach in iron, calcium and potassium—and rich in vitamins such as provitamin A.”
Food processing companies in Kenya and Zambia have used the results in nutrition labeling on packaging aimed at American and European markets, as they add these vegetables to their product lines.
Program results have been incorporated into training modules for more than 1,700 farmers, including USAID’s Kenya Horticulture Competitiveness Project.
How to better grow more African indigenous vegetables—and the value of eating them too—has been shared continuously with AMPATH’s clients.
“So many of the vulnerable AMPATH clients, who are both nutritionally and economically at risk, have had an opportunity to be directly involved in production, consumption and marketing of these crops,” said Pam Obura, senior researcher with Purdue University and AMPATH. “Even the landless have been able to produce them in sack gardens for their own consumption.”
CAMBODIAN FARMERS REACH NEW BUYERS WITH A FRESH APPROACH
Leaning into her tuktuk in Siem Reap, Eang Chakriya opens a cooler and takes out fresh wax gourds and other vegetables that have been carefully packed and chilled, showing them to a group of neighbors. Emblazoned on the tuktuk (a kind of motorized rickshaw) are images of farmers and the marketing motto, “Grown Right, Handled Right, Community Right.”
Chakriya sells nutritious vegetables directly to consumers in Cambodia as part of a farmers’ cooperative working with the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Horticulture, led by the University of California, Davis.
The project’s research team is examining incentives that help farmers improve their agriculture practices. The researchers’ hunch is that farmers will adopt conservation agriculture practices (or “Grown Right” practices) if the team also helps them to adopt two other types of profitable practices that will increase their success: improved postharvest handling techniques and novel marketing practices.
So far, the idea seems to be working.
Leading this project, researchers from Kansas State University introduced farmers to conservation agriculture practices: mulch use, diverse crop rotation, and no tillage. Combined with drip irrigation, conservation agriculture can help farmers grow vegetables on small plots with reduced time and labor.
With researchers from Cambodia’s Royal University of Agriculture, the World Vegetable Center and UC Davis, the project team also provided consultation and farmer training in improved postharvest handling — to harvest, sort, pack, transport and store the vegetables to maintain freshness longer. A team from the Horticulture Innovation Lab’s Regional Center at Kasetsart University in Thailand also helped the farmers construct a packing shed to prepare and store their produce, complete with a cold room, evaporative cooler and sorting table.
Eang Chakriya, above and left, sells vegetables grown using conservation agriculture practices under the “Grown Right, Handled Right, Community Right” banner on behalf of a local farmers cooperative.
“We’ve increased yields per unit area because of conservation agriculture and the number of times they can plant in the year — from two plantings to up to six plantings per year,” said Manuel Reyes, a Kansas State University research professor who also works with the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Sustainable Intensification. “Before they finish harvesting, the farmers are already planting the next crop’s seedlings, so they are saving a lot of time overall.”
Confident in their ability to sell high-quality vegetables directly to consumers at higher prices, the cooperative has offered to buy vegetables from its members at a 10 percent premium over other buyers. Today, farmers are enjoying increased incomes from vegetables grown on their conservation agriculture plots, with earnings as high as $1,323 over 10 months.
Finding reliable vegetable seed in humid Bangladesh can be a challenge — a situation that can ruin a crop before a farmer’s hard work even begins. But Bangladesh seed companies are rapidly adopting a new technology that can improve seed germination and plant vigor, through improved seed processing and storage. Called “drying beads,” this reusable tool can help seed companies provide farmers with higher quality seed, improving the local seed industry and helping farmers maximize the potential of their own hard work.
Many of the country’s leading vegetable seed companies have adopted drying beads through a multi-part training led by Rhino Research and supported by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Horticulture, based at the University of California, Davis. Participating organizations include Lal Teer Seed Limited, Metal Seed, Getco, A. R. Malik & Co., Ispahani Agro Limited, Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation and others.
“We concluded that these beads are drying our seeds faster and deeper, obtaining a better quality that results in a longer storage potential, and all this with lesser costs,” said Tabith M. Awal of Lal Teer Seed Limited in Bangladesh. “Therefore Lal Teer made the executive decision to move ahead with implementing these beads for all our seeds and crops as soon as possible.”
This year, more than 200 tons of vegetable seed have been dried and stored with drying beads—helping an estimated 100,000 farmers in Bangladesh access quality seed.
The in-depth training, offered for a week at a time and repeated 3-7 times over several months, has focused on 14 seed leaders in Bangladesh. They have trained more than 70 employees, who in turn have trained more than 500 seed production farmers in how to use drying beads and maintain seed quality.
In a sealed container, the zeolite-based drying beads can dry seeds to very low moisture contents—preventing mold growth, restricting insect habitation, and preserving seed quality. The beads can be regenerated in an oven for repeated use.
Seed farmers in Bangladesh first dry their seed in the sun — and that’s where many of them stop (a survey showed about 22% also used fan drying and 8% used heated air). Companies that have adopted drying beads use them in containers to transport the seed from the farmer to company storage, where they can collect the fully dried seeds and return a container with fresh drying beads to the field.
Horticulture Innovation Lab researchers have previously shown drying beads are effective for seed storage, and developed an overarching “dry chain” concept. “Make it dry, keep it dry” is the motto of the dry chain, which specifies how to maintain quality and safety of dried products — not just seed.
“What is really remarkable is the explosion of different ideas in how to use the drying beads,” said Johan Van Asbrouck of Rhino Research. “But we are starting with seeds, maximizing the potential of the crop at a farmer’s level. If you don’t have quality seed, you start penalized and will not have the crop you could.”
‘DRY CHAIN’ PARTNERSHIP HELPS FARMERS STORE SEED BETTER
A partnership between university scientists and a private technology company has sprouted both new concepts and new tools that can help vegetable farmers in developing countries access better seeds.
For many smallholder farmers, buying and trading vegetable seeds can be risky. The benefits of purchasing seed can be high, with improved crop varieties offering disease resistance, increased vigor and improved taste. But the risks of receiving poor-quality seed are also significant, particularly in tropical climates. Seed will deteriorate rapidly if it is not properly dried and stored. The resulting poor germination reduces yields, which for vegetable farmers can mean staggered harvests and inconsistent crop quality.
“If you buy seed and it’s all dead, you aren’t going to buy very much more seed,” says Kent Bradford, seed biologist at the University of California, Davis. “To get improved varieties into farmers’ hands, you must have a system where people can buy and trade seed successfully.”
Under the Horticulture Innovation Lab, Bradford and an international team have partnered with Rhino Research, a seed technology company in Thailand, to improve the science and tools available for drying and storing vegetable seed. The team initially sought to better maintain seed quality by exploring zeolite-based “drying beads.”
Produced by Rhino Research, the drying beads absorb moisture from the air. When sealed with seeds in an airtight container, the beads reduce the seeds’ moisture content to very low levels. They can be re-used repeatedly, after being reactivated in an oven.
In Thailand, India, Nepal and Bangladesh, the team developed protocols for how to best use drying beads with vegetable seed and trained more than 3,600 people in their use. The team’s preliminary economic analyses showed that using drying beads could increase earnings within the onion seed industry in Nepal by an additional $5.85 million per year.
But working with smallholders in developing countries presented additional challenges. While the cost of drying beads can be recovered through repeated use, the up-front costs were not reasonable for many small-scale farmers. Accustomed to working with seed companies, the team also assumed the importance of drying seeds was “fairly common knowledge,” but quickly learned that was not the case.
“But when we started talking in terms of the ‘dry chain’ for seeds, then the idea clicked,” Bradford says. “When we compare the importance of drying seeds and keeping them dry throughout storage to the ‘cold chain’ [i.e. keeping perishable goods cold during storage and transport], then our ability to communicate with people goes up.”
A “dry chain” requires that seed be dried, and the dryness monitored and maintained throughout all stages of storage. Many actors along the seed dry chain—from seed production to storage, transportation, sales and on-farm use—need to maintain that dryness to ensure seed quality.
Following the new dry chain concept, the Horticulture Innovation Lab team also developed a suite of tools appropriate for the different participants along the chain, using what they learned from working with the drying beads. The team’s next steps will begin with a commercial-scale drying system—the FlexiDry, which also uses drying beads—and continue down the dry chain to small containers with inexpensive sensors that enable farmers to maintain and monitor dryness during seed storage.
MOSQUITO NET CO PARTNERS WITH RESEARCHERS AGAINST AG PESTS
Bed nets are nothing new to international development, but a leading company in mosquito netting has turned its attention—and its nets—to improving agriculture.
Under Feed the Future, a collaborative research project has brought together A to Z Textile Mills in Tanzania with agricultural researchers to test its nets for growing fruits and vegetables.
The project is funded through the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Horticulture, with researchers from Michigan State University, CIRAD of France, Egerton University in Kenya, Abomey-Calavi University in Benin, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the National Agricultural Research Institute in Benin (INRAB).
The team is fine-tuning how smallholder farmers can use the nets to reduce insect pests and improve micro-climates in vegetable plots. Similar to its long-lasting insecticidal bed nets, A to Z’s “AgroNets” were developed with and without chemical treatments and for re-use over multiple seasons.
“This technology is, for the first time, adapted to smallholder farmers and available in Africa because of the mosquito net industry,” said Thibaud Martin, a CIRAD scientist based in Kenya. “This technology is truly an effective alternative to chemical use.”
In the project’s first six months, A to Z provided and delivered 1.5 tons of netting to Benin, Kenya and CIRAD partners.
“Partnership with A to Z was critical to the success of this project,” said Mathieu Ngouajio, professor at Michigan State University and a leader of the Horticulture Innovation Lab project. “They have made all the fine-tuning that we needed on the nets and supplied our team with the material for field studies. Without that type of support, it would have been impossible to achieve project goals.”
After two years of research, results in Kenya show the nets can indeed reduce pests and increase yields in tomato, cabbage, kale, onion, French bean, melon and carrot crops. Farmers have also tried the nets with other crops such as sweet peppers, amaranth, spider plant and strawberries.
“Use of AgroNets on cabbages, tomatoes (both field and nursery), French beans, and melons is not only efficacious against pests, but also offers great business potential for A to Z,” said Hubert Coffi, agronomist with A to Z’s research unit, the Africa Technical Research Centre.
In Benin, adoption of the nets by farmers has been particularly high. More than 75 percent of farmers in the project adopted the nets for use with nursery production.
Since the project started, the team has received additional funding from CIRAD, INRAB, Ecohort, Katarina University, SupAgro Foundation, and the French embassies in Benin and Kenya.
“Moving toward agriculture is for us a key strategic pillar for the coming years because it will help us to expand and diversify our operations and revenue stream while creating more jobs,” said Dr. Johnson Odera, director of the Africa Technical Research Centre.
“We still believe in the future of agriculture in Africa, and we want to be part of this success story,” he said.
How do you teach innovation? A partnership under Feed the Future is empowering university students to solve real-world agricultural problems while learning the nuts and bolts of how to innovate.
“We set out to teach the students some skills in metal work, the design process and appropriate technology—and they end up learning empowerment and teamwork,” explained Jorge Espinosa, with the Panamerican Agricultural School, Zamorano, in Honduras.
Espinosa is an instructor for Zamorano’s version of D-Lab, a concept course originally started at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Now replicated and adapted for students at multiple universities, the D-Lab model focuses on “Development through Dialogue, Design and Dissemination.”
Espinosa’s work with D-Lab started at the University of California, Davis, where Kurt Kornbluth leads students through two D-Lab classes each year that result in feasibility studies and prototypes, with a focus on external clients’ needs. One of Kornbluth’s clients was the Horticulture Innovation Lab, which was seeking solutions for smallholder farmers, such as ways to keep fruits and vegetables cool during transport to market.
“After serving as a D-Lab client, we saw potential value in offering D-Lab courses to students at universities in Honduras and Thailand where we have Regional Centers that act as hubs for our work,” said Britta Hansen, of the Horticulture Innovation Lab. “Not only could D-Lab provide skills to students—tomorrow’s agricultural leaders—but it could also support our partners in adapting new solutions to local farming challenges.”
Each university that offers D-Lab must adapt the course to meet its needs and standards. With its learn-by-doing ethos, Zamorano seemed like a good match for D-Lab.
“Instructor Jorge Espinosa discusses how to recycle an old saw blade with college students studying agriculture at the Panamerican Agricultural School, Zamorano, for a project during a D-Lab course in Honduras.”
“[Zamorano] is very hands-on, but it can be mechanical, like a recipe. I think that is the magic of D-Lab, that the students are not given recipes,” Espinosa said. “We have adapted it to not be a class, but a work experience—a learn-by-doing module, Zamorano style.”
So far 70 Zamorano students have participated in six D-Lab modules, intended to foster student creativity and provide a space to make mistakes and learn from them.
In a curriculum review, 71 percent of Zamorano’s D-Lab students reported they would “definitely respond more creatively” when approaching future problems, and 87 percent reported being very comfortable with presenting new ideas in D-Lab. Overcoming an aversion to failure proved to be an essential component of the course. On average, students built more than three prototypes for every one prototype that worked as expected, with 80 percent learning “very much” from failed prototypes.
“What I am taking [from D-Lab] is the magnificent experience of practically inventing something,” reported one student. “Like [Espinosa] said to us once: There are no mistakes, there are only opportunities to develop… You always learn in the end.”
In addition to the D-Lab course at Zamorano, the Horticulture Innovation Lab team has started a D-Lab at Kasetsart University in Thailand, with 29 students in its first class. The Horticulture Innovation Lab Regional Centers continue to support and improve D-Lab courses at these universities.
In Ghana, white-fleshed sweet potatoes already play an important role in food security, but orange-fleshed varieties have the potential to alleviate vitamin A deficiency while being incorporated into familiar foods.
Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children and increases the risk of severe infections. In Ghana, vitamin A deficiency affects 72 percent of the country’s children under 5 years of age.
Though interest in orange-fleshed sweet potato has been on the rise, widespread production and consumption of these vitamin A-rich varieties in Ghana still remains limited due to lack of awareness, limited availability of clean-planting materials and limited inclusion in the diet.
As part of Feed the Future, Dr. Eunice Bonsi of Tuskegee University leads an international team working to increase the consumption of orange- and purple-fleshed sweet potatoes in Ghana, through activities that strengthen the crops’ value chain in three of Ghana’s sweet potato growing regions. Other team members include the University of Ghana, Pennsylvania State University, the Savannah Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Ghana’s University for Development Studies and a number of other organizations.
The team established sweet potato vine multiplication sites at SARI and at research facilities in the Northern and Upper East regions in Ghana. Lead farmers have planted the clean vines for demonstration and now serve as distributors of disease-free germplasm. Farmers were also trained in best management practices.
The team conducted focus groups on orange and purple sweet potato palatability and preferences with local schools and non-governmental organizations. They also established demonstration gardens at schools and NGO sites. Through a newly developed partnership with local 4-H, the group is also working to promote the new varieties to youth.
Researchers from SARI and Ghana’s University for Development Studies analyzed products already available in Ghana that use orange- or purple-fleshed sweet potatoes. The team has promoted the potatoes’ inclusion in traditional recipes, some of which have been served at SARI’s cafeteria.
The team formulated a weaning food that incorporates the vitamin A-rich sweet potatoes, and have trained women entrepreneurs to process these colorful sweet potatoes into flour, purees and dehydrated chips. Local bakers are now using locally grown, orange sweet potato puree to make bread—and marketing it as more nutritious than other breads.
Incorporating orange-fleshed sweet potatoes into Ghanaian fields, village bakeries and infants’ diets adds nutritional value to existing foods.
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Minnesota State Academies Health and Safety Plan for Students, Staff, and Visitors
*Updated as of September 1, 2023
Guiding Principles
The Minnesota State Academies (MSA) are committed to providing safe and healthy campuses for our students, families, community, and employees. Decisions that were previously mandated by different government agencies are now made by MSA administrators, using best practices, guidance, and information available to us.
Our health/safety plan will be reviewed periodically, and updates will continue to be implemented throughout the 2023-2024 school year in accordance with recommendations and/or guidelines from the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE), Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and as circumstances change on our campuses. While there are still some unknowns about the future of COVID-19 and its impact in Minnesota, our goal is to mitigate the potential for transmission of COVID-19 in our school and community and maintain the safety and health of everyone on our campuses.
We have tried to address different concerns that parents/families and employees have shared with us through this plan. In it, you will find answers to the questions that have been asked, including what safety protocols are required around the campus. Changes and updates to this plan will be communicated with students, parents, family members, and employees promptly.
At MSA, we have unique needs on our campus. Examples of our unique needs include:
* We serve students from all over the state.
* We have a high percentage of students with health and/or other challenges.
* About 40% of our students live on campus.
* We also serve a wide range of age groups (12 months through age 22) on our campuses.
* Many of our staff fall within high-risk categories.
Due to those factors, our health/safety plan may have additional details and limitations beyond the usual mitigation strategies in neighboring school districts. We hope that you understand our unique situation and thank you for your continued support.
Following these guidelines will require instruction, guidance, and support. We ask that you support your children's participation in school activities by:
* teaching them to follow MSA health and safety guidelines, including possible restrictions of their social interactions with others.
* helping them understand the importance of personal hygiene and handwashing.
* helping them understand and practice social distancing and mask wearing, when required.
* teaching and modeling proper coughing and sneezing practices.
* as appropriate, getting vaccinated/boosted and encouraging others to do the same.
