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397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_0 | UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the New Volumes of the General History of Africa
# GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA · XI
# Global Africa Today
EDITOR HILARY BECKLES
UNESCO
# GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA • XI
| UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the New Volumes of the General History of Africa
GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA · XI
Global Africa Today
EDITOR HILARY BECKLES
UNESCO
GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA • XI | [
"img_ref_1"
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397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_1 | ## Global Africa Today
UNESCO General History of Africa
Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory (Editor J. Ki-Zerbo)
Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)
Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (Editor M. El Fasi) (Assistant Editor I. Hrbek)
Volume IV Africa from the Tw... | Global Africa Today
UNESCO General History of Africa
Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory (Editor J. Ki-Zerbo)
Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)
Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (Editor M. El Fasi) (Assistant Editor I. Hrbek)
Volume IV Africa from the Twelf... | GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA • XI | Global Africa Today | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 244 | 1,010 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_2 | # Global Africa Today
EDITOR HILARY BECKLES
UNESCO
Published in 2025 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France.
© UNESCO 2025
ISBN 978-92-3-100811-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54678/YRPF7307
This publication is ... | Global Africa Today
EDITOR HILARY BECKLES
UNESCO
Published in 2025 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France.
© UNESCO 2025
ISBN 978-92-3-100811-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54678/YRPF7307
This publication is available in Open Access und... | Global Africa Today | [
"img_ref_2"
] | 1 | true | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 1,254 | 807 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_3 | The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Th... | The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Th... | Global Africa Today | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 2,061 | 959 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_4 | Graphic Design (cover and text): Maria Luiza Monteiro Bueno e Silva, Rafael Hildebrand
Technical revision: Professor Augustin F. C. Holl
English Editor: Catherine E. Nolan
Proofreader: Cathleen Pereira Lee (sections II and III), Catherine E. Nolan (Section I)
General History of Africa website:
https://www.unesco.o... | Graphic Design (cover and text): Maria Luiza Monteiro Bueno e Silva, Rafael Hildebrand
Technical revision: Professor Augustin F. C. Holl
English Editor: Catherine E. Nolan
Proofreader: Cathleen Pereira Lee (sections II and III), Catherine E. Nolan (Section I)
General History of Africa website:
https://www.unesco.o... | Global Africa Today | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 3,020 | 388 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_5 | # ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
UNESCO acknowledges with gratitude the generous contributions received for the production of this publication from the following public and private partners (in alphabetical order): Government of Angola, Government of Brazil, Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais, Escola Superior Dom Helder Câmara, M... | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
UNESCO acknowledges with gratitude the generous contributions received for the production of this publication from the following public and private partners (in alphabetical order): Government of Angola, Government of Brazil, Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais, Escola Superior Dom Helder Câmara, MTN... | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 3,408 | 398 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_6 | # IN MEMORIAM
The following experts who contributed to the new General History of Africa, Volumes IX-XI, passed away prior to publication of the present volume. Their work is gratefully acknowledged and their presence is greatly missed.
Professor Ambassador Olabiyi Babalola Joseph Yai, Benin, member of the Internatio... | IN MEMORIAM
The following experts who contributed to the new General History of Africa, Volumes IX-XI, passed away prior to publication of the present volume. Their work is gratefully acknowledged and their presence is greatly missed.
Professor Ambassador Olabiyi Babalola Joseph Yai, Benin, member of the Internationa... | IN MEMORIAM | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 3,806 | 747 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_7 | # CONTENTS
List of Figures...XV
List of Tables, Graphics and Boxes...XVII
Foreword by Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO...XIX
General Introduction: Reconceptualizing the History of Africa and Its Diasporas (Augustin F. C. HOLL, the Chair of the Scientific Committee)...XXI
Global Africa Today: An Introduction ... | CONTENTS
List of Figures...XV
List of Tables, Graphics and Boxes...XVII
Foreword by Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO...XIX
General Introduction: Reconceptualizing the History of Africa and Its Diasporas (Augustin F. C. HOLL, the Chair of the Scientific Committee)...XXI
Global Africa Today: An Introduction (H... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 4,553 | 902 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_8 | 7 Rethinking the History of Poverty in Africa: Three Epistemological Approaches (Vincent BONNECASE) 81
8 Food Insecurity in the Sahel: The Limits of Food Crisis Prevention and Management Mechanisms, the Case of Niger (Boureima Alpha GADO) 87
9 Feminism in Africa (Fatou SOW) 101
10 The Woman's Africa in Her Own Words (E... | 7 Rethinking the History of Poverty in Africa: Three Epistemological Approaches (Vincent BONNECASE) 81
8 Food Insecurity in the Sahel: The Limits of Food Crisis Prevention and Management Mechanisms, the Case of Niger (Boureima Alpha GADO) 87
9 Feminism in Africa (Fatou SOW) 101
10 The Woman's Africa in Her Own Words (E... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 5,455 | 960 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_9 | 18 Space, Insularity and Borders: The Case of Madagascar (Tovonirina Daniela RAKOTONDRABE) 191
19 The Concepts of Creolization/Hybridation/Métissage (Dominic Richard David THOMAS) 199
20 Afro-Caribbean Seamen in the Black Atlantic World 1880-1950 (Alan COBLEY) 205
21 Walter Rodney, Sylvia Wynter and the Development of ... | 18 Space, Insularity and Borders: The Case of Madagascar (Tovonirina Daniela RAKOTONDRABE) 191
19 The Concepts of Creolization/Hybridation/Métissage (Dominic Richard David THOMAS) 199
20 Afro-Caribbean Seamen in the Black Atlantic World 1880-1950 (Alan COBLEY) 205
21 Walter Rodney, Sylvia Wynter and the Development of ... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 6,415 | 594 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_10 | 24 New Economic Indicators: Globalization in African Words (Samir AMIN)... 281
25 Global African Modernisms (Heather D. RUSSELL)... 291
26 Identity: Developing One's Own Image and Naming Oneself (Helen LAUER)... 313
Section II: Africa in the Contemporary World (Coordinator Tayeb CHENNTOUF)
Introduction (Tayeb CHENNTO... | 24 New Economic Indicators: Globalization in African Words (Samir AMIN)... 281
25 Global African Modernisms (Heather D. RUSSELL)... 291
26 Identity: Developing One's Own Image and Naming Oneself (Helen LAUER)... 313
Section II: Africa in the Contemporary World (Coordinator Tayeb CHENNTOUF)
Introduction (Tayeb CHENNTO... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 7,009 | 332 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_11 | 1 Changes and Continuity of Pan-Africanism (Amzat BOUKARI-YABARA)... 339
2 The Pan-African Movement for Transnational Liberation and Human Rights (Tukufu ZUBERI)... 351