* emphasizing the serious nature of this pandemic as well as other contagious illnesses and respecting the concerns of others in the community.
* showing respect for those who may choose not to get vaccinated – there may be a variety of reasons for their decisions.
Thank you for all your questions, patience, and continued support.
Staying Up-to-Date with Vaccinations
We continue to encourage all staff and students to stay up to date on routine vaccinations as this is essential to prevent illness from many different infections. Vaccines reduce the risk of infection by working with the body's natural defenses to help safely develop immunity to disease. For COVID-19, staying up to date with COVID-19 vaccinations is the leading public health strategy to prevent severe disease.
Health Screening
For any illness, including COVID-19, the most important aspect of self-screening is to Stay Home when Sick. People who have symptoms of illness, respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, such as cough, fever, sore throat, vomiting, or diarrhea, should stay home. Please stay home until 24 hours fever-free (without fever-reducing medication) and symptoms are significantly improved. Testing is recommended for people with symptoms of COVID-19. Staying home when sick can lower the risk of spreading infectious diseases, including COVID19, to other people. At-Home COVID-19 tests are available to staff and students (as long as supplies are available) from our health services department. Please call health services or speak with your supervisor if requesting an at-home test kit.
Employees who stay home when sick should communicate with their supervisor following established call-in procedures. If they test positive for COVID-19, please also notify Human Resources.
Upon arrival on campus or during the day, students who display symptoms of illness will be immediately referred to Health Services and our nurses will evaluate the students to determine if they can stay in school or must go home. Parents are responsible to have a plan to immediately pick up their child at any time that they might become sick throughout the year, including a back-up plan in case of severe weather and/or parent illnesses/conflicts.
Students staying in our dorms will also be observed for symptoms by our residential educators. Students are encouraged to report symptoms and visit the health center for additional support as needed.
In most cases, transportation companies will not be responsible for transporting students back home if the student displays a fever or additional symptoms. This underscores the importance of doing a health self-screening before sending students to school on district-provided transportation.
We continue urge all families to practice healthy social distancing, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, and other mitigation measures at home and/or activities in the community, especially during interactions in large crowds, closed indoor spaces, and so forth so that exposure is minimized on our campuses. We have students from all over Minnesota and cross-contagion is something that we want to avoid as much as possible. Please continue to be aware of COVID19 contagion levels in your area. (CDC's COVID-19 by County)
Other Safety Precautions
We have established and will continue enhanced sanitation measures including frequent cleaning and disinfection of all classrooms, activity spaces, bathroom facilities, and residential spaces via an ionization process which involves spraying down each space with specially designed equipment which kills 99.9 percent of all viruses and bacteria. We have also installed specialized ionization systems to our HVAC system to provide an additional layer of sanitization to all our buildings.
We will continue to encourage everyone to wash their hands frequently throughout the day.
Updates to our Plan
The MSA Instructional Leadership Team will continue to monitor health data and other factors and will send out communication to staff/families if there are changes in our health/safety protocols – as necessary, we may have to bring back restrictions and guidelines in previous versions of this health and safety plan to protect our students and staff. We will communicate status changes to students, parents/families, staff, and visitors promptly.
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SEQ NO. 75 Presiding: Mr. President
Senate of Maryland
2024 Regular Sessions
QUORUM
Corderman
Voting Nay - 0
Not Voting - 1
McKay
Excused from Voting - 0
Excused (Absent) - 0
Calendar Date: Jan 31, 2024 10:22 (AM)
Legislative Date: Jan 31, 2024
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A Quiet Revolution Has Altered Financial Planning
Goal-based planning is quietly changing the way Americans plan financially. While business coverage in the media focuses on hot stocks, corporate scandals, and movie box office numbers, this is a major story that can change your financial outlook. The difference between a goal-based financial plan and a traditional cash-flow-based plan is in the level of detail. Cash-flow plans are far more detailed and the details can get in the way.
With a cash-flow plan, based on your current income, spending habits, savings rate, tax bracket, and portfolio, software is used to make projections about your financial future over the next 10, 20, or 30 years, or even longer. Each investment—every bond, every stock—is subject to a forecast breaking down the dividends, interest, and capital appreciation it is expected to provide over the period. Each expense must similarly be projected, year by year, from your mortgage to what you spend on food. Gathering all these numbers poses a problem. Many people simply never do it. Their financial plan ends before it ever begins.
Apart from this human foible, a bigger problem with cash-flow based plans is that the projections rely on so many variables. Forecasting your rate of return on an individual security or what you will spend on gasoline during the next 30 years is too iffy. If your return forecast is off by a percentage point or two in either direction, your plan can be well off the mark. In other words, while intuitively you may believe that more data makes a financial plan more reliable, the opposite may actually be true. Limiting the variables may indeed provide a better view of the future.
That’s the approach of goal-based planning. With a goal-based financial plan, you essentially admit that predicting your income and expenses with accuracy is too difficult. Instead of relying on projections of your income and expenses, goal-based plans focus on how much you are saving now and the return you expect to earn.
In contrast to traditional financial planning, which calculates how much you could save, given your current income, expenses, and taxes, goal-based planning starts with how much you are saving. Instead of estimating your retirement income by requiring you to forecast returns on individual securities and accounts over the next 10, 20, or 30 years, a goal-based plan estimates how much of a nest egg you’ll accumulate by making a single assumption about the return on your total portfolio. Instead of requiring a budget forecast based on dozens of items, your expenses are estimated based on your major goals in life. The focus on your goals makes a plan more meaningful to most people.
Bob Curtis, the founder of Pie
(Continued on page 4)
Rollercoaster Ride Anyone? No Thanks!!
At times, this stock market will give even the biggest iron-stomached rider a run for their money. The ups and downs of the market may leave you a bit queasy. But, as this ride is for the most part, uncontrollable, you can’t afford to take a blind eye to planning your retirement, education, or just LIFE! You need to take control.
This reminder came very close to home for us when Dave had his heart attack back in May. As he continues to recover, planning has allowed for him, his family, and us to sleep better knowing that our bases are covered. For you too, making sure that death or incapacitation does not put a financial burden on the ones around you will leave a legacy to be admired!
Most of the articles included in this newsletter center around planning for uncertainty. Enjoy the article discussing goal-based planning, an easier way to plan for the future. Also discussed is what NOT to forget to include in your will when planning for the distribution of assets after you’re gone.
Life insurance can be a real savior! Read about eight things to look for when purchasing (or if you already own) insurance. Have you ever wondered if you can put more money away—and furthermore, defer taxes on that money? An article on how using a Defined Benefit plan may be the answer. Lastly, how about a test? Put your thinking caps on and have fun with our Investment News Junkie quiz.
Enjoy the rest of your summer!
Jim Joseph, CFP®
Client Relations Manager
Are You An Investment News Junkie?
It’s called market noise, and you know better than to let it distract you from your long-term financial plan. But it never hurts to stay informed, so you bookmark your favorite market news sites, never skip the paper’s money section, and tune in TV’s financial pundits. Use this quiz to gauge how well you paid attention last year.
1. Which currency did not gain ground against the dollar in 2006?
a. yen
b. euro
c. pound
d. Swiss franc
2. During 2006, the price of a barrel of light sweet crude oil peaked during what month:
a. January
b. May
c. July
d. November
3. In 2006, margin debt (funds borrowed against securities) reached $270.53 billion. When was the only other time margin debt exceeded $270 billion?
a. 1987
b. 2000
c. 2003
d. None of the above
4. A radio network, a casino, and a supermarket chain were in the top 10 for 2006 in which category?
a. initial public offerings
b. stock market gainers
c. private equity buyouts
d. all of the above
5. Incidents involving CNBC star Maria Bartiromo spelled trouble for:
a. former Citigroup executive Todd Thompson
b. Federal Reserve chair Ben Bernanke
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above
6. True or false: In 2006, the housing boom faltered, with a decline in both the number and median price of existing home sales.
7. Commercial real estate in 2006 saw a decrease in vacancy rates and a rise in the average per square foot cost for:
a. offices
b. retail space
c. industrial space
d. all of the above
8. Drawn by the promise of big returns, investors poured a net $92 billion into hedge funds during the first nine months of 2006. For the year, the Credit Suisse/Tremont Hedge Fund Index outperformed:
a. the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index
b. the Dow Jones World Index
c. the Lehman Brothers U.S. Aggregate Bond Index
d. all of the above
9. In 2006, measured in U.S. dollar terms, how did international market regions fare (from best to worst)?
a. Latin America, Europe, Asia/Pacific
b. Asia/Pacific, Europe, Latin America
c. Europe, Asia/Pacific, Latin America
d. Latin America, Asia/Pacific, Europe
10. Art prices soared in 2006 as new investors and collectors flooded into the market. Which artist’s work brought the highest price at auction?
a. Pablo Picasso
b. Willem de Kooning
c. Andy Warhol
d. Rembrandt
11. True or false: At year’s end, bond investors, apparently worried about the long-term health of the economy, were paying higher prices for 2-year U.S. Treasuries than for 10-year Treasuries.
12. The best and worst performing U.S. market sectors, respectively, in 2006 (as tracked by Dow Jones Indexes) were:
a. telecommunications; retail
b. oil and natural gas; construction materials
c. media; chemicals
d. food and beverage; travel and leisure.
Answers:
1a; 2c; 3b; 4c; 5c; 6 true; 7d; 8c; 9a; 10b; 11 false; 12a.
A Defined Benefit Plan Lets You Sock Away Large Amounts If
Is your 401(k) not enough? With a Defined Benefit (DB) plan, you can sock away around $2 million for retirement over a relatively short period of time while deferring taxation. Plus, you can still contribute to a 401(k), SEP, or other personal retirement account. If you’ve gotten a late start on retirement saving, a DB plan could help you quickly catch up. But it won’t have much effect unless you can afford to fund it generously—for yourself and your employees.
Unlike a Defined Contribution plan, such as a 401(k), which is built around what goes into it, a DB plan is based on what comes out during retirement. A fully funded plan could guarantee that you’ll receive as much as $2 million, either in a lump sum or as annuitized payments. To make sure you get there, actuarial calculations determine how much you must contribute each year. The size of that annual contribution is influenced by many factors, including the number of employees participating, their age and salary, and performance of the plan’s investments. In good years for the market, your contribution may be smaller, while a weak market could require you to write a larger check.
A DB plan lets you receive an annual benefit equal to 100% of your company salary, up to $180,000 a year, until your benefit reaches the $2 million limit. With no limit on the annual contribution, a DB plan can be the ultimate catch-up tool for retirement for a small business owner with few employees and who is nearing retirement. Assuming you have the cash to make the maximum contributions allowed, you could accumulate $2 million in as little as a decade, depending on the return on plan investments. Meanwhile, you can continue to
What Else Should Be In Your Will?
When writing a will, most people focus on big assets—real estate, securities, and bank accounts. Often overlooked are smaller items, such as jewelry, paintings, and family heirlooms, as well as other instructions that have nothing to do with assets—whether you want to be buried or cremated, for example, or who should clean out your house after you’re gone. This begs the question: Exactly what, beyond the obvious, should be in your will?
According to Mary Randolph, author of *The Executor’s Guide: Settling a Loved One’s Estate or Trust* (Nolo, 2006), “you can do pretty much whatever you want in your will.” The question is, will what you want benefit your descendants—or only add to the confusion?
Many people writing wills indicate exactly who should receive specific big-ticket items—a car, a boat, the summer house—then stipulate that the rest of the estate be divided equally among all heirs. That’s nice and simple, says Randolph, but it could spark family disputes. “Even in families in which everyone gets along fine, in times of stress, disagreements can bubble up,” Randolph says.
Your goal should be to leave specific instructions without getting too complicated. Attaching conditions to a gift, for example, can be problematic. Suppose you’d like to provide your daughter with a financial reward only if she attends college—but what does “going to college” really mean? Does she have to attend full time, or can she take night classes? Does she have to enroll in a four-year university, or is a community college or unaccredited online program acceptable? And is there a specific time frame? What if she attends college in 50 years—does the estate have to reserve enough money to pay her then?
Randolph recommends you think about what material goods are particularly important to your family—your grandmother’s china, a favorite painting, an 18th century armoire—and make specific bequests of those items. But those instructions don’t necessarily have to be in your will. About half of U.S. states accept a “property memorandum”—a list, outside your will, of personal items you want to leave to certain people. If you choose this route, your will can simply indicate that you wish your personal effects to be divided according to the attached memorandum. This approach saves you the hassle of rewriting and re-notarizing your will if you acquire additional items you want to give away or change your mind about who gets what.
For the remainder of your personal effects, try to come up with a way for heirs to divide things up among themselves. For example, you might let each descendant pick one item and then another, until everything is accounted for. Or, you might assign everyone a certain number of points, which can be used to bid on individual items. “That way, your children can decide what’s important to them,” Randolph says. “John may want to spend his 100 points on furniture, while Mary prefers to spend hers on a snow globe.”
You can also make specific instructions in your will—for example, that your son gets the job of cleaning out your house, or that you want to be cremated, not buried. But here you may find yourself in tricky legal territory.
First, you need to make such a request in language suggesting it is legally binding. “Saying, ‘I want my son to clean out my house,’ is not binding,” says Randolph. “But saying, ‘I appoint my son as executor and direct that he shall sort and divide my personal belongings as he sees fit’” is.
Next, consider when your will is likely to be read. If you want to be cremated, it’s better to make that request in a final arrangements document or a similar form, because your will probably won’t be reviewed until after the funeral.
Finally, realize that whether you make such requests in your will or another document, they may not have the weight of law. Most state laws don’t say anything about how to make final instructions legally binding. Those that do require a form that must be witnessed and notarized—and even then, the instructions have to be followed only if they’re reasonable. “You probably can’t say you want to be buried in a Cadillac,” says Randolph. “Your best bet is to write down what you want according to the laws of your state, and hope for the best.”
---
You Can Overcome Some Obstacles
fund your own Defined Contribution plan, deferring taxation on another $45,000 in income each year.
The chief drawback to a DB plan is that if you have employees, you’ll have to fund their retirement benefit, too. That may not be a huge burden if your workers are mostly young and earning low salaries. But if you’re paying into the plan for well-paid employees nearing retirement age, the total contribution required could amount to a substantial drain. In general, any employee who is at least 21 and has worked for the company for a year or more must be covered by your plan.
Of course, making contributions for employees won’t be an issue if yours is a one-person business. In fact, even those without a corporate structure may establish a DB plan.
DB plans offer estate planning advantages. If your plan is set up to continue payments to a surviving spouse after your death, the ongoing income won’t be taxed as part of your estate, though your spouse will pay income tax on the payouts. In contrast, an inherited IRA or 401(k) could be subject to estate tax.
Eight Ways To Save On Life Insurance
The price you pay for life insurance largely depends on things you can’t or don’t want to change: your age, health, habits, and other lifestyle choices, such as smoking and skydiving. Still, there are ways to save when buying a policy.
**Buy the type of insurance you need.** Though there are dozens of variations, life insurance basically comes in two flavors: term or permanent. With a term policy, you pay an annual premium and, assuming you die during the term of the policy, the insurer guarantees it will pay your beneficiaries the face amount of the policy upon your death. A permanent policy does the same thing, but premiums are higher, because you build up cash value that you can borrow against or withdraw if you cancel the policy. The right type of insurance for you depends on several factors, including your age, family situation, and financial goals. Often a term policy can save you money.
**Don’t be loyal to one company.** You may receive free or discounted life insurance through a current or former employer. But you’ll probably need to supplement that coverage, and buying additional insurance from that insurer may not get you the best deal. Keep in mind, though, that you’ll likely have to qualify medically for a policy you buy on the open market, which may not be required if you buy through an employer.
**Negotiate.** Smoke one cigar a month? You’ll probably be lumped into the same category as someone who smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. And a dangerous activity, such as skydiving, that you tried just once could also ratchet up your premium, even if you have no intention of doing it again. Your premium may be negotiable, if you write to the insurer explaining why you think you should qualify for a better rate.
**Find a specialist if you have health problems.** Some insurers specialize in covering people with heart disease, cancer, or diabetes. These companies employ underwriters trained to differentiate, for example, between people with high blood pressure who take their medication regularly and those whose hypertension is uncontrolled.
**Buy in bulk.** If you’re planning to buy $950,000 of coverage, a $1,000,000 policy may actually cost less. Insurance is priced in multiples of $250,000, and an insurer may charge disproportionately more for an in-between amount.
**Avoid hidden fees.** Before you sign up for any convenience, find out how much it costs. For example, some insurers charge for deducting monthly payments automatically from your checking account.
**Choose riders carefully.** An insurer may pad your policy with extras called riders. For example, the accidental-death rider, more commonly known as double indemnity, pays twice the normal death benefit if you perish in an accident. But the chance of that happening is quite small and may not be worth the extra cost. Be sure you understand what riders you are buying.
**Review.** It’s wise to review your policies every two or three years, especially permanent policies, to see if they can be leveraged or exchanged into a new lower-cost policy.
---
A Quiet Revolution
(Continued from page 1)
Technology, which makes goal-based planning software for financial professionals, cites the example of John and Ann, a couple who are both 59 years old and want to retire within four or five years. Whereas a traditional approach to planning might determine that the couple needs a retirement income of $124,000 a year to afford everything they want and that the couple’s savings can fund only about three-quarters of that amount, goal-based planning separates out John and Ann’s goals and lists them in order of importance. It determines, for example, that they need $72,000 a year to fund their basic living expenses. It estimates that they may be able to afford additional goals—$20,000 a year for travel until age 78; $10,000 annual gifts to their children for 10 years; a new $30,000 luxury car every four years; a $20,000 second car every six years; and additional outlays for dining, entertainment, and other niceties.
Those goals aren’t all of equal importance to Ann and John. Obviously, meeting basic living expenses is a must; next, in order of importance, come the luxury car, travel, the second car, the children’s gifts, and extra living expenses. It turns out John and Ann can retire at age 63 and expect to fund almost all of their goals, though they’ll likely have to pinch pennies on entertainment.
Approaching financial planning this way has several advantages. For one thing, it’s hopeful. Instead of simply saying you will fall short of your goals and run out of money during retirement, the goal-based approach tells you what you can afford. It allows you to choose which goals are most important to you and design strategies to improve your situation. For example, retiring two years later might allow you to fund all of your goals, and switching to a riskier portfolio could be worth considering as well.
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OXIDATION STUDIES
II. Oxidation of Water and Tertiary Alcohols by Cobaltic Ions
BY K. JIJEE AND M. SANTAPPA, F.A.Sc.
(University Department of Physical Chemistry, Madras-25, India)
Received October 27, 1965
ABSTRACT
Studies on oxidation of water by cobaltic ions in perchloric, nitric and sulfuric acid media in the temperature range 20–30° C. at constant ionic strength of 2·2 M were carried out. An overall order of 3/2 for cobaltic ion concentration was observed in perchloric, nitric acid media and at low \([Co^{3+}] < 4 \times 10^{-3} \text{M}\) in sulfuric acid medium. At high \([Co^{3+}]\) in sulfuric acid medium an order 2 was observed. In all the three acid media an inverse dependence of the rates on \([H^+]\) was noticed. From the experimental results, an acid-independent reaction path was inferred in perchloric and nitric acid media. The effect of ionic strength, \(HSO_4^-\) and initially added cobaltous ions as well as temperature was studied. Suitable reaction schemes were suggested to explain the experimental results and activation energy values for some of the rate parameters were evaluated. Kinetic studies on oxidation of tertiary amyl and tertiary butyl alcohols in sulfuric acid medium and that of the former in perchloric acid medium were carried out. The reaction rates were found to vary linearly with \([Co^{3+}]\) and [Alcohol]. From the effect of acidity and of \([HSO_4^-]\) in \(H_2SO_4\) medium on the reaction rates it was concluded that in \(HClO_4\) medium CoOH\(^{2+}\) species were the active entities while in \(H_2SO_4\) medium Co\(^{3+}\) as well as CoOH\(^{2+}\) species were the active entities. The influence of ionic strength, temperature, etc., on the reaction rates were studied and activation energy values for some rate constants were evaluated.
INTRODUCTION
Studies on oxidation of water by trivalent cobalt in nitric acid medium by Noyes and Deahl\(^1\) did not lead to satisfactory explanation of the mechanism and effect of \([H^+]\) on the reaction rate was also not studied. Bawn and White\(^2\) in their studies in \(HClO_4\) and \(H_2SO_4\) reported first as well as second order with reference to \([Co^{3+}]\) along with a variable order for \([H^+]\) (1 to 2) and their mechanism did not very well explain their results. On the other hand Baxendale and Wells\(^3\) reported a 3/2 order for \([Co^{3+}]\) and an inverse square
dependence of \([H^+]\) on the rate law for cobaltic ion disappearance. All the previous investigations were confined to low acidities (\(<0.1\text{N}\)) only. We present in this paper our results on oxidation of water by Co\(^{3+}\) in perchloric, nitric and sulfuric acid media at \([H^+] = 0.4\text{M} - 2.0\text{M}\) at constant ionic strength of \(2.2\text{M}\). Hoare and Waters\(^4,5\) have reported results on oxidation of tertiary butyl alcohol in HClO\(_4\) medium at \(10^\circ\text{C}\). at \([H^+] = 0.325\text{M} - 3.25\text{M}\) and of other tertiary alcohols in methylcyanide-water mixture at \(15^\circ\text{C}\). at \([\text{HClO}_4] = 1.57\text{M}\). The results on oxidation of tertiary butyl (T.B.A.) and amyl alcohols (T.A.A.) in sulphuric acid medium and tertiary amyl alcohol in HClO\(_4\) medium are presented and discussed in this paper.
**EXPERIMENTAL**
*Reagents.*—The perchlorate\(^6\) and sulfate\(^2\) of Co\(^{3+}\) were prepared by methods already described. Cobaltic nitrate was prepared along the same lines as for the perchlorate. Tertiary butyl alcohol (T.B.A.) and tertiary amyl alcohol (T.A.A.) (B.D.H.A.R. reagents) were distilled and the middle fractions used for all experiments. Other reagents, sodium or potassium bisulfate, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, sodium nitrate, ceric ammonium nitrate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, etc., were of A.R. grade. Sodium perchlorate used for adjustment of ionic strength was prepared by neutralization of A.R. sodium carbonate with A.R. perchloric acid. Water doubly distilled over permanganate and passed through a column of “Bioderminrolit” mixed bed ion exchange resin was used for the preparation of all reagents.
*Estimations and rate measurements.*—Methods of estimation of [Co\(^{3+}\)], total cobalt content, free acid, etc., in solution were as already described.\(^6\) Experiments were conducted in long pyrex tubes fitted with B-24 joints. Solutions containing requisite amount of free acid and appropriate sodium salt of the free acid (and alcohol in the case of oxidation of alcohol experiments) were thermostated at the required temperature and deaerated with oxygen-free nitrogen. The cobaltic salt was added at the end of the deaeration period. The reaction was arrested by the addition of excess standard Fe\(^{2+}\) and rates of cobaltic ion disappearance, \(-R_{co}\), were computed as described.\(^6\)
**RESULTS AND DISCUSSION**
*A. Oxidation of Water*
Studies on oxidation of water were carried out in the temperature range 20–30°C. At the acidities ([H\(^+\]) = 0.4–2.0 M) employed in this work
appreciable decomposition of water by Co$^{3+}$ was observed. Rates in sulfuric acid medium were usually greater than in perchloric or nitric acid media.
(i) $HClO_4$ medium.—A 3/2 order with reference to [Co$^{3+}$] (Fig. 1, A, B) and an inverse dependence of [H$^+$] (Fig. 1, lines C–G) on $-R_{co}$ were observed. Plots of $-R_{co}$ vs. 1/[H$^+$] at various initial [Co$^{3+}$] were devoid of intercepts on the ordinates indicating that cobaltic ions (hydrated) as such were not important as the active species. Baxendale et al.$^3$ also found a 3/2 order for [Co$^{3+}$] but with an inverse square dependence of [H$^+$] on $-R_{co}$. They employed low acidity, [H$^+$] < 0·1 M.
**Fig. 1.** Variation of $-R_{co}$ with [Co$^{3+}$] and [H$^+$] in $HClO_4$ medium.
A and B: $-R_{co}$ vs. [Co$^{3+}$]$^{1.6}$ at Temp. 30°C. and 20°C. respectively and [H$^+$] = 1·2 M; $\mu$: 2·2 M.
C, D, E, F, G: $-R_{co}$ vs. 1/[H$^+$]; C at [Co$^{3+}$]: 26·62×10$^{-9}$ M, Temp. 20°C.
$\mu$: 2·2 M and D, E, F, G at [Co$^{3+}$]: 32·28×10$^{-9}$ M, 18·81×10$^{-9}$ M, 13·14×10$^{-9}$ M and 7·925×10$^{-9}$ M respectively all at $\mu$: 2·2 M, Temp. 30°C.
(ii) $HNO_3$ medium.—In nitric acid medium results were similar to those in perchloric acid (Fig. 2, E, F). The plots of $-R_{co}$ vs. 1/[H$^+$] however left intercepts on the ordinates (Fig. 4, E) emphasizing the importance of the acid-independent reaction of Co$^{3+}$ (aq.) + water. The latter aspect was studied in detail along the following lines. At a series of different initial [Co$^{3+}$], [H$^+$] was varied at constant ionic strength. Plots of $-R_{co}$ vs. 1/[H$^+$]
were linear (acid-dependent reaction) leaving different intercepts for different \([Co^{3+}]\). The slopes of these plots were proportional to \([Co^{3+}]^{3/2}\) (Fig. 2, C, D) while the intercepts to \([Co^{3+}]\) (Fig. 2, A, B). The acid-dependent rate was greater than the acid-independent rate by a factor of 5, the disparity increasing with increasing \([Co^{3+}]\) and hence giving an overall order of \(3/2\) for \([Co^{3+}]\) in \(-R_{co}\) vs. \([Co^{3+}]\) plots.
**Fig. 2.** HNO\(_3\) medium.
A, B: Intercept vs. \([Co^{3+}]\) at 20° C. and 30° C. respectively at \(\mu: 2.2 M\).
C, D: Slope vs. \([Co^{3+}]^{1.6}\) at 20° C. and 30° C. respectively at \(\mu: 2.2 M\); E, F: \(-R_{co}\) vs. \([Co^{3+}]^{1.5}\) at \([H^+]: 1.2 M, \mu: 2.2 M\); E, at 20° C. F at 30° C.
(iii) \(H_2SO_4\) medium.—In sulfuric acid medium the order with reference to \([Co^{3+}]\) was found to depend on the initial \([Co^{3+}]\); at \([Co^{3+}] \leq 4 \times 10^{-3} M\), a 3/2 order (Fig. 3, C, D) and at \([Co^{3+}] > 4 \times 10^{-3} M\), an order of 2 for \([Co^{3+}]\) (Fig. 3, A, B) were observed. Plots of \(-R_{co}\) vs. \(1/[H^+]\) at various initial \([Co^{3+}] (> 4 \times 10^{-3} M)\) were linear (Fig. 4, F) with intercepts on the ordinates, the latter emphasizing the direct reaction between Co\(^{3+}\) (aq.) and water. The plots of \(-R_{co}\) vs. \(1/[H^+]\) at low \([Co^{3+}]\) left no intercepts on the ordinate but at lower acidities the plots were flat and almost parallel to the abscissa (Fig. 3, E). A similar behaviour was observed with high \([Co^{3+}]\) also. Probably at low acidities inert ion pair sulfate complexes of the type suggested by Sutcliffe and Weber\(^8\) are formed which may be slowly converted to inner
sphere complexes. The formation of these inert complexes (ion pair as well as inner sphere) results in constancy of rates \(-R_{co}\) with variation in \([H^+]\). For high \([Co^{3+}]\), intercepts varied as \([Co^{3+}]\) (Fig. 4, A, B) while the slopes varied as \([Co^{3+}]^2\) (Fig. 4, C, D). The magnitude of acid-independent
**Fig. 3.** Variation of \(-R_{co}\) with \([Co^{3+}]\) and \([H^+]\) in \(H_2SO_4\) medium; all at \(\mu: 2\cdot2 M\).
A, B: \(-R_{co}\) vs. \([Co^{3+}]^2\) at \([H^+]: 1\cdot0 M\) and Temp. 30° C. and 20° C. respectively.
C and D: \(-R_{co}\) vs. \([Co^{3+}]^{1.5}\) at \([H^+]: 1\cdot0 M\) and Temp. 30° C. and 20° C. respectively.
E: \(-R_{co}\) vs. \(1/[H^+]\) at \([Co^{3+}]: 2\cdot324 \times 10^{-3} M\), Temp. 20° C.
rate constant being less than the acid-dependent rate constant by a factor of 100, it was understandable that an overall order of two for \([Co^{3+}]\) was obtained from plots of \(-R_{co}\) vs. \([Co^{3+}]\). From the foregoing experimental results the summary of the rate laws in various acid media is as follows:
\[
HClO_4 \text{ medium: } -R_{co} = \frac{a_1 [Co^{3+}]^{3/2}}{[H^+]} \quad \text{at } \mu: 2\cdot2 M
\]
\((a_1 = 2\cdot242) \times 10^{-4} \text{ at } 20^\circ C.; 9\cdot084 \times 10^{-4} \text{ at } 30^\circ C.\)
\(E_{a1} = 24\cdot69 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}\)
HNO₃ medium: \[ -R_{co} = a [Co^{3+}] + \frac{b [Co^{3+}]^{3/2}}{[H^+]} \] at \( \mu: 2.2 \text{ M} \)
\[ a = 8.8 \times 10^{-6} \text{ at } 20^\circ \text{C}; \quad 11.53 \times 10^{-6} \text{ at } 30^\circ \text{C}; \]
\[ E_a = 4.773 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}. \]
\[ b = 2.05 \times 10^{-4} \text{ at } 20^\circ \text{C}; \quad 6.519 \times 10^{-4} \text{ at } 30^\circ \text{C}; \]
\[ E_b = 20.44 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}. \]
H₂SO₄ medium: at \[ [Co^{3+}] < 4 \times 10^{-3} \text{ M} \]
\[ -R_{co} = \frac{a_2 [Co^{3+}]^{3/2}}{[H^+]} \text{ at } \mu: 2.2 \text{ M}. \]
\[ (a = 2.889 \times 10^{-3} \text{ at } 30^\circ \text{C}; \quad 1.131 \times 10^{-3} \text{ at } 20^\circ \text{C}; \]
\[ E_a = 16.58 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}) \]
and at
\[ [Co^{3+}] > 4 \times 10^{-3} \text{ M} \]
\[ -R_{co} = a' [Co^{3+}] + \frac{b' [Co^{3+}]^2}{[H^+]} \text{ at } \mu: 2.2 \text{ M} \]
\[ a' = 11.19 \times 10^{-5} \text{ at } 30^\circ \text{C}; \quad 2.083 \times 10^{-5} \text{ at } 20^\circ \text{C}; \]
\[ E_{a'} = 29.7 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}; \]
\[ b' = 19.33 \times 10^{-3} \text{ at } 30^\circ \text{C}; \quad 6.183 \times 10^{-3} \text{ at } 20^\circ \text{C}; \]
\[ E_{b'} = 20.15 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}. \]
**Effect of ionic strength.**—Increase of ionic strength in HClO₄ and HNO₃ (\( \mu = 0.4-4 \text{ M} \)) increased the rate while in H₂SO₄ the opposite effect was observed (*cf.* Table I, *a*). This is probably due to the effect of \( \mu \) on the various equilibria involved in the different acid media in the presence of Co³⁺ ions.
**Initial addition of Co²⁺.**—Initial addition of Co²⁺, \([Co^{2+}]/[Co^{3+}] = 0.5 - 20\) in HClO₄ and HNO₃ had no effect on the rates while in H₂SO₄ the rates were slightly retarded probably due to complexing of Co³⁺ (aq.) + SO₄⁻ (the latter from CoSO₄ added) which decreased the effective concentration of reactive cobaltic species, CoSO₄⁺ or Co³⁺ (aq.), etc. This was further supported by the fact that addition of Co(ClO₄)₂ in H₂SO₄ medium at constant ionic strength had no influence on the rates. These results further
indicate that exchange reactions between Co$^{2+}$ (aq.) and Co$^{3+}$ (aq.)\textsuperscript{10,11} as well as the various species of Co$^{3+}$ (aq.) in the various acid media, are not of any mechanistic significance.
**Fig. 4.** H$_2$SO$_4$ medium, all at $\mu$: 2·2 M.
A, B: Intercept vs. [Co$^{3+}$] at Temp. 30° C. and 20° C. respectively;
C and D: Slope vs. [Co$^{3+}$]$^2$ at Temp. 30° C. and 20° C. respectively;
E and F: $-R_{Co}$ vs. 1/[H$^+$]; E: HNO$_3$ medium, [Co$^{3+}$]: 24·55×10$^{-3}$ M, Temp. 30° C.
F: H$_2$SO$_4$ medium, [Co$^{3+}$]: 11·55×10$^{-3}$ M., Temp. 30° C.