3 Social Movements Claiming an African Identity (Valter Roberto SILVÉRIO)... 363
4 Contemporary Views of Africanness (Amzat BOUKARI-YABARA)... 379
5 Re... | 1 Changes and Continuity of Pan-Africanism (Amzat BOUKARI-YABARA)... 339
2 The Pan-African Movement for Transnational Liberation and Human Rights (Tukufu ZUBERI)... 351
3 Social Movements Claiming an African Identity (Valter Roberto SILVÉRIO)... 363
4 Contemporary Views of Africanness (Amzat BOUKARI-YABARA)... 379
5 Re... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 7,341 | 1,009 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_12 | 15 'Marxist-Leninist' States in Tropical Africa in the Late Twentieth Century (Alexander BALEZIN) 515
16 The Marxist Experience: The Case of the Congo and Angola (Jean-Michel MABEKO-TALI) 525
17 Political Coups and One-Party Regimes (Willy JACKSON, Issiaka MANDÉ) 533
18 External Factors: The Role of Moscow and its Alli... | 15 'Marxist-Leninist' States in Tropical Africa in the Late Twentieth Century (Alexander BALEZIN) 515
16 The Marxist Experience: The Case of the Congo and Angola (Jean-Michel MABEKO-TALI) 525
17 Political Coups and One-Party Regimes (Willy JACKSON, Issiaka MANDÉ) 533
18 External Factors: The Role of Moscow and its Alli... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 8,350 | 1,009 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_13 | 29 Issues Associated With the Dissemination of African Thought (Pierre KIPRÉ) 715
| 29 Issues Associated With the Dissemination of African Thought (Pierre KIPRÉ) 715 | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 9,359 | 83 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_14 | Section III: Africa at the Turn of the Third Millennium: Challenges and Dynamics (Coordinator Faranirina V. RAJAONAH)
Introduction (Faranirina V. RAJAONAH) 733
1 Population Growth in Africa, The Impact of Numbers: Issues and Challenges (Cécile Marie ZOUNGRANA, Pierre KLISSOU) 755
2 Epidemics in Africa at the Turn of ... | Section III: Africa at the Turn of the Third Millennium: Challenges and Dynamics (Coordinator Faranirina V. RAJAONAH)
Introduction (Faranirina V. RAJAONAH) 733
1 Population Growth in Africa, The Impact of Numbers: Issues and Challenges (Cécile Marie ZOUNGRANA, Pierre KLISSOU) 755
2 Epidemics in Africa at the Turn of ... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 9,442 | 475 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_15 | 3 Kinshasa: An African Metropolis and a Singular City (Charles TSHIMANGA)... 777
4 Mid-Sized Cities in the Maghreb: An Expression of Internal Logic? (Madani SAFAR ZITOUN) 793
5 Age and Generation in the Comoros: Initiation, Solidarity and Change (Sophie BLANCHY) 805
6 Between Generation and Nation: Cultures and the You... | 3 Kinshasa: An African Metropolis and a Singular City (Charles TSHIMANGA)... 777
4 Mid-Sized Cities in the Maghreb: An Expression of Internal Logic? (Madani SAFAR ZITOUN) 793
5 Age and Generation in the Comoros: Initiation, Solidarity and Change (Sophie BLANCHY) 805
6 Between Generation and Nation: Cultures and the You... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 9,917 | 1,011 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_16 | 15 Migration and Development: African Perspectives (Issiaka MANDÉ) 929
16 Africa as the New Financial Hub (Vusi GUMEDE) 941
17 The Age of Salafism: Rupture and Restructuring in West African Societies (Abdoulaye SOUNAYE) 949
18 New Christianities in sub-Saharan Africa (Wyatt MacGAFFEY) 957
19 Rap and Hip Hop: Youth Move... | 15 Migration and Development: African Perspectives (Issiaka MANDÉ) 929
16 Africa as the New Financial Hub (Vusi GUMEDE) 941
17 The Age of Salafism: Rupture and Restructuring in West African Societies (Abdoulaye SOUNAYE) 949
18 New Christianities in sub-Saharan Africa (Wyatt MacGAFFEY) 957
19 Rap and Hip Hop: Youth Move... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 10,928 | 407 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_17 | 20 Imaging/Imaginings/Imaginaries: Historicizing Contemporary African Cinema at the Turn of the Third Millennium (Aboubakar SANOGO)... 979
21 Reading *Leso*: African Fabric as a Gateway to the World (Mshai MWANGOLA) 1001
22 Contemporary Circulation of African Art in Cuba and Haiti: Biennials, Exhibitions and Artists' T... | 20 Imaging/Imaginings/Imaginaries: Historicizing Contemporary African Cinema at the Turn of the Third Millennium (Aboubakar SANOGO)... 979
21 Reading Leso: African Fabric as a Gateway to the World (Mshai MWANGOLA) 1001
22 Contemporary Circulation of African Art in Cuba and Haiti: Biennials, Exhibitions and Artists' Tra... | CONTENTS | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 11,335 | 525 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_18 | # LIST OF FIGURES
Section I
Chapter 8
Figure 1 Household food security survey... 91
Section III
Chapter 1
Figure 1 Population growth rates (2010-2015) in African countries... 757
Chapter 2
Figure 1 Geographic distribution of epidemics in Africa... 769
Chapter 3
Figure 1 Map of Kinshasa... 779
Chapter 21
Figure 1... | LIST OF FIGURES
Section I
Chapter 8
Figure 1 Household food security survey... 91
Section III
Chapter 1
Figure 1 Population growth rates (2010-2015) in African countries... 757
Chapter 2
Figure 1 Geographic distribution of epidemics in Africa... 769
Chapter 3
Figure 1 Map of Kinshasa... 779
Chapter 21
Figure 1 M... | LIST OF FIGURES | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 11,860 | 958 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_19 | Section II
Chapter 10
Table 1 Comparing U.S. and South African class structures across four socio-economic indicators ... 463
Chapter 29
Table 1 Production of articles on social sciences in Africa from 1987 to 2011 ... 719
Section III
Chapter 1
Table 1 Population of the world and major areas from 1950 to 2050 (Accord... | Section II
Chapter 10
Table 1 Comparing U.S. and South African class structures across four socio-economic indicators ... 463
Chapter 29
Table 1 Production of articles on social sciences in Africa from 1987 to 2011 ... 719
Section III
Chapter 1
Table 1 Population of the world and major areas from 1950 to 2050 (Accord... | LIST OF FIGURES | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 12,818 | 946 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_20 | Chapter 14
Box 1 Africa's natural resources ... 914
Box 2 The Africa Mining Vision ... 916
Box 3 Land grabbing ... 919
| Chapter 14
Box 1 Africa's natural resources ... 914
Box 2 The Africa Mining Vision ... 916
Box 3 Land grabbing ... 919 | LIST OF FIGURES | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 13,764 | 120 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_21 | # FOREWORD
by Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO
A famous African proverb, found across the entire continent, says that “until lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter.” This adage reflects the plight of Africa, whose historical accounts are all too often imbued ... | FOREWORD
by Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO
A famous African proverb, found across the entire continent, says that “until lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter.” This adage reflects the plight of Africa, whose historical accounts are all too often imbued wi... | FOREWORD | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 13,884 | 903 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_22 | Between 1981 and 1993, eight volumes of the landmark General History of Africa were published, and we are now building on this legacy with three new volumes. Volume XI, Global Africa Today, honours UNESCO’s longstanding commitment to assisting its African Member States in writing their own history, and reflects the maj... | Between 1981 and 1993, eight volumes of the landmark General History of Africa were published, and we are now building on this legacy with three new volumes. Volume XI, Global Africa Today, honours UNESCO’s longstanding commitment to assisting its African Member States in writing their own history, and reflects the maj... | FOREWORD | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 14,787 | 993 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_23 | On the international stage, independent Africa has had to navigate the tensions of the Cold War