**Mechanism.**—Bawn and White\textsuperscript{2} as extension to studies of Oberer\textsuperscript{7} and Noyes and Deahl\textsuperscript{1} indicated the variable nature of the order of Co$^{3+}$, being unity at low [Co$^{3+}$] and 2 at high [Co$^{3+}$] and an inverse variable order for [H$^+$]. A mechanism based on the reactions (i) Co$^{3+}$ + OH$^-$ and (ii) CoOH$^{2+}$ + OH$^-$, both producing OH$^-$ which dimerised to H$_2$O$_2$ and the latter decomposing and liberating O$_2$ was suggested. The higher order 2 was explained on the basis of probable dimers like (Co–SO$_4$–Co)$^{+4}$ in H$_2$SO$_4$ and (Co–O–Co)$^{+4}$ in HClO$_4$ being the active species. On the other hand, studies by Baxendale and Wells\textsuperscript{3} have shown three halves order for [Co$^{3+}$] and an inverse second order for [H$^+$] and a suitable mechanism involving interaction of monomeric and dimeric species from the hydrolysis of Co$^{3+}$ (aq.) was suggested. It is to be noted however that Baxendale \textit{et al.} have used [H$^+$] < 0·1 N in HClO$_4$ and H$_2$SO$_4$ media in which region extensive hydrolysis of Co$^{3+}$ (aq.) and the
formation of dimeric species was quite probable. In our studies, while the 3/2 order for \([Co^{3+}]\) in \(HClO_4\), \(HNO_3\) and \(H_2SO_4\) at low \([Co^{3+}]\) is in agreement with the results of Baxendale et al., a strict \([H^+]\)^{-1} dependence in contradistinction to \([H^+]\)^{-2} dependence reported by the latter workers, was observed. Our results, however, may be explained on the basis of a mechanism slightly different (Step 4 below) from that proposed by Baxendale et al.:
1. \(CoOH^{2+} + (HO - Co - O - Co)^{3+} \xrightarrow{k_1 \text{ slow}} 3Co^{2+} + OH^- + HO^o_2.\)
2. \(HO^o_2 + CoOH^{2+} \xrightarrow{\text{fast}} Co^{2+} + H_2O + O_2.\)
3. \(Co^{3+} + H_2O \xrightleftharpoons{K_1} CoOH^{2+} + H^+\)
\[2CoOH^{2+} \xrightleftharpoons{K_2} [Co - O - Co]^{4+} + H_2O.\]
The new equilibrium now assumed is
4. \([Co - O - Co]^{4+} + H_2O \xrightleftharpoons{K_3} (HO - Co - O - Co)^{3+} + H^+.\)
On the basis of this mechanism the rate is given by
\[-R_{co} = \frac{K_3k_1}{K_2^3} \frac{[(Co - O - Co)^{4+}]^{3/2}}{[H^+]} \approx \frac{K [Co^{3+}]^{3/2}}{[H^+]}. \]
In \(HNO_3\) medium it is assumed that the same type of equilibria are involved since addition of \(NO_3^-\) in \(HClO_4\) medium at constant \(\mu\) had no effect on the rates which suggested that probably no nitrate ion pairs were formed. In \(H_2SO_4\) medium however addition of \(HSO_4^-\) at constant \(\mu\) enhanced the rates with increasing \([HSO_4^-]\), but at higher \([HSO_4^-]\), a slight retardation was observed (ref. Table I, b) the latter phenomenon occurring probably due to formation of stable inert poly-sulfato complexes of \(Co^{3+}\) (monomeric, dimeric, etc.). The initial increase in rates with increasing \([HSO_4^-]\) evidently indicates the involvement of sulfate ion pair (or inner sphere) complexes in the reaction sequence. Our results in \(H_2SO_4\) medium at \([Co^{3+}] < 4 \times 10^{-3} M\) may be explained on the basis of a similar mechanism assuming \(CoSO_4^+\) species instead of \(CoOH^{2+}\) as the active species. Our results in \(H_2SO_4\) medium at
(a) Effect of ionic strength on the rates of oxidation of water by cobaltic ions
HNO₃ medium: [H⁺] = 0·362 M; Temp. = 20° C., [Co³⁺] = 8·358 × 10⁻³ M
| μ, M (HNO₃ + NaNO₃) | 0·4125 | 0·8124 | 1·346 | 2·401 | 2·945 | 3·478 | 4·011 |
|----------------------|--------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| − R_co × 10⁷ m/l/sec.| 3·210 | 3·505 | 4·005 | 4·406 | 5·005 | 5·805 | 6·209 |
H₂SO₄ medium; [H⁺] = 0·5026 M; Temp. = 20° C.; (Co³⁺): 2·2 × 10⁻² M
| μ, M (H₂SO₄ + KHSO₄) | 0·8 | 1·4 | 2·0 | 2·6 | 3·2 |
|----------------------|--------|--------|-------|-------|-------|
| − R_co × 10⁶ m/l/sec.| 5·937 | 5·104 | 4·583 | 4·429 | 4·271 |
(b) Effect of [HSO₄⁻] on the rates of water oxidation in H₂SO₄ medium by cobaltic ions
[H⁺]: 0·3981 M, Temp. 20° C.; μ: 2·2 M; [Co³⁺]: 3·684 × 10⁻³ M
(H₂SO₄ + NaHSO₄), M
| 0·398 | 0·695 | 0·945 | 1·345 | 1·745 | 2·145 |
|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| 4·783 | 6·327 | 7·360 | 7·790 | 7·582 | 7·218 |
[H⁺]: 0·618 M; Temp. 20° C.; μ: 2·4 M; [Co³⁺]: 15·25 × 10⁻³ M
(H₂SO₄ + NaHSO₄), M
| 0·618 | 0·971 | 1·271 | 1·571 | 1·871 | 2·171 |
|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| 3·591 | 3·869 | 3·994 | 3·987 | 3·885 | 3·766 |
High [Co³⁺], second order for [Co³⁺] together with the 1/[H⁺] dependence can be satisfactorily explained as follows:
\[
\text{Co}^{3+} + \text{HSO}_4^- \xrightleftharpoons{K_4} \text{CoSO}_4^+ + \text{H}^+
\]
\[
\text{CoSO}_4^+ + \text{Co}^{3+} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightleftharpoons{K_5} (\text{Co} - \text{O} - \text{CoSO}_4)^{2+} + 2\text{H}^+
\]
\[
(\text{Co} - \text{O} - \text{CoSO}_4)^{2+} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{k_2 \text{ slow}} 2\text{Co}^{2+} + \text{SO}_4^- + 2\text{OH}^\circ
\]
\[
2\text{OH}^\circ \longrightarrow \text{H}_2\text{O} + \frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2
\]
On the basis of this mechanism, the rate is given by
\[
-R_c = k_2 (\text{Co} - \text{O} - \text{CoSO}_4)^{2+}
\]
\[
= k_2 K_5 \frac{[\text{CoSO}_4^+] [\text{Co}^{3+}]}{[\text{H}^+]^2} = \frac{K [\text{Co}^{3+}]^2}{[\text{HSO}_4^-] [\text{H}^+]}
\]
if
\[ [\text{CoSO}_4^+] \approx [\text{Co}^{3+}]_{\text{Total}} \quad \text{and} \quad K = k_2K_5/K_4. \]
For acid-independent reaction in HNO\(_3\) and H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) media
\[ \text{Co}^{3+}(\text{aq.}) + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{k_3} \text{Co}^{2+}(\text{aq.}) + \text{O}_2 + 4\text{H}^+. \]
The above reaction schemes fit in with our experimental observations very well. However, the question of formation of dimeric species leading to Co–O–Co bridging and that of the nature of active species being inner or outer sphere complexes, in our system, must be considered as unsettled.
**B. Oxidation of Alcohols**
Studies on oxidation of T.B.A. and T.A.A. in aqueous solution by Co\(^{3+}\) in HClO\(_4\) and H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) in the temperature range 10–25°C. were carried out. It was found that oxygen had no effect on the reaction rate. In the range of cobaltic concentrations (10\(^{-3} – 10^{-2}\) M) and acidities (0·5–2·0 M) used, a certain amount of decomposition of water was unavoidable but the overall rate, \(–R_{co}\), was strictly proportional to the first power of [Co\(^{3+}\)]; log \(a/a-x\) vs. Time plots were linear in both acids, with small constant intercepts corresponding to water oxidation rate. The pseudo first-order rate constants (\(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\)) were strictly proportional to the first power of alcohol concentration (Fig. 5, A, B, C) for both alcohols. A linear variation of \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) with 1/[H\(^+\)] was observed (Fig. 5, D-I) with no intercepts on the ordinates in HClO\(_4\) medium and with intercepts on the ordinates for H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) medium (Fig. 5, F-I) for both alcohols. An oxidation route involving free cobaltic (aq.) ions also was evident in the latter case, while the hydrolysis product CoOH\(^{2+}\) alone was probably the active species in HClO\(_4\) medium. In their studies on oxidation of T.B.A. in HClO\(_4\) medium (at [H\(^+\)] = 0·325, −3·25 M, Temp. = 10° C., \(\mu\): 3·25 M) Hoare and Waters\(^4\) reported that CoOH\(^{2+}\) was the stronger oxidant. Our results with respect to T.B.A. are in accordance with those of Hoare and Waters. We find that for T.A.A. also, CoOH\(^{2+}\) is the active species in HClO\(_4\) medium. In H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) medium, however, the inverse dependence of \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) on [H\(^+\)] may arise from CoOH\(^{2+}\) and/or CoSO\(_4^+\) being the active species. A direct variation of \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) with [HSO\(_4^-\)] would be noticed if CoSO\(_4^+\) is the active species. Increase of total ionic strength using HSO\(_4^-\), resulted only in less than 16% variation in the \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) values, the values actually decreasing at first with increasing [HSO\(_4^-\)] and then practically becoming constant (ref. Table II, a). This is probably due to the formation of
stable inert sulfato complexes of Co\(^{3+}\) (aq.) being formed and the consequent depletion of active Co\(^{3+}\) species. The above results indicated that in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) medium CoSO\(_4^{+}\) were not the active entities. Our results with reference to \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) with increase of \(\mu\) in HClO\(_4\) medium for both alcohols cannot be explained and the observed salt effect is therefore anomalous (\textit{cf.} Table II, \textit{a}). The inverse dependence of rate on [H\(^+\)] in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) medium may be satisfactorily explained on the basis of CoOH\(^{2+}\) being the active species though present in smaller concentrations. Further support for this conclusion is adduced from the effect of [HSO\(_4^-\)] at constant \(\mu\) (maintained with NaClO\(_4\)) when no direct variation of \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) with [HSO\(_4^-\)] was observed. On the contrary,
**Fig. 5.** Variation of \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) with [A] and [H\(^+\)].
A, B: \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) vs. [T.A.A.] in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) and HClO\(_4\) respectively.
A: [H\(^+\)]: 1·0 M, Temp. 14° C., [Co\(^{3+}\)]: 2·138 \times 10^{-2} M.
B: [H\(^+\)]: 2·0 M, Temp. 10° C., [Co\(^{3+}\)]: 1·335 \times 10^{-2} M.
C: \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) vs. (T.B.A.) in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) at [H\(^+\)]: 1·0 M, \(\mu\): 1·67 M, Temp. 14° C., [Co\(^{3+}\)]: 2·081 \times 10^{-2} M.
D, E: \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) vs. [H\(^+\)]\(^{-1}\) in HClO\(_4\) medium.
D: [T.B.A.]: 0·2554 M, Temp. 14° C., \(\mu\): 2·1 M; [Co\(^{3+}\)]: 1·525 \times 10^{-2} M;
E: [T.A.A.]: 8·001 \times 10^{-2} M; Temp. 10° C., \(\mu\): 2·1 M, [Co\(^{3+}\)]: 1·572 \times 10^{-2} M;
F-I: \(k\), sec.\(^{-1}\) vs. [H\(^+\)]\(^{-1}\) in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) medium, initial [Co\(^{3+}\)]: 5–8 \times 10^{-8} M, \(\mu\): 2·1 M;
F: [T.B.A.]: 0·1 M, Temp. 15° C.; G: [T.B.A.]: 0·1 M, Temp. 25° C.;
H: [T.A.A.]: 5·782 \times 10^{-2} M, Temp. 9° C.; I: [T.A.A.]: 5·782 \times 10^{-2} M, Temp. 14° C.
the rate constants showed a decreasing trend (cf. Table II, b). This easily follows if it is assumed that CoOH$^{2+}$ alone is the active species.
**Table II**
(a) **Effect of ionic strength on the oxidation of T.B.A. and T.A.A. by cobaltic ions**
\[ \text{[HClO}_4\text{]}: 1 \cdot 0 \text{ M; Temp: } 14^\circ \text{C., (T.B.A.)}: 0 \cdot 2554 \text{ M; [Co}^{3+}\text{]: } 1 \cdot 257 \times 10^{-2} \text{ M} \]
| \( \mu, \text{M (HClO}_4 + \text{NaClO}_4) \) | 1 \cdot 00 | 1 \cdot 42 | 1 \cdot 92 | 2 \cdot 42 |
|------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| \( k \times 10^4 \text{ sec.}^{-1} \) | 6 \cdot 2 | 7 \cdot 041| 8 \cdot 626| 10 \cdot 44|
\[ \text{[HClO}_4\text{]}: 1 \cdot 028 \text{ M, Temp. } 10^\circ \text{C.; (T.A.A.)}=8 \cdot 001 \times 10^{-2} \text{ M; [Co}^{3+}\text{]: } 1 \cdot 572 \times 10^{-2} \text{ M} \]
| \( \mu, \text{M (HClO}_4 + \text{NaClO}_4) \) | 1 \cdot 12 | 1 \cdot 5 | 2 \cdot 5 |
|------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| \( k \times 10^3 \text{ sec.}^{-1} \) | 1 \cdot 919| 2 \cdot 175| 3 \cdot 358|
\[ \text{[H}_2\text{SO}_4\text{]}=1 \cdot 026 \text{ M; Temp. } 14^\circ \text{C.; (T.B.A.)}: 1 \cdot 054 \text{ M; [Co}^{3+}\text{]: } 2 \cdot 018 \times 10^{-2} \text{ M} \]
| \( \mu, \text{M (H}_2\text{SO}_4 + \text{NaHSO}_4) \) | 1 \cdot 026 | 1 \cdot 357 | 1 \cdot 757 | 2 \cdot 357 |
|------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| \( k \times 10^4 \text{ sec.}^{-1} \) | 5 \cdot 279| 4 \cdot 484| 4 \cdot 764| 4 \cdot 918|
\[ \text{[H}_2\text{SO}_4\text{]}: 1 \cdot 0 \text{ M; Temp. } 14^\circ \text{C.; (T.A.A.)}=0 \cdot 1835 \text{ M; [Co}^{3+}\text{]: } 2 \cdot 01 \times 10^{-2} \text{ M} \]
| \( \mu, \text{M (H}_2\text{SO}_4 + \text{NaHSO}_4) \) | 1 \cdot 056 | 1 \cdot 485 | 1 \cdot 913 | 2 \cdot 341 |
|------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| \( k \times 10^3 \text{ sec.}^{-1} \) | 2 \cdot 618| 2 \cdot 408| 2 \cdot 550| 2 \cdot 525|
(b) **Effect of [HSO$_4^-$] on the oxidation of T.B.A. and T.A.A. in H$_2$SO$_4$ medium by Co$^{3+}$**
\[ \text{[T.A.A.]}=5 \cdot 782 \times 10^{-2} \text{ M; Temp. } 14^\circ \text{C.; [Co}^{3+}\text{]: } 4 \cdot 908 \times 10^{-8} \text{ M; [H}^+\text{]: } 0 \cdot 5 \text{ M;} \]
\( \mu: 2 \cdot 0 \text{ M} \)
| \( (\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 + \text{NaHSO}_4), \text{M} \) | 0 \cdot 426 | 0 \cdot 926 | 1 \cdot 426 | 1 \cdot 926 |
|------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| \( k \times 10^3 \text{ sec.}^{-1} \) | 3 \cdot 434| 1 \cdot 862| 1 \cdot 382| 1 \cdot 105|
\[ \text{[T.B.A.]: } 0 \cdot 12 \text{ M; Temp. } 22^\circ \text{C.; [Co}^{3+}\text{]: } 4 \cdot 586 \times 10^{-8} \text{ M; [H}^+\text{]: } 0 \cdot 3249 \text{ M;} \mu: 1 \cdot 8 \text{ M} \]
| \( (\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 + \text{NaHSO}_4), \text{M} \) | 0 \cdot 68 | 1 \cdot 23 | 1 \cdot 73 |
|------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| \( k \times 10^8 \text{ sec.}^{-1} \) | 1 \cdot 326| 1 \cdot 114| 1 \cdot 028 |
If
\[ k_{\text{obs.}} [\text{Co}^{3+}] \text{ Total } = k_a [\text{CoOH}^{2+}] \]
and
\[
[Co^{3+}] \text{ Total} = Co^{3+} + CoSO_4^+ + CoOH^{2+}
\]
\[
\frac{1}{k_{\text{obs.}}} = \frac{1}{k_a} + \frac{[H^+]}{k_aK_1} + \frac{K_2 [HSO_4^-]}{k_aK_1} \text{ if } K_1
\]
is the hydrolytic equilibrium constant for \( Co^{3+} \) (aq.) and \( K_2 \) is the formation constant for \( CoSO_4^+ \). Further, the possibility of higher species, \( Co(SO_4)_2^- \), etc., being the active entities is eliminated, since if such were the case a direct dependence of \( k \), sec.\(^{-1}\) on \([HSO_4^-]^2\) and \([Co^{3+}]^2\) and an inverse square dependence on \([H^+]\), should have been observed.
From the foregoing results, the rate laws for both alcohols may be summarised as follows:
**HClO\(_4\) medium:**
\[
-R_{v_o} = \frac{K [Co^{3+}] [A]}{[H^+]} = \frac{K_1 k_a [Co^{3+}] [A]}{[H^+]}
\]
where \([A] = \text{concentration of alcohol}; \ K_1 = \text{hydrolytic constant for } Co^{3+}; \ K_1 k_a = 1.245 \times 10^{-3} \text{ for T.B.A. at } 10^\circ C. \text{ and } \mu: 1.5 M.\)
Hoare and Waters\(^4\) have reported \(1.82 \times 10^{-3}\) at \(10^\circ C.; \mu: 3.25 M.\)
For T.A.A. \( K_1 k_a = 3.53 \times 10^{-2} \text{ at } 10^\circ C. \text{ and } \mu: 2.3 M. \) Hoare and Waters\(^5\) reported a value of \(5.01 \times 10^{-2} \text{ at } 15^\circ C. \text{ for oxidation of T.A.A. in HClO}_4 \text{ medium, from extrapolation of their data in H}_2\text{O + Methylcyanide mixture.}\)
**H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) medium:**
\[
-R_{co} = \left\{a_3 + \frac{b_3}{[H^+]} \right\} [Co^{3+}] [A]
\]
where \(a_3\) and \(b_3\) are constants corresponding to acid independent and dependent reactions respectively. Values of \(a_3\) and \(b_3\) at \(\mu: 2.3 M\) are given below together with the E values.
For T.A.A. in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\).
\[
a_3 = 3.078 \times 10^{-3} (9^\circ C.), 7.956 \times 10^{-3} (14^\circ C.);
\]
\[
E_{a3} = 30.59 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}
\]
\[ b_3 = 1 \cdot 328 \times 10^{-3} (9^\circ C.) ; 4 \cdot 941 \times 10^{-3} (14^\circ C.) ; \]
\[ E_{b_3} = 42 \cdot 33 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1}. \]
For T.B.A. in \( H_2SO_4 \):
\[ a_3 = 4 \cdot 6 \times 10^{-4} (25^\circ C.) ; 3 \cdot 2 \times 10^{-4} (15^\circ C.) ; \]
\[ E_{a_3} = 6 \cdot 2 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1} \]
\[ b_3 = 1 \cdot 875 \times 10^{-3} (25^\circ C.) ; 3 \cdot 886 \times 10^{-4} (15^\circ C.) ; \]
\[ E_{b_3} = 26 \cdot 89 \text{ K. cals. mole}^{-1} \]
The overall rate constant \( a_3 + b_3 / [H^+] \) evaluated from \( k, \text{sec}^{-1} \) vs. [A] plots are \( 5 \cdot 882 \times 10^{-4} \) (14° C.) for T.B.A. and \( 1 \cdot 369 \times 10^{-2} \) (14° C.) for T.A.A. under indentical conditions of \( \mu \) and \([H^+]: 1 \cdot 0 \text{ M}\). It is evident that there is good agreement between these values and sum of \((a_3 + b_3)\) values evaluated separately.
Our results may be explained satisfactorily by the same mechanism as that proposed by Hoare and Waters\(^5\) involving the fission of O–H bond leading to products.
\[
R'CR_2OH + Co^{3+} \xrightarrow{\text{or}} R'CR_2O^\circ \xrightarrow{\text{CoOH}^{2+}} R^\circ' + R_2C = O \\
R^\circ' \text{ or } R^\circ \text{ on further reaction with } Co^{3+} \text{ will lead to alcohols which will be further oxidised to aldehydes, acids, etc.}
\]
**ACKNOWLEDGEMENT**
One of us (K. J.) is grateful to the University Grants Commission for the award of Junior Research Fellowship and to Dr. V. Mahadevan for the assistance rendered in the early stages of this investigation.
**REFERENCES**
1. Noyes and Deahl . . *J. Amer. Chem., Soc.*, 1937, **59**, 1337.
2. Bawn, C. E. H. and White, *J. Chem. Soc.*, 1951, p. 331. A. G.
3. Baxendale, J. H. and Wells, *Trans. Farad. Soc.*, 1957, **53**, 800. C. F.
4. Hoare, D. G. and Waters, W. A., *J. Chem. Soc.*, 1962, p. 965.
5. ———, *Ibid.*, 1964, p. 2552.
6. "Vinyl polymerization, III. Polymerization of Acrylamide initiated by cobaltic ions in aqueous solution," *Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.*, 1966, 64 A, 128-40.
7. Oberer, Dissertaion, Zurich, 1903, from ref. 2 above.
8. Sutcliffe, L. H. and Weber, J. R., *Trans. Farad. Soc.*, 1961, 57, 91.
9. Posey, F. A. and Taube, H., *J. Amer. Chem. Soc.*, 1956, 78, 15.
10. Bonner, N. A. and Hunt, J. P., *Ibid.*, 1952, 74, 1866; *Ibid.*, 1960, 82, 3826.
11. Shankar, J. and Desouza, B. C., *J. Inorg. and Nuclear Chem.*, 1962, 24, 187 and 693.
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Innovation Investment Award Application Evaluation Rubric
I. REQUIRED ELEMENTS CHECKLIST
TO BE REVIEWED BY IIA ADMINISTRATOR PRIOR TO COMMITTEE SCORING. APPLICATIONS WITH A TOTAL SCORE OF LESS THAN 7 ON REQUIRED ELEMENTS (or 0 on any criterion) WILL NOT BE FORWARDED TO THE COMMITTEE. If capacity allows, an incomplete application could be returned for updates by a determined deadline.
(0 = not provided; 1 = partially provided; 2 = complete)
| Cover Page with applicant and project lead contact information |
|---|
| Letter of Organizational Support (from lead applicant’s president). Includes 1) A description of the capacity of the organization and its partners (if applicable) to carry out this project within grant project timelines (2) A stated understanding of required commitments to operationalize the project. (3) Agreement to meet with the project team leads at least monthly to discuss progress, assist with challenges on implementation and ensure support of institutional leadership. |
| Executive Summary |
| Project Narrative explains how labor market needs are addressed |
| Evaluation metrics proposed |
| Grant Budget within parameters, with minimum 10% matching funds |
| Institutional Commitments checked in the afifrmative |
| SUB TOTAL -- REQUIRED ELEMENTS (possible score 14) |
II. OVERALL EVALUATION CRITERIA
SCORING DEFINITIONS
i
| | Score | Defni ition |
|---|---|---|
| | 0 | Minimally Addressed or Does Not Meet Criteria - information not provided |
| | 2 | Met Some but Not All Identifei d Criteria - requires additional clarifciation |
| 4 | 4 | Addressed Criteria but Did Not Provide Thorough Detail - adequate response, but |
| | | not thoroughly developed or high-quality response |
i
a. Guiding Principles
Using the scale above, to what degree does the proposal include the following key principles:
b. Evidence-based Promising Practices
Using the scale above, to what degree is the proposal grounded in evidence-based promising practices? Promising practices include:
* Flexible scheduling and accelerated degree programs
* Prior learning assessments and credit for prior learning
* Competency-based education
* Proactive and/or comprehensive advising support
* Corequisite support and corequisite remediation
* Work-based learning, apprenticeships, and corporate partnership programs
* Career-aligned and guided pathways
* Identify and eliminate barriers to transfer students
* Systematic approach to basic needs support in which funds are directed toward the approach itself, not directly to students
* Additional practices clearly outlined in the application, presenting evidence supporting the practice
(For this score, it is not expected that applicants will incorporate ALL practices).
| | The proposal outlines the incorporation of evidence-based promising practice(s) to |
|---|---|
| | specifically serve adult learners. |
| | The promising practice(s) chosen as the focus of the work suggest a high level of |
| | strategic and tactical thinking/planning, share an undergirding logic, and imply a |
| | strong theory of change and action that is explained in a compelling way in the |
| | proposal. |
| SUB TOTAL – EVIDENCE-BASED PROMISING PRACTICES (TOTAL POSSIBLE 12) | |
c. Institutional Outcomes
Using the scale above, to what degree does the proposal outline Institutional Outcomes?
d. Institutional Capacity and Sustainability
Using the scale above, to what degree does the proposal address Institutional Capacity and Sustainability?
e. Planning Process
To plan for this proposed systems change, what kind of prior planning is outlined in the project narrative? Apply a score based on this range:
| 0-12 points | MI-RAISE DESIGN LAB OR DETROIT DRIVES DEGREES D3C3 participation to develop this proposal demonstrated in narrative |
|---|---|
| 0-6 points | Other proposal planning process described in detail, score the information provided based on the 0-6 scoring defni ition used above. |
| Score | Criteria |
|---|---|
| | Thoughtful and collaborative planning process outlined for proposed system change. |
NOTE: APPLICATIONS MUST EARN A MINIMUM SCORE OF 6 IN THIS CRITERION TO BE FUNDED.
TOTAL SCORE
| SUB TOTALS | POSSIBLE RANGE |
|---|---|
| | 0-14 |
| | 0-18 |
| | 0-12 |
| | 0-12 |
| | 0-12 |
| | 0-12 |
I recommend this proposal:
- Receive an Innovation Investment Award for the full requested amount.
- Receive a partial Innovation Investment Award (detail the recommended amount):
- Receive an Innovation Investment Award with the following conditions (details):
- Not receive an Innovation Investment Award.
REVIEWER COMMENTS (unresolved questions, suggestions for implementation, overall impression of proposal). Please cite specific section of the proposal where applicable.
4
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2017 Chestnut Hill Architectural Hall of Fame
50th Anniversary Preservation Celebration Gala, featuring the Architectural Hall of Fame
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2017
The party of the year! This is the 50th Anniversary benefit for the Chestnut Hill Conservancy. The black-tie gala in a stunning private home (TBA) will honor Chestnut Hill’s legacy of extraordinary architecture and landscape by recognizing “Hall of Fame” places, as voted by the public during late summer and early fall.
REGISTER — 215-247-9329 x202
OR CHCONSERVANCY.ORG
Gala Sponsors as of May 2017
The Nottingham-Goodman Group
Merrill Lynch
JKJ pure love your insurance
Dennis F. Meyer Inc.
Old Village Master Painters, Ltd.
215-540-0196
Wescott Financial Advisory Group LLC
Matthew Millan Architects, Inc.
Bowman Properties
50TH ANNIVERSARY GALA SPONSORSHIP
4 OPPORTUNITIES - EACH MORE THAN 75% TAX-DEDUCTIBLE!
THE PRESERVATION CELEBRATION GALA FEATURING THE ARCHITECTURAL HALL OF FAME | NOVEMBER 4, 2017 — The party of the year! This is the 50th Anniversary benefit for the Chestnut Hill Conservancy. The black-tie gala in a stunning private home (TBA) will honor Chestnut Hill’s legacy of extraordinary architecture and landscape by recognizing “Hall of Fame” places, as voted by the public during late summer and early fall. The gala and the preceding public programming support the Chestnut Hill Conservancy’s mission to preserve the architectural, historical, and environmental resources that define the Chestnut Hill area.
50th Anniversary Gala Sponsorship | $5,000 level
Industry exclusivity. Naming of the event on all promotional material and press as “2017 Presenter.” Opportunity to briefly address the crowd. Bring up to 6 people to the event, including early champagne reception. All other $2,500-level benefits (below), with most prominent placement.
50th Anniversary Gala Sponsorship | $2,500 level
Bring marketing material and up to 4 people to the event, including early champagne reception. Logo on 1,000 invitations, event signage, and tent signage at the Chestnut Hill “Fall for the Arts” Festival attracting 30,000 passersby. Full-page glossy color ad in the Program Booklet seen by 300+ guests. That ad on a looping video played throughout event. Verbal recognition at the event. Hyperlinked logo on e-communications and event webpage. Opportunity to run a featured testimonial (yours alone) in e-newsletter to 2,500 subscribers. Hyperlinked logo on CH Conservancy Business Sponsorship webpage and promoted through e-newsletter 2+ times annually. Ability to market goods- and service-discounts in CH Conservancy communications.
Special Package Sponsorship: 50th Anniversary Gala + Nights of Light | $2,250
All 50th Anniversary Gala $1,500-level benefits (below) PLUS these Nights of Light benefits. (Offered individually at $1,500 Gala + $1,000 Nights of Light.)
NIGHTS OF LIGHT | FIRST WEEKEND OF OCTOBER 2017 (OPENING PARTY OCT. 6) — Exciting public art inspired by the Chestnut Hill Archives, this very special program will project moving and still images onto buildings and other structures along the Germantown Avenue commercial corridor during the evenings of October 6, 7, and 8. Will be seen by thousands. In collaboration with the Chestnut Hill Business District, Norwood-Fontbonne Academy, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the Woodmere Art Museum, so you’ll reach ALL of their audiences too!
Logo projected alongside the imagery as part of the exhibition. Logo on program communications including mailed postcards, posters around town, and signage up during the wildly popular Chestnut Hill Harry Potter Festival. Hyperlinked logo on CH Conservancy e-communications and program webpage, as well as communications from all above partner organizations, reaching tens of thousands. Recognition in Chestnut Hill Local feature on this special event.
50th Anniversary Gala Sponsorship | $1,500 level
Bring 2 people to the event. Logo on 1,000 invitations, event signage, and tent signage at the Chestnut Hill “Fall for the Arts” Festival attracting 30,000 passersby. Half-page glossy color ad in the Program Booklet seen by 300+ guests. Hyperlinked logo on e-communications and event webpage. Hyperlinked logo on CH Conservancy Business Sponsorship webpage and promoted through e-newsletter 2+ times annually.
WE ARE THRIVING
There is no better time than now to sponsor!
As we celebrate our 50th Anniversary in 2017, we are growing like never before. In six months alone, our email list has increased 35% and our social media audience has swelled 7 times over. Recent rebranding is generating buzz, and the work that we are doing for the community, supported in part by a major grant from the William Penn Foundation, is attracting media coverage and new supporters.
OUR AUDIENCE = YOUR CLIENTS!
Align your company with the only organization in Chestnut Hill ensuring that both the architectural heritage and the natural environment of this extraordinary urban village are maintained into the future.
Our audience is comprised of dedicated local-business supporters, property owners who invest in old-house and landscape care, the environmentally conscious, and many engaged community members. Put your business in front of our audience and reap benefits.
CHESTNUT HILL IS GROWING
Chestnut Hill is growing, which is wonderful, but development pressure is rapidly rising. There is a dire need for an approach to growth that balances new development with protection of the historic architecture and ample open space that make Chestnut Hill so desirable in the first place.
The Chestnut Hill Conservancy is leading the efforts for smart growth and the protection of the Wissahickon watershed. As a leading business owner, your show of support is both powerful and vital.
SPONSOR NAME (as it will be listed) ____________________________________________________________
MAIN CONTACT PERSON _________________________________________________________________
ADDRESS ___________________________________________________________________________
CITY ___________________________________________________________ STATE ______ ZIP __________ PHONE __________________ EMAIL ______________________
CONFIRM AMOUNT $________________ PAYMENT PREFERENCE: ○ Single payment in full ○ Monthly until complete* ○ Quarterly until complete*
PAYMENT SELECTION ○ Check ○ Stock transfer: contact me with instructions ○ Visa ○ MasterCard ○ AmEx
CREDIT CARD # __________________________________________________________ SECURITY CODE ______ EXP DATE _____________
SIGNATURE (Required for credit card) ____________________________________________________________________________________________
RETURN TO – CHESTNUT HILL CONSERVANCY, 8708 GERMANTOWN AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19118
The Chestnut Hill Conservancy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit historic preservation and conservation organization. A copy of our registration and financial information may be obtained from the PA Dept. of State by calling 800-732-0999. Registration does not imply endorsement. *within one year of the CH Conservancy’s receipt of this form
CONTACT DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR KRISTIN SOUTHALL WITH QUESTIONS – firstname.lastname@example.org | 215-247-9329 x 207
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
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January Newsletter
Happy New Year! I hope everyone was able to enjoy the holidays with family and friends. Sometimes it just doesn’t seem long enough!
Please be patient with me as I start this new position (if you aren’t wearing a name badge, I will have a hard time remembering new names and faces). I am the world’s worst at remembering names.
There are lots of fun programs and events planned for this year. There are so many opportunities to get involved with the Guild – either one-time commitments or recurring activities. Come prepared in January to find your place to volunteer and get involved.
In honor of our Patriotic shower, please think about wearing red, white or blue! See you on January 21, 2025! Gisele
January 21, 2025 Program
Patriotic Shower for Operation Quilted Comfort
“Great things in the McKinney Quilters Guild are never done by one person. They are done by a team of people.”
This is a shower to help get the New Year started to refurbish our patriotic, red, white, and blue fabrics and batting. Monetary gifts are welcome for Color Catchers and labels should you not have any fabric stash.
All are welcome to a Kit Cutting on Tuesday, January 28 at Sharon Wilhelm’s house, 1809 Midcrest Dr, Plano Tx 75075 from 10:00am—2:00am. RSVP 972–743-3575. Bring a snack or lunch.
If you have any Patriotic Quilts, please bring them to the January meeting for Show and Tell.
Sharon Wilhelm and Malinda Krzyzanowski, Co-Chairpersons
2024 Quilts
2024 Pillowcases & Laundry Bags
MCKINNEY QUILTER’S GUILD MEETING MINUTES
December 17, 2024
Suzan Crocker - Meeting called to order at 1:00, Welcome all members and any guests.
There were no changes or corrections needed for the November meeting minutes or the Treasurer’s report, both will be filed for audit.
Roxy Gross – There are 52 members present (no noted visitors). As of the meeting this month, the Guild recorded 13948 Community Service hours. Please let Roxy know if you have any unrecorded hours to try to reach 15,000 hours!
Betsy Whiteman – Sunshine and Shadows: Kathy Chambliss is dealing with a fractured disc in her lower back and awaiting treatment plans.
Margaret Neyman will be having surgery on her one good eye, prayers for success.
Malinda K.’s husband Greg will be undergoing a heart procedure.
Sara Lindsay’s husband is undergoing local chemo and PT for his arm.
Betsy Whiteman’s grandson has graduated from UNT and has a job offer.
Candy Koharchik – UFO - Joann Sams was the final winner. Other participants were Gisele Oakes, Mary Marrone, Sandy Griego, Deb Merrill, and Donna Mikesch. Candy will not be chairing the UFO challenge next year if anyone else is interested in taking over.