and the constraints of the Non-Aligned Movement. Despite the early momentum of panAfricanism, the continent's unity has been, and continues to be, undermined. Volume XI of the General History of Africa revisits the final str... | On the international stage, independent Africa has had to navigate the tensions of the Cold War and the constraints of the Non-Aligned Movement. Despite the early momentum of panAfricanism, the continent's unity has been, and continues to be, undermined. Volume XI of the General History of Africa revisits the final str... | FOREWORD | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 15,780 | 995 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_24 | This volume also presents an in-depth examination of complex current challenges – including demographic growth, rapid urbanization, public health, migration, debt, gender equality and environmental justice – while underscoring the extraordinary vitality of African and diasporic cultural expressions, reflecting an ever-... | This volume also presents an in-depth examination of complex current challenges – including demographic growth, rapid urbanization, public health, migration, debt, gender equality and environmental justice – while underscoring the extraordinary vitality of African and diasporic cultural expressions, reflecting an ever-... | FOREWORD | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 16,775 | 742 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_25 | I would like to express my deep gratitude to all members of the International Scientific Committee, including its Chair and Vice Chairs, as well as the editor and authors of this volume of the General History of Africa and everyone who contributed to the realization of this collective effort. My thanks also go to the d... | I would like to express my deep gratitude to all members of the International Scientific Committee, including its Chair and Vice Chairs, as well as the editor and authors of this volume of the General History of Africa and everyone who contributed to the realization of this collective effort. My thanks also go to the d... | FOREWORD | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 17,517 | 412 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_26 | # GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Reconceptualizing the History of Africa and its Diasporas
Augustin F. C. Holl
| GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Reconceptualizing the History of Africa and its Diasporas
Augustin F. C. Holl | GENERAL INTRODUCTION | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 17,929 | 103 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_27 | # Introduction
The UNESCO General History of Africa (GHA) project consists of a three-stage process. The first stage, 'the General History of Africa' stricto-sensu, was launched in the early 1960s, the second, 'the Pedagogical Use of the General History of Africa', in 2009, and the third and last, 'Volume IX of the Ge... | Introduction
The UNESCO General History of Africa (GHA) project consists of a three-stage process. The first stage, 'the General History of Africa' stricto-sensu, was launched in the early 1960s, the second, 'the Pedagogical Use of the General History of Africa', in 2009, and the third and last, 'Volume IX of the Gene... | Introduction | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 18,032 | 356 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_28 | The Volume IX of the GHA project was initially shaped at the Expert Meeting held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, under the auspices of the African Union, from 20 to 22 May 2013. Some 50 experts from different parts of world were invited to share ideas and make recommendations on the best ways to proceed. The initiative was s... | The Volume IX of the GHA project was initially shaped at the Expert Meeting held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, under the auspices of the African Union, from 20 to 22 May 2013. Some 50 experts from different parts of world were invited to share ideas and make recommendations on the best ways to proceed. The initiative was s... | Introduction | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 18,388 | 939 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_29 | The Committee crafted the initial structure of Volume IX in three tomes, organized the editorial teams
XXII
Global Africa Today
| The Committee crafted the initial structure of Volume IX in three tomes, organized the editorial teams
XXII
Global Africa Today | Introduction | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 19,327 | 131 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_30 | and selected some 250-300 authors worldwide. During the last meeting in Xiamen, it was decided to produce three volumes (IX, X and XI) instead of one Volume IX comprising three tomes. When the last stage of the process is complete, the GHA will be an impressive eleven-volume series.
| and selected some 250-300 authors worldwide. During the last meeting in Xiamen, it was decided to produce three volumes (IX, X and XI) instead of one Volume IX comprising three tomes. When the last stage of the process is complete, the GHA will be an impressive eleven-volume series. | Introduction | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 19,458 | 285 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_32 | The middle of the twentieth century was the crest of a wave of independence of African countries. The legacy of World War II, which pitted the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Warsaw Pact military alliances against each other, was the key variable of international geopolitics. The Cold War, spreading its f... | The middle of the twentieth century was the crest of a wave of independence of African countries. The legacy of World War II, which pitted the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Warsaw Pact military alliances against each other, was the key variable of international geopolitics. The Cold War, spreading its f... | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 19,790 | 881 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_33 | And finally, in Asia, following the implementation of the 'containment' doctrine, the United States Air Force attacked North Vietnam in 1964, triggering a sustained escalation in a war that lasted up until 1975.
| And finally, in Asia, following the implementation of the 'containment' doctrine, the United States Air Force attacked North Vietnam in 1964, triggering a sustained escalation in a war that lasted up until 1975. | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 20,671 | 213 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_34 | The World War II alliance to defeat fascism and German-Japanese militarism was shattered in the immediate post-war years. The Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army defeated the Kuomintang and the Chinese Nationalist Party, and proclaimed the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The Berlin Bl... | The World War II alliance to defeat fascism and German-Japanese militarism was shattered in the immediate post-war years. The Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army defeated the Kuomintang and the Chinese Nationalist Party, and proclaimed the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The Berlin Bl... | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 20,884 | 924 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_35 | The movement toward independence of former colonies – predominantly in Africa – kicked off and the outcome was inevitable. The General History of Africa (GHA) project was born in that tense context. The
General introduction
XXIII
| The movement toward independence of former colonies – predominantly in Africa – kicked off and the outcome was inevitable. The General History of Africa (GHA) project was born in that tense context. The
General introduction
XXIII | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 21,808 | 233 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_36 | move was motivated by the strong will of newly independent African countries to take their destiny into their own hands, improve their present, shape their future and reflect on their history from their own perspective.