Gisele Oakes – we raised almost $1600 with the donated charity raffle quilt; another big thank you to Sandy Griego for the beautiful quilt. Janie Squire was the winner of the quilt. The money will be divided between the Community Garden Kitchen, Samaritan Inn and the North Texas Food Bank. There are no plans for a charity quilt for 2025 unless someone wants to step up to chair, plan and organize the process and be responsible for completion and tickets sales.
The 2025 Board Members were again introduced:
Gisele Oakes, President
Beth Smietana, VP Programs
Julie Cadenhead, Treasurer
Lorraine Brown, Secretary
Jeannie Neckar, Education
Roxy Gross, Membership
Sharon Wilhelm, Information officer
A big thank you to the Holiday Luncheon committee: Cynthia Kullberg, Mary Marrone and Diane Taylor for the beautiful organization and execution of all the plans for a delightful luncheon.
Show and Tell and Door Prizes
NEXT MEETING: PATRIOTIC SHOWER TO REPLENISH VETERAN QUILT SUPPLIES January 21, 2025
Minutes submitted by Gisele Oakes
TREASURER’S REPORT December 2024
| Description | Amount |
|----------------------|----------|
| Beginning Balance | $18,507.53 |
| Deposits | $131.00 |
| Distributions | -$850.00 |
| Ending Balance | $17,788.73 |
$525.63 will be donated to each of the following charities:
Community Garden Kitchen
North Texas Food Bank
Samaritan Inn
This is the money collected from the sale of our 2024 Raffle Quilt.
Report submitted by Carol Surrells, Treasurer
Sunshine and Shadows
Prayers needed. Sara L’s husband needs prayers after sinus surgery. Candy K and husband both have Covid.
February 18th Program
Trunk Show—Jill Isakson
Jill has been making quilts for 30+ years. She will be presenting a trunk show of her colorful pieced quilts and sharing her thoughts on color and design.
Ryan’s CASE for SMILES
2024 was a banner year for Ryan’s CasesforSmiles! Total pillowcases turned in by McKinney Quilters were 559! This bypasses last year's 472 that were completed. This past year we found a summer camp for kids living with cancer and were able to donate 140 pillowcases. New outlets for pillowcases are being explored so let's keep up the good work!
Carolyn Kerr
December Door Prizes
We Appreciate Your Generosity!
Thanks to the Quilt Shops for their generous gifts to our guild. Thank you Missouri Star and our Guild Members for their donations! And especially to Deb and Malinda for the gathering!
Box Car Quilts—Aubrey, Tx
Downtown Dry Goods—McKinney, Tx
Fabric Fanatics—Plano, Tx
Linda’s Electric Quilters—McKinney
Prairie Quilt, Hennessey, Ok
Quilt Country—Lewisville, Tx
Quilt Mercantile—Celeste, Tx
Missouri Star—Hamilton, Mo
Urban Spools—Dallas, Tx
Deb Merrill & Malinda Krzyzanowski
Please remember to send a Thank You to our donors. If you do not have any thank notes, please see me or Malinda. We have some!
Quilt Hangers
Quilt Hangers & Accessories Div.
1809 Midcrest Drive
Plano, Texas 75075
Phone 972-424-7791
Email: email@example.com
Websites: www.quiltideas.com
By Quilt Ideas
Loren & Sharon Wilhelm
McKinney Quilters Guild Mini Quilt Auction
And Other Items For Sale
Tuesday, May 20th
1:00 - 3:00
It’s not too early to start making a mini or two for the Mini Quilt Auction. If each one of us made just one, we would have 120 to hand in to our new Chairperson. AND if you made more than one we could SHOCK her. Here are the instructions...
1. Do your best quality of work as this auction is a fund raiser for the operation of the guild, pays for speakers and programs for the year.
2. Quilted by hand or machine—not tied
3. Best selling themes are holidays; ie. Christmas & Halloween. OR scrappy, seasonal, vintage etc.
4. Size for mini 24” per side. Anything larger should be a buy now price.
5. Invite your friends and family. A hand out invitation will be provided at the sign in table.
Chairperson Needed for this committee. Contact Julie Cadenhead 214-641-7613 to volunteer.
Newsletter Submissions Deadline: 1st Thursday. Please submit or contact your newsletter editor.
2025 Committees and Chairpersons
Block of the Month-Bonnie Landon
Christmas Luncheon– Open
Door Prizes– Deb Merrill
Education – Jeannie Neckar
Facilities - Guild Members
Friendship Blocks - Mary Ann Baltzer
Meals on Wheels – Open
Thanksgiving Boxes-
Santa Bags -
Membership - Roxy Gross
Name Tags - Roxy Gross
Newsletter, Publicity - Sharon Wilhelm
Operation Quilted Comfort/Veterans- Sharon Wilhelm & Malinda K
Photographer - Donna Mikesch & Betsy Whiteman
Programs, & Facilities Beth Smietana - Chairperson - Workshops– MJ Fielek
Project Linus - Elaine Henry
Retreat/Spring - Red Boot Retreat- Hillsboro, Tx Carol Surrells & Lisa Terry
Retreat/Fall - Stitchin’ Heaven, Quitman, Tx - Cynthia Weisz - Chairperson - Paula Washler
Retreat/ Day - Open
Ryan’s CaseforSmiles - Carolyn Kerr, Chairperson
Sunshine and Shadows - Betsy Whiteman
Ways and Means - Officers
May Mini Madness Auction– Open
May Mini Special Quilt-Open
Scrap Sale—Jean Ann Clarke, Chair
Deb Merrill, Melissa Hoffman and Jeannie Neckar
Website-Bonnie Landon
Yearbooks/Directory - Sharon Wilhelm
2025 Officers
Committee Chairperson will be published after each officer gets her committees filled.
McKinney Quilter’s Guild: 2025 Officers
| Position | Name | Email | Phone Number |
|-------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|--------------------|
| President | Gisele Oakes | firstname.lastname@example.org | C/817-966-8445 |
| Vice President | Beth Smietana | email@example.com | C/703-434-2984 |
| Secretary | Lorraine Brown | firstname.lastname@example.org | C/703-403-2094 |
| Treasurer | Julie Cadenhead | email@example.com | C/214-641-7613 |
| Membership | Roxy Gross | firstname.lastname@example.org | C/805-857-8788 |
| Education | Jeannie Neckar | email@example.com | C/719-510-2424 |
| Information Officer/Newsletter | Sharon Wilhelm | firstname.lastname@example.org | 972-424-7791 C/972-743-3575 |
| Webmaster | Bonnie Landon | email@example.com | C/214-707-6745 |
For Sale
Babylock Flourish II
New
MSRP $3,499
Sale price $1,999
6.25 x 10.25" Embroidery Field
18 built-in embroidery stitches
13 built-in embroidery fonts
Two-way USB connectivity
Cuts jump stitches
Advanced Needle Threader
Color LCD Touchscreen
On-screen embroidery editing
Push-button features
Quick-set, top-loading bobbin
181 Built-in Embroidery Designs
Contact: Jamie Engle, 469.693.6073
Happy New Year Quilters!
Project Linus, Collin, Cooke, Grayson & Rockwall Counties, Texas blanket delivery total since 2004 is 108,580. We delivered 8,019 blankets in 2024; 1,284 of those in the month of December.
We meet every Wednesday from 9:00-2:00 to make blankets. All are welcome to join in the fun and fellowship. Bring your lunch. In addition, Project Linus meets every 3rd Saturday from 9:00-2:00 at 1985 FM-1138, Royse City while the West McKinney Project Linus group meets every 2nd Tuesday (January 14 & February 11) at 1:00pm in the Heard-Craig Carriage House, 205 W Hunt St, McKinney.
Donations are welcome, financial, fleece, yarn, fabric, batting, your valuable time and expertise. Talk to Elaine Henry for more information or contact Regina Forthman, via our Facebook page, Project Linus Collin Cooke Grayson Rockwall Counties Texas.
Elaine Henry
Join or Renew Your Membership
It’s time to renew your McKinney Quilters Guild Membership! Bring it to the January meeting!
Scrap Fabric Sale October 2025
Thinking of cleaning out your sewing room? Doing a little organizing and realizing that you need to get rid of some of your fabric? Set your calendars for October 15th! We will have our annual scrap fabric sale at our regular meeting. Your donated fabric can be sold to be one of our money makers for the guild that helps to pay for the speakers. (And you and your quilting friends can buy material at a dollar a yard.) What you need to get rid of could be just what someone else needs. More information is to come in the February newsletter!
Jean Ann Clarke - Chairperson
Shop in store for:
- Creative Grids Rulers
- Huge selection of ByAnnie’s hardware and stabilizers
- Quilter’s Dream Batting
- Large selection of wide-back fabric
- Minky Cuddle Fabric
- Binding by the Yard
- Grunge, Solids, Thatched, and more fabric blenders
972-661-0044
- Quilting Classes
- Custom Quilting
- Edge-to-Edge Quilting
- Hundreds of quilting designs
- Choice of variegated or solid thread colors
17811 Davenport Road, Ste 38 | Dallas, TX 75252 | firstname.lastname@example.org | www.sewletsquiltit.com
Newsletter Submissions Deadline: 1st Thursday. Please submit or contact your newsletter editor.
McKinney Quilters Guild 2025 Block-of-the-Month
Happy New Year! The Block of the Month for 2025 has been designed in two color ways—a patriotic red, white and blue palette and a Christmas palette. You are free to choose your own color palette if you prefer. A coloring page will be posted on our website at https://www.mckinneyquiltersguild.net under the Block of the Month tab under “Guild Activities.”
As we’ve done in years past, you can make a quilt top in the patriotic color way to donate to Operation Quilted Comfort, and make another in the Christmas color way to keep for yourself or give to someone as a Christmas gift.
The finished quilt will measure 54” x 54”. The total fabric needed is listed below. In February we will release the instructions for the first block. Details to follow . . .
Fabric Requirements:
Background 1-3/8 yards
Blue (or green) 5/8 yard
Yellow 7/8 yard
Dark Red 5/8 yard
Light red 1/4 yard
Backing 3 yards
Binding 1/2 yard
Happy Quilting!
Bonnie
McKinney Quilters Guild 2024 Raffle Quilt
“The Queen & Her Court II”
By Wing and a Prayer design 96” x 108”
The sales of the tickets and this money will be distributed to 3 community service organizations in McKinney:
Community Garden Kitchen
North Texas Food Bank
Samaritan Inn.
Winner Janie Squier.
Spring Retreat Information
Red Boot, April 30 – May 4, 2025
19 HCR 1309, Hillsboro, TX 76645
Join us for 4 nights at the Red Boot retreat in Hillsboro! We’ve made arrangements for 26 of our members to have a wonderful and fun getaway.
The retreat will begin at 11:00pm on Wednesday, April 30th, and will end on Sunday, May 4th at 12:00pm. The cost of $405 per person includes the 4 nights stay and 11 meals beginning with dinner on Wednesday. There is a continental breakfast each morning as well as lunch and dinner served on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, and Brunch at 9am on Sunday.
Registration forms will be available at the January 21st meeting. A $50 deposit will hold your place, and the remaining amount is due by March 15th. Please complete the registration form and mail with your deposit (checks made payable to McKinney Quilters Guild) to the attention of Carol Surrells. Mailing address is on the registration form.
If you have any questions, please contact Lisa Terry at 469-733-6394 or Carol Surrells at 214-697-5318.
What To Bring
• Join or renew your membership.
• Remember to bring back the quilts you took to finish for the Veterans, Project Linus Quilts and Ryan’s Case for Smiles Pillowcases.
• Wear your nametags so we can get a name and face together especially all our new members. (New Members get your picture made.)
• Don’t forget when you sign in with Roxy to post your volunteer hours each month. As a 501(c)3 organization, our goal this year is 14,705 hours. You can count any volunteer hours you do for other organizations also.
• Greeter: Jeannie Neckar, Cindy Quinn
January Birthdays
1 Paula Rzomp
6 Sharla Brockway
17 Linda Samsury
22 Kathy Bradbury
22 Paula Smith
29 Roxanne Garrett
Please bring a snack.
February Birthdays
2 Judy Losey
9 Nadine Darby
10 Ronnie Stone
12 Roz Constant
17 Kathy Chambliss
18 Carol Anne Johnson
21 Robin Fisk
22 Candy Koharchik
25 Cynthia Weisz
26 Bertie Ferrell
26 Mary Ann Baltzer
27 Lillian Hughes
Please Bring a snack.
Advertising Rates
Business Card (3 1/2" x 2") $6.00/month or $12.00/quarter (3 consecutive mos.)
Quarter Page (4 1/4" x 5 1/2") $10.00/month or $24.00/quarter (3 consecutive mos.)
Half Page (5 1/2" x 8 1/2") $15.00/month or $36.00/quarter (3 consecutive mos)
Format: Microsoft Publisher or Word, PDF or JPEG.
Contact the Newsletter Editor Sharon Wilhelm 972-424-7791 or email@example.com
Payment to McKinney Quilters Guild and Mail to Sharon Wilhelm, 1809 Midcrest Dr, Plano, Tx 75075
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Medical Science
To Cite:
Almoneef MI, Hawsawi AI, Alsamaan BA, Abdulrahim TKA. Unstable pelvic trauma patient: Emergency department presentations, physical examination, and imaging: Systematic review. Medical Science 2024; 28: e104ms3319
doi: https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v28i150.e104ms3319
Authors' Affiliation:
1Emergency Medicine Consultant, Emergency Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2Saudi Board Emergency Medicine Resident, Emergency Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3Medical Intern, College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
Peer-Review History
Received: 15 January 2024 Reviewed & Revised: 19/January/2024 to 25/March/2024 Accepted: 28 March 2024 Published: 16 August 2024
Peer-review Method
External peer-review was done through double-blind method.
Medical Science
pISSN 2321–7359; eISSN 2321–7367
© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)., which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
DISCOVERY
SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY
Unstable pelvic trauma patient: Emergency department presentations, physical examination, and imaging: Systematic review
Moneef Ibrahim Almoneef 1 , Amjaad Ibraheem Hawsawi 2 , Bayan Abdulkarim Alsamaan 2 , Tamim Khalid Abdullah Abdulrahim 3
ABSTRACT
Background: Patients with forceful trauma frequently have pelvic fractures, prompt and precise diagnosis can enhance patient outcomes. Whether physical examination are enough in this situation is still up for debate. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of research on the diagnostic efficacy of physical examinations for pelvic fractures in individuals who have suffered severe trauma. Method: we followed Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA), in this study. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane, and PubMed for pertinent studies published between 2009 and 2023. We included 6 studies in our systematic review. Results: Data from 40667 people were included in the research. Four articles were prospective, and two were retrospective. The majority of the study was carried out at the trauma centre or emergency department of a university hospital. Emergency physicians performed physical exams at an emergency department or trauma unit. CT or xray were used as reference standards. Results from the CT scan, X-ray, and symptoms criteria showed no significant difference in the absence of a distracting injury. To reduce the danger of significant pelvic bleeding, it is helpful to apply a pelvic binder as soon as feasible, depending on the trauma cause or clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Regardless of the results of a physical examination or the patient's state of consciousness, imaging tests have to be conducted on all trauma patients.
Keywords: Emergency department, pelvic trauma, physical examination
1. INTRODUCTION
The early diagnosis and treatment of pelvic fractures is crucial for individuals with multiple trauma injuries. All of the information currently available points to the fact that a comprehensive clinical examination can effectively identify a significant and unstable pelvic fracture and that undetected fractures are typically small or stable and don't need to be treated urgently (Den-Boer et al., 2011). The iliac crest is manually compressed to determine the stability of the pelvic ring (Yong et al., 2016). Manual distraction of the pelvis involves pressing the iliac crest outward with both hands if instability is not detected (Den-Boer et al., 2011). When a patient complains of discomfort upon compression or there is movement of the pelvic ring, instability is suspected. It has been demonstrated that evaluating pelvic stability in polytraumatized patients can be challenging, particularly when the patient is unconscious. One potentially hazardous consequence of pelvic manipulation is the possibility of dislodging formed clots, which might lead to more bleeding (VanStigt et al., 2009).
A dependable external fixation of the pelvic ring in unstable fractures was made possible by the invention of pelvic binders and their simple application (Bonner et al., 2011). Clinical research revealed that pelvic binders greatly enhance cardiovascular health, lower the incidence of pulmonary problems, and minimize the need for blood transfusions (Spanjersberg et al., 2009). For the first assessment and treatment of pelvic ring fractures, the clinical examination of pelvic stability and pelvic palpation are recommended, although their validity is questioned because of their sensitivity, which ranges from 26.5 to 59%, and their specificity, which ranges from 71 to 99.9% (Shlamovitz et al., 2009). According to a poll conducted among trauma surgeons, 91% of them concur with this suggestion (Wohlrath et al., 2016). According to current standards, screening techniques for individuals with severe blunt trauma injuries include regular pelvic X-rays (ATLS, 2013). Additionally, a pelvic radiograph is not necessary for conscious, awake individuals who do not have pelvic discomfort or tenderness.
However, pelvic X-rays are often performed as part of a protocol-driven assessment in all patients who have had blunt trauma, with little regard to the severity of the injuries. As a result, there may be an overuse of radiographic exams, particularly in patients who do not appear to be injured or who have experienced a single trauma, such as conscious, hemodynamically and respiratory stable patients who do not exhibit symptoms of a pelvic fracture (Van-Trigt et al., 2018). It is vital to take into account the clinical utility and diagnostic potential of physical examination in order to comprehend its clinical significance in this situation. To estimate these parameters while following methodological criteria, however, only a few systematic reviews have been carried out (McInnes et al., 2018). In order to evaluate the clinical value and diagnostic accuracy of physical examination for pelvic fracture in patients with blunt trauma, this study was conducted.
2. METHOD
Comprehensive review and meta-analysis of research on the reliability of physical examinations in diagnosing pelvic injuries. We reported our findings using the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Patients with blunt trauma who may have suffered a pelvic injury were the intended participants. Physical examination for pelvic fractures was the relevant index concern Van-Leent et al., (2019) and it is defined as follows: When applying manual internal and external rotational stress, as well as anteroposterior and superior-inferior stress, palpation may reveal pelvic bone discomfort or hip dislocation, soreness, ecchymosis, hematoma and laceration, over the pelvic ring. Along with the parameters established by the lead study authors, the goal condition was regarded as a pelvic fracture resulting from blunt trauma that was identified by emergency physician based on CT scan or x-ray.
All research on the diagnostic yield of physical exams in the treatment of patients with blunt trauma in emergency rooms or trauma centres for the detection of pelvic fractures was included. Retrospective, prospective, and observational studies were among the research designs that qualified. Diagnostic case-control studies and case studies with incomplete physical examination accuracy data were omitted. Each study was individually examined by all authors to ensure eligibility before data extraction. Conflicts amongst reviewers were settled through dialogue. Figure 1 indicated the reasons full text publications were excluded. We looked through MEDLINE, Cochrane, and PubMed to find all relevant studies published in the period from 2009 to 2023.
We yielded 540 articles from the selected databases and after duplication removal 428 articles remained which undergone screening for title and abstract, and 355 were remove, leaving 73 full text articles which read by all authors to exclude ineligible studies. Finally, 6
REVIEW | OPEN ACCESS
studies were included in our review. Search was conducted without any limitations on language. We manually scanned the references of all qualified research to find further papers that could be relevant. The features of the study (year of publication, author, design, nation, clinical settings, sample size), the patient, and the factors pertaining to diagnostic accuracy were retrieved. All contributors gathered and organized data into Google Sheets and Google Documents.
3. RESULTS
The analysis comprised data from 40667 individuals. Two articles Lustenberger et al., (2016), Shlamovitz et al., (2009) were retrospective, while four Moosa et al., (2019), Van-Leent et al., (2019), Schweigkofler et al., (2018), Majidinejad et al., (2018) were prospective (Table 1). The majority of research were conducted at a university hospital's emergency room or trauma center. Patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of ≥13 or lower were included in one study Moosa et al., (2019); patients with GCS scores of ≤13 were included in other studies. Inquiries regarding pelvic discomfort, pelvic inspection and palpation, pelvic stability evaluation, and other procedures were part of the physical examination. In an emergency department or trauma centre, physical examinations were conducted by emergency physicians. The reference standards were CT or x-ray Shlamovitz et al., (2009), Majidinejad et al., (2018), Schweigkofler et al., (2018), uncertain Lustenberger et al., (2016) x-ray (Moosa et al., 2019).
A radiologist Shlamovitz et al., (2009), Moosa et al., (2019) or an undisclosed expert Van-Leent et al., (2019), Lustenberger et al., (2016), Majidinejad et al., (2018), Schweigkofler et al., (2018) interpreted the results. Research on unstable pelvic fractures was conducted (Schweigkofler et al., 2018). According to Majidinejad et al., (2018), the absence of a pelvic fracture was detected with a 39.7% sensitivity and a 100% specificity in the clinical signs and symptoms. There was a significant difference in the other criteria, but there was no significant difference in the lack of a distracting injury, according to the results of the CT scan, X-ray, and symptoms criterion. The ability to activate Straight Leg Raise and the lack of pelvic soreness or tenderness had a substantial influence on the prediction of not having pelvic pain. Any distracting illness can be eliminated from the criteria without compromising specificity or raising sensitivity (Table 2).
Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
| Citation | Country | Study setting | Year of publication | Number of participants | Men percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moosa et al., 2019 | Pakistan | Emergency | 2019 | 133 | 68% |
| Van-Leent et al., 2019 | Netherlands | Trauma center | 2019 | 54 | - |
| Schweigkofler et al., 2018 | Germany | Trauma center | 2017 | 147 | 66% |
| Majidinejad et al., 2018 | Iran | Emergency department | 2018 | 3527 | 76% |
| Lustenberger et al., 2016 | Germany | Trauma registry | 2016 | 35490 | 69% |
| Shlamovitz et al., 2009 | USA | Trauma center | 2009 | 1316 | 92% |
Table 2 Main results and conclusion of studies selected
| Citation | Main results |
|---|---|
| Moosa et al., 2019 | Fifty-two of the 133 patients were men. The average age of the group was 37. Ten percent of the patients had a pelvic X- ray and clinical examination result in a true positive for a pelvic fracture, whereas the other ten percent had a false negative. Two patients who had X-ray evidence of a fracture were overlooked by the clinical assessment and were deemed false positives. Furthermore, no fracture was seen on the X-ray or clinical examination, making 77.4% of the patient’s genuine negatives. |
| Van-Leent et al., 2019 | Of the 56 patients in the research, 11 had a pelvic ring fracture. Just five of the 13 patients who received pelvic compression devices suffered a pelvic ring fracture. doctors who conducted clinical examinations had a 0.45 overall sensitivity and a 0.93 specificity. |
| Schweigkofler et al., 2018 | This research comprised 254 individuals from 12 different trauma centres who had suspected pelvic injuries. It was determined that 95 out of 254 cases—46 type B and 49 type C fractures—had unstable pelvic fractures. After 61% of the cases underwent mechanical stability testing, the results showed a sensitivity of 31.6% and a specificity of 92.2%. In fact, 11.5% of patients exhibited mechanical instability. Nevertheless, due to clinical judgment, noninvasive external stabilization was administered to 65.4% of patients before diagnostic imaging. In the ensuing CT scans, 72% had evidence of severe bleeding. 33 pelvic ring fractures were not stabilized before to hospitalization. |
| Majidinejad et al., 2018 | Clinical signs and symptoms had a 100% specificity and a 39.7% sensitivity to the absence of a pelvic fracture. The findings of the X-ray and CT scan, as well as the clinical signs and symptoms criterion, did not show a significant difference in the absence of a distracting injury; on the other hand, there was a significant difference in the other criteria. The prediction of not experiencing pelvic pain was significantly impacted by the absence of pelvic discomfort or tenderness as well as the capacity to activate SLR. It is possible to exclude any distracting ailment from the criteria while maintaining specificity and increasing sensitivity. |
Shlamovitz et al., 2009
pelvic fracture. Type B and C pelvic fractures were not suspected in the pre-hospital setting in 40.5% and 32.3% of cases, respectively. GCS < 8 and age more than 60 were independent risk factors for failing to detect a pelvic injury in the pre-hospital context. The likelihood of overlooking a pelvic injury was reduced in the cases of hypotension and a high injury severity.
Unstable pelvic ring physical examination findings showed a sensitivity and specificity of 8% and 99%, respectively, for identifying any pelvic fracture and 26% and 99.9%, respectively, for identifying pelvic fractures that were mechanically unstable. For pelvic fractures diagnosis in patients with a GCS >13, the sensitivity and specificity of pelvic pain or tenderness were 74% and 97%, respectively, and 100% and 93%, respectively, for unstable pelvic fractures diagnosis. For any pelvic fracture diagnosis, the sensitivity and specificity of pelvic deformity existence were 30% and 98%, respectively, but for the detection of pelvic fractures that were mechanically unstable, they were 55% and 97%, respectively.
Consequently, regardless of the results of the physical assessment, a mechanical pelvic stabilization in the pre-hospital setting should be taken into consideration for patients with severe blunt trauma injuries.
In patients with blunt trauma, the appearance of unstable pelvic ring or a pelvic deformity during physical examination has a low sensitivity for identifying unstable pelvic fractures. According to this research, individuals who have had severe trauma and have a GCS of >13, as well as no pelvic pain or tenderness, are less likely to experience unstable pelvic fracture.
4. DISCUSSION
According to this comprehensive research, the range of pelvic fractures for which a physical examination is sensitive is 0.761–0.952. Additionally, compared to patients with decreased consciousness, trauma patients with GCS ≥ 13 had a sensitivity range of 0.847 to 0.998. The evidence quality was low overall, but increased when studies including individuals with reduced consciousness were eliminated. Regardless of the physical examination results, all trauma patients should have imaging tests done. Meanwhile, physical examination is a valuable screening tool, according to our review study. In general, the frequency of pelvic fractures and the patients' level of consciousness determine the clinical value of physical examinations. Whether a patient is conscious or not, imaging tests should always be ordered for trauma patients receiving care at a trauma centre or tertiary care centre. The clinical utility of a test is typically determined by its prevalence of the target condition, diagnostic accuracy, physician policy regarding associated risks, and patient and physician preference.
According to the findings of Van-Leent et al., (2019) study, patients who have had high-impact blunt trauma and have a strong suspicion of a pelvic ring fracture may find it challenging to rule out a pelvic fracture at the accident scene based solely on physical examination. Unlike the meta-analysis carried out by Sauerland et al., (2004) this investigation was carried out on the spot with patients who had hemodynamic or neurologic impairments. Surprisingly, study by Van-Leent et al., (2019) revealed that patients with neurologic impairment (GCS ≤ 13) had a higher manual compression test (MCT) sensitivity. Due to concurrent brain injuries or distracting injuries, collecting a patient's history might be challenging in polytraumatized individuals. Van-Leent et al., (2019) findings suggest that patients with neurologic deficits have more clouded pelvic ring clinical examinations, whereas patients with hemodynamic deficits had less obscured pelvic ring examinations.
Van-Leent et al., (2019) came to the conclusion that a pelvic fracture is not ruled out by a negative MCT. This supports the conclusion, which is consistent with the work of Yong et al., (2016) that pelvic binders ought to be the standard of therapy following high-energy blunt trauma regardless of MCT. The pelvic binder should be utilized with a low threshold, as verified by the MCT's limited accuracy and possible hazards (Van-Stigt et al., 2009). Most trials had an overall sensitivity of nearly 100% for identifying a pelvic fracture that was clinically significant and needed special care. Only 7 out of 97 pelvic fractures were missed on clinical examination in the study by Gonzalez et al., (2002) which evaluated a total of 2176 consecutive blunt trauma patients presenting with a GCS C 14; none of the missed fractures required surgical intervention (sensitivity, 0.93).
REVIEW | OPEN ACCESS
The overall sensitivity and specificity of a meta-analysis that evaluated the clinical examination's dependability in identifying pelvic fractures, pooling data from 12 trials with more than 5 thousand patients, were found to be 0.9, translating to a 10% false positive and false negative rate, respectively (Sauerland et al., 2004). In contrast to these results, a small number of other studies Grant, (1990), Shlamovitz et al., (2009) found lower sensitivities, ranging from 27 to 59%, for clinically identifying pelvic instability. Regarding the validity of the pre-hospital physical evaluation of the pelvis, our results support these findings.
5. CONCLUSION
The results of this review showed that, irrespective of the results of physical examinations or the patients' states of consciousness, imaging studies should be carried out for all patients with trauma. Clinicians should, however, take the prevalence of the target ailment into account when evaluating the value of a physical examination.
Ethical approval
Not applicable
Funding
This study has not received any external funding.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
Data and materials availability
All data sets collected during this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
REFERENCES
1. ATLS Subcommittee; American College of Surgeons' Committee on Trauma; International ATLS working group. Advanced trauma life support (ATLS®): the ninth edition. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74(5):1363-6. doi: 10.1097/TA.0 b013e31828b82f5
2. Bonner TJ, Eardley WG, Newell N, Masouros S, Matthews JJ, Gibb I, Clasper JC. Accurate placement of a pelvic binder improves reduction of unstable fractures of the pelvic ring. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011; 93(11):1524-8. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X .93B11.27023
3. Den-Boer TA, Geurts M, Van-Hulsteijn LT, Mubarak A, Slingerland J, Zwart B, Van-der-Heijden GJ, Blokhuis TJ. The value of clinical examination in diagnosing pelvic fractures in blunt trauma patients: a brief review. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2011; 37(4):373-7. doi: 10.1007/s00068-011-0076-7
4. Gonzalez RP, Fried PQ, Bukhalo M. The utility of clinical examination in screening for pelvic fractures in blunt trauma. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 194(2):121-5. doi: 10.1016/s1072-7515(01) 01153-x
5. Grant PT. The diagnosis of pelvic fractures by 'springing'. Arch Emerg Med 1990; 7(3):178-82. doi: 10.1136/emj.7.3.178
6. Lustenberger T, Walcher F, Lefering R, Schweigkofler U, Wyen H, Marzi I, Wutzler S; TraumaRegister DGU. The Reliability of the Pre-hospital Physical Examination of the Pelvis: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study. World J Surg 2016; 40(12):3073-3079. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3647-2
7. Majidinejad S, Heidari F, Kafi Kang H, Golshani K. Determination of Clinical Signs and Symptoms Predicting No Pelvic Fracture in Patients with Multiple Trauma. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:112. doi: 10.4103/abr.abr_127_17
8. McInnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, McGrath TA, Bossuyt PM; and the PRISMA-DTA Group; Clifford T, Cohen JF, Deeks JJ, Gatsonis C, Hooft L, Hunt HA, Hyde CJ, Korevaar DA, Leeflang MMG, Macaskill P, Reitsma JB, Rodin R, Rutjes AWS, Salameh JP, Stevens A, Takwoingi Y, Tonelli M, Weeks L, Whiting P, Willis BH. Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies: The PRISMA-DTA Statement. JAMA 2018; 319(4):388-396. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.19163
9. Moosa MA, Gill RC, Jangda I, Sayyed RH, Zafar H. Is pelvis xray essential in stable trauma patients? Step towards lowering the treatment cost. J Pak Med Assoc 2019; 69 (Suppl 1) (1):S33S36.
10. Sauerland S, Bouillon B, Rixen D, Raum MR, Koy T, Neugebauer EA. The reliability of clinical examination in detecting pelvic fractures in blunt trauma patients: a metaanalysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2004; 124(2):123-8. doi: 10. 1007/s00402-003-0631-8
11. Schweigkofler U, Wohlrath B, Trentsch H, Greipel J, Tamimi N, Hoffmann R, Wincheringer D. Diagnostics and early treatment in prehospital and emergency-room phase in suspicious pelvic ring fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 44(5):747-752. doi: 10.1007/s00068-017-0860-0
12. Shlamovitz GZ, Mower WR, Bergman J, Chuang KR, Crisp J, Hardy D, Sargent M, Shroff SD, Snyder E, Morgan MT. How (un) useful is the pelvic ring stability examination in diagnosing mechanically unstable pelvic fractures in blunt trauma patients? J Trauma 2009; 66(3):815-20. doi: 10.1097/TA .0b013e31817c96e1
13. Spanjersberg WR, Knops SP, Schep NW, Van-Lieshout EM, Patka P, Schipper IB. Effectiveness and complications of pelvic circumferential compression devices in patients with unstable pelvic fractures: a systematic review of literature. Injury 2009; 40(10):1031-5. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2009.06.164
14. Van-Leent EAP, Van-Wageningen B, Sir Ö, Hermans E, Biert J. Clinical Examination of the Pelvic Ring in the Prehospital Phase. Air Med J 2019; 38(4):294-297. doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2019.0 4.004
15. Van-Stigt SF, Tan EC, Van-Vugt AB. Acute behandling van bekkenfracturen. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2009; 153:A500.
16. Van-Trigt J, Schep NWL, Peters RW, Goslings JC, Schepers T, Halm JA. Routine pelvic X-rays in asymptomatic hemodynamically stable blunt trauma patients: A metaanalysis. Injury 2018; 49(11):2024-2031. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.20 18.09.009
17. Wohlrath B, Trentzsch H, Hoffmann R, Kremer M, SchmidtHorlohè K, Schweigkofler U. Präklinische und klinische Versorgung der instabilen Beckenverletzung: Ergebnisse einer Online-Umfrage [Preclinical and clinical treatment of instable pelvic injuries: Results of an online survey]. Unfallchirurg 2016; 119(9):755-62. German. doi: 10.1007/s00113-014-2679-z
18. Yong E, Vasireddy A, Pavitt A, Davies GE, Lockey DJ. Prehospital pelvic girdle injury: Improving diagnostic accuracy in a physician-led trauma service. Injury 2016; 47(2):383-8. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.023
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"A level Sociology is one of the few subjects where you get the chance to think."
Is it fair that wealthy parents can buy the best education for their children?
What causes groups like ISIS to emerge?
Why do girls perform better than boys in education?
Do couples today have equal relationships?
Who do we count as 'family'?
What is green crime?
Is religion in long-term decline?
How do sociologists do their research?
Can those with power avoid punishment for their crimes?
"If you like observing people and understanding why they behave like they do – you will love A level Sociology!"
Why study Sociology?
Sociology is about society, people and behaviour. It helps us understand life, ourselves and how we interact with others.
Sociology teaches you how to...
Investigate facts and use deduction
Put over your point of view fluently
Support your arguments with hard evidence
Sociology gives you an inquisitive mind and a valuable insight into people and the world we live in. These skills are highly valued by universities and employers – and will benefit you for the rest of your life.
Sociology is great for...