| move was motivated by the strong will of newly independent African countries to take their destiny into their own hands, improve their present, shape their future and reflect on their history from their own perspective. | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 22,041 | 221 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_37 | The history curriculum taught in colonized Africa was inadequate in many aspects. Schoolchildren in French colonies were taught to sing 'Our Ancestors the Gauls'. The European self-assigned 'civilizing mission' was predicated on the erasure of African historical agency. A new approach to Africa's past was an absolute n... | The history curriculum taught in colonized Africa was inadequate in many aspects. Schoolchildren in French colonies were taught to sing 'Our Ancestors the Gauls'. The European self-assigned 'civilizing mission' was predicated on the erasure of African historical agency. A new approach to Africa's past was an absolute n... | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 22,262 | 922 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_38 | Their work was coordinated by the International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa, comprising 39 experts. They had to challenge the colonial library and rebuild an African historiography free of colonialist imprints and stereotypes. The history of Africa was not confined to enslavemen... | Their work was coordinated by the International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa, comprising 39 experts. They had to challenge the colonial library and rebuild an African historiography free of colonialist imprints and stereotypes. The history of Africa was not confined to enslavemen... | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 23,184 | 818 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_39 | Starting with the GHA, UNESCO launched a series of general and regional histories, including the History of Humanity, a History of the Civilizations of Central Asia, a General History of Latin America, a General History of the Caribbean, and the Different Aspects of Islamic Culture. The process was triggered by the lib... | Starting with the GHA, UNESCO launched a series of general and regional histories, including the History of Humanity, a History of the Civilizations of Central Asia, a General History of Latin America, a General History of the Caribbean, and the Different Aspects of Islamic Culture. The process was triggered by the lib... | The launch of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 24,002 | 895 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_40 | # The General History of Africa as an alternative
| The General History of Africa as an alternative | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 24,897 | 51 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_41 | The GHA was crafted as an alternative to the Eurocentric views of world history. The search for an alternative to the situation of alienation, domination and dependency has been part of the activities of some individuals or organized groups as early as the nineteenth century, with activists like Marcus Garvey, intellec... | The GHA was crafted as an alternative to the Eurocentric views of world history. The search for an alternative to the situation of alienation, domination and dependency has been part of the activities of some individuals or organized groups as early as the nineteenth century, with activists like Marcus Garvey, intellec... | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 24,948 | 1,019 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_42 | His presentation focused on a number of key issues, including 'the denial' of history, the false assumption of a 'balkanized' continent, and the conception of Africans and Afrodescendants as 'the wretched of the Earth'. He explained the genesis of the project and its scientific ambitions, and asserted the imperative fo... | His presentation focused on a number of key issues, including 'the denial' of history, the false assumption of a 'balkanized' continent, and the conception of Africans and Afrodescendants as 'the wretched of the Earth'. He explained the genesis of the project and its scientific ambitions, and asserted the imperative fo... | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 25,967 | 405 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_43 | Centuries of enslavement, followed by destructive conquest and colonial domination have generated peculiar conceptions of Africans, their past and their position in the world, as well as their future. Despite important contributions of a small number of scholars – Leo Frobenius, Maurice Delafosse and Arturo Labriola – ... | Centuries of enslavement, followed by destructive conquest and colonial domination have generated peculiar conceptions of Africans, their past and their position in the world, as well as their future. Despite important contributions of a small number of scholars – Leo Frobenius, Maurice Delafosse and Arturo Labriola – ... | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 26,372 | 990 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_44 | African history was filtered through a series of preconceptions. It thus appears crucial for the historians to reshuffle their methodological tools and abandon the misleading preconceptions.
General introduction
XXV
| African history was filtered through a series of preconceptions. It thus appears crucial for the historians to reshuffle their methodological tools and abandon the misleading preconceptions.
General introduction
XXV | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 27,362 | 219 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_45 | The dominant perception of Africa was that of a continent with juxtaposed subsets. North Africa, known as ‘white’ and sub-Saharan Africa, known as ‘black’ were thought to have lived separately on account of an insurmountable obstacle, namely the Saharan desert. Ancient Egypt and Nubia were also thought to have evolved ... | The dominant perception of Africa was that of a continent with juxtaposed subsets. North Africa, known as ‘white’ and sub-Saharan Africa, known as ‘black’ were thought to have lived separately on account of an insurmountable obstacle, namely the Saharan desert. Ancient Egypt and Nubia were also thought to have evolved ... | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 27,581 | 856 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_46 | Racial stereotypes linked to the slave trade and colonial domination have distorted the very basis of African historiography. The use of discriminatory categories, for example, establishing white superiority and the ‘essentialisation du nègre’ have distorted this historiography. In fact, Africa had to fight against two... | Racial stereotypes linked to the slave trade and colonial domination have distorted the very basis of African historiography. The use of discriminatory categories, for example, establishing white superiority and the ‘essentialisation du nègre’ have distorted this historiography. In fact, Africa had to fight against two... | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 28,437 | 672 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_47 | In this particular context, the Africans themselves felt the profound need to re-establish the historicity of their societies on solid foundations. This was one of the main stakes involved in the GHA project. The methodological innovation required gave great importance to African sources, particularly oral traditions (... | In this particular context, the Africans themselves felt the profound need to re-establish the historicity of their societies on solid foundations. This was one of the main stakes involved in the GHA project. The methodological innovation required gave great importance to African sources, particularly oral traditions (... | The General History of Africa as an alternative | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 29,109 | 398 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_48 | # GHA volumes I to VIII
UNESCO’s GHA includes the following eight volumes:
Volume I – Methodology and African Prehistory, edited by J. Ki-Zerbo (1981), has 28 chapters and three themes: methodology; archaeology and its techniques; and environmental change and regional sequences.
Volume II – Ancient Civilizations of ... | GHA volumes I to VIII
UNESCO’s GHA includes the following eight volumes:
Volume I – Methodology and African Prehistory, edited by J. Ki-Zerbo (1981), has 28 chapters and three themes: methodology; archaeology and its techniques; and environmental change and regional sequences.
Volume II – Ancient Civilizations of Af... | GHA volumes I to VIII | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 29,507 | 803 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_49 | Volume IV – Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, edited by D. T. Niane (1984), partly overlaps chronologically with the previous volume. It comprises 27 chapters and four themes, dealing with the diversity of Africa's political, social and economic organizations as well as the 'Africanization' of Islam.
V... | Volume IV – Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, edited by D. T. Niane (1984), partly overlaps chronologically with the previous volume. It comprises 27 chapters and four themes, dealing with the diversity of Africa's political, social and economic organizations as well as the 'Africanization' of Islam.
V... | GHA volumes I to VIII | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 30,310 | 687 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_50 | Volume VI – Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s, edited by J. F. Ade Ajayi (1989), consists of 29 chapters and four themes, dealing with European settlements in northern and southern Africa, the formation of new States, Islam revivalist movements in West Africa, and the general state of the continent on th... | Volume VI – Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s, edited by J. F. Ade Ajayi (1989), consists of 29 chapters and four themes, dealing with European settlements in northern and southern Africa, the formation of new States, Islam revivalist movements in West Africa, and the general state of the continent on th... | GHA volumes I to VIII | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 30,997 | 981 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_51 | Unfortunately, the impressive achievement of the GHA project was not widely disseminated in African bookstores, libraries or research institutions. Its impact on history curricula was virtually non-existent in most, if not all, African countries. A new initiative was necessary. The opportunity for launching that new in... | Unfortunately, the impressive achievement of the GHA project was not widely disseminated in African bookstores, libraries or research institutions. Its impact on history curricula was virtually non-existent in most, if not all, African countries. A new initiative was necessary. The opportunity for launching that new in... | GHA volumes I to VIII | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 31,978 | 537 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_52 | # The pedagogical use of the General History of Africa
| The pedagogical use of the General History of Africa | The pedagogical use of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 32,515 | 56 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_53 | The Pedagogical Use of the General History of Africa project is but the second phase of the GHA long-term objectives. It is geared to shift the momentum back into the hands of Africans and people of African descent. Building on the political dynamics triggered by the Sirte Declaration and the establishment of the Organ... | The Pedagogical Use of the General History of Africa project is but the second phase of the GHA long-term objectives. It is geared to shift the momentum back into the hands of Africans and people of African descent. Building on the political dynamics triggered by the Sirte Declaration and the establishment of the Organ... | The pedagogical use of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 32,571 | 920 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_54 | The foundational idea was to generate a common frame of mind, and shape a manifest destiny based on a common history and shared future that would further the construction of a peaceful, united and prosperous continent.
| The foundational idea was to generate a common frame of mind, and shape a manifest destiny based on a common history and shared future that would further the construction of a peaceful, united and prosperous continent. | The pedagogical use of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 33,491 | 220 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_55 | The dense and rich material assembled in the eight volumes of the GHA had to be analysed and included in the history curriculum of all the continent's school systems, from elementary schools to higher education institutions. Africans and Afrodescendants have to learn a history written from their own perspective, away f... | The dense and rich material assembled in the eight volumes of the GHA had to be analysed and included in the history curriculum of all the continent's school systems, from elementary schools to higher education institutions. Africans and Afrodescendants have to learn a history written from their own perspective, away f... | The pedagogical use of the General History of Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 33,711 | 847 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_56 | # The post-colonial imperative and new epistemology
Some 60 years after the wave of independence of African countries, it was possible to pause and think. The Bretton Woods institutions – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and, more recently, the World Trade Organization – set the rules and imposed libera... | The post-colonial imperative and new epistemology
Some 60 years after the wave of independence of African countries, it was possible to pause and think. The Bretton Woods institutions – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and, more recently, the World Trade Organization – set the rules and imposed liberal ... | The post-colonial imperative and new epistemology | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 34,558 | 659 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_57 | In it, I argued that a remarkable consensus concerning the legitimacy of liberal democracy as a system of government had emerged throughout the world over the past few years, as it conquered rival ideologies like hereditary monarchy, fascism, and most recently communism. More than that, however, I argued that liberal d... | In it, I argued that a remarkable consensus concerning the legitimacy of liberal democracy as a system of government had emerged throughout the world over the past few years, as it conquered rival ideologies like hereditary monarchy, fascism, and most recently communism. More than that, however, I argued that liberal d... | The post-colonial imperative and new epistemology | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 35,217 | 953 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_58 | Without having to cut ties with former colonial powers, it is time to explore new spaces and times as well as distant and present connections with South America and Asia. Despite its current political crisis, Brazil, with the largest population of people of African descent outside Africa, will be a crucial partner in t... | Without having to cut ties with former colonial powers, it is time to explore new spaces and times as well as distant and present connections with South America and Asia. Despite its current political crisis, Brazil, with the largest population of people of African descent outside Africa, will be a crucial partner in t... | The post-colonial imperative and new epistemology | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 36,170 | 773 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_59 | # Past Chinese presence in Africa
It is not known precisely when Chinese goods reached Africa for the first time. Archaeological research provides a number of clues. An Austrian expedition excavating in Thebes, at Deir el-Madina, found the remains of silk in the hair of a 30-50 year-old female mummy discovered in the ... | Past Chinese presence in Africa
It is not known precisely when Chinese goods reached Africa for the first time. Archaeological research provides a number of clues. An Austrian expedition excavating in Thebes, at Deir el-Madina, found the remains of silk in the hair of a 30-50 year-old female mummy discovered in the bu... | Past Chinese presence in Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 36,943 | 762 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_60 | trade and consequently the Silk Road, are thus much older than thought, and probably reached Egypt through Persia. Trade and cultural exchange between China and Egypt were well established during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) (Sun Tang, 1979 in Li Anshan, 2005). According to Li Anshan (2005, p. 60), Du Huan, a Chi... | trade and consequently the Silk Road, are thus much older than thought, and probably reached Egypt through Persia. Trade and cultural exchange between China and Egypt were well established during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) (Sun Tang, 1979 in Li Anshan, 2005). According to Li Anshan (2005, p. 60), Du Huan, a Chi... | Past Chinese presence in Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 37,705 | 740 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_61 | In the first half of the fifteenth century, the Ming dynasty decided to project Chinese naval power all over the Indian Ocean. The Yongle emperor (1403-1424) appointed Zheng He as the Chief Admiral of a large fleet – the Treasure Fleet. The latter organized a total of seven expeditions, from 1405 to 1433, generally kno... | In the first half of the fifteenth century, the Ming dynasty decided to project Chinese naval power all over the Indian Ocean. The Yongle emperor (1403-1424) appointed Zheng He as the Chief Admiral of a large fleet – the Treasure Fleet. The latter organized a total of seven expeditions, from 1405 to 1433, generally kno... | Past Chinese presence in Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 38,445 | 994 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_62 | Such evidence is distributed over a large geographic zone in Eastern Africa, including Great Zimbabwe, the Swahili city-states, the Comoros and Madagascar (Beaujard, 2007). In addition, some of the descendants of Chinese sailors from Admiral Zheng He’s fleet living on the small island of Pate were interviewed by Nichol... | Such evidence is distributed over a large geographic zone in Eastern Africa, including Great Zimbabwe, the Swahili city-states, the Comoros and Madagascar (Beaujard, 2007). In addition, some of the descendants of Chinese sailors from Admiral Zheng He’s fleet living on the small island of Pate were interviewed by Nichol... | Past Chinese presence in Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 39,439 | 655 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_63 | # Past African presence in China
Beyond the presence of surprising animals, such as zebras and giraffes (Chau Ju-Kua, 1911; Ferrand, 1919, 1922; Filesi, 1970; Wheatley, 1961; Talib and Samir, 1988), a number of Africans, through different indirect channels, ended up living in China as early as the first quarter of the... | Past African presence in China
Beyond the presence of surprising animals, such as zebras and giraffes (Chau Ju-Kua, 1911; Ferrand, 1919, 1922; Filesi, 1970; Wheatley, 1961; Talib and Samir, 1988), a number of Africans, through different indirect channels, ended up living in China as early as the first quarter of the e... | Past African presence in China | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 40,094 | 1,013 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_64 | Although, indirectly and through Arab and Indonesian intermediaries, the slave trade reached China, mainly through the entry port and distribution hub of Guangzhou (Canton). The enslaved Africans were 'employed on shipboard to caulk leaky seams below the water-line from the outside as they were expert swimmers who do n... | Although, indirectly and through Arab and Indonesian intermediaries, the slave trade reached China, mainly through the entry port and distribution hub of Guangzhou (Canton). The enslaved Africans were 'employed on shipboard to caulk leaky seams below the water-line from the outside as they were expert swimmers who do n... | Past African presence in China | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 41,107 | 854 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_65 | The great Moroccan world traveller and explorer Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah al-Lawati al-Tanji Ibn Battuta – Ibn Battuta for short – visited China in the middle of the fourteenth century. He travelled all over the ancient world, covering some 120,000 kilometres in 29 years. Ibn Battuta arrived at Guangzhou (Cant... | The great Moroccan world traveller and explorer Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah al-Lawati al-Tanji Ibn Battuta – Ibn Battuta for short – visited China in the middle of the fourteenth century. He travelled all over the ancient world, covering some 120,000 kilometres in 29 years. Ibn Battuta arrived at Guangzhou (Cant... | Past African presence in China | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 41,961 | 849 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_66 | some Africans from the Swahili city-states of Mogadishu, Malindi or Mombasa were involved in these visits. In summary, from as early as the eighth century, Africans were present in Chinese imperial courts and in some wealthy families in southern China.