University
A level Sociology combines well with other subjects and is accepted by universities as an excellent foundation for a range of degree courses. Our Sociology students have gone on to study Sociology, Law, Medicine, Teaching, Criminology, Social policy, Media, English Literature, History and Politics.
Careers
A level Sociology gives you an excellent set of transferable skills.
This makes it great for many occupations, from marketing to social work, teaching to criminal justice.
Whatever career you are interested in, Sociology gives you a head start.
What will I study?
You will study four topics over two years and sit three examinations at the end of Year 2.
1. Education
How do personal relationships, class, gender and ethnicity affect how we learn?
2. Families and Households How has the population, the family and our roles within it changed over recent years?
3. Beliefs in Society What part does ideology, science and religion play in shaping our lives?
4. Crime and Deviance Why is there crime and what is the role of the criminal justice system?
For a full list of what is studied, please email firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com
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LEAP
FLOOR 1
EVACUATION PLAN
Copper pipe mapping
SHOP
ROOM 5
ROOM 6
HALLWAY
KITCHEN
STOCKROOM
ROOM 4
H/L
CONF
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ROOM 3
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Legend
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O - F = inline water filter
@ - Sink
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LC201 - Staff bathroom (sink 1)
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Easy Scavenger Hunt Activity Key
Questions:
1. Which animal would you expect to like the cold, but actually prefers the warm weather of Peru and Chile? (Humboldt Penguin)
2. Which animal can only be found on the Galapagos Islands? (Galapagos Tortoises)
3. As cubs, these two were orphaned in the wild but now have a home at the Akron Zoo. (Grizzly Bears)
4. How much does a snowy owl weigh? (3-6 lbs)
5. These animals love to play with zoo visitors. Slide through their exhibit! (River Otters
)
6. This animal can't roar. It has the softest voice of any of our big cats. (Snow Leopard)
7. Garden eels look like plants swaying in the water when they are doing what? (Hunting for plankton)
8. How much do you weigh in Grizzly Bear food?
9. How many Volts can an electric eel release in one burst? (600)
10. This bird is a great sniffer. In fact, it has such large nostrils, you can see right through them! (Andean Condor)
11. Why does the Green Tree Python have white spots? (To help it camouflage)
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The New York City Council
Legislation Details
File #:
Version: *
LU 0748-
2012
Name:
Planning, 502 W 151st St & 526/8 W 151st St,
Manhattan (20135202 HAM)
Status:
Type:
Land Use Application
Adopted
In control:
Subcommittee on Planning, Dispositions and Concessions
On agenda: 12/18/2012
Enactment date:
Enactment #:
Title:
Application No. 20135202 HAM submitted by New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (“HPD”) for a modification of an exemption of real property taxes for the property located at 502 West 151st Street, Tax Block 2082, Lot 36, and 526/8 West 151st Street (Tax Block 2082, Lot 52), Borough of Manhattan, Community Board 9, Council District 7. This matter is subject to Council review and action at the request of HPD and pursuant to Sections 123(4), 125 and 577 of the Private Housing Finance Law.
Sponsors:
Leroy G. Comrie, Jr.
Indexes:
Attachments:
1. Land Use Calendar - December 17, 2012, 2. Land Use Calendar - Week of December 17, 2012 - December 21, 2012, 3. Committee Report, 4. Resolution, 5. Hearing Transcript - Planning 12/17/12, 6. Hearing Transcript - Land Use 12/17/12, 7. Hearing Transcript - Stated Meeting 12-18-12
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They do not look down at the path below but look up toward the destination and the goal. Thus the Pope writes:
Faith is born of an encounter with the living God who calls us and reveals his love, a love which precedes us and upon which we can lean for security and for building our lives. Transformed by this love, we find fresh vision, new eyes to see; we realize that it contains a great promise of fulfilment, and that a vision of the future opens up before us (LF §4).
Because of sin, human beings have a tendency to be self-absorbed. Looking only to ourselves, we become isolated from God and isolated from one another. But precisely because faith is attached to hope in God’s promises and love for him and his people, ‘faith is also a light…opening before us vast horizons which guide us beyond our isolated selves towards the breadth of communion’ (LF §4). At one point, speaking about the way that faith contributes to human society here and now, Pope Francis writes that ‘without a love which is trustworthy’, upon which faith can build, ‘nothing could truly keep men and women united’ (LF §51). Society would be built upon a ‘calculus of conflicting interests or on fear’ rather than true community. On the other hand:
Faith is truly a good for everyone; it is a common good, its light does not simply illuminate the horizon of the Church, and does not serve solely to construct an eternal city in the hereafter; it helps us build our societies in such a way that they can journey towards a future of hope (LF §51).
**THE GOAL OF THE JOURNEY OF FAITH**
So we have identified that the beginning of the journey of faith is the encounter with the living God in Jesus. We know that ‘caught up in and guided by his love’ (LF §53) Christians travel forward in community on the path of faith in ‘a firm hope’. This leads us to ask the next important question about *Lumen Fidei*: what is the horizon towards which the journey of faith strives? What is ‘the goal and thus the meaning of our common path’ (LF §25)?
The Pope answers this question with another, rhetorical, question: ‘What other reward can God give to those who seek him, if not to let himself be found?’ (LF §35). There are many who pride themselves in being seekers, but are reluctant to embrace the certainty of objective truth even when they find it. But what is the purpose of seeking God if not finding God? Because faith has taught us that God is faithful, it also teaches that God will fulfil his promises. The Pope quotes St Augustine: ‘Man is faithful when he believes in God and his promises; God is faithful when he grants to man what he has promised’ (LF §10).
On several occasions, the word ‘fulfilment’ appears in the Encyclical. Reflecting on the Eucharist, Pope Francis writes:
‘we also find the bread and wine, which leads from the visible world to the invisible. In the Eucharist we learn about the heights and depths of reality. The bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ, who becomes present in his passover to the Father: this movement draws us, body and soul, into the movement of all creation towards its fulfilment in God’ (LF §44).
The journey of faith, like the Eucharist, has two dimensions. It looks back to the life, death and resurrection of Jesus and all God’s promises in him. But it looks forward to ‘the ultimate fulfilment’ (LF §44) of eternal communion with God. ‘Thus wonderfully interwoven,’ writes Pope Francis, ‘faith, hope and charity are the driving force of the Christian life as it advances towards full communion with God’ (LF §7).
**CONCLUSION – A ROAD MAP FOR THE ENCYCICAL**
I have not tried to summarise the Encyclical *Lumen Fidei*. Rather, I have attempted to provide the reader of Pope Francis’ first encyclical with a road map and a compass to enter into his meditation and teaching. The overall idea behind the Encyclical is very simple: from our first encounter with God’s love in Christ, we embark upon the journey of faith, travelling towards a new horizon, the hope of ultimate fulfilment in communion with God. This is, of course, only an outline to orientate the reader. It cannot replace reading the Encyclical itself, just as reading a map cannot replace the journey. Nor is reading the Encyclical a pilgrimage to be undertaken by modern means of transportation; to get the most out of it, it must be done on foot, taking time with each paragraph, savouring each sentence, and, above all, reflecting on the whole of *Lumen Fidei* in prayer.
**QUESTIONS:**
1. In LF §33, Pope Francis writes that ‘the decisive moment in Lumen Fidei’s journey of faith…[was] in an experience of hearing. In the garden, he heard a voice telling him: “Take and read”’. What was your ‘decisive moment’ for your faith? How was it an ‘encounter with Christ? How do you continue to ‘encounter Christ’ today?
2. Do you find ‘the journey of faith’ difficult? In Chapter Three of *Lumen Fidei*, Pope Francis tells us that ‘those who believe are never alone’. What kinds of assistance does God give us in the community of the Church for the journey? Do we make use of them?
3. What do you normally think of as the goal or end point of our journey of faith? Pope Francis writes that ‘whole of life is drawn into a journey towards full communion with the living God’ (LF §45)? How does this goal relate to our life of faith in this world here and now?
David Schütz is the Executive Officer of the Ecumenical & Interfaith Commission of the Archdiocese of Melbourne. A former Lutheran pastor, he entered the Catholic Church in 2001 after a ‘year of grace’ and soul-searching.
---
**INFORM**
**Lumen Fidei - The Light of Faith (First Encyclical Letter)**
Pope Francis
---
In this article, David Schütz provides us with a ‘Road Map’ for understanding Pope Francis’ first Encyclical Letter, *Lumen Fidei* (On Faith).
INTRODUCTION
- A PAPAL ENCYCICAL
Thanks to the 24/7 media cycle, we are quickly becoming familiar with our new Supreme Pontiff Francis – or at least we think we are. The media has created its own narrative by which to understand Pope Francis. Focusing upon his ‘humility’, his unpredictable actions such as the Maundy Thursday foot washing, and his simple way of addressing the crowds, this narrative depends in large part on a ‘hermeneutic of rupture’ between Pope Francis and his predecessor, Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI.
However, the Encyclical Letter *Lumen Fidei* (trans. ‘Light of Faith’, henceforth *LF*) released on 5 July 2013, is a clear reminder that Pope Francis is exercising his magisterium in complete continuity with Benedict and Blessed John Paul II. Furthermore, the Encyclical reminds us that we still have a lot to learn about the new Pontiff, and even more to learn from him.
Pope Francis himself has told us that this is an encyclical written by ‘four hands’ – his and Benedict’s (although actually Benedict writes with a pen in one hand rather than two on a word processor!). Having written major encyclicals on Love (*Deus Caritas Est*) and Hope (*Spe Salvi*), Pope Emeritus Benedict had always planned to issue an encyclical on the subject of the third ‘theological virtue’, Faith. After his renunciation of the papal office, Benedict passed on to his successor a draft which was ‘almost complete’.
Francis tells us that, ‘as [Benedict’s] brother in Christ, I have taken up his fine work and added a few contributions of my own’ (*LF* §7). There was some speculation that it might have been issued in the name of both popes, but of course, this would have been impossible. As Pope Emeritus, Benedict no longer has the authority of the papal office. Only Pope Francis has the authority to issue a papal teaching. Nevertheless, we can think God’s plan for this encyclical: that the best of gifts of both pontiffs have been brought to the service of the Church’s magisterium. The fact that the Encyclical on Love, *Deus Caritas Est*, had itself been begun by Blessed John Paul II and completed by Benedict means that the entire trilogy is a fine example of the continuity of the papal magisterium.
Readers must therefore overcome the temptation to apply ‘source criticism’ to the Encyclical, trying to work out which bits were written by Benedict and which bits by Francis. There is no point to this exercise; nor does Francis allow us the luxury of it. No matter who the pope is, ‘the Successor of Peter, yesterday, today and tomorrow, is always called to strengthen his brothers and sisters in the priceless treasure of that faith which God has given as a light for humanity’s path’ (*LF* §7).
‘This Encyclical, like any encyclical, is the work of the Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church. The ‘priceless treasure’ that the Pope hands on to us is always the same, even though the person who holds the office of Pope may change. Thus, the Encyclical *Lumen Fidei* was signed by Pope Francis on 29 June 2013 (the Feast of St Peter and St Paul), and addressed to ‘the bishops, priests and deacons, consecrated persons and the lay faithful’ of the Church.
THE JOURNEY OF FAITH
Although it is quite possible to read a papal encyclical in a single sitting, those who attempt to comprehend such a document as a whole will often struggle. Encyclicals are not like books or essays which are written to develop a particular idea in a single line of argument. Rather, they are teaching documents which approach a particular subject from as many different angles as the pope judges necessary and relevant to the Church’s contemporary needs. In this sense, they are also research documents, including bishops and theologians and other members of the Church with foundations and direction for a further working out of the subject with which it deals. This can make attempting to ‘summarise’ an encyclical like *Lumen Fidei* very difficult; it is, in a sense, already a summary of the Church’s teaching on the subject of faith.
So let us ask instead what *Lumen Fidei* is actually about: is it possible to locate a central idea?
Although the Latin title is translated ‘the Light of Faith’, this is not its ‘theme’. The title comes from the opening words of the Encyclical in Latin. *Lumen Fidei* has much to say on the subject of faith as ‘light’, particularly in the way that faith relates to the sense of ‘sight’, but faith also relates to the sense of ‘hearing’ and even ‘feeling’. The most important word of the Encyclical lies in a word that is used 36 times in the English translation: ‘journey’. Connected with this are other words: ‘path’ (27 times) and ‘way’ (15 times), as well as ‘road’, ‘pilgrimage’, ‘destination’ and ‘goal’. These words translate various words in the Latin original (the translation is not always consistent), principally *via* (36 times) and *iter* (51 times).
Those who have been watching Pope Francis’ homilies on the internet or reading reports of them will know that he often describes the Christian life as a *camino*, that is, a journey or a pilgrimage. If you pay attention to the way that Pope Francis talks about ‘journeying’, ‘walking’, ‘moving’, ‘going forward’ and so on, you will understand a lot about how he views the Church as an evangelising, charitable, missional Church, which is never stationary or static, but always ‘going places’ (as we might say). In his very first homily he began by saying:
> In these three readings, I see that there is something in common: movement. In the first reading, movement is the *journey* [itself]; in the second reading, movement is in the *up-building* of the Church. In the third, in the Gospel, the movement is in [the act of] *profession [of faith]*: walking, building, professing (Sistine Chapel, 14th March, 2013, emphasis in italics added).
Each of these three themes is prominent in *Lumen Fidei*. Professing the faith is what the whole document is about. The theme of journeying, as we have seen, is constant. The theme of faith as an act of *building* is introduced as a minor secondary theme in §50 where, in commenting on the Letter to the Hebrews, Pope writes, ‘faith is not only presented as a journey, but also as a process of building, the preparing of a place in which human beings can dwell together with one another’ (emphasis added).
If, while reading the Encyclical, you take note of the constant recurrence of the idea of ‘journeying’, then there is one passage which will jump out at you as soon as you come across it. It is this:
> Faith, as we have said, takes the form of a journey, a path to be followed, which begins with an encounter with the living God (*LF* §46).
Although it comes rather late in *Lumen Fidei*, nevertheless, this one sentence encapsulates the central idea of the document as a whole. With this in mind, everything else falls into place.
A PERSONAL ENCOUNTER
This sentence also shows the beautiful way in which Pope Francis’ first encyclical resonates with the first encyclical of Benedict XVI, *Deus Caritas Est* (On ‘Christian Love’, henceforth *DCE*). There is a sentence in the first paragraph of the latter which may well be one of the most memorable and significant sayings in the whole of Benedict’s magisterium:
> Being Christian is not the result of an ethical choice or a lofty idea, but the encounter with an event, a person, which gives life a new horizon and a decisive direction (*DCE* §1).
Reading these two sentences together, as I believe Pope Francis wishes us to do, we learn that the *journey* of the Christian life (the life of faith) begins with the *personal encounter* with Jesus Christ (in whom ‘the living God’ is most fully revealed). It is precisely this encounter which compels the Christian to embark upon the journey.
We may be familiar with the way in which our Protestant brothers and sisters talk about ‘a personal relationship with Jesus’. Pope Francis and Benedict want the Catholic Faithful also to be aware of the crucial importance of this personal encounter for Christian faith. There are, however, differences. For a start, according to the Catholic Faith, the personal encounter with the living God takes place *sacramentally*, beginning with baptism:
> While the sacraments are indeed *sacraments of faith*, it can also be said that *faith itself* possesses a sacramental structure. The awakening of faith is linked to the dawning of a new sacramental sense in our lives as human beings and as Christians, in which visible and material realities are seen to point beyond themselves to the mystery of the eternal (*LF* §40, emphasis added).
A second difference is that the personal encounter of each believer with Jesus – indeed the whole journey of faith – is not the encounter /journey of an isolated individual, but of the whole community of faith, the Church. Throughout *Lumen Fidei*, Francis is at pains to stress the objectivity of faith. If:
> [f]aith is more than a personal effort, a leap in the dark, to be taken in the absence of light, driven by blind hope, it is also a shared, objective light, capable perhaps of warming the heart and bringing personal consolation, but not something which could be proposed to others as an objective and shared light which points the way (*LF* §3)
then it would only be ‘true for you but not for me’, as many say these days. Precisely because the Truth in which we place our faith has an objective reality, it is a faith that can be shared by an entire community of ‘faithful’ people. We not only say ‘I believe’ but we believe’ (*LF* §39). The journey of faith therefore is not a solo journey, but ‘enables us to become part of the Church’s great pilgrimage through history until the end of the world’ (*LF* §22, emphasis added).
NEW HORIZONS
Another word that appears regularly in *Lumen Fidei* is the word ‘horizon’ – often accompanied by the description ‘immense’ (*§1*) or ‘vast’ (*§4*). In one striking passage, Pope Francis brings together all three theological virtues as he expands upon Benedict’s line from *DCE*:
> Encountering Christ [ie. beginning the journey of faith], letting themselves be caught up in and guided by his love, enlarges the horizons of existence, gives it a firm hope which will not disappoint (*LF* §33).
As we have seen, Benedict taught that the personal encounter with Christ ‘gives life a new horizon’, a new goal and destination (*DCE* §1). The journey of faith is not like that of a sight-seeing tourist, travelling on ‘roads which take us in endless circles, going nowhere’ (*LF* §3). Rather, the journey of faith has a ‘decisive direction’ and a particular goal. In this sense it is precisely like a pilgrimage, in which the meaning of the journey is completely determined by the destination.
The person who embarks upon the journey of faith has their head and eyes lifted up toward the horizon – the farthest point that the eye can see.
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