| some Africans from the Swahili city-states of Mogadishu, Malindi or Mombasa were involved in these visits. In summary, from as early as the eighth century, Africans were present in Chinese imperial courts and in some wealthy families in southern China. | Past African presence in China | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 42,810 | 254 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_67 | ## An exciting new conjuncture
A conjuncture is the convergence of independent factors that generates a new and unpredictable situation that lasts. The new and exciting conjuncture referred to here is made of four distinct developments: (1) a new institutional framework; (2) the improvement of the general economic and... | An exciting new conjuncture
A conjuncture is the convergence of independent factors that generates a new and unpredictable situation that lasts. The new and exciting conjuncture referred to here is made of four distinct developments: (1) a new institutional framework; (2) the improvement of the general economic and so... | Past African presence in China | An exciting new conjuncture | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 43,064 | 523 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_69 | The end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed important changes in Africa's political map. After long wars of national liberation, the former Portuguese colonies became sovereign States in the 1970s: Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde celebrated their independence on 24 September 1973; Ango... | The end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed important changes in Africa's political map. After long wars of national liberation, the former Portuguese colonies became sovereign States in the 1970s: Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde celebrated their independence on 24 September 1973; Ango... | Past African presence in China | A new institutional framework | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 43,621 | 998 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_70 | The establishment of the African Union in 1999 and the initiation of the regional integration process sparked a new momentum, challenging the divisions of the continent and the identity and nation construction model inherited from the colonial period. The major changes in the areas of economic cooperation and internati... | The establishment of the African Union in 1999 and the initiation of the regional integration process sparked a new momentum, challenging the divisions of the continent and the identity and nation construction model inherited from the colonial period. The major changes in the areas of economic cooperation and internati... | Past African presence in China | A new institutional framework | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 44,619 | 788 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_71 | Moreover, people of African descent in South, Central and North America, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, the Middle East and elsewhere are attaching increasing importance to the links that tie them to Africa and African heritage. The countries in which people of African descent reside are increasingly recognizing the ... | Moreover, people of African descent in South, Central and North America, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, the Middle East and elsewhere are attaching increasing importance to the links that tie them to Africa and African heritage. The countries in which people of African descent reside are increasingly recognizing the ... | Past African presence in China | A new institutional framework | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 45,407 | 879 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_72 | The preparation and publication of Volume IX of the GHA is a positive response to the above-mentioned trends and the requests formulated by Member States at the African Union summit held in Syrte, Libya, in 2009.
| The preparation and publication of Volume IX of the GHA is a positive response to the above-mentioned trends and the requests formulated by Member States at the African Union summit held in Syrte, Libya, in 2009. | Past African presence in China | A new institutional framework | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 46,286 | 214 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_74 | The economic outlook of the entire continent has shifted in the right direction during the last two decades, starting from the 2010s. There are significant variations between regions and countries, but on average, the situation has improved. Globally, major European weekly magazines, such as *Le Point* in France and *T... | The economic outlook of the entire continent has shifted in the right direction during the last two decades, starting from the 2010s. There are significant variations between regions and countries, but on average, the situation has improved. Globally, major European weekly magazines, such as Le Point in France and The ... | Past African presence in China | Africa's economic outlook | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 46,530 | 955 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_75 | According to demographic projections, there are 500 million Africans of working age and there will be 1.1 billion in 2040, more than in China or India (*Le Point*, 9 August 2012). The potential for greener development is also higher in Africa than anywhere else in the world.
General introduction
XXXIII
| According to demographic projections, there are 500 million Africans of working age and there will be 1.1 billion in 2040, more than in China or India (Le Point, 9 August 2012). The potential for greener development is also higher in Africa than anywhere else in the world.
General introduction
XXXIII | Past African presence in China | Africa's economic outlook | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 47,485 | 307 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_76 | # The expansion and acceleration of economic cooperation between Africa, Asia and South America
| The expansion and acceleration of economic cooperation between Africa, Asia and South America | The expansion and acceleration of economic cooperation between Africa, Asia and South America | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 47,792 | 97 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_77 | The multilateral cooperation between African countries and Asian and South American partners is on the increase. Most Asian economic powerhouses, whether large, like China, India and Japan, or smaller, like South Korea, are launching cooperation programmes with African countries in a broad range of domains. A new coope... | The multilateral cooperation between African countries and Asian and South American partners is on the increase. Most Asian economic powerhouses, whether large, like China, India and Japan, or smaller, like South Korea, are launching cooperation programmes with African countries in a broad range of domains. A new coope... | The expansion and acceleration of economic cooperation between Africa, Asia and South America | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 47,889 | 1,013 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_79 | The collapse of the Soviet empire, symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, took all political commentators by surprise. Starting with glasnost, the attempted reform movement launched by President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet empire unravelled within a few months (Sebestyen, 2010). The world was l... | The collapse of the Soviet empire, symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, took all political commentators by surprise. Starting with glasnost, the attempted reform movement launched by President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet empire unravelled within a few months (Sebestyen, 2010). The world was l... | The development of a multipolar world | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 48,943 | 1,020 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_80 | The neoconservatives rose to full executive power with the election of G. W. Bush and Dick Cheney, respectively as President and Vice-President of the United States, in November 2000. During the chaotic rule of President Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999), the Russian Federation was totally absent from the international stage. ... | The neoconservatives rose to full executive power with the election of G. W. Bush and Dick Cheney, respectively as President and Vice-President of the United States, in November 2000. During the chaotic rule of President Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999), the Russian Federation was totally absent from the international stage. ... | The development of a multipolar world | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 49,963 | 401 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_81 | Center in New York unleashed the implementation of the new doctrine. The war in Afghanistan started on 7 October 2001 and continues today. Under the pretext of the presence of weapons of mass destruction, the Iraq War was launched on 20 March 2003 and lasted until 18 December 2011. Vladimir Putin replaced Boris Yeltsin... | Center in New York unleashed the implementation of the new doctrine. The war in Afghanistan started on 7 October 2001 and continues today. Under the pretext of the presence of weapons of mass destruction, the Iraq War was launched on 20 March 2003 and lasted until 18 December 2011. Vladimir Putin replaced Boris Yeltsin... | The development of a multipolar world | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 50,364 | 822 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_82 | # The new General History of Africa: an exponential growth
The Volume IX of the General History of Africa project is the third phase, launched in 2013, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The impetus came from Brazil. The Brazilian parliament passed a law on the mandatory teaching of the history of Africans and of Afrodescendan... | The new General History of Africa: an exponential growth
The Volume IX of the General History of Africa project is the third phase, launched in 2013, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The impetus came from Brazil. The Brazilian parliament passed a law on the mandatory teaching of the history of Africans and of Afrodescendants... | The new General History of Africa: an exponential growth | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 51,186 | 995 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_83 | The contributors were asked to think about writing history differently and to invent another way of portraying history. They were particularly encouraged to take into account the literary and artistic productions concerning historic African experiences as essential materials in the writing of the endogenous history of ... | The contributors were asked to think about writing history differently and to invent another way of portraying history. They were particularly encouraged to take into account the literary and artistic productions concerning historic African experiences as essential materials in the writing of the endogenous history of ... | The new General History of Africa: an exponential growth | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 52,181 | 766 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_85 | This project implies writing a serene history of Africans and people of African descent on a global scale. That is what is subsumed under the concept of 'Global Africa'; in other words, taking into account the many dimensions of Africans worldwide, from the initial expansion of humans from the African continent to the ... | This project implies writing a serene history of Africans and people of African descent on a global scale. That is what is subsumed under the concept of 'Global Africa'; in other words, taking into account the many dimensions of Africans worldwide, from the initial expansion of humans from the African continent to the ... | An epistemic shift: Global Africa | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 52,984 | 1,016 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_87 | The decolonization of the concepts, paradigms and categorizations used in social and human sciences, particularly in history, is regarded as an epistemological necessity throughout the scientific and intellectual communities in the former colonies and beyond (Mudimbe, 1988; Said, 1979) and as yet another component of t... | The decolonization of the concepts, paradigms and categorizations used in social and human sciences, particularly in history, is regarded as an epistemological necessity throughout the scientific and intellectual communities in the former colonies and beyond (Mudimbe, 1988; Said, 1979) and as yet another component of t... | The decolonization of concepts | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 54,034 | 908 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_88 | The approach to the decolonization of knowledge on Africa, providing an opportunity to write an innovative history from within and with a different outlook on the world, makes a crucial contribution to what the poet and thinker Aimé Césaire called the 'meeting place for giving and taking', a rearranged universal, a 'pl... | The approach to the decolonization of knowledge on Africa, providing an opportunity to write an innovative history from within and with a different outlook on the world, makes a crucial contribution to what the poet and thinker Aimé Césaire called the 'meeting place for giving and taking', a rearranged universal, a 'pl... | The decolonization of concepts | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 54,942 | 381 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_89 | The current project, initially known as Volume IX of the General History of Africa, is consequently different from all the previous ones. It now comprises
XXXVI
Global Africa Today
three volumes – IX, X and XI – each with an editorial team consisting of section coordinators, co-editors and editors, with three main g... | The current project, initially known as Volume IX of the General History of Africa, is consequently different from all the previous ones. It now comprises
XXXVI
Global Africa Today
three volumes – IX, X and XI – each with an editorial team consisting of section coordinators, co-editors and editors, with three main g... | The decolonization of concepts | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 55,323 | 681 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_90 | # The General History of Africa Revisited
Volume IX, *The General History of Africa Revisited*, essentially aims to update the GHA. After four decades of intensive archaeological, historical and anthropological research, most of the content of the first three GHA volumes is partially or totally outdated. This updating... | The General History of Africa Revisited
Volume IX, The General History of Africa Revisited, essentially aims to update the GHA. After four decades of intensive archaeological, historical and anthropological research, most of the content of the first three GHA volumes is partially or totally outdated. This updating is ... | The General History of Africa Revisited | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 56,004 | 482 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_91 | Section 1, coordinated by Olabiyi B. Joseph Yai and Martial Ze Belinga and entitled ‘Writing History of Africans and their Diasporas Today’ explores the epistemological and theoretical conditions for the production of historical narratives in the contemporary world. The concept of ‘historical sources’ is ‘stretchable’ ... | Section 1, coordinated by Olabiyi B. Joseph Yai and Martial Ze Belinga and entitled ‘Writing History of Africans and their Diasporas Today’ explores the epistemological and theoretical conditions for the production of historical narratives in the contemporary world. The concept of ‘historical sources’ is ‘stretchable’ ... | The General History of Africa Revisited | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 56,486 | 1,005 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_92 | Section 2, ‘Review of the General History of Africa: Volumes I-VIII’, is coordinated by Doulaye Konaté. It comprises the reviews of the contents of GHA volumes I to VIII, published between 1981 and 1999, in order to determine what needs to be updated.
Section 3, entitled ‘The Initial History of Africa: An Update’, is ... | Section 2, ‘Review of the General History of Africa: Volumes I-VIII’, is coordinated by Doulaye Konaté. It comprises the reviews of the contents of GHA volumes I to VIII, published between 1981 and 1999, in order to determine what needs to be updated.
Section 3, entitled ‘The Initial History of Africa: An Update’, is ... | The General History of Africa Revisited | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 57,491 | 897 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_93 | The update of the initial history of the continent is carried out in seven topical entries, each with two to four contributions. The first, 'general topics', deals with paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatological research, paleogenomics and African language classifications. Paleoanthropological research has completely c... | The update of the initial history of the continent is carried out in seven topical entries, each with two to four contributions. The first, 'general topics', deals with paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatological research, paleogenomics and African language classifications. Paleoanthropological research has completely c... | The General History of Africa Revisited | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 58,388 | 812 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_94 | Three contributions under the second topic feature the oldest 7 million-year-old hominid from the Djurab desert in the Republic of Chad, an informed discussion on hominid subsistence and lifeways, and the presentation of the earliest stone tool complexes. Pleistocene hunting and gathering communities are dealt with und... | Three contributions under the second topic feature the oldest 7 million-year-old hominid from the Djurab desert in the Republic of Chad, an informed discussion on hominid subsistence and lifeways, and the presentation of the earliest stone tool complexes. Pleistocene hunting and gathering communities are dealt with und... | The General History of Africa Revisited | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 59,200 | 867 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_95 | Section 4, coordinated by Doulaye Konaté and entitled 'Ancient and Modern History of Africa: An Update', features 12 contributions organized under four themes: (1) regional processes in the inland Niger delta, the Maghreb and Madagascar; (2) histories of religious systems; (3) trade diasporas in West and East Africa an... | Section 4, coordinated by Doulaye Konaté and entitled 'Ancient and Modern History of Africa: An Update', features 12 contributions organized under four themes: (1) regional processes in the inland Niger delta, the Maghreb and Madagascar; (2) histories of religious systems; (3) trade diasporas in West and East Africa an... | The General History of Africa Revisited | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 60,067 | 387 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_96 | # Africa and Its Diasporas
Volume X, Africa and Its Diasporas, includes three sections. Section 1, coordinated by Carole Boyce-Davies and entitled 'Redefining Global Africanity and Blackness' includes 16 contributions, organized into two parts: (1) 'Race,
XXXVIII
Global Africa Today
Location, Diaspora and Global Bl... | Africa and Its Diasporas
Volume X, Africa and Its Diasporas, includes three sections. Section 1, coordinated by Carole Boyce-Davies and entitled 'Redefining Global Africanity and Blackness' includes 16 contributions, organized into two parts: (1) 'Race,
XXXVIII
Global Africa Today
Location, Diaspora and Global Blac... | Africa and Its Diasporas | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 60,454 | 960 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_97 | The first topic, geographies of the African diasporas, comprises four chapters tracing African presence in China, Australia, India and Iran. African revolutions and resistance to oppression, under the second topic, features revolts and resistances of enslaved peoples in North America, Brazil, Colombia and Madagascar. T... | The first topic, geographies of the African diasporas, comprises four chapters tracing African presence in China, Australia, India and Iran. African revolutions and resistance to oppression, under the second topic, features revolts and resistances of enslaved peoples in North America, Brazil, Colombia and Madagascar. T... | Africa and Its Diasporas | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 61,414 | 935 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_98 | Finally, the sixth topic, the return to Africa, in three contributions, focuses on the returnees from Brazil to West Africa and India to East Africa. Cases from Liberia and Sierra Leone, not dealt with here, are relatively well-known.
| Finally, the sixth topic, the return to Africa, in three contributions, focuses on the returnees from Brazil to West Africa and India to East Africa. Cases from Liberia and Sierra Leone, not dealt with here, are relatively well-known. | Africa and Its Diasporas | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 62,349 | 236 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_99 | Section 3, 'Life Stories and Freedom Narratives of Global Africa' is coordinated by Paul Lovejoy. It comprises 18 contributions featuring the life trajectories of enslaved individuals who were written about or who wrote autobiographies. The selected narratives range from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century, ... | Section 3, 'Life Stories and Freedom Narratives of Global Africa' is coordinated by Paul Lovejoy. It comprises 18 contributions featuring the life trajectories of enslaved individuals who were written about or who wrote autobiographies. The selected narratives range from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century, ... | Africa and Its Diasporas | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 62,585 | 937 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_100 | All the situations described in the narratives attest to the individual
General introduction
XXXIX
| All the situations described in the narratives attest to the individual
General introduction
XXXIX | Africa and Its Diasporas | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 63,522 | 102 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_101 | agency, bargaining skills and resilience of those involved. They bring a direct textured human touch to past African diasporic experiences.
| agency, bargaining skills and resilience of those involved. They bring a direct textured human touch to past African diasporic experiences. | Africa and Its Diasporas | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 63,624 | 141 | |||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_102 | ## Global Africa Today
The end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed the complete liberation of Africa from direct colonialism. The newly launched African Union created a sixth region for ‘Africans from the diaspora’. All these developments open new opportunities and pose difficult chall... | Global Africa Today
The end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed the complete liberation of Africa from direct colonialism. The newly launched African Union created a sixth region for ‘Africans from the diaspora’. All these developments open new opportunities and pose difficult challeng... | Africa and Its Diasporas | Global Africa Today | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 63,765 | 635 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_103 | The volume is divided into three sections. The first explores the current trends in contemporary historical scholarship and the theoretical and epistemological conditions for writing the history of Global Africa today, the second deals with the specific situation of Africa in the contemporary world and the third and la... | The volume is divided into three sections. The first explores the current trends in contemporary historical scholarship and the theoretical and epistemological conditions for writing the history of Global Africa today, the second deals with the specific situation of Africa in the contemporary world and the third and la... | Africa and Its Diasporas | Global Africa Today | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 64,400 | 400 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_104 | Section 1, ‘Global Africa Today’, coordinated by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch comprises 26 chapters. The assembled contributions are organized under seven topics with two to six chapters each. The four chapters under the first topic address the new paradigms that shape historical research of contemporary Africa and its... | Section 1, ‘Global Africa Today’, coordinated by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch comprises 26 chapters. The assembled contributions are organized under seven topics with two to six chapters each. The four chapters under the first topic address the new paradigms that shape historical research of contemporary Africa and its... | Africa and Its Diasporas | Global Africa Today | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 64,800 | 846 | ||
397466eng-1-520.pdf_chunk_105 | Religious factors are explored under the third topic through two chapters addressing the Africanization of Christianism through black churches, on the one hand, and the recent emergence of new religions, on the other. Issues of political renewal are discussed under the fourth topic. The contributors explore the rift be... | Religious factors are explored under the third topic through two chapters addressing the Africanization of Christianism through black churches, on the one hand, and the recent emergence of new religions, on the other. Issues of political renewal are discussed under the fourth topic. The contributors explore the rift be... | Africa and Its Diasporas | Global Africa Today | [] | 0 | false | 397466eng-1-520.pdf | 65,646 | 633 |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
GeneralHistoryOfAfricaXI
Dataset created with PDF2Dataset -- OCR + structure-aware chunking pipeline.
Dataset Summary
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Total chunks | 3731 |
| Avg chars/chunk | 696 |
| Avg images/chunk | 0.00 |
| Source files | 2 |
| Duplicates removed | 1 |
| Quality filtered | 70 |
Schema
| Column | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
chunk_id |
string |
Unique identifier: filename_chunk_N |
text |
string |
Raw markdown chunk with image refs |
text_clean |
string |
Cleaned text without markdown formatting |
chapter |
string |
H1 header active at chunk position |
section |
string |
H2 header active at chunk position |
subsection |
string |
H3+ header active at chunk position |
images |
list[Image] |
Rendered images extracted from chunk (viewable in Dataset Viewer) |
image_refs |
list[string] |
Image reference IDs in chunk text |
num_images |
int |
Number of images in chunk |
has_images |
bool |
Whether chunk contains images |
source_filename |
string |
Original source file name |
start_index |
int |
Character offset in source document |
char_count |
int |
Character count of chunk text |
Source Files
| File | Chunks |
|---|---|
397466eng-1-520.pdf |
1839 |
397466eng-521-1054.pdf |
1892 |
Document Structure
Chapters found in the source documents:
- 'Indigenous Knowledge' and identity
- 1893-1945/1948, the oba at the heart of a win/win system
- 1945/1948–1966: the oba, the cornerstone of a regional pan-Yoruba identity programme
- 1966-2015, between the military and civilians, the oba at the origin of a unifying localism at various levels
- A key theme: creolization, hybridization of cultures
- A plural genealogy and an ideological weapon
- A young and diverse population
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- AFRICA AS THE NEW FINANCIAL HUB
- AFRICA AT THE TURN OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM: CHALLENGES AND DYNAMICS
- AFRICAN HISTORY AND MEMORY
- AFRO-CARIBBEAN SEAMEN IN THE BLACK ATLANTIC WORLD 1880-1950
- AGE AND GENERATION IN THE COMOROS:
- Acknowledgements
- Advice on the development of public policies
- Africa and Its Diasporas
- Africa and emerging countries
- Africa and the diasporas
- Africa at the pace of the world
- Africa takes centre stage
- Africa's challenges in globalization
- Africa's demographic weight
- Africa, a land of return
- Africa: a valuable supplier of raw materials to Europe
- African identity in the contemporary world
- African intellectuals and artists' agency
- African relational values
- Africanism and aesthetics
- Africanism within the historic African diaspora
- Africanness as an emancipatory principle
- ... and 217 more
Pipeline
This dataset was processed through the PDF2Dataset pipeline:
- OCR -- Mistral OCR extracts text and images from PDF/image files
- Chunking -- Structure-aware recursive splitting preserves document hierarchy
- Validation -- Schema validation ensures every chunk has required fields
- Deduplication -- Content-hash based dedup removes identical chunks
- Quality Filtering -- Removes empty, too-short, or malformed chunks
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